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in this video we'll be covering the Python random module so on the Python random module you can do a whole variety of different things things from generating random numbers doing simulations generating test data to load test your server or just for unit tests so more than likely you'll run into a situation where you need to generate some random data most of the random data that you'll need you can accomplish by just using the built-in random module that Python gives you so let's go ahead and import random okay let's just start off by using the random method so just print what is it going to do it's going to give us a value between 0 & 1 and notice that we got 0.614 if I just keep running these it's just going to give me a random value ok in this next example let's say we want a number that's between a certain range so like between 100 and 200 so we can just use a different method for that so that's called the uniform method and if I save that and run it so we get a value between 100 and 200 and notice that they're all floating-point values there are also a number of methods that we can use to just generate whole numbers or integers the first one we can do is there it's called Rand range and if we go ahead and run that so now we're getting integer values between 100 and 200 we can also just pass in a single parameter and that's going to basically give us anything between 0 and 200 and there's also a so similar to what we had here previously off so 200 is basically not included so what we have to do if we want a number between 100 and 200 actually we'd have to put in 201 but there's a different method that can handle that that is just called Rand int and so now the 200 is inclusive but other than that they're quite similar another thing we could do is we can add an optional third parameter as a step value so a step value is going to just return us even numbers actually I met Rand range so that is the first method that we had and notice how we have all even numbers that are being returned back to us and we can use pretty much anything as a step so if we want anything like in finding in fives or zeros we can just change that to five and then now we just have all every fifth number is eligible in our range basically okay so there are also random functions for sequences sequences are going to be things like lists tuples anything that you can basically iterate through a string could also qualify so inside of a string every character would have each character would count for a single item in the sequence let's go ahead and create new couple few new variables here okay so the first thing that we're going to do we're gonna just pick randomly pick a item in the list and if we do that and run it we just get one of those values in this list right here so the same thing will work for a tuple and it's going to be just very similar because they're both sequences and then we can do the same thing with a string so notice in the string it's just going to return a single character the next thing that we're going to cover is shuffling shuffling is basically the idea of just mixing everything up like if you have a deck of cards and you shuffle them all the cards just going to be in a random order so we could do that here every shuffle and then print our number list and our basically our variable which is our number list got all shuffled so the shuffling happens in place to our existing variable so there's going to be times where you want to preserve the original variable and then copy it basically create a new variable that has the shuffle values so we can do that without just have to there's a couple of ways so let's just create a new variable and we'll just call it shuffled so I want to call random sample and let's go ahead and use our number list again and then so we need the second the first parameter is the sequence the second parameter is the size of the samples so since we're just shuffling everything we want to make sure that the size is equal then to the length of the list so we just call the Len function for length and number list after go ahead and run that and then so the the reason why we would want to do this is we want so our number list variable in this case is not will not have been mutated so this should remain as it originally was and notice yeah our original number list has not changed it's exactly the same as when we initialized it and then we have a shuffle variable or value as a separate variable and there's one more alternative so I'm just gonna go ahead and comment this out and I'm gonna create the same variable name so I'm gonna call the built in sorted method so the first item is going to be the iterable which is going to be our number list and so this is going to be a lambda function so when you set a key and then right here we want to call random dot random and notice that the outcome of this is going to be something between 0 and 1 and it's going to be random and that's what it's going to order by from low to high so that will give us the same effect is calling random sample and then passing in the length of the list so if I save that and let's go ahead and run it and notice we just get a random shuffle again and so sample is a very good way to just get a subset of your data a random subset so instead of let's just say I want three of these we just simply pass in three and let's just change this to sample and then we're just gonna just basically get random values a subset of our data okay in the next example that we're gonna go over is just generating random strings there are many use cases for this and so what I'm going to do here is import string and I'm just gonna set up a new function we'll just call it random string and let's just give it a default length and set up a new variable let's call it character set and so we can use our the string module and let's just say I'm ASCII letters so these are just basically any uppercase or lowercase letter and then so we want to return and whilst off an empty string and then join the number of characters that we want so we want random that choice and so our string of characters now we now if we just do this it's just going to give us a string of just like one random character so it's side of our joint function we need a four a four in so we'll say for I in range and then let's just say we won't pass in the length value that we passed into the function I'll set a new variable called my random and so we can just not passing anything we have a default of 32 and if we just print our value so then we get our 32 character string and let's say 10 if we put in 10 then we'll just get a different value so as probably oncome times that we just want maybe a limit the character setage is a set of numbers or lowercase so we can make our function a little bit better by passing in some defaults just let's just say uppercase and what I'm going to do here is just Critic character said variable and then set it to an empty string and then right here will say if uppercase so if it's if uppercase is passed in its true so then we can add the uppercase letters I remember string dot ASCII letters that's going to give us both uppercase and lowercase