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FAQs
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What is 'Digilocker'?
DigiLocker is an "advanced locker" benefit worked by the Government of India that empowers Indian natives to store certain official records on the cloud. The administration is pointed towards decreasing the need to convey physical reports, and is a piece of the Narendra Modi-drove government's Digital India activity.1 GB of storage room is offered to clients to store recognizable proof card issued by government organizations, training declarations, PAN cards, driving permit, vehicle proprietorship records and some different archives.Clients need to have an Aadhar card to utilize DigiLocker. For joining, the Aadhar card number and the one-time secret word sent to the Aadhar-related versatile number, should be entered. For later log-ins, the client can set their own particular secret key it connect the record to Facebook or Google logins.The beta rendition of the administration was taken off in February 2015, and launched by the Prime Minister on 1 July 2015. The storage space allowed was 10 MB at first, and was later expanded to 1 GB.In July 2016, DigiLocker recorded 20.13 lakh clients with a vault of 24.13 lakh documents. The quantity of clients saw an expansive hop of 7.53 lakh in April when the legislature had encouraged every single metropolitan body to utilize DigiLocker to make their organization paperless.From 2017, the office was signNowed out to permit understudies of ICSE board to store their class X and XII authentications in DigiLocker and offer them with organizations as required. In February 2017, Kotak Mahindra Bank began giving access to archives in DigiLocker from inside its net-managing an account application, enabling clients to e-sign them and forward as required. In May 2017, more than 108 healing centers, including the Tata Memorial Hospital were wanting to dispatch the utilization of DigiLocker for putting away disease patients' therapeutic records and test reports. As indicated by a UIDAI modeler, patients would be given a number key, which they can impart to another doctor's facility to enable them to get to their test reports.There is likewise a related office for e-marking archives. The administration is proposed to limit the utilization of physical reports, decrease regulatory costs, give validness of the e-records, give secure access to official archives and to make it simple for the inhabitants to get administrations.#Thank_wikipedia and Follow Manish Kumar …Cheers
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How does censorship work in China?
Internet content companies can only operate with business operating licenses. If they lose their license, they cannot operate. (If you go to a Chinese website and you see the little red shield at the bottom of the page, that is their registration information which is filed with local police and the security services. Following it is a police phone number where anyone can immediately report an infraction to the authorities which will be dealt with in real-time.);Every internet content company has an editor-in-chief who is personally responsible for making sure that the site’s content conforms with government regulations. In other words, if he does not follow regulations, he can be tried and put in jail and the company may lose its business operating license;Every morning, the editor-in-chief at about 7AM, receives a phone call (Note: there are no written directives issued) from the relevant Chinese Communist Party department about what can only be reported through official channels and quotes, what can be reported with specific reporting guidelines, and what cannot be reported. The editor-in-chief is then responsible for passing on this information to his editing team, who then insure that all content meets these regulations before they are posted.Every Chinese company, before they get an operating license, must agree to and sign Chinese security regulations. Here is a copy of those security regulations in English:Declaration: This Department will solemnly adhere to all items in this agreement, and be fully responsible for any civic, legal, or criminal repercussions resulting from a failure to do so.This Department agrees to adhere to the Regulation on Telecommunications of the People's Republic of China, the Regulations of the People's Republic of China for Safety Protection of Computer Information Systems, the Measures for Security Protection Administration of the International Networking of Computer Information Networks, and all related laws, policies, and documented regulations.This Department agrees all legal requirements and qualifications needed to provide this service have been obtained.This Department agrees that the telecommunications network will not be used to compromise national security, reveal sensitive state information, or otherwise break any laws or infringe on the legal rights of the People’s Republic of China, the public, any groups, or third parties.This Department agrees to adhere strictly to the national standards and regulations of information security.This Department agrees to comprehensively adhere to the standards and technologies used to protect information security.This Department agrees to any audit or review by the state, to willfully provide accurate information and data regarding information security, and aid the state in any investigation of criminal activity over the computer information network.This Department agrees not to use the telecommunications network to produce, copy, search, or transmit the following:a) Content fundamentally prohibited by the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.b) Content that would be detrimental to national security, destabilize national capacities, reveal sensitive state information, or harm national unity.c) Content that is detrimental to national reputation and interests.d) Content that incites public hostility, prejudice, or division.e) Content that harms national policies regarding religion, aims to start a cult, or spread misinformation.f) Content that spreads false information and incites public unrest or chaos.g) Conduct that promotes obscenity, pornography, gambling, violence, murder, intimidation, or criminal behavior.h) Content that slanders others or violates their legal rights.i) Other content in violation of applicable laws and regulations.8. This Department agrees to not engage in any activity that may harm the security of computer information systems, including but not limited to:a) Unlawfully accessing or using computer information system resources.b) Unlawfully adding to, deleting, or editing resources on the computer information network.c) Unlawfully preserving or transmitting data or software that would add to, delete, or edit resources on the computer information system network.d) Willfully create or transmit computer viruses or similarly harmful software.e) Other activities detrimental to the security of the computer information network.9. In the event of an extensive security failure or bsignNow of the computer information network, this Department agrees to promptly take emergency measures, preserve all relevant original data, inform the state regulatory authorities within 24 hours, and send a written report.10. This Department shall solely be responsible for any legal repercussions arising from the failure to adhere to the rules described in this agreement or any related state regulations. This Department will also be solely responsible for any monetary damage caused by such a failure. In the event of a bsignNow of this agreement, related services may be paused or concluded, and mutual agreements may also be terminated.11. This agreement takes effect from the date of signature.
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How did the WWII Navajo code talker program get up and running?
