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hello everyone welcome back to a new session on dentistry and more so in today's session we'll be seeing about the consent the last class we had covered the ethical principles so I was talking about the most vital principle that is autonomy so in autonomy that is respectful person the respecting the person's to choose decision so that is the consent so most of the experiments which was which was done the last 1915 the prior to 1915 time all where without any consent so in today's world or present scenario the most important ethical principle is autonomy or the consent so if we do any study if we are doing any procedure in a medical procedure or even if we are doing a questionnaire study we need to get ever written consent the voice will not be valid it will not be accepted anywhere so the consent is the most crucial principle of ethics so let's say what is the definition given by the Indian contract act 1872 the concern has defined us when two or more person agree upon the same thing in the same sense they are said to be concerned so who can give consent so who are the eligible people can give a consent so consent can be given by any conscious mentally sound people with 12 years or more so that is given in the indian penal 4th 1860 so that is under coming section 88 and 90 so that is concern concern can be given by people with 12 years or more conscious and mentalism but regarding the contract that should be above 18 years if two people are and dream into a contract both parties should be more than 18 years then only it becomes a while contract can be produced to court as a contract under contract law the doctor-patient relationship is also considered as a contract so it is always advisable that a doctor should get a proper written consent from the patient if the patient is a minor that is less than 18 years the consent should be obtained from the patient's parent or guardian who's definitely will be more than 18 years so it is always advisable to get a written consent and only it will be if any problem arises you can produce it as an evidence in the court otherwise it cannot be produced as a proper evidence so when consent is not valid if a person is giving consent under fear fraud or misinterpretation of facts by any person who is ignorant of the implication or who is under 12 B is all this become invalid if the fear or we are trying to misinterpret the real facts and getting the consent I'm a person who's very ignorant about the outcome application of the consent like that person or a very rebellious type person who is mentally not conscious clean or sound or anyone all of us all this concern will not be valid so these are the basic types of concern that is implied consent explicit consent informed and proxy consent so in various instances in our medical practices all these are coming into action that is first to an implied or acid concerned it is just like it is a default consent you are going to a doctor if you're going to a dentist the implied consent is automatically was we are ready to get examined we have operated it examined we are giving consent to get exempt the race we wouldn't have gone that now gone to the patient with a dentist or a doctor we are going that means that we are ready to get examined so that is implied consent or tacit consent but whereas it doesn't imply that this examination involves very complex procedures that inspection palpation perforation mask rotation and routine sonography examination machine walls bled drawing of blood for the diagnostic purpose always express consent the expressed concern should be then that his patient should express his consent orally or in a written format then only we can do the procedure so let's see what is oral and express consent so express concern so basically we have two types it is not like the tacit or implied consent it is tacit or implied consent is automatically comes when a patient enters to a clinic or a patient appears before a doctor but the express consent is different the patient has to express it for a general examination the passage or implied consent is fine but more complicated or less complicated that express consent should be there so oral consent is obtained for minor examinations therapeutic procedures to the brain the sense of a disinterested third party there should be always a third party that should not be the relative should be a net disinterested third party so express consent if it is in the oral form we can get it for minor examination but if it is a very complicated like general anaesthesia for any surgical operation we should always get a expressed written consent not oral consent written consent should be obtained for all major diagnosis procedure that is they are expressing it not just implying it so oral consent for the minor procedures and the written consent for the major procedure so these are the express consent so implied consent and the extras concerned so next comes up in foam concerned so the expressed consent the problem is the patient might not be knowing in detail about the procedure complications procedure detailing the other options so the patient the doctor says that this patient needs surgery the patient or bystander in a third party is giving a consent but the informed consent perfect consent where the patient of the party but the participant will be knowing about in and out of the procedure that is what is the diagnosis what is sir nature of treatment is being given what are the risk involved in the procedure and what would be the success and proposes if the procedure is not fulfilled and if any alternative methods are available so we should tell the patient everything and patients status non-medical terms patient should comprehend it so informed consent has basically you attributes like it should be voluntary it should be comprehensible the patient should understand what the doctor Partha researcher is saying should be able to comprehend it and concern should be Poland clicked so the patient will be informed about in detail about the procedure then patient can't decidable giving a consent so that is informed consent so informed consent is most perfect consent because the patient is in detail about the procedure just like the doctor so proxy consent is always like it can all the above concern like a plate Vincent expressed concern like oral consent in blood concern is automatically set or Express oral and x-rays of written consent can take a proxy consent like parent for child the party but the patient is a child the proxy concern can be cable and fora mentally unsound unconscious patients are relatives can give a proxy consent one bit these people so they can give expressed oral consent / expressed written consent on behalf of its people that becomes proxy concerned so situations were concerned whenever we obtained that is medical emergencies in case of persons a friend from notifiable disease war immigrants for Armed Forces were new admission to prisons in case of person were caught may order for psychiatric examination in such cases there is no need for consent and even for a request of a Buddhist so that's all about it is types of consent most important concern is in focus so basically the types are employed or tacit consent or express concern expressed concern has few types that is power at oral and written consent so informed consent is when the patient is being in in of the procedure becomes infirm concept and all of these receive all of this concern can become a proxy concern if the patient or the participant is a child para mentally unsound spaceship so that's all what concerned so concerned this coming under the principle of autonomy and what is most important and most crucial principle ethics thank