Signature Block Free Marriage Certificate Made Easy

Signature block free marriage certificate

[Music] hello everyone that's joining I see there 30 of you so far and more joining it all the time thank you very much for everybody who's come back for a second time ah Thank You Jenny Val good morning to you in Brazil very early in the morning I think Oh 6 a.m. well Jenny Val I'm flattered that you should come to this come to our lesson Thank You Ahmed good morning good morning Mel dial ah good morning Anna and a companion are you in - please see Anna or one of the seaside towns in Georgia yes sir I've been to Tbilisi on training visits 2 or 3 times obviously before the present situation they're in the center at least two or three occasions I haven't been for about three years though so I'm looking for another reason to visit so hopefully when the lockdown finishes I'll come back I tend to spend most of my time in Eastern Europe and the caucuses and the Middle East so I'm very happy always to be in Tbilisi ah then yes Johnny hey Joe thank you very much yes I'd like to visit your Serbia as well well normally past 10 UK time there's 60 participants let's let's begin Alice what I'm going to do now is I'm going to share the screen bring up a presentation containing elements of three of our other pre-recorded courses contract drafting legal English and legal writing and I'll talk you through the presentation there will be some exercises for you to complete during the lesson and later you'll be up to able to download the presentation to complete some of the unfinished exercises yourselves we've also added the answers to the version of the presentation which you will download well this is our second lesson and thank you everyone it came back for a second lesson let me tell you what we're going to look at first of all we're going to look at one of the early sections from the early part of our contract rafting course you could find the full course of 15 hours on our website at the contract drafting a legal document page what we're going to look at here and this really is for those of you who are law students or who are very early on in your legal careers I want to look at the basic structure of a contract and I'm going to show you how to use the recital to better define your objectives in the contract many lawyers fail to use the recital properly they don't really understand its significance so we're going to cover it in this first 15 or 20 minutes right well we're going to look at the standard structure of a commercial contract now signing a contract is serious for any party they are legally binding agreements you must write them with two things in mind one to achieve your objectives to get what you want that's great but it's only half the job you must remember that things can always go wrong so you must write the content of the contract to protect your interests even if things go wrong you write the contract on the basis of what can go wrong and you write remedies for these problems into the contract that's the best way to do it now not all contracts have to be in writing of course in the common law contracts don't have to be in writing there are seven exceptions to this rule four of them you will never come across I have never come across one of them in my entire professional career this is where a lawyer lends money to a client where the client has inherited a large estate and does not wish to sell part of the estate to pay taxes and I have to ask you regardless of that extremely rare situation have you ever heard of a lawyer lending their client money so that's what are the exceptions we don't have to deal with but one and two three of the exceptions you should be aware of are sale of land and interests in land that could include rights-of-way or mining leases or the right to go fishing in the river so mining leases and sale of land and leases they have to be in writing to be enforceable doesn't mean it's not a contract if it's not in writing just means you can't enforce it what's the point of having a contract you can't enforce now insurance contracts must be in writing otherwise you can't enforce them they're so immensely complex with so enduring many exceptions and exclusions they must be in writing otherwise people will never remember what they've agreed to and the third type he should be aware of which you might come across are prenuptial agreements marriage is a contract a prenuptial agreement is a contract if it's not in writing you can't enforce it and again what's the point of a contract you can't enforce now having said that I have to tell you as a practicing lawyer all commercial contracts should be in writing and you probably be failing in your professional duties if you allow your client to record a commercial deal without putting it in writing merely shaking hands and then trying to remember two weeks later whatever it was you agreed to so to create a watertight contract and by watertight I mean one which people cannot escape from you have to understand the nature of the agreement and the first question you have to be confident about is the legal question what exactly is a contract well in the common law it is a voluntary agreement a voluntary agreement between two parties which if it's valid is binding on the two parties and it is enforceable through the courts that's what we mean by binding we mean you can't escape from it and if you do we can get the court to make you perform it or to give us damages for your breach of the contract so in other words one party can see the other if they don't do what they said in the agreement now of course in the common law there are lots of contracts which aren't in writing I buy some sweets at a sweet shop I don't expect a written contract I'd buy a bus ticket I buy a metro ticket I don't expect a written contract there are lots of contracts which aren't in writing one of the obligation one of the five requirements in the formation of a contract is the intention to create binding obligations now what better evidence is there that you intend it to be bound by the