Philip Johnston (1892 - 1978) thought up and presented the idea of the Navajo Code Talkers to the Marines. 29 Navajo with help from a Marine cryptographic officer created the code.Philip was the son of a missionary, William Johnston. His brought them from Kansas to the Leupp (Tsiizizii in Navajo), Arizona area in 1896 when Phillip was 4. It is on the Navajo Reservation east of Flagstaff. He learned Navajo from playing with Navajo kids. In that time and place almost all Navajo were Navajo as a first language, and most were not comfortable with English or did not speak it at all. The area was 98% or more Navajo.Phillip’s father helped broker a peace in the Padre Canyon Incident in 1899. This was when three white cowboys and county lawmen went off and killed two Navajo and one ranch hand was killed. This was on land that the Anglo cattle people moved into and were trying to take from the Navajo. Rev. Johnston acted as mediator between the Navajo and the authorities in Flagstaff. He promised the accused for Native American men that they would get an adequate defense.They surrendered and were brought trial at the Coconino County Courthouse in Flagstaff in September, 1900. On April 11, 1900 an indictment was handed down by the grand jury for the three surviving Navajos for the murder of Montgomery and the serious wounding of two of the posse members. U.S. Attorney for Arizona Territory Robert E. Morrison was assigned to defend the Navajo. He was assisted by E. S. Clark, an attorney provided by the Indian Rights Association of Philadelphia. District Attorney James Loy handled the prosecutionThe injured Navajo, Haastiin Biwoo Adini, addressed presiding territorial Judge Richard E. Sloan and Johnston's son, Philip, 9, translated the speech for the judge. Impressed with the Navajo's stature and words, Judge Sloan found all the Navajo men innocent. On Sept. 20, they were acquitted of all charges. They were acquitted in a town that was mostly made up of white ranchers and lumber people who had not looked favorably on the Indians prior to the trial. This gave the family, and Phillip, good will among the Navajo in the area.Here is Biwoo AdiniBelow 1904 picture with Biwoo Adini at far right with Rev. William Johnston next to him. Mrs. William Johnston is at far left with son Philip Johnston next to her on her right.The incident got national publicity. News went to Washington D.C. In October, Johnston and a contingent of interested parties, met with President Theodore Roosevelt. They carried a map showing where the Navajos lived and how long they could remember their ancestors being there. Philip Johnston translated the Navajo message for the president.The president issued an executive order on Nov. 14, 1901, setting aside the land between the Hopi reservation and the Colorado River and putting it into the Navajo reservation boundaries. These lands became known as the Leupp ExtensionIt was named in English for Francis E. Leupp who helped get the reservations lands increased in this area in 1901 (the the Leupp Extension). Leupp was a member of the Indian Rights Association, a former muckraking journalist, he was appointed Indian Commissioner by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905. The Navajo name, , means “hair sack”. It was the Navajo name for a BIA official named Joseph E. Maxwell who was famous for his toupee.As a gesture of appreciation for Rev. Johnston's mediation efforts, Leupp residents invited him and his family to establish a mission settlement at Tolchaco, seven miles downstream from the present-day community of Leupp on the Little Colorado River. That is where Phillip spent the rest of his childhood.Phillip Johnston went the Northern Arizona Normal School,(now NAU). In 1918 he enlisted in the U.S. Army for WWI. He trained in Camp Fremont at Menlo Park, California and then went to France as part of the AEF. He might have heard about Comanches being used to talk on radios (not in code) in WWI France.After the war he went to USC and got a graduate degree in civil engineering degree in 1925. Then he worked for the city of Los Angeles water department.Here is Phillip JohnstonHe continued to keep contact with his Navajo friends both on the Navajo Nation and in the LA area. After the start of WWII and Pearl Harbor, Johnston heard of the American codes being broken. Secure front line radio communications quickly became an issue since many of the Japanese military were proficient at English and traditional codes were too slow and cumbersome for battlefield use and Japanese code breakers had success.He had the idea to use Navajo language. He was still fluent and knew that no one spoke it outside of America. He presented this idea to the Marine Corps. They asked for a demonstration. He recruited four Navajos who were working in the Los Angeles shipyards. By the end of the war, over 24,000 reservation Natives and another 20,000 off-reservation Natives had served. In addition, another 40,000 left the reservations to work in the defense industry.Here are some Native Americans in WWII.Philip’s idea at first was that Navajo language could be used unmodified to transmit military communications. Before the demonstration, after the four Navajo men got some sample messages, the Navajos said that the would need to use word and letter substitution methods to convey the messages. The men discussed it a while and came up with some agreed words.At the demonstration was Communications Officer Major James E. Jones, USMC at Camp Elliott (next to Camp Kearny, now Miramar) in San Diego and Pacific Fleet General Clayton Barney Vogel. The test was done by installing a telephone connection between two offices. Vogel wrote out six messages that were typical of ones during combat. One read "Enemy expected to make tank and dive bomber attack at dawn." This was transmitted as: "Enemy tank dive bomber expected to attack this morning." The remaining messages were translated with similar proficiency. It was done in a few minutes. The codes at the time took a long time with a code book on both ends. After the demonstration someone (it is not clear who) decided as coding system for Navajo had to be created instead of conversational Navajo.General Vogel was convinced and wanted to have the code made. He asked for the Marine Corps to recruit 200 Navajos. He was given authorization to recruit 30 for a pilot project. At the time, military field radios were not equipped with encryption/decryption technology. The enemy to listen to radio traffic. The Japanese were continually breaking the American codes, often with terrible results.In the letter above Vogel says they were the only "tribe that has not been infested with German students during the past twenty years. These Germans, studying the various tribal dialects under the guise of art students, anthropologists, etc., have undoubedtly obtained a good working knowledge of all tribal dialects except Navajo."Here is Phillip Johnston on a recruiting tour of the Navajo Nation in Oct 1942.Here are the first Navajos enlisting for the Code project 1942.Here is First 29 Code Talkers of 382nd Platoon after boot camp at Camp Pendleton in OceansideHere are some of the Navajo Marines at Camp Elliot where they worked out the Code.The first group of 29 that were recruited first did seven weeks of standard Marine recruit training (boot camp). The first all-Navajo Platoon 382 graduated from MCRD, SD on June 27, 1942. The Platoon was then sent to Camp Elliott for about eight weeks of basic communications training. In that time the men were to develop the code. Three more Navajo joined them. The men were guided by a cryptographic officer in the basics of employing letter and word substitution encryption methods. The 32 Navajo created the code.The names of the first 29 Navajo who used the code in battle are: Charlie Sosie Begay, Roy Begay, Samuel H. Begay, John Ashi Benally, Wilsie Bitsie, Cosey Stanley Brown, John Brown Jr., John Chee, Benjamin Cleveland, Eugene Crawford, David Curley, Lowell Damon, George Dennison, James Dixon, William McCabe, Carl Gorman, Oscar Ilthma, Allen June, Alfred Leonard, James Manuelito Sr., Chester Nez, Jack Nez, Lloyd Oliver, Frank Pete, Balmer Slowtalker, Nelson Thompson, Harry Tsosie, John Willfe Jr. and Yazzie William.The Navajo code had at its base a letter substitution code. A teaching code book was developed in San Diego, but it was never taken into the field. There was not code book to be captured. The Navajo had to memorize the whole code. Each letter in English had three possible English words that started with that letter. Then each word was translated into Navajo. For example, “A” was for ant, apple, or axe. That was translated into Navajo. In this example, “ant” was red ant = wóláchííʼ. “Axe” was tsénił. And “apple” was bilasáana. The words were randomly rotated for each letter. nahashchʼidí, shash, and tóshjeeh all translated to words that started with B in English (badger, bear, and barrel). The coders had to memorize 78 letter substitutions.Then, for some words, the translation being used was difficult to decide. For example one of the words for “D” was chʼįįdii. This is normally translated as ghost. It is the bad disease causing spiritual residue that remains on or near a person’s bones. It is a Navajo cultural idea. However, the coders used it for Devil=D. The others for D were bįįh=deer and łééchąąʼí =dog. Personally, I would have never guessed that a chindi stood for D.Then there were word substitutions to speed transmission. There were about 211 of these at first, and eventually 411 or so. For example, the word “submarine” was “metal fish”= béésh