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Print signed exhibit

[Music] welcome to the International pretty Museum it's probably your first experience at a pretty Museum this is actually one of the largest collections of antique printing presses just about anywhere unfortunately here at the Museum we can't show you all of it because we don't have enough space what's not inside of our galleries here we still have at least two other warehouse buildings and yeah almost up to 20 semicolon and private collection a guy in Los Angeles by the name of Ernie Linder and Ernie spent the majority of his life finding machines around the world around the country and around the world and Ernie was kind of a big German fella rosy cheeks and a handlebar moustache live life to the fullest he was 79 years young when he passed away in 2001 which we would consider young given the fact that at age 70 earned he took an expedition to the North Pole for vacation the year after that he went to Russia copilot a Russian MIG jet Mach 2 upside down over Moscow in the air after that he'd been to the North Pole of course we want to go to the South Pole we actually have a picture here of Ernie on the South Pole which was the middle of summer and it was still 30 degrees below zero we have a picture of him out on the North Pole as well the entertaining part of the picture is that there is actually a pole there that you get to stand next to so Ernie again spend most of his life looking for machines he was an equipment dealer here in Los Angeles and his father's uncle before him as well mostly in the world of lino types which we'll see on the tour you know well let's get started on a tour and show you the collection all right I'm here inside Ben Franklin's colonial printing shop here at the International printing museum this is what Benjamin Franklin would have spent most of his life working with as a printer bisque of course nobody really thinks have Ben Franklin as a printer when you think of the name Ben Franklin you probably think of what usually come up with he was a great scientist with electricity and the kite and the key a great inventor one of our founding fathers working on the Declaration of Independence the Constitution all those other things yet he wanted us to remember him first and foremost as a printer and you know that actually if you read his will and in as well where he lists who he was and and what he's famous for and who gets all the stuff he says I dr. Benjamin Franklin comma printer then after that he puts oh by the way I was the president of Pennsylvania and the ambassador of France assigned the Constitution signed the declaration pen I was a great adventurer played electricity etc etc etc so so the first time that list is printing and here's why Ben Franklin actually learned to be a printer when he was a young boy at the age of twelve when his father apprenticed him to his older brother James he was actually the printer in the family James was 21 at the time had just come home from England learned to be a printer there came home to his family in Boston and his father basically gave him his younger brothers as as an indentured servant and he began to learn the printing trade from his brother he ended up leaving his brother and then going from Boston ended up in Philadelphia started his first printing shop there at the age of 22 ran the business so well by the age of 42 Ben Franklin had dozens of printing shops all across the colonies and those were of course making him a lot of money he retired rich and wealthy at the age of 42 as one of our first millionaires so now the kind of things that he print inside of a shop course books here is a typical colonial book this book is from 1753 looks like our books today just a little small all handset I'm gonna be showing you a moment here I'll actually put the book together but basically take the letters out of the cases assemble them together put it inside the printing press and then stamp it press it onto paper and in Franklin now in all that he did you did a lot of things in life but he did not though invent printing printing was actually invented by the same people the same country that gave us pasta which would be who no it's not the Italians the Chinese I'm usually whenever you're in doubt in history it's probably going to be the Chinese who invented it first what they did for printing was this this around the 7th or 8th century they took a block of wood then they would carve it out backwards in Chinese that's hard enough to carve forwards in Chinese I actually carved it backwards so you Whittle out the block backwards rub some ink onto it with a rag put a piece of paper on top and then you rub or press on the back of the paper and it puts the image on there so when you peel it off you could read it if you can read Chinese great way to make a lot of copies takes you a while to carve the block well once the block is carved how many copies can you make the average for the Chinese a thousand years ago once they had the blocks mm maybe up to 5,000 copies of the book now sudden you have 5,000 books you send the books out people read it get smart come up with new ideas new inventions they make more books this is how you build a civilization you put your knowledge into book form so the people you will never meet will be able to gain from your knowledge and build upon it the rest the world knew how to make one book at a time the Chinese 5,000 at a time when we think about by the way who invented paper no not the Egyptians the Chinese they did that about 2,000 years ago so so that's over in China over in Europe where Marco Polo came from who discovered the pasta out there in China if you go back a thousand years ago if you want a book somebody had to write the book out by hand and the people who write the books so if a king wanted a book somebody's gonna write a form the people write the books were known as scribes scribes are usually monks at the monastery and the monk the scribe first thing they have to do is make it make their writing tool their their pen you don't buy them at a store of course you make it yourself so they take the wing feather of a goose or a crow and then you turn it into a pen called the quill so they take a knife they scrape it and sharpen it up up to a point the most important part actually to get the quill to work you have to cut a crack with a knife you've got to cut a slit or a crack down the center to the tip and that crack is called the capillary it's gonna pull the ink down to the tip so you can write a fine line if you don't have a capillary the ink just blobs out that's how your ballpoint pens work today Oh trees have capillaries our blood vessels or capillaries to move fluid so the scribe I dip it in some liquid black ink you write a couple letters but you run out of ink so you dip it in ink write a couple letters dip it in ink write a couple letters something the size of a Bible takes a scribe you know three to five years to finish at the