agreement than writing it down calling it a contract and signing it so that's why we put our contracts in writing now these are the five essential requirements of a contract I'm not going to go into them in detail now because this is the sort of thing you can find in our contract law course but this is taken from one of the early state early slides of our contract locals if any one of these five elements is missing it's not a legally binding contract may not even be a contract first there must be an offer one party must make an offer it can be to another party or it could be to the world at large like a newspaper editor second the offer must be accepted not a counteroffer as an attempt to renegotiate the terms but an acceptance of the offer as it was made next you must intend to be bound by it you must have the intention of legal consequences these three things together make up what we call a meeting of minds in Latin we call it consensus aidid it there were various arguments in the 19th and 20th century as to what this phrase consensus had either meant a meeting of minds how can I know if my mind has met your mind while you can't so what we really mean is both parties must know and understand what they are agreed and then there must be something of commercial value passing between the two parties we call this thing of commercial value consideration those of you who work in law companies receive a salary each month from your employers that's their consideration and in return you give your valuable time and work that's your consideration doesn't have to be cash but it must have a commercial value one ruble one dollar one dirham one RIA has a commercial value that's enough doesn't have to be equal to the value of the thing you get in return we all possibly go into antique stores looking to find a bargain but we don't really want to pay the full price but if the shopkeeper accepts our offer it's a binding contract and lastly you must have the capacity to enter into a contract the legal capacity in terms of a corporation being properly legally formed and in human beings the legal and physical capacity for example a child can't enter into a contract a mental patient can't enter into a contract a serving prisoner and prison can't enter a bankrupt while they are bankrupt can't enter you can't make a contract with the citizen of a state with which your country is at war that's right are very relevant for the British of course because always fighting everybody can't make a contract with the citizen state with electro country as at war now let's have a look at the structure of a contract most contracts whether there will I say one-page whether they're two or three pages 50 pages or 500 pages whether they're written in Chinese French English German Portuguese they're going to have the same structure every commercial contract tends to have the same structure first there is a preamble this is where you introduce the parties you name them and give their addresses then you have a definition section if you've got more than five words that need defining that are going to be given special meanings in the contract and then you come to the recital I want to spend a bit of time on the recycle today the recital is that section starting where as most lawyers don't know how to use it you should use it to explain the background to the situation and show why the parties are making a deal and what they're trying to achieve and if there are important third parties who are not parties to the contract where they're important in the contract for example the railway company that will transport the goods which you're selling to the other party and this is where you should mention them and then we come to the main body clauses these are the clauses that contain the reasons why you entered into the contract the money you want to get the goods you want to receive the goods you're going to deliver the quantity and quality the dates of delivery the terms for payment how payment is to be made what currency is going to be in all these really important things are contained in the main body clauses and then if you're going to have one because they are not suitable for every contract if you're going to have one immediately after the main body clauses you will have the liquidated damages clause liquidated damages are used a lot in the common law contracts they're not always suitable for Sharia law contracts although they're used greatly in the Middle East in relation to construction contracts feeding contracts they're not used well they're used but not in quite the same way in contracts in the CIS region where it's not prohibited penalty clause we can't have penalty clauses in the common law contracts so liquidated damages are an attempt by the two parties to set the amount of compensation damages to be paid if one or both parties breached the contract in a particular way it's an attempt to assess the likely cost of putting things right and it's a shortcut to getting a judgment from a court if the other party breaches the contract all you have to show is that the contract has been breached and that this is the amount or the way in which the amount is to be calculated to the judge it's usually pretty easy to show a contracts been breached look judge the building isn't finished on time look judge the goods haven't been delivered that's a clear breach and then rather than having to prove the amount of your loss you mention the amount in the liquidated damages clause and the judge gives you a judgement which you can then enforce and then after that we come to the housekeeping clauses the boilerplate clauses we call them they're used in every type of contract there are about 60 they're not suitable for every type of contract some should only be used in commercial agreements commercial lease agreements like a hello higher high water clause or in oil and gas leases like a mother hubbard clause or a Pugh Clause but the others the governing law clause the force majeure clause the severability clause the entire agreement clause these are used in every