łóóʼ. A fighter plane was a “hummingbird”= dahiitįhii. For a Navajo speaker who did not know the code, and there were a lot of other Navajo on the military in WWII, the code sounded like a long list of words with no grammar or verbs. For non-Navajo the phonemes and tones are very difficult. For speakers of Japanese or English it is hard to tell where one word ends and hard to verbally reproduce or write down.The insertion of code words instead of letters in places made it a little harder. So one would need to know that "cha" (beaver) did not stand for B but was for a cruiser (naval ship). And then one needed to tell it from “chʼah” which means hat and was one of the words for H. The others for “H” were atsiighaʼ (hair), and łįį́ʼ (horse).After the creation and memorizing of the Navajo code, about half the men were assigned to the 1st Marine Division, and 16 were assigned to the 6th Marines and the 2nd Signal Company of the 2nd Marine Division. Three men stayed in San Diego to recruit and train Navajos to become code talkers. Around 400 learned and used it over the war, occupation of Japan and into the Korean War.On Aug. 7, 1942, the first Marine division hit the beaches of Guadalcanal with 15 Navajo Code Talkers. This was the first offensive move in the Pacific arena. The battle was the first where the Navajo code would be tested in actual battle. The Coder worked in teams of two on each end of the radio. One to work the radio and one to transmit the code.“ The Code Talkers successfully translated, transmitted and re-translated a test message in two and a half minutes. Without using the Navajo code, it could take hours for a soldier to complete the same task....the Code Talkers were used in every major operation involving the Marines in the Pacific theater. Their primary job was to transmit tactical information over telephone and radio.During the invasion of Iwo Jima, six Navajo Code Talkers were operating continuously. They sent more than 800 messages. All of the messages were transmitted without error.The Navajo Code Talkers were treated with the utmost respect by their fellow marines. Major Howard Connor, who was the signal officer of the Navajos at Iwo Jima, said, “Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima.” From the CIA website—Navajo Code Talkers and the Unbreakable CodeMost the Navajo had traditional ceremonies done for them. These ceremonies are designed to protect them physically, emotionally and spiritually. A study found that “surprisingly little evidence of serious psychological problems or combat fatigue among the returning Navajo veterans. On the battlefield, they carried medicine pouches containing an arrowhead and corn pollen. Most prayed in Navajo every day.Philip Johnston was not yet on active duty with the USMC and was not present during the creation of the code even though it was his idea. He asked the USMC to serve in the Navajo Code Talking Program as a Staff Sergeant. He then served as a school administrator for the "confidential" program and a recruiter with a Navajo man, Corporal John A. Benally. The next all-Navajo platoon to go through boot camp was Platoon 297 in March 1943.The work of the Navajo Code Talkers was not recognized until after the declassification of the operation in 1968. until then the men were not allowed to even tell their families what the had done in WWII. For a lot of the 400 men who were Code Talkers, this was hard because the were not allowed to say what they had done in the war, even to family members, until 23 years after it ended. As of 2019 there are 5 still alive.When we got out, discharged, they told us this thing you that you guys did is going to be a secret. When you get home you don’t talk about what you did; don’t tell your people, your parents, family, don’t tell them what your job was. This is going to be a secret; don’t talk about it. Just tell them you were in the service, defend your country and stuff like that. But, the code, never, never, don’t mention; don’t talk about it. Don’t let people ask you, try to get that out of you what you guys did. And that was our secret for about 25, 26 years. Until August 16th, 1968. That’s when it was declassified; then it was open. I told my sister, my aunt, all my families what I really did. —Chester Nez, Navajo Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004President Ronald Reagan gave the Code Talkers a Certificate of Recognition and declared August 14 “Navajo Code Talkers Day” in 1982.In 2000, the United States Congress passed legislation to honor the Navajo Code Talkers and provided them with special gold and silver Congressional Medals. The gold medals were for the original 29 Navajos that developed the code, and the silver medals for those that served later in the program. A statement in the Navajo language on the back of the medals translates to: “With the Navajo language they defeated the enemy.” President Bill Clinton signed the law which awarded the Congressional Gold Medals. President George W. Bush presented the medals to the four surviving Code Talkers at a ceremony held in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington in July 2001.Oh, yes, I’m proud of it, particularly when I shook hands with President Bush in Washington three years ago. He gave me the gold medal. He shook hands with me and then afterwards I spoke. So I spoke in English and then when I got through with my speech I spoke in Navajo, it amounted to about 3 minutes. I said, “You Navajo people that are now on the reservation between the four sacred mountains, I want the people should thank you for using our sacred language. This language was given to us by the Holy People, I don’t know how many thousand years ago,” I said. “We use it for they, to help win for the United States.”—John Brown, Jr., Navajo Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004Here are some of the remaining Navajo code talkers in 2014. In 2018 some of the Navajo Code Talkers who were still alive included Thomas H. Begay, John Kinsel, Sr., Peter MacDonald, Samuel Sandoval and Joe Vandever, Sr. There were eight alive at that time.Here, below, is Chester Nez (1921 – 2014). He was the last surviving man of the original twenty-nine Navajo Code Talkers and one of the Code creators. He was born in Chichiltah, NM (Chéch'il Łání). He was Dibéłizhiní clan (Black Sheep), and born for Tsénahabiłnii clan (Sleep Rock).He was sent to boarding schools, where he’d had his mouth washed out with soap for speaking Navajo. At BIA boarding school in schools, in Tuba City, Arizona, Nez was recruited into the Marine Corps. He was 122 pounds in 10th grade, and he barely met the minimum weight requirement for the Marines. The volunteers went directly into basic training without any goodbyes. Nez left behind his sister Dora, his father and his grandmother, who wouldn’t know he was fighting until two years after he left.He saw combat first in Guadalcanal. He said that sometimes, on the battlefield, he could hear the bells of the sheep back home and knew people there were praying for him. Nez wrote in his memoir, “Their prayers were carried across the miles as the pure, bright chime of the bells.” When a battle was over, Marines in their division got R&R while Nez and his fellow code talkers shipped off to another battlefields: Bougainville, Guam, Peleliu. He was at the Battle of Bougainville in New Guinea on November 3, 1943, and then Guam on July 21, 1944, and then on to Peleliu and Angaur in September 1944. He was honorably discharged in 1945.When the Code Talkers got out of the service, “they told us not to talk about what we did,” Nez said. The mission was top secret. He couldn’t talk about it even with other Marines with whom he served; not with his family, even after the war; not with the paper-pusher back home who, when Nez applied for a civilian ID card, smugly told the decorated war veteran that he still was not a full citizen of the U.S.From 1946 to 1952, Nez used the GI Bill to attend the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kan., to study commercial arts. Nez also served in the Marine Corps Reserves and returned to combat in the Korean War.He worked as a painter for 25 years at a V.A. hospital in Albuquerque. Nez retired in the mid-1970s and moved back to Chichiltah to help care for his sister, Dora. In his later years he lived in Albuquerque with his son Mike, daughter-in-law Rita, and their children.In 2001, Nez was one of the four of the five living code talkers who received the Congressional Gold Medal from President George W. Bush. He died at age 93 of kidney failure.Nez's story was published in the 2011 memoir, "Code Talker: The First and Only Memoir by One of the Original Navajo Code Talkers of WWII," which he wrote with author Judith Avila.“Writer Judith Schiess Avila met Nez in January 2007 “through the friend of a friend.” Their friendship grew and he shared his story with her. Captivated by his story, she asked Nez to let her help him write his biography.“He kept saying to me, ‘What if it’s not interesting? I just did my duty,’” she said. “After thinking about it for a couple of days, he agreed to tell his story.”In an earlier interview with ICTMN, Avila said, “I think it was hard for him to talk about himself. [During our interviews] he often stopped and reflected: Was he building himself up? Was he being fair to others? Was he being accurate?”Here is the Navajo Code Talker monument in Window Rock, the capital of the Navajo Nation. The s
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Why did the US just withdraw from the UN Human Rights Council? How will this affect US diplomacy around the world?
