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[Music] now the wooden subjects design is a research design in which we allocate the same participants across the various experimental conditions or groups let's look at the same example of the memory recall study and understand this a bit better unlike the between subjects design we can make the same study a within subjects design by simply allocating the same participants across both the memory training and the non-memory training group so if we made this study a within subject's design how would it play out let's understand in the within subjects version of this study we would first subject the participants to a non-memory training condition following this we would account for their memory recall and memory accuracy performance through some cognitive tests after some time gap say a few days or weeks we would then subject the same participants to the memory training group and then account for their performance in memory recall and memory accuracy through some cognitive tests we then account for any differences that have occurred in their performance based on which training they were subjected to now this is therefore the within subjects research design for the same research question that we saw the between subjects for so now that we understand what the within subjects design is let's move on and look at the advantages of using the within subject's design one of the key advantages of the within subjects design is that this design allows us to have a small sample size this is because we don't need to recruit the equal number of different participants across the different groups or experimental conditions and that same participants can be recruited across all conditions now recruiting participants in general for uh studies can be very difficult specifically if your study requires participants of a specific clinical group or from a specific neuropsychiatric group it can be very difficult to do a between subject's design in such scenarios using a within subjects design can be very helpful the other advantage of using the within subjects design is that it allows us for a better control over confounds now since the same participants are used across both the conditions or all the conditions and groups of the study we have a better control over confounds such as the assignment bias that we discussed previously additionally this design allows us to control for individual variability as well since having the same participants controls for inter-individual differences introduced from the differences in one's age socio-economic background educational background clinical conditions etc aspects that can introduce inter-individual differences thereby skewing the data and impacting the final conclusions of the study let's now move on to looking at the disadvantages of using the within subjects design a key disadvantage of the wooden subject's design is that there is always a possibility of practice effects learning effects or carry over effects interfering with the final performance of the participants as in the example of the flank task study as...