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I sell a morning so today we are going to discuss about multiplexing so in this chapter I'm going to explain what multiplexing is in one under technique for multiplexing so what is multiplexing multiplexing is a set of techniques that allow simultaneous transmission of multiple signal across one so as I mentioned before in the signal in the chapter of C we are not sending a single signal in real in real life and in real implementation we are sending multiple signal so how to how to to send multiple signal across one okay so multiplexing technique is need to be implemented so the single signal from single source a need to be combined with other signal before it can be transmitted so under technique to be very technique to be used to combine the signal technique of multiplexing okay so as as you can see as you can see in the figure so we have four sources okay so from this for sources in general for single signal then each and those signal need to be combined again so how to combine use multiplexer and the sender sir so that multiple signal can be combined and that it can be transmitted across one so Andy and the other side we have demultiplexer to separate the signal into its original signal so that the receiver is the specific missive we can receive the signal that being transmitted by by different sender categories of multiplexing multiplexing can be divided into two because it depends on the type of signal so signal we have two type of signal analog and digital so for different type of signal you use different technique okay right the case of all analog signal we have to tightening the first is a p.m. frequency the second one is WD came the wavelength the frequency is for electromagnetic signal wavelength is for optical signal and then for the type of digital signal we have TDMA time division multiplexing okay purse and let's low end analog signal and so analog signal new users to type of technique one is frequency division multiplexing and the other one is wavelength division multiplexing so I asked me I as I mentioned before if the M is useful electromagnetic signal so what is appear left the M is an analogue multiplexing technique and that combined analog so if the M is useful analog signal so it can be applied f DM can be applied when the bandwidth of the link became so you can see the link so this is the link and this is the link okay when the bandwidth of the link is greater than combined bandwidth of the signal this is the combined memory this is the combined bandwidth of the signal and to be transmitted so if the bandwidth of the link is greater than the bandwidth of the signal to be transmitted then FDM can we apply this this and the processor in the process of FDM technique so we have three process and the first one each source and generate a signal of E of a similar frequency range in case we have how many sources one two three three sources generate three three three different signal with similar frequency okay now the second and second process in the second month in the multiplexer so in the yellow yellow box this signal model a different frequency carrier so it means that the original signal will be combined with the carrier signal him to produce modulated signal this we call as modulated signal okay so we have three modulated signal and this three modulated signal will be combined and in step 3 the resulting modulating signal and then combine two single composition so it a single signal okay so that's done at the multiplex I the multiplexer so this is at the other side at the receiver side so this call has the multiplexing of the multiplexer so we have to stand over here one step one demultiplexer uses a series of filters we have a filter over here to decompose the multiplexing not so we have by implementing the fill the filter to the composing signal receive so it will produce the modulated signal this modulated signal will be sent to the second process the second step in the video signal is sent to the D modulator so when this monitor signal combined with the carrier frequency it will produce the original signal of the multipath the demultiplexing demultiplexing okay so example one assume that a voice channel of buys a bandwidth of 4 kilohertz okay we need to combine three voice channel and three you came into a link with a bandwidth off and 20 and 32 okay I mean char from 20 to 30 to miss each and each cow laughs kilobits so total is and we have a bandwidth and 3 voice know each other the combination of the voice channel is Dracula so show the comparison using the frequency domain and give you the peace of God be so what is that so yes we have each voice channel when it's buying go to town case between 20 to 30 so this is the combination of the signal this we call as composite signal so this tree voice channels will combine and we combine and by using multiplexer digital as multiplexer so when is combined and what windows signal combined produce a composite signal okay so this is a demo D mod D multiplexer is a implementable term apply filter to generate the original signal then can be received by the receiver you think you can try by this example okay just to be remembered just to be careful here we have got been you need to consider that bang-ups and kilo Hertz over here so what you think that been so far the five channel require you forgot been a one two three four got back okay so you need to consider for got banned for x x equal to B team each channel s hundred venues so time five through total ease 540 and a lot higher key this is how we simply find the group of multiplex signal so we can start with a group so I'll draw a group of voice channel on this off twelve voice channel so it works you know as for kilobits support and equal to forty kilos so each group and this of this we call as a hierarchy so because is going when it goes up or so the next one we have super grow super group consists of five group and so five group equal to sixty voice channel and 240 kilo Hertz yes we just multiply to get 60 so 5 times 12 equal to 60 okay the next one is master group must American resolve 10 super group thank you sir 10 grow equal to 600 boys channel so to get this is hundred ten time five time and time five times equal to 600 boys genome different Mustang grow negate the combination of six must agree become jumbo a jumbo group consists of six Mustang group six Mustang grow equal to 3600 bastion of to get this value 6 times 10 to 3600 I get done with FDM now we're going to discuss about wavelength k wavelength division multiplexing technique the second technique for analog signal okay so WDM the case and a lot multiplexing technique to combine optical signal okay and this is in I'm optic cable Kingsley using my pinky bone him so this is like this is the signal is income of life okay so light can be machined wavelength so you use multiplexer over here normally