The US withdrawal? “Disappointing if not really surprising”.US ambassador Nikki R. Haley cited “a cesspool of political bias against Israel” and “members of the Commission who themselves violated human rights.” This has been a consistent source of friction with the US, especially since 2009.RT @USUN: With members like China, Cuba, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Venezuela the Human Rights Council is not worth its name. pic.twitter.com/eEETxFvw19— Nikki Haley (@nikkihaley) June 19, 2018 The United Nations replaced the Commission on Human Rights with the Human Rights Council (HRC) in 2006, established by a UN vote of 170–4. UN members who strongly opposed the Council were the United States, Israel, Marshall Islands and Palau. Three nations abstained—Venezuela, Iran and Belarus.Forty-seven members of the HRC are elected by a majority of ninety-six votes of the General Assembly. Council members may be suspended by a two-thirds majority vote of the UN. [1]The HRC’s draft resolution aimed “to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language or religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.” [2]Timeline of US interaction with the HRC:2006: US ambassador John Bolton (now US National Security Advisor) vigorously opposed the formation of the HRC and the Bush admin boycotted the body.2009: The US relented and joined the HRC.“It’s an imperfect body but it has a decent track record. It could get better, but it stands a worse chance of doing so if the U.S. takes its ball and goes home and allows it to become a playground for strongmen.” —Stephen Pomper, president Barack Obama’s National Security Council.2013: Controversy raged as Russia, China, Saudi Arabia, Algeria and Vietnam joined the org.2016: In his election campaign, Donald Trump pledged to quit the body.June 6, 2017: Nikki Haley announced the US would not continue to participate in the HRC, “the UN must act to keep the worst human rights abusers from obtaining seats on the Council,” … “we must change the elections so countries are forced to make the case for membership based on their records, not on their promises.” [3]Sept 19, 2017: President Donald J. Trump addressed the UN assembly, "It is a massive source of embarrassment to the United Nations that some governments with egregious human rights records sit on the UN Human Rights Council."Sept 21, 2017: Ambassador Nikki Haley warned the US would pull out of the council if bias against Israel continued. [4]Oct 20, 2017: After pledges to promotion of human rights, Angola and Afghanistan were elected to the HRC and Qatar was re-elected. The Democratic Republic of the Congo was elected without making a pledge.June 4, 2018: Special Rapporteur Philip G. Alston presented his annual report on “Extreme Poverty and Human Rights”. [5] He pointed out that based on health, schooling and living conditions, the rate of youth poverty in the US was the highest in the OECD—40m Americans subsist in poverty, 18.5m in extreme poverty (defined by the UN as living on less than US$2 per day) and 5m in third world absolute poverty. [6] The report further stated the top 1% of the US population owns 38% of the nation’s total wealth.June 18, 2018: The UN’s high commissioner for human rights, Zeid Ra’ad al-Hussein called the US policy of separating children from parents crossing the border “unconscionable.”June 19, 2018: Secretary of State Mike Pompeo praised the US ambassador’s work—Nikki Haley then announced the US withdrawal from the HRC. In unfortunate timing for advocates of human rights, the move was made on “Juneteenth”—the 153rd anniversary of the abolition of slavery, celebrated by 45 of 50 American states. [7]"Disappointing, if not really surprising, news. Given the state of #HumanRights in today's world, the US should be stepping up, not stepping back" -- UN Human Rights Chief #Zeid following USA decision to withdraw from U.N. Human Rights Council.#StandUp4HumanRights— UN Human Rights (@UNHumanRights) June 19, 2018 July 2, 2018: The council meets again on the issue of Israel and Palestine. [8]The UN, The US, Israel and PalestineSince the UN’s Resolution 181 for the partition of Palestine in 1947, the UN Security Council has made 225 resolutions concerning Israel and Palestine, most recently calling for an end to Israeli settlements. [9]– Safety– Dignity– Human rights & fundamental freedoms for ALL migrants – children, women & men – at ALL times@UNmigration info: https://t.co/K9ZNxSYgZA pic.twitter.com/RcTfNfDQix— United Nations (@UN) May 26, 2018 The UN General Assembly has condemned Israel in 45 resolutions over six decades, many times citing the strategic relationship with the US as “encouraging Israeli aggression and expansion”.In 2002, US ambassador John Negroponte articulated the cornerstone of US doctrine—a condemnation of terrorism, a commitment to a political settlement and a requirement for an improvement in “safety and security” before any withdrawal by Israel to territories held at the time of the Second Intifada—the Palestinian uprising in September, 2000.The UN sees the Israeli occupation since 1967 of Palestine as a violation of the principle of jus ad bellum and international law. [10]In practice, the withdrawal from the Human Rights Council won’t much affect US diplomacy around the world.The US has a consistent, century-long history of conservative domestic politicians rejecting both multilateral diplomacy and refusing to sign or ratify international treaties. This has always shaped the US’ stance on the world stage.The Human Rights Council is responsible for promoting & protecting the human rights of all people all over the
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What is performance management?
