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how do you know that your electronic signatures can be validated in the future and also far into the future subcontracts may have a very long validity may be passed on to a next generation but even validating in a short term could be a challenge four things are involved when you validate a signature there's a number of certificates involved it's the signing certificate it's a CA certificate and it may be a number of CA certificates and it's the root certificates and this is a hierarchy so except for the root certificate each certificate is issued by another CA they all have an expiry time and validation must be done while DCA is still operational each CA will have a service to validate certificates but of course what if the CA goes out of business that service is not available so it must be validated while the CA survived so the validation process is then going through all the involved certificates and validating them the root certificate as mentioned is not issued by a CA but all root certificates or interest lists so this must be validated another factor is the time getting a current time is very simple you just checked with some service you look at your watch but how can you trust the time of a past event how do you know it's time on some document in the past it's correct this is where you need a time stamp Authority and it TSA it's about trust it's about adding trusted time stamp to a document and validation of these trusted time stamp is done in the same way as the document so you have the CAS and certificates you need to validate so this is really important because if you don't know when the document was signed well it's difficult to trust anything else visual representation is another challenge will the document still look the same I'm sure we've all found old documents made by old word processors or other applications and there's no way of viewing that document anymore and also rendering different character sets may be a challenge as shown in some examples here than these are recent examples where I receive a text message within a side-on question mark which is not the character in Norwegian character set or they can't even do the National characters this is handled by using what's known as PDF a PDF a is a subset of the PDF standard that we all know and this is an ISO standard and the purpose of PDF a is that is 100% self-contained there are no external references everything is embedded text images font colors etc and the purpose of the PDF a is to ensure long-term validation that you always will have the same visual representation also another challenge with validating in the future is that there may be vulnerabilities in algorithms which can be used to forge signatures or change sign documents and we are constantly...