end of five years of writing how many books do you now have one guess how much that book cost a little bit of money and our money today you're looking at spending anywhere from 50,000 to 100,000 dollars for a book so if you can picture going down to like a bookstore Barnes & Noble with a wheelbarrow full of $100,000 you go into the story you demand a book and the lady behind the counters got a big smiley face takes all your money and says that'll be five years I'll let you know in the books finished and we're keeping your money who could afford the books if it cost as much money obviously the rich and the wealthy so they they can afford that the kings and the queens because they run the government then the third group the most part would be those that are running the churches and those would be the Pope's and the bishops sometimes your local church might only be able to afford one book Bible chained up to the front on the altar she didn't steal it on Sunday morning which would defeat the purpose of being there on Sunday morning so that's it five percent of society five people out of a hundred had access to those books in this period of time that we would colloquial call the the Dark Ages the Middle Ages and not for a lack of light is the lack of books and a lack of interest in those books and then you begin to have something happen to two events start to happen one is the Renaissance and the other is the Reformation and so there's a demand for books that's coming up and on the scene in Germany comes a guy by the name of Johann or John Gutenberg and Gutenberg in 1450 figured out a way to write books faster he invented a machine helped him do that we call this machine the printing press but Gutenberg was German so he called it my faster writing machine leave it to a German to name a machine and that's how they named the machine the word in German is my Chanel's could have been fabric one long word no spaces here's how his faster writing machine worked Gutenberg Faire out a way to make these metal letters he made hundreds and hundreds of copies of each letter of the alphabet here for example is a backwards capital Oh trust me now it's upside down and backwards how he made these letters is fascinating Gutenberg is a jeweler or goldsmith by training so you knew how to work with metal and rings and things like that in fact he's his family has positions as jobs at the local mint where they're making the coins they're stamping the metal and making the shape of coins so Goomer is watching this process and realizing he needs a lot of letters for the book a lot of oohs a lot of a's a lot of bees but you want to sit there in carve a thousand o's out it would take you forever you want to shape the letter once and then make copies of that shape here's how he does it he takes a blank piece of steel that's unhardened soft steel doesn't mean you can bend it but you can take a metal file like you find in your garage start filing the end of it after the end of the day or two of work if you did your job right you would have filed a letter on there if you don't think that's hard see in your garage for a couple days with a piece of steel in a metal file and see what letter you can make a - is real easy now that your letter has been shaped we have to harden the steel this is a process known as tempering you've seen it with blacksmiths you grab it with some tongs put it into a hot flame until it's glowing red then quickly dunk it into a bucket of cold water to change from hot to cold tempers it changes the metal hardens it or there be a loud popping sound in my crack in half which would be really exciting having just spent the entire day shaping one letter now that you have a hardened letter here we take a piece of softer metal such as copper place this on top take a hammer and we strike down on top of it you punch it this is actually called punch you stamp the punch into the softer metal and you form what's known as the matrix and the matrix is the master from which you make the copies you think of it like a cookie mold or a jello mold in the kitchen so if we're not gonna pour liquid jello into this or cookie dough we're gonna pour liquid metal not ink but liquid metal to form a letter the punch now goes into a safe place we're now going to be using the matrix and this is where Gutenberg genius is found when he invented this tool this is the amazing tool that changes the world and the printing press gets all the credit cuz it's big and you can see it but the printing press really is a modified machine that already existed it's a modified wine press or an olive oil press Gutenberg changed it a bit to have it function for what he needed to do for printing but that machine basically existed a giant screw that you turn and create pressure but when he invented this tool the world changed and the two halves of the stool come together and they interlock and when they interlock it forms a mold you have a rectangular cavity on the inside there we're gonna take our matrix place it face down on top of the cavity slide the two sides together and this right here is actually a spring so we move the spring over on top and it holds all three pieces together I turn it over on the other side you can see the other end of the cavity this looks like a giant tooth think of your cavity in your in your own mouth or in your teeth this one almost looks like it has fangs on it so we're gonna put use the hole in this end to fill up the cavity with metal the next thing Gutenberg had to figure out was well what kind of a metal do I use you have to make thousands and thousands of these letters do you want to use an expensive metal or a cheap metal probably as cheap using it away with you need a metal that has a certain amount of hardness because we're gonna be putting pressure on it over and over again so the softer metals won't work as well but you probably also do you want a medal that melts at a high temperature or melts at a low temperature you probably wanted to melt it the low temperature because then if it melts faster you can save money you can turn your fuel off Gutenberg experimented with all sorts of metals nothing quite worked this is a long process I mean we don't know exactly how much time but he probably took anywhere from five to ten years perfecting this process so he comes up with an O one metal by itself work for Gutenberg so then he had a great idea he decided to mix metals together and form what we call an alloy so the alloy that Gutenberg worked with had three metals first one led which is soft but it's also really cheap second metal tin and the third metal antimony most people haven't heard of the word antimony but it's the next metal after tin on the periodic table of elements number 50 and 51 when you put those metals together they actually melt at the low temperature of 550 degrees and that's your oven on high broil I mean it doesn't melt the oven the ovens made of steel to give you a difference steel turns liquid at 2500 degrees and a