Looking at the question, it seems you are keenly interested in knowing the basics of performance management. Several writers and consultants assume performance management as a metric for appraisal system. Though this is related to work system, this isn’t considered as a substitute for appraisal of employees. Also, it’s not a form for self-evaluation. Then what is performance management?Well, performance management is a communication process that is established throughout the year between manager and the employees to accomplish the strategic goals of an organization. This process includes goal settings, clarifying the objectives, completing the tasks, reviewing and providing feedback. Performance management creates opportunity for proper interaction between the manager and employees at each of these steps.Concept of performance managementAs mentioned before, it develops environment for managers to assist employees in successfully completing the project. However, it’s not just requires managers assistance, but also the active participation of employees involved in it.It ensures that employees are well aware of their roles and responsibilities in a project, know the performance level expected of them, and receive regular updates on the performance.Key components of performance management systemTypically, a performance management system includes the following components:· Define the clear job responsibilities using the employee recruitment plan that helps the selection team.· Conduct interviews to screen the pool of potential candidates.· Recruit the most qualified and suitable candidates for the project.· Welcome new employee to the organization.· Give proper induction, assign a mentor and integrate them into your office and its culture.· Hold regular meetings to analyze the strengths, abilities, and weaknesses of the employees.· Assign the tasks to the employees according to their skills that they excel in.· Provide training wherever it is needed.When do you think is there a performance management requirement?To know when you need a dedicated performance management system, you should know the type of situations you are dealing with. If you are facing complications at workplace and most of these complications arise due to any of the following, then it’s the time for investing performance management.1. When the HR department is putting more time into administrating work such as paperwork and data entry.2. When the complaints are arising about the time-consuming tasks.3. When there is misunderstanding between the manager and employees on the reviews.4. When each employee is given non-uniform tasks such as an employee getting easiest of the tasks all the time while some get hardest of the tasks.Do these situations ring any bell? Seems familiar? If yes, then it’s time to get adapted to performance management process. There is a plethora of performance management software in the market which you can choose depending on the number of people you need to involve in it. This will not only save your valuable time but also enhances employee’s efficiency at the workplace.
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What is the history of Kashmir?
Note: This is a work of love. All errors and omissions are regretted. I will keep improving this with time - please feel free to suggest edits and changes if any.When Shahenshah Jahangir (Shehzada Salim of Mughal-e-Azam fame), the 4th Mughal Emperor of India was asked on his death bed about his one cherished desire, he reportedly had said, and I quote:Kashmir, only Kashmir[1].A lot of people have suffered and died for Kashmir and a whole lot more, because of it.Today, for an average Pakistani, Kashmir is an unfinished dream of Jinnah. For an average Indian, Kashmir is an inalienable part of the Indian Union. For many westerners, Kashmir is the most dangerous place in the world, and for a Kashmiri - it is home.The K word, as it is known in the South Asian diplomatic circles, is the favorite whipping horse of the keyboard warriors on both sides of the Radcliffe line (Me too, guilty as charged). A newer entrant to this online war of righteousness are the Kashmiris themselves.Most of us, firing ridicule, allegations and taunts at each other, only have a partial perspective of the history of Kashmir - which we obviously experience through a colored prism of our own nationality, religion and at times political preferences.————————————-The 7 Wrongs of Kashmir.The short history of Kashmir’s tragedy is as follows - Really, really long time ago, a bunch of folks settle down in the beautiful valley of Kashmir. It is a nice place, and they grow in number. They are ruled by a series of kings for 4444 years, becoming a centre for both Hinduism and Buddhism. Kashmiris spread Buddhism in Tibet, Afghanistan, Parts of ancient China and Shaivism in Southern India.Then, Islam arrives in Kashmir, initially in the form of refugees from Swat and Sufi Mystics from Central Asia - The Sufis co-germinate with the Kashmiri Shaivism to give birth to the Rishi order and Kashmiriyat - Kashmir signNowes the peak of its political power during the Karkota Dynasty.After the fall of the Karkota and Lohar dynasty - the local folks see 3 rounds of religious persecution and forced conversion from Hinduism to Islam - especially under Sikandar Butshikan (Shah Mir Dynasty), Aurangzeb Alamgir (Mughal Dynasty) and Abdul Khan (Durrani Dynasty), which turn Kashmir into a Muslim majority area by around 1400 AD.Then the same local folks, who had converted to Islam because of persecution - are now persecuted again for 2 more rounds, this time for being Muslims - First by the Sikh Rulers, and then by the Dogra Kings.After the Dogras, India and Pakistan take over and we see the 6th round of persecution in Kashmir - this time the culprits are Kashmiris themselves. Those who had converted to Islam and were now in majority - persecute those who hadn’t converted like them - the unique triad of oppression is finally complete.What’s going on right now is the 7th round of persecution which is the most secular so far, since Kashmiris of every religious identity feels victimised this time - There are fingers pointed everywhere and the jury is still out.In the timeless words of The Shakespeare of Urdu, Agha Hashar Kashmiri:Ek dhundlā sā tasavvur hai ki dil bhī thā yahāñ[2],Ab to siine meñ faqat ik Tiis sī paatā huuñ maiñ.Loose Translation:Where the heart used to beat, I faintly remember,Now dwells a pain, a yearn and some nostalgia.We are all guilty of justifying one wrong with another. We have all been oppressed - we’ve all been oppressors.And thus, without further ado, for all us oppressors out here, here’s presenting the detailed timeline, of the History of Kashmir. Use it - Abuse it - Do what you like :)The dates and facts are sourced from Professor P N Dhar, Kalhana, son of Canpaka, the author of Rajatarangini and his Firang Translator, Sir Mark Aurel Stein. I have also quoted media resources from both India, Pakistan, Britain and United Nations, and tried my best to remain neutral. For those, who may wonder, what the heck are Mahabharata characters doing here - well, just because some people star in an epic does not mean they aren’t historic characters :)CHAPTER 1: The beginning and the start of an end.