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hi I'm undisputed car I'm with Ericsson research today we will talk about heterogeneous networks these are networks with base stations of different types in areas where it's difficult to find sites for new macro base stations complementing the macro layer with a layer of low-power nodes for example pick up base stations is an efficient way to improve performance a challenge in those networks is to make the new layer of Pico base stations work together with the macro layer as efficiently as possible one example of the way this works is which base station to connect to the different output powers in heterogeneous network gives rise to different coverage areas in this example we have a macro base station and the Pico base station the Pico base station due to its lower output power we cover a relatively smaller area than the macro base station so in the downlink it would be better to connect to the Pico base station within this area in the uplink however it is the terminal output power that determines in which area it is better to connect to the Pico base station this area will be larger than the downlink coverage area so surrounding the Pico base station there will be an area in which it's better to connect to the uplink to the Pico base station now when it comes to cell selection or who schedules the terminal it is quite obvious that for a terminal inside the downlink coverage area of the Pico base station it should be connected to the peak of a station for a terminal that is outside the uplink coverage area of the Pico base station that terminal should be connected to the macro base station the problem is really when you are in this area the so called imbalance zone where the uplink is heard better in the Pico base station but the terminal here is the downlink better from the macro base dish if I in this case connect to the pick up a station I sacrifice downlink coverage or downlink data rates on the other hand if I connect to the macro base station I sacrifice uplink data rates or uplink coverage a solution to this problem would be for the terminal to be connected in the downlink to the macro base station and in the uplink to the Pico base station to realize this we need coordination between the macro layer and the peak of a station or the Pico layer this last coordinated solution where the Pico base station assists the macro base station in receiving the signal from the terminal enables significant performance gains how launched this performance gains are depend on how the signals from the base stations are combined which in turn depends on what backhaul is used between the Pico base station and the macro base station the decent backhaul you can do selection combining which already that gives significant performance gains the best case however is if you can have a dedicated fiber like solution or WDM pond this enables sending IQ data over the interface which in turn enables interference rejection combining of the signals so in shorts decent backhaul decent coordination games super backhaul super coordination gates to summarize heterogeneous networks are a good way to improve performance especially in cases when it's difficult to find new micro sites for instance in urban areas thank you for listening I hope you found this interesting you