contract whether you're employing a footballer buying a plane ticket selling a house forming a contract of employment don't cut and paste them for one contract or another but use them as precedents and tailor them for your own individual contracts and then finally after you've written everything you've agreed on you sign the document in the signature blocks this is where you sign agreeing to be bound by the terms of the contract so these are some things you must have in a contract otherwise it's not a contract you haven't yet reached an agreement you haven't got to that consensus ad edom moment you must clearly identify the parties if I don't know who I'm contracting with it's not a contract I must clearly know what it is I'm giving and getting the consideration if I'm not certain what it is I'm getting it's not a contract and I must know the key rights and obligations if they're not mentioned in the contract then the judges will say you haven't reached full agreement yet it's not yet a contract if it doesn't contain all of these things it's not a contract now those you must have these you should have they're not strictly necessary but I'd be very disappointed with any of you that drafts a contract that doesn't contain these things such as the dates usually it's the date when it was signed this may cause problems what if you're in Dubai and your other contracting party is in Los Angeles well if you sign it on the Monday you'll have to send it by DHL any won't reach Los Angeles for their signature until Wednesday so what date does it start well that for that reason you might want to use a date of commencement clause in the contract which states the dates when the obligations under the contract star to avoid that confusion and definitions you may use industry jargon you may want to give special meanings to words which have a different meaning in order English one day if there's a dispute the contract will end up in front of a judge who knows nothing about your industry to try and understand what you meant make it easy for the judge by defining the difficult words or the words to which you've given special meanings or jargon for example right now for every one of you that is watching this course I'm probably using 72 kilobits a broad bandwidth what on earth is a kilobit that's the sort of thing I should define now you should also have if you've got more than five words to define a definition section in the near the beginning of the contract before the whereas ha it explains exactly what the words mean if you've only got five words or less to define don't bother with a definition section but define them immediately after the first time you use them in the contract now it's also useful to have to protect your client and to ensure that you get what you want to have indemnities warranties guarantees representations and Covenants and in the contract drafting course in full we spend two hours talking about these I haven't really got two hours today to talk about them but they're very useful and very important to make sure you get what you want and to protect your client if things go wrong now let's draft out a contract very quickly and go through the parts well here's the preamble we're going to identify the contract by a name we're going to call this two on a building contract it's not an employment contract or a sales content it's a building contract you can see it's made and entered into and then we put the date and then we put the date when it commences so presumably my other party is the other side of the world you got the effective date and then I clearly identify myself is made between our be limited and here I put the company registration number very useful when you're dealing with companies to put their registration number they are allowed to change their names they're never allowed to change their registration number and it's information which is freely available on the company's registry in whichever country that company was registered and I put my address that will be my registered office probably that I'm the first party an XYZ limited registered number corporation and then it's registered office that's the second party and then we'll move on to this preamble this recital this recital this is the thing I want to spend a few minutes on this provides the background to the reasons why the parties wanted to make a contract after reading the recital it should be clear to you what it was they wanted to achieve that way you can install that the contract gets interpreted by the judges in a way that achieves the objectives of the party now most lawyers don't pay this recital part any concern at all because usually it's not considered a binding part of the contract quite right but you can make it a binding part of the contract I explained you what it is or why it is you're making a deal and then using this sentence at the bottom of the slide this recital is a part of the contract and its terms are binding by doing this you are tying the hands of the judges who come along to interpret the contract later because they can only interpret it in a way which gives effect to the objectives that they can clearly understand from the way in which you've written the recital let's have a look at one as an example whereas now first of all whereas means the situation is right so having said it once that's all you need to say you don't need to say whereas first party discern so and we're our second party to Center and whereas they've agreed no just say it once situation is there's no legal importance as to whether I write it in capital letters or small letters I've written in capital letters because most lawyers don't know that and if I wrote it in small letters they'd send it back to me putting it in capital letters thinking there was some important legal point they raised doesn't matter where these big letters or small letters right now let's see if we can understand why they're trying to make a deal whereas first party is engaged in the manufacture of construction products described on Schedule A here - these are the products we