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hello this is valdemar nostrak art critic producer and presenter of documentaries thanks for watching perspective youtube's home for classical art [Music] this is a series about an artistic era that's looked down on and never gets the respect it deserves it's a shadowy era so shadowy people even disagree about its name so i'm going to use the old one the one that best sums up its dilemmas i'm going to call it the dark ages [Music] so the dark ages go roughly from the 4th century to roughly the 11th they begin when the roman empire starts to crumble the end when william the conqueror invades england now in this shadowy slab of time everything changed the greatest empire the world has seen melted back into the cultural shadows and various powerful artistic forces stepped up to take its place [Music] later in the series we'll be examining those much misunderstood creatives the barbarians what wondrous bling they brought into the world what fabulous things they achieved i'll also be looking at that joyous and inventive religion islam which did so much to light up the dark ages but we begin with a group of people whose achievements were enormous they started with nothing and ended up with so much i'm thinking of course of those thoroughly underestimated dark age creatives those intrepid voyagers into the unknown the christians art never lies and the story that art tells us of these exciting times is that this was never an age of darkness this was an age of light these are the famous ruins of pompeii and as i'm sure you know mount vesuvius erupted here in 79 a.d and all this was covered in ashes and preserved for posterity in perfect conditions now one of the things they found here which really surprised them was proof that they were already christians here by 79 a.d and the thing they found that proved it was this [Music] it's what they call a rotas square and these rotate squares are deeply mysterious they've been found all over the roman empire in syria in gaul even in england in siren chester they found one of these and they're usually inscribed on the walls of houses or sometimes on the columns outside the house and of course when they found them they didn't have a clue what these were just mysterious word games plastered outside houses what it is is a letter square made up of five latin words rotas opera tenet a repo and sator [Music] rotas at the top is satour backwards and you can see rotas down this side as well and satou down that side and here in the middle a repo is opera work backwards the actual words mean something like as ye so so shall ye reap but only if you ignore latin grammar various code breakers twisted it this way and that for decades but it still didn't mean much but then a eureka moment...