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if you've ever wondered what a fold change is referring to when it's used in medical research context in the context of data analysis then this video is for you ethol change has nothing to do with folding yeah i know surprising full change is simply a ratio it measures the number of times that something has changed for example if you are comparing an experimental group in a control group you will divide the results for the experimental group by that of the control group if you're measuring a signal over time you may want to look at the signal in reference to the very first time point or you may want to look at the signal from the latest time point to the one just before it the previous time point as an example let's say the intensity that i got for protein expression for one time point was this value then i can look at and this was the experimental group then i can look at the control group and the control group has this value so to look at i may want to see what's the fall change what's the ratio here so i can just go ahead and do the experimental group and divide that by the control group sometimes it may be more meaningful to look at the percentage difference so actually the difference is what you are concentrating on so in this case you will take away the value the new value you take away the initial value and then divided by the initial value and often it's also meaningful to present it as a percentage so you multiply it per 100 and that just makes it easier to get meaning now if for example we're looking at an antibody response following infection we may easily report it as a fold change so we will get the original expression the original quantity which we may have measured via western blood or an elisa enzyme-linked immunosorbent essay so then we can just simply divide into the original amount that we got it's just a ratio of the results they easily express that to make it meaningful at a glance as a percentage and that's just by multiplying it by a hundred how about d3 we would simply just divide that value into the original so we'll divide the signal at the new time point or the day by the signal at the beginning like the initial infection [Music] so what we see that we have a nine fold change it's 9.8 so almost a tenfold change from the first the day one post infection to this uh second we have almost a tenfold change then by day three between day three and the and the day one there's a uh 1.74 volt change and so on and so forth for the remainder of the day and then you can just look at that in terms present that as percentage just to make it easier for your audience for the person looking at your data to just immediately get a sense of what that means so if we just multiply that by a [Music] hundred we may also want to present the data in terms of the difference in the data rather than the absolute volt change and in that case it's our new value minus the original divide by the original present that as percentage just to make it easier for your audience [Music] when i leave the number just as the difference without multiplying by a hundred you can see you know point two two point two two is a small value it's not immediately clear to someone what you know they don't get a good sense of the number because we don't normally deal with that kind of scale so just by multiplying by 100 we'll get a cents we'll it will be like 22 and yeah we're comfortable with that so it's good to scale it to a percentage if we want the rest of the cells to be calculated without us going through this process of doing it ourselves we simply constrain the cell by just placing a dollar sign in front of it so we place the dollar sign in front of the row as well as the column and then by dragging it down excel noise to do exactly the same thing for the res the remainder of the cells and then we can go ahead and plot it and plot in excel is super easy you just have to select the two columns that you want to plot and go to insert and you can select the type of chart that you want so for this kind of time series or related data it is best to use a line graph or a scatter graph we can use a line graph in this case because it is related and we can go ahead and and it will automatically have a line that tracks it for us and just by making some simple adjustments we can make the graph look really attractive now i will not go into too much detail because this is just on board change and on the percentage difference calculations if you would like to see the graphs done in excel then please let me know but i will leave it here for now and if you are interested in joining the study group go ahead and hit the subscribe button and i will catch you in the next video god bless you and take care