put them in the schedule because although it's an integral part of the contract I don't want to put a long list here where I've just started writing the words so the products described on Schedule A here - the products for use in the building industry and second party is engaged in the business of marketing selling and distributing construction products within Kenya which is the territory and first party desires the second party markets sell and distribute the products in the territory right that's it can you understand why they're making a deal of course you can first party wants to sell more products in Kenya and second parties already got lots of contacts there to make sales so pretty clear what we're trying to achieve isn't it lots of sales of the products in Kenya right if there's a dispute over the contract later and it comes before the court we got to use that preamble to understand what we'll try to achieve if I now finish it with the words at this preamble is part of the contract and it's terms are binding then the judges are bound by it now you'll notice we didn't add the details of the contract we'll leave these for the main body I don't put the percentage of commission I'm going to pay or the term of the contract how long it will last for or how much it will be paid or the minimum sales figures I don't put any of that we leave these for the main body now in the main body this is the heart of the agreement what you expect from the other side and what you're going to provide to the other side key terms the amount of consideration that you're going to get for each side they're ongoing rights their responsibilities so here's a typical leading much too wordy but it's typical because it it's used by a lot of lawyers because it tends to impress the clients now therefore in consideration of the mutual covenants herein contained another good and valuable consideration the parties here to mutually agree as follows well that's great but I know you agree as follows because you signed it you don't need all this you could just say the parties agree as follows when you sign the contract in common law countries it creates what are called three rebuttal presumptions that is the court will assume unless they see an overwhelming amount of evidence produced by the other side to counter this suggestion but three things have occurred your signature indicates first you have read the contract second you have understood the contract and third you have agreed with the terms of the contract and that is why you have signed it otherwise why would you sign it so no need to have all this long old-fashioned lead in you can just say the parties agree as follows you don't technically need to save and that if I remove it the lawyer on the other side will write it back in and rather than bother to explain to them just just leave it and let them let them think that you both understand the same now liquidated damages after the the main body part we come to the liquidated damages you may not need one but if you do this is where you put it in genuine attempt by the parties to estimate the future losses in the event of a breach of contract and then the boilerplate clauses they are the typical clauses which you find in every contract they're not appropriate for all types of agreements but they play key administrative roles what is the governing law what does it say about arbitration is this the entire agreement what happens if a clause is bad because it's contrary to the law the severability clause and then finally we sign them the contract concludes with a statement of the party's intention to create a legally binding contract just to make it clear for everyone and then you sign it in witness wear of parties intending to be legally bound or executed this agreement as of the date first above rim I don't even need to say that but again if I take it out there lawyer on the other side just write it back in so you don't start an argument just leave her there and then the parties sign and that's it that's the standard structure of a commercial country you could find far more about all this on our contract drafting course and in fact before I move on let me show you something go to the contract drafting course here it is on our website now you can order a free trial lesson from it if you like choose course type click the free trial' button it's $0 and added to the cart okay you born in a free trial lesson as you can see these buttons come up on the screen etc well you input your in your email address and then you can see here we got lots of lessons recorded lessons and you'll get one of these free trial videos of the course right let's go back let's close that up don't forget by the way well I've got this in front of you don't forget to go and test your English click on this button at the top of the screen test your English it hopefully is buffering good it then takes you to this page and you can take the free English test or the free legal vocabulary test our next lesson I'm going to show you a free book which I'm gonna offer to everyone provided they take a free test right let's get back to our lesson okay let's bring up the presentation have a look at some growth I want to avoid nominalizations nominalization is an English teachers word it means taking a verb and turning it into a noun for some reason lawyers prefer to write with nouns rather than verbs I don't know why it's a failing this causes many problems as well as meeting more words in the sentence and it also sounds very pompous it's great if you're making a speech in public to use nominalizations but not in writing in a speech course for sounding pompous we're trying to make people understand that we know what we're talking about now when we're writing it just makes us look pompous and now lawyers in particular seem to prefer to use the noun for the name of the process well I'm going to use the verb to state what is happening for example as we say when a verb has been changed into the now we call it nominalization in America they call it smothered verbs the whole purpose is