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hello and welcome to this video which is going to be focusing on selective perception our powers of perception are selected as stated by libman we do not see first then define we first define and then see perception refers to the way that sensory information is organized interpreted and consciously experienced our perceptions are heavily influenced by our expectations in 1949 jerome brunner and leo postman published what is now considered a classical experiment entitled on the perception of incongruity a paradigm bruno and postman devised a trick card experiment to show how people reacted when the stimulus did not match their expectation of that stimulus bruno and postman presented people with a series of five playing cards on attacker's direscope which is a machine that can display pictures for very brief intervals varying the exposure time from 10 milliseconds up to one second some of the cards presented were tricks as in the color and the suit of the card were reversed such as a red six of spades and a black heart ace the author's basic premise was that organisms resist recognizing stimuli that violate their expectancies this experiment led to some exciting results for instance they found that it took subjects up to four times the amount of exposure time to correctly identify trick cards participants continued to see what they expected to see for as long as possible and by whatever means available in addition the researchers observed that prior experience with normal cards did not lead to better recognition performance with incongruous cards another observation that they made was that subject experienced incongruity often enough they started to expect it and perceive it when it appeared this suggests that once the expectation that a card might in fact have a probability of being a trick card was learned then the effect of the incongruous stimuli was less effective indeed the greatest single barrier to recognition of incongruent stimuli among the participants was the tendency for the perceptual hypothesis so the expectation to fixate after receiving a minimum amount of confirmation that it was either a congruent or incongruent stimulus so once subject made a decision about a perceptual field they may fixate on the original choice regardless of whether it is correct or incorrect for instance they claim that they saw a red six of hearts when the card shown was a red six of spades and they had to be exposed to the trick card up to four times longer before their perception corrected itself and allowed them to see that it was in fact not what they thought it was bruno and postman were able to identify four general kinds of responses to rapidly presented incongruities so these were sort of defense mechanisms or reactions to incongruous trig stimuli these strategies were dominance compromise disruption and recognition the dominant strategy refers the perceptual denial of incongruous elements subjects continue to insist that a three black of hearts is a red three of hearts despite seeing the image of a black three of hearts repeatedly in bruno and postman's experiment 96 percent of participants showed dominance reactions at some points it was suggested these responses were given because of a response bias for color or possibly the shape another strategy is the compromise strategy or the perceptual conflict which refers to a blending of incongruous elements for example some of bruner and postman's subjects reported a red six of spades as either a purple six of spades or a purple sixth of hearts while others thought that a black four of hearts was a grayish war of spades a third strategy that participants showed when responding to inconqueror's stimuli was disruption and this refers to the subject's failure to organize the perceptual field efficiently so that no perception was formed for example after repeated failures to correctly identify a trick card even when viewed for a considerable duration one subject reported that i can't make the suit out whatever it is it didn't even look like a car at that time i don't know what color it is now whether it's sped or hot i'm not even sure now what a spade looks like so in the case of disruption the strategy is for perceptual field to essentially cancel itself out because the conflict of congruity and incongruity of the stimuli and the expectancy of seeing something that's not actually there is just too much for the brain to handle the times and finally there is the recognition strategy and this refers to the subject correctly recognizing the incongruity subjects were correctly able to identify that they were shown a trick card and that trick card was displaying to them a black three of hearts even when the subjects recognized that something was wrong they sometimes misperceived the incongruity for example the subject who was shown a red six of spades thought that the symbols were reversed and the subject who was shown a black four of hearts declared that the spades were turned the wrong way overall these results show that expectations can strongly influence perceptions we may not even be aware that we're perceiving something correctly going back to what lipman said we do not first see and then define we first define and then see so now what he meant by that is that our expectations of what we think we will see strongly influence what we think we see even if what we think we see is not actually what we're seeing perceptual organization is determined by expectations built upon vast past experience with the environment and when such expectations are violated by the environment the perceiver resists the acceptance of the unexpected or the incongruous and that's it for this video i hope you found it interesting if you did maybe like the video and even consider subscribing to the channel