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in this video we are going to discuss would your book calls perfect participles deponent it covers them in the grammar for 3b on page 158 I myself am going to call these these participles perfect deponent participles or deponent perfect participles just because I'm more comfortable with using those terms because they were what i was taught myself years ago let's start with the question what is a participle a participle is simply an adjective made from a verb English can make two sorts of participles from most verbs here's an example from the English verb break we get the participles breaking and broken we can say the broken window we're broken is an adjective describing the noun window but it's also made from the verb break therefore it's a participle here we have my breaking heart breaking heart once again is describing a noun here the word heart so it's an adjective but it's made from it's made from a verb and consequently it's an it's an adjective participle excluding it's a participle so English English has two participles that it generally uses and most verbs if not all verbs probably all verbs can actually form them land verbs have several participles and we're about to meet our first it's the perfect opponent participle it's really easy to form if you remove the sim the last missile part of a dependent verb the result is a deponent perfect participle here's an example for the verb mean or may not eat me not too soon if we remove the verbs that are the words some from this last principal part we get the form manatos and it turns out that manatos is a participle and written out fully it's Mahna Mahna Mahna to them because it's actually an adjective of the first and second declension just like maltese malti multum this is really just its masculine form here here's another example from the verb in Grady or in Grady in Grasse assume we get the participle in grasses are these words are adjectives and they decline just like maltese malti multum but how do we translate these perfect opponent participles well the most accurate translation is having xed so for the participle me notice me not Amin autumn from me nor to threaten me notice me not Amin autumn means having threatened ingress us in ingress ingress I'm from the angry or Ingrid II in grass assume means having entered there's an important issue here these are perfect participles they're perfect participles in Latin that means that their actions have to be perfect that is complete before the time the clauses main verb you probably don't understand what I'm trying to tell you right away but I think you'll eventually get this idea and this is a little note a little side note here a little digression which is which treats an important issue it turns out that Latin is obsessed with distinguishing between actions that are complete that is perfect or incomplete with respect to the present moment that is now or with respect to other verbs this is an obsession that English does not share and the result is going to be that sometimes literally translating Latin forms leads to awkward English but let's let's look at a participle in action the first thing to realize is that participles are adjectives therefore they have to be describing something with gender number in case in this sentence Marcos in ideas and grasses helium caste Gawith ingresses meaning having entered is describing Marcos therefore it has to have the same gender numbers Marcos here it is masculine nominative singular um and by the way the word castigo it means caste - gate or scold so this means Marcus having entered into the house castigated his son I'm using the having X translation to make it clear that the action of the participle in Latin is perfect that is complete with respect to the main verb caste gawad so I'm by using the translation having entered I'm making it clear that this is a perfect participle that the action of entering is complete with respect to the scolding first mark is entered and only afterwards did he castigate his son um going back to the sentence though the following translation is also good English translation Marcus entering into the house castigated his son for the time being I prefer you to translate these participles as having X because it makes clear that this action has to come before this this action and there's a little problem Latin actually has a participle that literally means entering into the house and it's for actions that are incomplete with respect to the main verb so if you said mark literally Marcus entering into the house in Latin with it with the Latin participle that corresponds to entering he would have to be entering at the same time he cast it at his son but clearly first he enters then he cascades his son therefore Latin must use a perfect participle it has to use the form ingressive by the way this Latin obsession with whether actions are complete that is perfect or incomplete explains why the perfect of deponent verbs uses the present tense of some you may remember that ingress is some means I entered or I have entered it's actually a past tense it's technically the perfect tense in Latin the reason that that works is the action ingress of this perfect participle must be complete perfect with respect to the conjugated verbs some so that means that it must be a perfect action in other words ingress must happen before some soom is present so that means the action ingress is had to have occurred in the past and therefore ingress assume indicates a past action let's look at one more example of a perfect opponent participle here we have Yulia phillium can speak Atta in IDs ingress I asked Julia having spotted her son entered into the house um now of course I'm gonna translate this as having spotted because the action the cone spicata here Kwan speak Atta has to before the action the ingress arrest the main verb but really in English we would probably really just say Julia spotting her son entered into the house um Latin actually does have a participle to translate spotting and if you used that participle in the sentence in Latin what that would mean though is the spotting occurs at the same time as the entering and the Latin makes it clear that that's not so conce Picatta has to be complete it has to be perfect with respect to the main verb just one little word of caution here and this is an odd one ingress assume means I entered ingress means having entered in my experience teaching this class students sometimes get these two confused in order for in order for this word ingress us to render a full verb like I entered it has to have the verb swim with it in some way ingress is on its own cannot mean I entered ingress is can only mean having entered so watch out keep track of whether the word ingress were other de participial z' from deponent verbs have a form of the verb to be with them or not if they have a form of the verb to be with them then they are complete verb forms they can they're full verbs that can be the main verb of a sentence but if they do not have a form of the word sum they are not complete verbs they cannot on their own form the main verb of a sentence here's one more example a teepee score at a Piske adept assume that means to get gained or acquire a depth e sumus means we God adept Essenes having gotten and these are very different things so be very careful to note whether the the perfect participle deponent has a form of the verb to be with it or not I should say some with it or not because if it does is a full verb if it doesn't it's just a participle it's not it's not a complete verb form the end this has been a barking blue heeler production