rather than using the verb we're using a noun which isn't really effective for good writing lawyers don't complete a matter they arrange for completion to take place they don't introduce people they make an introduction let him provide money they make provision for payment and they don't investigate a matter they cause an investigation to take place well you can see it needs far more words takes you longer to do your work so the problem in nominalizations is that they're often used instead of the verbs from which they come because they are the names of things it serves as if nothing's really happening they make the writing very dull and very heavy and clients in particular don't like it clients like the idea you're looking at their file every day and doing something with it they don't like the idea that it's just sitting there and nothing happening for example we had a discussion about the matter well we've taken the verb to discuss now he turned it into discussion so it's the past tense what's the past tense of the verb discuss just write that in the chat box for right thank you very much everyone I can see there are nearly 90 of us now let's have a look at your answers it's pretty simple of course let's have a look yes they are a very good at bulging yes it's discussed well let's now put it with the right verb we discuss the matter see how much shorter it is or in the last lesson we talked about using the active voice here's the sentence in the passive the implementation of the program has been done by the team well he'll what is the subject the doer the thing doing something it's the team isn't it let's turn him back into the active voice the team has what is the team done not implementation the noun for the process what's the past tense of the verb yes let's have a look at a few answers great I see you're all joining in excellent it's much more interesting for me when you join in otherwise I'm just lecturing at a blank computer screen I haven't even got your smiling faces in front of me let's have a look when you said implemented the team has inferred excellent mark mood Slavic very good Malik very good Ahmed very good think that very good very good ever well here we are now look we turn it back into the active voice and we avoid the nominalization now look how short the sentences team has implemented the program we must have cut off 40% of its length there right so avoid nominalizations especially when writing scribes they want to think that you're doing some be their file every day now if you're going to use a verb and here we come from a section from the legal English course you want to be precise as 350,000 words or more in the English language nobody really knows how many there are we got worse for everything for example we have a noun and a verb to describe the noise made by a turkey what is that noise Oh wah wah wah wah wah that was a John up we even have a word we got a word for everything in English language that is the verb to make the sound make the noise made by a turkey we have verbs for everything it's possible when writing an English to be incredibly precise and it's much more effective to be precise rather than using a vague verb and then having to amend it with an adverb to make it fit the sense by being precise you can cut down on a number of words because you don't use adverbs and you can make it clearer for example the diplomats worked at is that what diplomats do they work of things I don't think so the diplomats worked at normalization of relations between the countries normalization oh there's no such word it's an Americanism I know there's American English and Australian English in fact there isn't there is the Queen's English and everything else is simply a mistake the diplomats tried to normalize relations between the countries Valis the two cars drone is that the right verb the two cars drove at a fast pace so we got now and adverbial phrase down the road as they each tried to outpace the other well is that what they did then they drove at a fast pace trying to outpace each other because I know another verb that describes an activity like that which seems to be much more appropriate the two cars raced down the road it's more precise it's more descriptive and it's more descriptive using fewer words better isn't it right here's a little exercise for you I mean here the company's business was the importation there's the noun now is the past tense what's the verb here what did the company do the company what the company is the subject the main verb is going to be correct version of the verb import let's have a look what we got here imported the gabsul ehp absolutely right let me show you it's imported so let's put it in the active voice in the sentence the company imported fine china isn't that shorter and easy and more direct let's have a look is also saying this ah Thank You Emma Thank You Vincent sumaya yes thank you everyone thank you Anna now his crime was a big surprise to his friends well surprise isn't the right with verb than is it this is a verb all right but it's not the right verb if it's a big surprise what's more than a big surprise what sir it's it's more than just a synonym it's a big surprise so what might that be it's more than surprise I was what this time I got have to call you to draw upon your knowledge of the English language let's have a look what we got here 13:14 I see a few more of you joining right let's see we've got a couple of potential correct answers here let's have a look of you go shocked excellent his was a shock to his friends well Frederick a yes but let's put it in the past tense I heard a yes shocked astonished great Priya great shocked or astonished wondered not so much shocked yes shocked let me show you make sure you're smelling by the way everybody I know you're racing to give me these answers obviously after you've written something you'd go back and edit it by correcting the spelling and grammar mistakes that's what effective writing is all about his crime astonished his friends or equally good his crime workshopped his friends great now