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in previous tutorials we have seen how to verify the impedance of a coaxial transmission line and also how the dimensions of the coaxial line namely the diameter of the inner conductor and the inner diameter of the outer conductor affect the Kart ristic impedance of the coaxial line however it is not easy to fabricate a bespoke coaxial line of a specific artistic impedance as you may imagine and normally what one would do is buy a ready-made cable of the right impedance however there is another type of transmission line which is a lot more versatile and flexible and can be fabricated very easily and this is a microstrip line microstrip lines can be fabricated on substrates of various dielectric constants and by changing the width of the line and the height of the substrate we can change the impedance of the transmission line changing the width of the microstrip line is equivalent to change in the diameter of the inner conductor for coaxial line and change in the height of the substrate is equivalent to changing the inner diameter of the outer conductor for a coaxial line there are empirical equations which are shown in the manual which one can use to design a microstrip line however microwave office offers us a much nicer tool than just empirical formulae to be able to design a microstrip line and various types of lines with the characteristics that we desire to open it we just go to tools and then select TX line a new window pop-up and the first thing that we need to do is change the material parameters we can choose a specific dielectric from a pulldown menu here and when we do this then you see that the dielectric constant is changed automatically and so are other parameters like the loss tangent however what we will do in our case is to just in search the various parameters of our substrate manually and then we will use this app to determine the dimensions of the line that we're interested in first of all we need to pick a substrate and as a substrate we'll choose a very common yet nor a particularly good one which is called fr for this type of material is very cheap and very widely used however it's quite lossy and it's electric constant varies with frequency over quite a range now we will be using a frequency of one gigahertz in this tutorial and we know that roughly at 1 gigahertz most fr4 substrates have an electric constant of 4.5 the loss tangent is a parameter that tells us how lost our dielectric material is so how much power is dissipated within the dielectric itself we want this value to be as low as possible in the case of fr4 it is around naught point naught 2 which is not fantastic as we will see in a little bit in terms of the type of conductor we can choose copper...