wood fire only reaches 1,100 degrees you cannot use wood to melt steel you can use wood to melt our lead alloy here our metal alloy so let's take a look now at the casual casting of it so here's my metal melting away lead tin and antimony temperature 550 degrees trust me that's hot so it's solidifies quickly and it melts quickly let's go ahead and make a letter now that metal get back in I'm going to grab my mold pour our metal into the cavity it fills it up it solidifies quickly a good type gasser can make two or three letters a minute may takes you all day to make the master matrix but once you have that you can start casting you know literally a hundred letters 100 150 letters an hour once they're made you can use them over and over again printer press let's open it up take the matrix out we can see the letter inside the cavity so the matrix forms a shape to the letter therefore you perfectly so if you make a thousand M's they're all exactly the same if you carved them you would have them but they all be different they all be uniquely made the mold actually controls the rectangular shape that way all the letters fit with each other in rows like soldiers and they're all exactly the same height and the heights important because all your letters are going to be put under pressure at one time if one letter is just a little bit too short it won't print Gutenberg's accuracy in the height of the letters was within one hundredths of an inch one thin slice out of the inch by the way making the letters here the last step here is that you have the triangular piece that's known as a jet we have to break that off so they take a hammer and whack it off what you end up then is a rectangular piece that you use in the Prima press over and over again that's Gutenberg's invention it's the perfection of making movable metal letters and this one here once we make it we can use it over and over again this one's already 50 or 60 years old I can still work with this letter and put it into the printing press Gutenberg's tool by the way remained unchanged making these letters for over 400 years 1850 they're still using Gutenberg's basic principles and concept and as tools to make the letters that are used in the presses that change the world after the letters have all been made we're gonna place them inside the cases here if you do your printing you would stand in front of the case take your letters out and you begin to assemble a page together one letter time we use a holder to hold a small portion of the lines we're gonna assemble it together one letter time letter by letter word by word line by line paragraph by paragraph you get all of your letters together take them over to a printing press but ink o-net use a machine then we're gonna press it in a paper when you get done you take the ink off with letters away do it again for the next page does that sound fast probably not but it's faster than using the quill the feather pen to write your book out in fact in five years when a scribe with his quill could finish writing one book one Bible Gutenberg in the same five years with his newer machine and his letters he finished printing 180 Bibles so was that a faster writing machine I think so very much so so in doing your printing in your your typesetting and this is the same in Ben Franklin state one of these cases here represents one font of type so in my font of type and we see that word on the computer a font is one size one style that frost fits into one of these cases you can notice the capacity of my hard drive I get twelve fonts here my lowercase letters are on this side of the case the more common letters in the center with the biggest boxes some of the popular letters of the alphabet are th e most popular a R is how about Z's X's in case we don't use all of those to get the little box on the outer edge this way you can pick up the letters fast and put them away fast think of art this is also study in our language think of words like the them they're these three th e so you can pick them up fast and put them away fast ANR is very common i and s is very common then your capitals are actually alphabetical over here beginning with the letter A but this arrangement actually is kind of new as printers we've only been doing this way since about the 1840s it used to be back when Ben Franklin was a prayer of the sky Gutenberg they always put their letters in two places the small letters used in mostly put them down here closer to you and then they put their capitals in the second case up above them what became known as upper case letters and lower case letters that's a printers word term that you're using alright put some tape here together so I'm gonna get my letters together and standing from the case you're taking them out one letter time and of course these are the big letters to look at read now that does not say - hello visitor a visitor hello - but hello - the visitor but these are headline size letters let me show you how small you can go good luck even seeing this one this is what we call six-point type the fine print right there on the end lawyers love this stuff we have some that's half that size three and a half point type that can be very confusing if you're looking at it upside down and backwards all day long so we get all of our letters together we take them over to a printing press but ink on it use a machine then we press it into paper we do the same things to rubber stamps have you ever seen weird boots it's a pretty device that's backwards you stamp on the ink pad then you stamp it on paper so you can read it we do the same things that these amount of metal and we have the Machine of course to do the printing but since I have this here in my hand I will stamp this in my hand here using some pressure of course we usually like to use paper rather than human vellum yeah when you get done with your printing you take the ink off all the letters what would you do with the letters end of the day of course you got to put everything away so you'll run out of letters printers are like the rest of us we all love to take things out not many of us like to put things away that's how you made all your books all your news in the days of Gutenberg 1450 through the days of Ben Franklin 1750 everything liked this book heroes all put together one letter time this is not even a really big book but that's a lot of letters to keep putting together this is great in gunnery and Gutenberg stakes your other choices of feather Ben Franklin's doing everything the same way he's 350 years later on the book right here here's something else oh I think it's kind of fun to look at on this one so this book was printed on paper that was made by hand before we were a country listen that paper is over 250 years old try and do that with a five year old newspaper probably fall apart on you that's because that paper has no asset and it still remains strong all right well let's take a step over to the Gutenberg press will watch the operations on there [Music]