what about the next one he spoke to the crowd spoke in a loud voice well what what's the verb to describe when you speak to people in a loud voice I stand three one meter away from you and I speak to you in an extremely loud voice what do you normally say that is we don't call it speaking we call it something else what is that everyone yes to shout screamed you're right machmood shout or screamed or yelled Georgia great great aliena yeah now put it in the past tense everyone so it's not shout is it it's make sure you you put these verbs in the right tense so the past s who shanked it right next one this time we've got a noun Mack gave a lecture well what did he do is the past tense of the verb is to lecture what's the past tense of collection he didn't give a lecture what did he do turn it into a verb let's have a look yeah he lectured very good manner very good I have a good summer good excellent Hanna excellent Mac lectured the core Shyama shortages but what about this last one again we're only going to cut out one word change the noun and by doing so we can get rid of the other verb committed that's a verb discrimination that's a noun so what did the company done the court found that the company had what not trying to make any political point around this so time again right what did the company done past tense remember discrimination into a verb but it in the past tense say it will be discriminated against by the way as a preposition we need to look at prepositions in the next lesson it's discrimination against to start a core case against discrimination against women court found the company had discriminated against women okay now next thing I'm writing with precise verbs you'll surely sentences you'll be more precise you will create greater impact which is what you want with your writing you want it to stand out from your colleagues and your competitors and the other writing you put in front of the arbitrator's or the judges you or a report or a client you want it to stand out once your rating stands out from your colleagues you'll get noticed at work it's one of the ways to get more rapid promotions okay now we're over running a bit but I want to do this his little exercise change the following nouns into verbs well we won't do all of these we'll put this presentation on the website in a few days we've got the answers to these exercises what sir what's the noun action becomes what - to do what you had to act let's go down what's number seven let's jump down let's jump down to number seven application is the noun to make an application an application they're both announced okay to make an application the noun for the process what is the verb to got to change the spelling slightly what is the verb all 32 of you I think to apply well done everyone well done Sarah Jane eval were all done okay and I'm gonna leave what I do one more for discussion the verb is what we we will walk with this matter is too easy for you so I'm going to move on let's have a look yes great Frederica great Chiara great hammer Olga Daniela Adriana approachin thank you very much Oh two more come in as well well sumaya have Abdul Ghaffar thank you very much thank you dear the house Salameh thank you right to discuss one of us have two of these alright what about number four make your submission online via the planning portal which word should we change there which word in number for just one word let's have a look what you're doing you're doing very well submission yeah we're going to put it to submit as you say Adriano yeah GUI oh thank you Gary adrianna great great great submit online by the Planning poll very good mark mood polite concise and to the point make your submission online by the planning portal becomes submit whatever it is online via the planning portal not make your submission get rid of that make your get rid of that verb and that pronoun now let's move on to the last part for today we're going to be another 10 to 15 minutes then we'll finish legal vocabulary well I know that those of you from romance country languages those of you who speak French Italian Spanish or Portuguese may not have too much difficulty with legal Latin words the rest of us do even though English is 70% based in Latin it still causes problems because a lot of these Latin words and phrases have been given specific legal meanings so even if we can translate them from Latin into English doesn't tell us what it means res ipsa loquitur the thing for itself speaks the thing speaks for itself what does that mean it means in legal terms the situation is so obvious I don't need to give any other further explanation so it's not just knowing the Latin it's understanding the words now we've answered the 21st century it's considered very old-fashioned to use legal Latin in your correspondence however because the first lawyers back in Tonya 2,000 years ago well 1500 years ago the first lawyers after the Romans left were the priests who spoke Latin there's a lot of Latin in the English law some of these phrases have a legal meaning we call them terms of a part meaning they have a legal meaning which artists mutandis everything in this document that needs to be changed has been changed new Tartus mutandis meaning everything that needs to be change has done so contra referendum we use Latin all the time without realizing it etc per annum vice-versa contra there Latin words that become into the English language but these Latin expressions have a legal meaning and when they have a proper legal means perfectly acceptable to use them other times don't use Latin the whole purpose of legal writing is to be understood that your message questions ideas will be understood by the reader you're not writing to show how clever you are how many long words you know you're not writing to use sesquipedalian language my favorite word sesquipedalian it means one and a half feet in writing it means using the words that are so long nobody understands them you're writing be understood Mark Twain said never use a complicated word when a simple word will do that is good advice so