so we want to change this to uppercase then we do the same thing for lowercase and finally we can do the same for numbers to get a string of numbers we just call string digits that's how it's defined in the string module so if these are all set to true pass those end and it's going to give us a value based on all these characters as one character set it will just change this to 25 and then if we go ahead and run it notice we have some numbers so lowercase uppercase so we can do here is we can change our parameters let's say if we just want no uppercase letters at all so we can do that that's very easy and then we if we want all numbers we can just set this to false so now we should just get nothing but numbers and that is a simple way of just generating a random string okay simulations are another common use case for using the random module so what we're gonna be doing is a dice simulation we're gonna simulate rolling two dice a number of times so we'll set it by the first thing we're gonna do is set up a constant and let's say we're gonna do a thousand simulations of rolling the dice and the possible values so each die range ranges from one to six so we can get Snake Eyes - which would be the lowest possible value and since six is the highest value then twelve is the highest possible outcome so let's go ahead and setup a list of our possible values it's a list and we want to range from two to 13 and our stop value is going to be 13 the reason for that is because the range function is so it's going to be index based as its index based the stop value is not inclusive so it's gonna be so it's gonna give us a list between 2 and 12 so if we go ahead and print this just to make sure yeah it's go ahead and run it so we have a list ranging from 2 to 12 okay so the next thing that we need to do before we iterate and do our simulation of a thousand rolls of the dice is we need to we need a way of keeping track of the outcomes so let's go ahead and create a new outcomes variable so I'll say I and then give it in an initial value of 0 so for we need a 4 in right here of the possible values the previous variable we just created so we're basically just setting up an initial dictionary for the outcomes so if I were to print this notice how every outcome has a value of zero so with that we can set up our for loop we're going to use the 4 in to iterate through the simulations and so we're going to set up two variables for each one for each die so we'll say d1 so we're going to use random and then a Rand random integer and if you recall Rand int and set a start and stop value so the six will be included remember Rand range the six will not be included so we'd have to put a 7 in but as long as we're using ran into we can use 1 and 6 and we'll just call this one d2 so our outcome we have to add the two our outcome for one iteration through the simulation we have to add the dice together just want to set a new value called outcome well add d1 and d2 and then now we created our dictionary up here to keep track of the keep a running total of the outcomes so we need to apply that so outcomes and then our outcome I remember our key is going to be the actual number of the outcome so we can pass that in every one set that or we want to increment that so if we every time we come in we get some let's say the simulation it rolls a six we're gonna add another six value to the outcomes to create a distribution so just plus equals one as an increment and so once we get through a thousand simulations let's just go ahead and print the outcomes and we can go ahead and run it okay so we did a thousand simulations and you noticed that as we get towards the middle so like you know six seven eight the tally is much higher which you know makes sense because there are multiple ways to roll a five or six or seven or an eight versus you know there's only one way to roll a two and one way to roll a 12 so it would make sense that these would have higher numbers so to make sure that we do everything properly we can go ahead and check and make sure that these all add up to a thousand so we can use the reduce function for that so the reduce is a method that's available in func tools so let's go ahead and import that what's up a new variable called check accuracy call reduce and we're going to be using a lambda function to step through each value and then x and y and then we need to pass our all the values of the outcomes so the reduce works as an accumulator so as it's passing through every single one of these the X is the accumulator value and then as it goes through it's gonna add 29 plus 51 plus 74 based on this example down here reduces everything to a single value as our outcome so check accuracy should add up to a thousand which is our number of simulations let's just go ahead and print that okay now we could go ahead and run it actually what I meant to do here from funk tools 1 import so we don't need the entire module we just need the reduce function so that's why we rent as error so if we rerun it should work which it does so a similar situation so we got our thousand down here okay so the last thing that we're gonna do is we're gonna sort all these values we're going to sort by in descending order by the outcome so in this case it looks like 8 would be first followed by 7 and then 6 so let's go ahead and set that up so I wanna create a new value called sorted outcomes we're gonna iterate through the all the items in our dictionary so in order to get the similar structure back we need to convert our result to a dictionary so let's set that up first ok now we can call the sorted method so on outcomes items that's going to be all the items down here in our dictionary and this is going to be another lambda function and as we're iterating through the dictionary items it's going to be like a list of tuples so we want an index of one the index of zero is going to be like the outcome like that two and then the second item is going to be twenty five which has an index of one and so we have to pass in reverse that's so we can sort in descending order by default the sorted function is going to try and sort it in ascending so the lowest numbers would have been at the top and so go ahead and iterate through the sorted items I'll just go and put this first okay and then notice here we have 163 followed by 140 131 all the way down and 2 and 12 since there's only one way to roll 2 and 12 we expect those to be last with the smallest total and if we want to just get like a percentage breakdown we can do that and let's just say percentage that's go ahead let's just round things off just to make it simple so they want round item and want the index of 1 which is the value divided by a number simulations and so we're going to get a number between 0 & 1 so to convert that to a percentage we need to times it by 100 and then 1 decimal place and let's just put that in to give us some separation so we know one from the other and go ahead and rerun this okay so in this observation the 7s basically had the highest percentage and then it just slowly dwindles off and everything is sorted in the correct order so that was a simple simulation I'm using the random function thank you for watching