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our research project focus on state sponsorship of terrorism and politics and the relationship between the u.s. state sponsor of terror list and the United States is foreign policy and political well you know political beliefs and relations with other countries so sort of an IR look at you know the relationship between the United States and the states on the list of state sponsors of terror our our theory is that the state sponsor of terror list has become solely political that at one point in the history of this list it was an actual indicator of sponsors look like legitimate sponsors of terrorism but states have moved away from sponsoring terrorism in in the classic traditional sense and and inclusion on the list today in 2018 is more of an indication of your position in u.s. foreign policy than in then of you actually sponsoring terrorists in your territory and to travel abroad or nationally the list was created as in 1979 as a response mechanism to the Iranian hostage crisis which is the sort of quintessential state sponsor of terrorism act as part of the Iranian Revolution so that's where the list comes from yeah so in 79 the first four on the list were Syria Iraq South Yemen which isn't a country anymore and Libya we're gonna talk in our paper a lot about how Syria sort of defined state sponsorship but in this presentation will focus on Libya and North Korea the list in 2018 Syria State unless the entire time was never removed Iran Sudan and North Korea will talk about Sudan North Korea a little bit later before we get into that let's just mention why is it important that why don't you want to end up on this list if you're a country that ends up on this list you are not able to receive foreign aid and a number of other things from the international community it's been called by some scholars sort of the that that list makes you an outlaw in the eyes of the international community it's the it's the bad boys list yeah so you can't so ban on arms related exports and sales controls of exports of dual-use items so items that can be used for civilian or military purposes like you know rocket technology nuclear biological chemical that could be used to make you know chemical weapons and then prohibitions on economic assistance which is a big one for some countries and then a lot of restrictions on what people leaders in that country can do with their finances and travel the original members of the list actively sponsored terrorist attacks handsome fellow right here is Carlos the Jackal who's Venezuelan communist named after Vladimir Lenin who becomes a Islamist radical hijacker so state sponsorship emerged in sort of the intersection of the Marxist and religious waves of terrorism which is why we see the countries that we see active in sponsorship East Germany never made the list but Carlos the Jackal known terrorist known hijacker was able to you know walk around freely in East Germany and and you know could carry a firearm had support staff had you know all of the all the accoutrements of sort of being a KGB agent but was was you know a terrorist basically we have some pretty clear definitions we use the Montevideo accords definition of state defined territory that has a government and the ability to interact with other states so state that has international relations sponsorship active material support protection or training sponsor is different from Haven which is a state that lacks out of the capacity or motivation to get rid of terrorist elements in its country and sponsorship when we talk about Libya a little bit later takes on a lot of different forms so training weapons sort of free reign and then terrorism non-state political violence and we look at these consequences it'sa Libya that's moammar qaddafi and Dale Castro so we sort of look at again that intersection of those two waves of terrorism but they organized training camps for any and all ideologies and you know comers people against the United States against the West the IRA Irish Republican Army eita the Basque separatists basically any Palestinian group Italian Communist Qaddafi's personal pilot flew terrorists to wherever they wanted to go after you know a failed hijacking but in 2007 Libya comes off the list it was a process started in the 1990s Libya was actually the first country put on an Interpol warrant on Osama bin Laden but it was accelerated by invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan which is a central part of our our thesis that that the u.s. signaled to states that sponsoring terrorism if you were a nonce if you were if you were a terrorist Haven or an active sponsor of terror that was no longer gonna be tolerated Vice President Dick Cheney said five days after we captured Saddam Hussein Muammar Qaddafi only became Ford announced who's gonna surrender all of his nuclear materials now having nuclear materials doesn't make you a sponsor of terrorism which is something we discussed in our definitions but Libya also ejected terrorist groups extradited terror suspects and could offer you renounce terrorism so uh the central tenets that we have is that the global war on terror made it untenable for states to continue to sponsor terrorism libya was sort of a success of the original intent of the list because the sanctions that we applied you know ostensibly worked the sanctions got Libya to the table but it was you know the United States has actions following on eleven that sort of pushed them over the edge to cooperate more Don't Tell on or three yeah North Korea appears on the list and they they can they're kind of are I don't I don't want to say main case study but they're one of the main main countries that sort of we put forward as evidence to prove our thesis because North Korea has been on the list a number of different times most recently they were placed back on the list in nineteen 2017 by President Trump as a way of getting them to negotiate or stop their belligerents in Southeast Asia at the very least with their nuclear testing they were originally played even their original status on the list in the eighties is a question mark because they were placed there because they blew up a South Korean airline private airliner and that to us looks like a state act of a political act rather than a terrorist act so they are sort of the what we say is is or one of our main case points yeah you know in 2008 President Bush takes North Korea off the list again like that attack is a question mark is that a state attack and we'll get to that again in a minute but then sponsored terror in two decades and were rewarded politically for their cooperation this is one of the the indicators to us that this is sort of a call and response to u.s. foreign policy like you do what we say we take you off the list the fall 2017 president Trump put North Korea back on the list for what what did what did North Korea do to warrant being put on the list missile tests states are allowed to test missiles assassination of Kim jong-nam a member of the you know leading family in North Korea potentially but those were you know within like North Korean intelligence operatives carried that out so that doesn't meet our definition of sponsorship the hack of Sony I won the movie and if you came out again that's sort of a cyber warfare attack that doesn't really fit into our definition of terrorism important it john bolton said that it's important to say what the truth is about the regime and that's up like a politically charged idea right like this is a regime that is contrary to US interests that you know doesn't take care of its citizens that actively oppress the citizens but does that make them a sponsor of terror oh thanks Alison appreciate it so one last thing wrap up CNN was put on in the 1990s and they're an example of sort of how it's been impossible to get off the list once you're put on every single mark against Sudan's record has justify his continued inclusion you know the problems in Darfur the Lord's Resistance Army operating in Sudan the Westgate Mall attack in Nairobi Kenya by our sort of testing definition Sudan is likely a terrorist Haven that one cigarette of terrorists but lacks the capacity to do so and this is just again sort of wrap up of our of our main points today's any questions were critiques criticisms yes yeah so we you know believe that after the United States invaded Iraq in Afghanistan its signaled two states that sponsoring terrorism was like gonna be punished and so states stopped I think Libya stopped sponsoring terrorism that sort of our best example and we look at Iraq as sort of the turning point because we're part of that is we're saying that Saddam Hussein was very stable a secular government lots of things he was a bad guy we know all that but he was also one of the leading forces in the Middle East and we're saying that states looked at that when they got a rock and so they are very serious about stamping out state sponsorship of terrorism so we think that states essentially before that point we're okay with that because the consequences weren't going to be as harsh yep and so now if you're on the list it's because you know either the United States doesn't like you or it's a part of some you know larger strategy to negotiate or deal with you as a North Korea's case anybody else okay thanks [Applause]
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