—————————————The first 4444 years3120–16 BC: Gonanda I, cousin of Jarasandha, king of Magadh rules over Kashmir. His reign lasts for 17 years and is assassinated by Balabhadra, the brother of Krishna.3103 BC: Damodara Dynasty, consisting of Damodara I, his wife, Yashovanti and Son Damodara II rule over Kashmir for 80 years. Damodara I is killed by Krishna. Damodara II is assassinated by Parikshit, grandson of Arjuna of Mahabharat fame and the ruler of Hastinapur. Damodara II’s Prime Minister Harnadeva, a relative of Parikshit, takes over as the King of Kashmir.3083 BC: King Harnadeva starts the Pandava dynasty which rules over Kashmir for the next 1331 years.1752 BC: A reign of 8 successive and mostly unrelated rulers over Kashmir, which lasts for a total of 305 years. The Kings of Kashmir during this time are, Luv, Kush, Khagendra, Surendra, Godhara, Suvarna, Janaka, and finally Sachinara, who was Shakuni’s (of Mahabharat fame) great great grandson.1448 BC: Asoka or Dharmasoka of the Gonanda Dynasty takes over. He rules over Kashmir for 48 years. Asoka builds the grand city of Srinagar with ninety-six lakhs of houses, around the present day Dal Lake. The Gonanda dynasty rules till 272 BC, for a total of 1176 years and has a total of 35 kings. The last Gonanda king is Andha Yudhistira, who’s famous for having very small eyes.0500 BC: Kashmir was ruled by the monarchy of excellent horsemen, the Kambojas. Their capital was the city of Rajapura, which later became Rajouri. The same people, went on to create the Kamboja-Pala dynasty of Bengal in 10th and 11th century. They though aren’t mentioned in Rajatarangini Volumes and there is a debate among historians about the exact date and duration of their rule.0376 BC: The Shankaracharya temple of Srinagar is repaired by Gonanda King, Gopaditya. Point to note, Pandit Anand Kaul, the original temple was built by a Kashmiri Sovereign Sandiman, who reigned between 2629 to 2564 BC (cannot be verified). The temple was rechristened to its present name only after Shankaracharya visited around 9th Century AD. Also to note here, Sikandar Butshikan left this temple unharmed during his reign.0326 BC: King Abhisara, the sovereign of Poonch, Rajauri and Nowshera comes in contact of Alexander the Great during these times as per the Greek historians.0304 BC: Kashmir becomes a part of the Mauryan Empire under the Gonanda Kings, who accept the sovereignty of Chandragupta. Buddhism is introduced into the valley in a big way during this period. He is clearly a Junior sovereign to the Gonanda Kings.0272 BC: The Pratapaditya Dynasty takes over Kashmir. Rules till 80 BC, or 192 years. The Dynasty starts with King Pratapaditya, who is a relative of King Vikramaditya of Ujjain (The father of the Vikram Samvat calendar in India), and ends with King Sandhimati.0080 BC: Over the next 207 years, Kashmir is ruled by 10 Kings, starting from Meghavahana and ending with Lakshmana in 127–131 AD.0001 AD: Kashmir has by now become one of the most important centres of Hinduism and Buddhism with countless stupas, mathas and temples built around the valley.0127 AD: Kashmir is conquered by Kanishka I, and becomes a part of the Kushan Dynasty empire. A staunch Buddhist, Kanishka holds the 4th Buddhist council of his empire in Kashmir. It was during this very council, that Buddhism was divided into two sects, the Hinayana and the Mahayana.0400 AD: Around this time, Kashmiri Buddhist Missionaries started spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There was a regular stream of Tibetan and Chinese pilgrims during this time, visiting Kashmir. Buddhist Monk Kumārajīva, who influenced the Chinese emperor Yao Xing, during this period, and translated the Lotus Sutra and the Diamond Sutra among others, was also of Kashmiri Origin.0520 AD: Around this time, Kashmir was ruled by Mihirakula, a central asian conqueror for a short period, before getting defeated by Yashodharman in Malwa.0570 AD: Muḥammad ibn `Abdullāh, Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is born in Mecca in present day Saudi Arabia[3].———————When Kashmiris Rules over UP & Bihar0625 AD: The Karkota Empire of Kashmir was established by King Durlabhvardhana. The Empire ruled over Kashmir for 260 years and captured part of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Punjab, becoming the first Kashmiri Kingdom to have influence beyond the Himalayas. They had their capital in modern day Paraspore (Parihaspur) in Kashmir and were the financiers of the spectacular Martanda Surya Temple.0724 AD: Lalitaditya Muktapida, the most powerful Kashmiri sovereign ever, started his 36 year long and prosperous reign. His was a time, when most of modern day UP, Uttarakhand and Bihar, paid taxes to a Kashmiri King. Just to give you an idea of his badassery, here is the map of his empire:0875 AD: The author of Shiva Sutra, Vasugupta was born. He went on to become one of the most influential Indian poets of Sanskrit. His book, laid the foundation of the monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism.0850 AD: Shaivism Tradition or Trika School of Sanatana Dharma is born in Kashmir around this time, thanks to the teachings of Vasugupta. Trika refers to the 3 goddesses Parā, Parāparā and Aparā.0950 AD: Abhinavagupta was born in Kashmir, He was a famous philosopher, mystic, aesthetician, musician, poet, dramatist, theologian, and logician of Trika and Kaula, who renewed the Teachings of Vasugupta, his teachings influenced the Shaivism in Southern India. Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir during this period.0997 AD: Kashmir was ruled by Queen Didda - who had her maternal ancestry in the Hindu Shahi of Kabul, Afghanistan. She was the daughter of Simharāja, a smaller Lohara King. She married to the then king of Kashmir, Kshemgupta, and ruled after the death of the King since her son was very young to rule.1003 AD: Kashmir came into the hands of the Lohara Dynasty, which ruled over Kashmir for 317 years. The capital of the dynasty was in Loharkot Fort, which was unsuccessfully attacked twice by the Mahmood of Ghaznawi. The Last Ruler of this dynasty was King Suhadeva.————————————Introduction to Sufism.1310 AD: Estimated year when sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah of Iran entered Kashmir along with a few of his disciples. He had an impressive charisma and knowledge and was respected by Kashmiris of all faiths. He built a monastery in Kashmir.1313 AD: Shah Mir, an Irani Sunni Muslim refugee came to the Kashmir Valley from Swat, along with his family. He was one of the first muslims to set foot in the valley. He was tactful, able and was welcomed by the then King Suhadev of Kashmir, who later appointed him as one of his ministers.Shah Mir would go on to start the first muslim dynasty, that ruled over Kashmir for 20 generations and 222 years.CHAPTER 2: The first round of Kashmiri oppression.