we're going to look at some of the more frequently used Latin terms and then you'll have a choice in the exercise as to whether you use the Latin term or the plain English expression in future and my advice is use the plain English expression that way when you write to a lawyer in a non native english-speaking country let's say you're a lawyer in Brazil writing to a lawyer in China why on earth would you try to communicate in Latin right in English there's a much better chance to be understood so consensus IDDM what I've mentioned this already it's important in contract writing it means a meeting of the minds it means both parties know and understand what they're agreeing to res ipsa loquitor the thing speaks for itself this relates to a situation where the facts are so obvious they need no explanation the locusts in quote this means the place where something happened mutatis mutandis means all the necessary changes have been incorporated into the document ad hoc means for this one purpose only uses an adjective before now an ad hoc committee a committee with only one purpose an ad-hoc resolution a resolution for just one purpose it Ali shortened usually to act now it means and others it's usually used at the end of a list of people it's used to shorten the list of people so you don't need to mention every single name etc well used like it Ali we just put et Cie meaning EPS it means other things of the same kind is there so we're listing not human beings but items maybe animals cats dogs pigs goats donkeys cows etc that you will find on a farm that means goats dogs etc it doesn't mean Cherokee was Panthers lions and tigers could you don't hopefully find too many of those on your phone example are at sea we shortened to eg whenever we see eg in writing we don't say eg we say the English for example we use this when we're giving examples he dissed again we just put the initials IE he dissed means that is when we see thus the initials IE in writing we say the words that is it's used as an explanation there's one thing wrong with this contract ie it is too long okay is one thing wrong that is it's too long per se means by itself and I don't human can conduct legal proceedings per se mean by themselves they don't need anything else sick this is very useful when you have to repeat the words written or spoken by somebody else in court proceedings and they've made a mistake a spelling mistake or a grammar mistake you repeat their words and immediately after the mistake which you've noticed you put the words si si meaning it wasn't me that created this mistake I'm just pointing out their mistake verses right means against Stratton we normally abbreviated 2v when we see it in a case tation Smith vs Jones we don't save verses for some traditional reason we just say and Smith 'angels de facto means in fact if so factor it means by this fact inter alia inter means between a Lea means things other things aliens into alien amongst other things usually again when you're providing a list random note the spelling of this and don't make a mistake with it means each year or annually pro-forma means for the sake of protocol for example I ask you for an invoice for the work you did six weeks ago which I paid you for six weeks ago but I need the invoice for the tax records I want to print former in words pro rata very important in company law means proportional according to the proportion already existing a quorum important in company law the minimum number of people needed to make a vote in a business Sooey URIs meaning the ability of a person URIs of course relates to jurors law the ability of a person to bring a legal action in their own right ultra virus very important in company law administrative law beyond that their lawful powers ultra beyond virus their living powers beyond the lawful powers of the personal body exceeding their lawful authority a V daily chit usually written as viz means already seen we've already seen this before in contract visas Nvidia teach it well at least I think that's how they're pronounced because nobody really knows there aren't and th and Romans around to tell us what the pronunciation is like but I think this is how they're pronounced now of course there's hundreds more legal attic words there are in fact around 3,000 important legal words or phrases that you should know this legal English properly that's too many to learn other than through years of practice however that reminds you can get rid of 50% of them by not using a Latin at all because they're considered very old-fashioned so if you haven't got time to learn all 3,000 phrases and words you can cut out the Latin one straight away and use modern English instead No I want you to win arguments win cases by the logic of your argument the strength of the evidence and your ability to write effectively however you will find specially amongst some very much older lawyers they attempt to intimidate their younger legal opponents by using Latin as if to show look how much Latin I know I must be more experienced and better than you well that may have worked in the second half of the twentieth century but it certainly doesn't work in the 21st century this tactic is no longer effective so I advise you quite frankly take a course in legal writing or persuasive writing I'm not the only company ours isn't the only company to promote these courses we have our own courses other companies have courses off take those courses to polish and perfect and give your writing impact that's how you want to win the case with the force of your argument not because you use lots of Latin however with an exercise we're going to have a little exercise for the top of the next slide there are 15 latin phrases and below it there 15 modern translations and below there or and in addition to that 15 incorrect phrases just to confuse you they're all out of sequence can you match the legal phrase the correct definition now I've come to an extent helped you out a bit here's one two five you'll find the answers questions one to five amongst answers a to G immediately below it