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Hi. This is Bernie Mayer I am a professor of dispute resolution at the Werner Institute at Creighton University. Today I want to talk to you about framing and reframing. One of the key challenges in dealing with conflict is how to establish effective communications, and in particular how to take what are often very hard, angry, positional or un-useful ways in which people say things and hear beneath all of these layers to what the real genuine message is that needs to be discussed and needs to be talked about. And that is what we mean when we are talking about the reframing and framing challenge. So what is framing? Framing is the way in which people present their concerns, their issues, their ideas, their problems, their unhappiness, and people can frame things in very useful, helpful ways or they can frame things in very unhelpful ways. And so part of the art of what we need to deal with in conflict is to try to frame our concerns in a useful, productive, helpful way, but that does not mean framing it in a way that is always nice or easy or unchallenging. It simply means framing an issue in a way that it has the greatest potential to be talked about in a productive manner. What is reframing? Reframing is taking a message that is presented in a very unhelpful or unproductive way or difficult way or toxic manner and restating it to the speaker in a way that we really recognize what is underneath all the different layers. We put their concerns, their ideas out there in constructive, positive terms focusing on the underlying interest or message but without some of the toxicity that surrounds it. There are a number of important framing problems that we tend to see. Let's just consider some of these. One significant problem in framing is the way in which people use language, itself, and oftentimes people put in very toxic or value-laden words. They make demands instead of requests. They talk about thinking something is immoral and unethical rather than thinking that it is unwise, and so that's one of the problems we are often dealing with is the language, itself. Another framing problem is that people tend to put things into positional or either/or language. It's either my way or the highway. It's either we do what's right for the children or we give in to our own narcissistic needs. We either cave in to evil enemies or we stand up with righteousness, and that kind of positional or either/or language does not help enter us into a productive conversation. Another framing problem that we see is the global definition of problems. Instead of talking about a particular problem and how an organization is being run, we talk about our fundamental problems with the whole philosophy underlying the management of an organization, or that the whole place has to change, and it makes it very hard for people to constructively...