—————————————-The Refugee King.1320 AD: A Ladakhi Buddhist Prince, Rinchen took the throne of Kashmir and Mystic Shaivite Yogini Poet, Lalleshwari or Lal Aarifa, or Lal Ded was born. She became the primary source of influence for Nund Rishi, Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali - The Patron Saint of Kashmir.Rinchen unsuccessfully revolted against his uncle, the Sovereign of Ladakh, and had to flee to Kashmir. He was made a minister in the court of Raja Suhadeva, which also had Shah Mir, as a minister. Raja Suhadeva was later defeated by the Mongols and his Commander-in-Chief, Ramchandra took over the reigns, making Rinchen his chief administrator - Rinchen assassinated Ramchandra and became the king himself.Rinchen married slain Ramchandra’s widowed daughter, Kota Rani, made Shah Mir as his chief advisor. Rinchen wanted to convert to Hinduism, but was denied. He later converted to Islam along with 10,000 of his men (first major conversion in Kashmir) on the direction of Irani sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah, also known as the Bulbul-e-Kashmir. Rinchen adopted the title of Sultan Sadruddin Shah.He built the first ever Mosque in Kashmir, on the ruins of a Buddhist temple (the Bud Masjid).1323 AD: Richen or Sultan Sadruddin Shah, succumbed to injuries during an attack by rebels. Kota Rani, his wife, decided to marry, Udayanadeva, the brother of Suhadeva. Though Udayanadeva became the King, it was Kota Rani who actually wielded the real power. She was known to be intelligent, shrewd, brave and a real badass.She built a canal to save Srinagar from frequent flooding, which is still functional and still bears her name - Kute Kol.During her (proxy) reign, Kashmir was attacked by a Mongol Army led by Achalla. While the attack made King Udayanadeva flee to Tibet, Kota Rani faced the attackers head on and killed Achalla, making the other attackers run away.She was finally dethroned, by her trusted lieutenant Shah Mir who organised an internal uprising against her. When she found herself helpless with Shah Mir offering a proposal of marriage, she stabbed herself to death in modern day Sambhal in Kashmir, clearing the path of the Shah Mir Dynasty which ruled Kashmir for 222 years.1334 AD: Approximate year, when sufi mystic, Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani or Shah Hamdan entered Kashmir. Born in modern day Iran, he is attributed to have played a major role in the spread of Islam in Kashmir. He was one of the major influencers of Shaivite Mystic Lal Ded or Lalleshwari, who was just 6 years younger to him.—————222 years of the Shah Mir Dynasty & the rise of Islam1339 AD: Shah Mir, a descendant of persian immigrants of the Swat valley, and the Chief Advisor to the King Richen (Sultan Sadruddin Shah), took over the throne after the king succumbed to his injuries while fighting Mongols. He tried marrying Kota Rani, but she committed a suicide. Shah Mir thus became the first muslim ruler of Kashmir, starting the Shah Mir Dynasty. He ruled for 3 years and 5 months.1377 AD: Nund Rishi or Sheikh Noor ud-Din Wali, the founder of the Rishi Order of Kashmiri sufi tradition was born in present day Kulgam district. According to the legend, on the 3rd day of his birth, Yogini Lalleshwari or Lal Ded, had suckled him milk, opening his fast since birth.He is known as the Patron Saint of Kashmir and the father of Kashmiriyat. He psignNowed communal harmony, non-violence, vegetarianism and tolerance to the people.In 1995, his final resting place, Charar-e-Sharif, was gutted in a fire started by Mast Gul , a terrorist trying to escape[4]from the security forces. The whole town and the shrine was re-built with the help of a grant by the government of India.1389 AD: Sikandar Shah Mir better known as Sikandar Butshikan[5] became the 6th Sultan of Kashmir. His reign of 24 years saw a blood soaked effort to convert the majority population of Kashmir, from Hinduism to Islam. By his order, many old Hindu and Buddhist temples were desecrated and burnt, Hindus were prohibited from praying, putting a tilak, sounding a temple bell, blowing of conch shell, celebrating festivals and even cremating their dead. A heavy Jizya tax was imposed on non muslims and they were treated as second class citizens. A large number of Hindus were forcibly converted during his reign. Many were forced to leave their homes and flee. The grand Martand Surya Temple was desecrated on his orders.By the end of his rule - Kashmir became a Muslim Majority state for the first time in History.—————————-The reign of Bud Shah, the wise1418 AD: The Bud Shah or Zain-ul-Abidin started his reign as the 8th Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty in Kashmir. Though he was a muslim ruler, he abolished the Jizya tax on the Hindu Majority of Kashmir, and banned cow slaughter. He was a scholar of Persian, Tibetan and Sanskrit, and ordered the translation of Mahabharata into Persian for the first time.He tried to call the Kashmiri Hindus back to the valley. He also invited artists and craftsmen from modern day Iran to train the locals in the art of Carpet Making, and Wood Carving among other things.1557 AD: Sultan Habib Shah, the 20th and final Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty, took over the throne.—————————————The Mughal Affair1586 AD: Mughal rule started in Kashmir with Akbar’s conquest of the Kashmir Valley. Zille Ilahi visited Kashmir himself in 1589. The Mughals were in love with Kashmir. They built many gardens and monuments across the valley.1658 AD: Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came to power and took a special interest in Kashmir. The Jizya Tax, Persecution of Hindus and Mass conversions to Islam restarted. This became, what was later known as the 2nd Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the Valley. Kashmiri Pandits went to Guru Teg Bahadur for help. For more details, please read this: The story of Aurangzeb Alamgir and the Kashmiri Pandits.1698 AD: Aurangzeb found out about a rich Kashmiri trader by the name Nur-ud-Din Eshai, who had bought a relic (a strand of hair) belonging to prophet Muhammad from an ancestor, living in Bijapur. He ordered the seizing of the relic - which was sent to Ajmer Dargah, while Nur-ud-Din Eshai, was sent to the prison. By the time he came around to a realisation, that he had made a mistake, Noor-ud-Din had died in the prison.1700 AD: A repentant Aurangzeb arranged for the Body of Nur-ud-Din Eshai to be sent to Srinagar, along with the relic of Prophet Mohammad. Nur-Ud-Din’s daughter, Inayat Begam, became the first custodian of the relic, which was kept in a large and beautiful shrine on the banks of the Dal Lake - The Shrine came to be known as Hazratbal.This holy shrine, a few hundred years later, in 1963–67, saw the first ever Anti India demonstration in Kashmir. More details, later in the timeline.Extra: I would like to recommend a visit to Hazaratbal for everyone who goes to Srinagar, this place is beyond words.1753 AD: The Afghan Durranis started their rule over Kashmir when Abdul Khan Isk Aquasi, a general in Ahmed Shah Abdali’s army conquered Kashmir. This started the 3rd round of oppression against the Hindus in Kashmir, where, this time, many were turned into slaves by the Afghan rulers. The Durrani’s rule in Kashmir lasted for 69 years when they were routed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.CHAPTER 3: The second round of Kashmiri oppression.