right so actus Reyes does anybody know what this is it from criminal law we haven't looked at this in the presentation to anybody know this there are two parts to committing a crime in many common law crimes there's the guilty mind which is the men's rare and there's the physical act so what is actus Reyes it refers to the physical act what is it gee very good very good Mohammed very good Apple Jane the guilty acts the actual what does in camera me number two somebody I didn't put the green line there but there's a clue there's a clue on the screen by a green line that's appeared let's see if everybody's got it in camera means be quite right in Chamber means in secret because of security reasons you must hold the hearing in court without the public being present what now from contract law specially repre relevant in the Middle Ages was still relevant today caveat emptor what does that mean Oh Oh a bigger button it's in the third group of words it's not in the first group of words caveat emptor between Oh Tootie which word it which what is it between Oh Tootie caveat emptor very good those of you got he must look to comparative law I imagine or no contract law the history of contract law very well it's owned by right let the buyer beware caveat or should he put a caveat on the land a caution to stop people buying emptor beware to let the buyer beware in other words check the goods before you buy them otherwise you might not be able to change them if there's something wrong with them now again this is between a 2g what what is it at a landfill good Hey quite right among others right let's move to the next his his son how am i special that well Rockwood this is well this is really just to have people to test themselves to show you really the you need to do a bit more reading him Latin again as I said perhaps one of our legal writing our legal English course what about seven here's a phrase you may know Amyas corpus and again this for some reason I sorry I haven't sorted these accurately this is in the answers a to G a B as corpus it was a very important part of common law we lost it when we joined the European Union when we leave the European in the end of this year we'll get him back and it's a very important civil right the Americans have it and the British wanted back we invented it we'd like it bad II quite right you the body it's an order to the authorities to produce the body of a person they've arrested meaning if he's alive show him to us in cool you seem in court in other words you can't arrest people and not take them to court okay well I'm going to put this on the website and you'll be able to download it in a few days and complete this exercise yourself the answers to all these will be added to an extra slide before we put it on the website right well that's all for today everybody let me stop sharing and bring myself back on the screen well thank you very much everyone I hope you're enjoying this I will have more lessons of course next we can have a book which I think I'll give us a free gift to everybody as well I wrote something it's about 70 or 80 pages on how to select your career how to get work experience how to get an interview how to conduct yourself at the interview how to begin your legal work in the law company to get noticed how to get a rapid promotion etc it's advice on the start of your legal career it's all the things I wish I had known when I first qualified I don't know I mean as everybody's under lockdown it's only about 80 pages you might not want to read is quite useful and I'll offer that as a free present for everybody it turns up to those of you who celebrated happy Easter to the rest of you enjoy your weekend and I look forward to seeing you next week bye bye everyone bye bye janaballah thank you very much for getting up so early to join us by the way we'll be announcing the launch of our first legal English courses in Brazil next week and my colleagues my new partners in Brazil will start the courses in about two to three weeks from now in Sao Paulo both online and live so I hope you'll stay tuned for that and we'll send out all the information shortly for anybody in Angola and we're about to announce a new course purely for lawyers in Angola and as those of you from China just to let you know our new website for China should come should go live in about three weeks which will give you much better much better broadband speed so there shouldn't be any buffering or problems with downloading the broadcast saw the recorded lessons obviously I'll keep everybody informed of this during this lockdown period but it's important in our progress and for those of you in Croatia we were about to in the next week our new partners in Croatia will be announcing an arbitration law and practice course which will start in about two weeks from now Vincent thank you very much for joining us yes thank you very much I hope you find that of interest the difficulty is knowing because it's a blend of so many different courses it's difference in knowing how much technical information to bring in and I thought just the basic concept of how a contract is written might be useful because they're normally that's really contained in our contract drafting course normally I have a lot of experience I'm an experienced lawyer but I've been sick for several years and I haven't worked for several years and I eat to to learn again so restore oh that's why I don't have a look at the pre-recorded version of our contract drafting course I didn't you know I haven't used these as a sales well I haven't given anybody a hard sell yet but I should tell you we're giving a 20% discount during the lockdown period so the entire contract drafting course 15 hours of it the pre-recorded version is just 192 dollars now with the discount so you might want to have a look at try and order a free trial lesson see if it suits your purposes it might be what you want to just polish up your knowledge again mm-hmm okay thanks everyone well I will sign-off see everybody have a great weekend and see you again next week bye-bye everyone