a prism okay this is the multiple signal so this is demultiplexer it's the same as the multiplexer is prism and then this is the original signal to be received by the receiver okay and this what I have mentioned just now multiplexer demultiplexer the prism this prism and this are the signal like signal like so you can be combined using prism and separated by using a prism Spock so TDM is useful digital signal said that until the end editor of the link is end time faster okay the unique duration is endtime chapter okay the size over here look at the the figures look at the figure so we have four sources okay we have four digital single convene use multiplexer and this is the multiplexing this is the combined signal UK the same is demultiplexer to separate it back so they can meet this trust me or receipt binder this is the TDM processor okay so in TDM we have frame frame 1 Frame 2 frame 3 okay so the transmitted data and will be combined into ok so look at the first 3 T difficult as 3t times so first and the first PDF so at the first period the they did power the binary returns as the digital signal using the binary so the first bit will be taken to form the first frame so that we have a 1 blank space and C 1 okay so the first 3 T will be combined into a be combined to to form the first frame to form framework yes frame 1 will be divided each frame will be divided into number of sauces so if we have three sauces so the frame each frame will be divided into three because of that each this will call as a time slot and so each frame has three time slot okay so it's all each slot each time slot will contain them will contain B from every sauces okay so now let's look let's look and this the second treaty while call it as three treaties treaties acronym so the second treaty second added that sector treaty a second and in second and the Union will form the second frame select the secretary and contain it to be to end blank space so the next one the treaty three team okay we will be combined to form friendly so frame three will consist it be three and city can that's the way around digital it will be combined so it will be combined in each frame so the number of frame is depending on the number of let's look at this example okay so we have formed one kilobit per second connection so we have form and signal to be combined to be multiplex a union is a big expense that in each frame it will contain one B in each in each time slot in each time slot in each time slot it will contain one bit so so in each time slot over here in each time slot will contain one way we can so fine the duration of one bit before multiplexing one bit before multiplexing means that add and before multiplexing before before means so we know that the the deterrent is 1 kbps with one kbps one can bps is over here then one can bps okay so the duration of one bin is 1 over 1,000 again so dance is over here so the duration is 1 over 1,000 or equal to zero point zero second or 1 min second the rape of the link so we have in the rim of the transmission ding as we have for for for signal to be multiplex so it is equal to 4 kilo bit per second the duration of each time slot so what is the duration of each time slots over here so that is the duration of a B which is equal to in the duration of in duration of B M after multiplex also one over for one millisecond and over because we have four time slot so what is the duration of a frame equal to the duration of [Music] interleaving so we have useful in use for synchronization any useful synchronization can so just to make it to make the transmission synchronize okay so the next example for channel a multiplexing TDM if each channel sent ten hundred bytes per second one back and it will do how many be equal to so hundred by two hundred and one hundred time it be so 800 feet per second and we multiplex one byte per channel thank you for me that each time slot in K we have four channel so we have bottom slot so each time slot contain one or [Music] equal to eight bit so each time slot over u equal to EB EB show the frame traveling on the link the size of the frame invite a B so the size of frame invite so far by the size of frame in Big Eight time 432 the frame rate and the duration of the frame in the big tree came no and the answer over here so this is the the explanation new frame the sizes for by of equal to B in a hundred frame per second again oh because we have three thirty to one we must adapt the size of dream home back it to be the frame rate the frame rate is 100 frames per second frame duration divided by 100 frame came bit rate equal to frame rate multiplied by 30 to 1 because each frame contains 32 B okay so example 6 I think you can and this is it's a bit different because each time slot have to be a means that we have form one you have four time slot each time slot hunting do you need to be careful about this you can we have 400 a second shut up this is answer okay so two bidding for each time slot okay so the question size of the frame it been and because for time to prevail frame rate equal to 15 km bps okay okay why 50k meaning a 50 came because of actually what is the it is hundred kilo bit per second and be real and kbps so I think it is easy to calculate like this a hundred key so each time slot will turn this off to be divided by 250 key you keep the frame duration in frame duration how long it take to trust me a frame okay so 50k per second so I like take to trust me one frame so 1/50 50k that is 20 in 20 microsecond over 1/50 key this is micro not mini micro then be rid of the link 50k time it be because each time slot cons resolve to be too tight boys him and I can be transmitted so lasse is 40 Gbps framing me the key this is for synchronization yourself so a bit the bit will be ended in each frame then for synchronizing for synchronization so depending on the synchronization okay so the next one is about name example we have four sources 250 character one character equal to it be okay if the in telephony is a character character means it be and one synchronizing be is added and synchronizing be descended to be three so means that each frame becomes this up we have four time slot each frame and each in each time slot we consider one character or equal to it so each time 432 but don't forget about the synchronizing be then one be over him the return will be 32 plus 133 bits for each room find the data rate of its sauce so the answer is 2000 bit per second m2 15 times the duration of the character 1 divided by 250 the link need to send to under 50 frames per second this is for frame rate the duration of each time frame 1 divided by each each frame so 1 divided by 250 the number of being in each frame so forming a 4 times long time it'd be it'd be over here plus 1 the synchronizing bits so 33 the turret of the link and so the frame and the frame rate is 250 each frame can be subjected to build answer is 8250