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Instructional Design (ADDIE) The ADDIE model is the generic process traditionally used by instructional designers and training developers. The five phases are:  Analysis,  Design,  Development,  Implementation, and  Evaluation. These phases represent a dynamic, flexible guideline for building effective training and performance support tools. Instructional theories also play an important role in the design of instructional materials. Theories such as behaviorism, constructivism, social learning and cognitivism help shape and define the outcome of instructional materials. In the ADDIE model, each step has an outcome that feeds into the subsequent step. In the analysis phase, instructional problem is clarified, the instructional goals and objectives are established and the learning environment and learner's existing knowledge and skills are identified. Some of the questions that are addressed during the analysis phase are:  Who is the audience and their characteristics?  Identify the new behavioral outcome?  What types of learning constraints exist?  What are the delivery options?  What are the online pedagogical considerations?  What is the timeline for project completion? The design phase deals with learning objectives, assessment instruments, exercises, content, subject matter analysis, lesson planning and media selection. The design phase should be systematic and specific. Systematic means a logical, orderly method of identifying, developing and evaluating a set of planned strategies targeted for attaining the project's goals. Specific means each element of the instructional design plan needs to be executed with attention to details. Steps used for the design phase are:  Documentation of the project's instructional, visual and technical design strategy;  Apply instructional strategies according to the intended behavioral outcomes by domain (cognitive, affective, psychomotor);  Create storyboards;  Design the user interface and user experience;  Prototype creation; and  Apply visual design (graphic design). The development phase is where the developers create and assemble the content assets that were created in the design phase. Programmers work to develop and/or integrate technologies. Testers perform debugging procedures. The project is reviewed and revised according to any feedback given. During the implementation phase, a procedure for training the facilitators and the learners is developed. The facilitators' training should cover the course curriculum, learning outcomes, method of delivery, and testing procedures. Preparation of the learners includes training them on new tools (software or hardware). This is also the phase where the project manager ensures that the books, hands on equipment, tools, CD-ROMs and software are in place, and that the learning application or Web site is functional. The evaluation phase consists of two parts: formative and summative. Formative evaluation is present in each stage of the ADDIE process. Summative evaluation consists of tests designed for domain specific criterion-related referenced items and providing opportunities for feedback from the users.