——————————The 75 lakhs of Gulab Singh Dogra1792 AD: Gulab Singh Dogra, an awesome fighter and the founder of the Dogra Dynasty was born.1819 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh started his rule over Kashmir. The Sikhs removed the oppressive Jizya Tax. Imposed death sentence for cow slaughter. Closed down the Jama Masjid in Srinagar and banned the Azaan in all mosques.1820 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave away the fief of Jammu to Kishore Singh Dogra, the father of 28 year old Gulab Singh Dogra in appreciation of Gulab’s fighting skills.1820 AD: Adding further to the family jewels, Gulab Singh Dogra captured Rajouri and Kishtwar into his fief as well. Gulab Singh also helped capture Ladakh and Baltistan for the Lahore Gaddi.1832 AD: Kashmir faced the first recorded famine in its history. The Taxed were halved, and loans were offered to farmers. Kashmir soon bounced back, becoming the 2nd largest source of revenues for the Lahore Gaddi.1839 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh died and the Lahore Gaddi became weaker.1842 AD: After a brief war between the Sikh forces of the Lahore Gaddi and the Chinese, both sign a treaty in September which gave away Aksai Chin to China, while the Sikhs retained Ladakh. This treaty was later inherited by the British and the status quo remained maintained till the Independence of India.1843 AD: One of the most famous Kashmiri Sufi Poets of the Qadiriyya silsila, Shams Faqir was born.1845 AD: The First Anglo Sikh War Started - Let’s just say, the Dogras, abstained from giving their 100% this time.1846 AD: Britishers defeated the Sikhs, demanded a repatriation of Rs. 1.5 Crores from the Sikh rulers, with an additional sum of Rs 60 Lakhs payable immediately, as reparations for the cost of the war. The Lahore Gaddi, paid Rs. 50 Lakhs in cash and ceded the territories of Hazara and Kashmir for a sum of 1 crore. The British further sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh Dogra, the Raja of Jammu, for a sum of Rs. 75 Lakhs as per the Treaty of Amritsar. This is how the Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir came together for the first time with Gulab Singh Dogra becoming the Raja of Jammu & Kashmir.1857 AD: During the first war of Indian Independence, Raja Gulab Singh Dogra chose to side with the British and gave refuge to many britishers fleeing the rebels. He also provided troops to quell the Indian rebellion. Soon, Gulab Singh was succeeded to the Dogra throne by his son, Ranbir Singh Dogra who added the Hunza valley, Gilgit and Nagar to the Kingdom.1890 AD: The Kashmiris, who had converted from Hinduism to Islam for the fear of persecution, became persecuted for their religion again under the Dogra Kings. They faced heavy taxation and discrimination, leading to many deciding to leave Kashmir, and settle in Punjab.1907 AD: Swami Lakshman Joo or Lal Sahib, a mystic and scholar of Kashmir Shaivism or Trika was born in Srinagar.1925 AD: Raja Hari Singh Dogra, the grandson of Raja Ranbir Singh Dogra, and the alumni of Mayo College Ajmer, ascended to the throne of Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory and banned child marriages. He was friends with Kashmiri Leader Sheikh Abdullah and disliked Jawahar Lal, another Kashmiri, leading the Congress Party of India.1931 AD: A mass movement starts against the new Maharaja. The state forces nip the bud very quickly and with brute force.1934 AD: A set of reforms are introduced in response to the mass movement - Elections are held for a representative body of the Kashmiri People, called the Praja Sabha. Muslim Conference Party (Which is known as the National Conference Party today) won 14 of the 21 seats reserved for Muslims1941 AD: 71,667 Kashmiris join the British Indian Army to fight overseas in World War II. The recruitment exercise of the British Indian Army, has the blessings of the Maharaja.1944 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah visits Kashmir, tried to rally public support for Muslim Conference - a rival of National Conference.1946 AD: Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah), the most popular Kashmiri leader of the time, starts the Quit Kashmir Movement against the Maharaja.13 June 1947 AD: At the Joint Defence Council meeting, Jinnah and Nehru disagree on the accession of princely states, Jinnah asserting that it was for the rulers to decide and Nehru insisting that it was for the people.11 July 1947 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah declares that if Kashmir opted for independence, Pakistan would have friendly relations with it. Liaquat Ali Khan endorses the position.1947 AD: India Gained Independence. Pakistan got independence as well. All princely states were free to either join one of the countries or remain independent. At this point in history, Jammu & Kashmir was a Muslim Majority state, with a Hindu sovereign - Kind of like an opposite of the super rich state of Hyderabad and Junagarh. The Maharaja of Kashmir, looking to remain independent, signs a standstill agreement with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, The Signing by Nehru remains pending. Hari Singh is hoping to buy some time.CHAPTER 4: An old bride and her new suitors.—————————The Longest India-Pakistan War, 194715th August 1947: Kashmir Signs the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan, promising not to attack and continue all the previous arrangements and help, till clarity is signNowed about the accession.9 September 1947: 3 weeks after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Pakistan cuts off supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene and stops trade in timber, fruits, fur and carpets in violation of the agreement hoping to put some pressure on the Raja.1st October 1947: 45 days after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Mohammad Ali Jinnah gives a call to the Tribes of Waziristan province, asking them to answer the holy call of liberating a muslim dominated region from the clutches of a non muslim usurper. About 20,000 attackers converge in Abbottabad. They are armed and divided into 10 batches, lead by “on-leave” Army officers from Pakistan.The Tribals wreck havoc in Kashmir. Raja’s forces are of no match. Within a few weeks, they signNow the outskirts of Srinagar. The Raja Panics and writes to Lord Mountbatten, the governor General of India for help. Mountbatten suggests him to sign the instrument of accession before any help could arrive.26 October 1947, “Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO”, signed the instrument of accession, agreeing to accede to the dominion of India.27 October 1947: The Indian army enters the state to repel the invaders. Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah) endorses the accession, National Conference Helps Indian Army fight against the Tribal Leaders. Raja Hari Singh appoints Sheikh Abdullah as head of the emergency administration.27 October 1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah orders General Douglas Gracey to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declines pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from the Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.1 November 1947: Skirmishes reduce in intensity. Winter is coming. There is a stalemate of sort in the war.20–21 October 1947 : Between 20,000 and 1 lakh Muslims are killed in what is later known as the Jammu Massacres. Lakhs migrate with their kith and kin to Sialkot in Punjab following the massacre. This was avenged sooner on the other side.20 November 1947: Lord Mountbatten suggests to Nehru, that he should go to the newly formed successor to the League of Nations, the UN for an international mediation, since India has a ‘solid and fool-proof’ case. His proposal is discussed in the Indian cabinet. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expresses his displeasure.25 November 1947: Massacre of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs takes place at a shelter at Mirpur in what is now Azad Kashmir. The day is remembered as the Mirpur day in Indian-administered Jammu.4 December 1947: The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army sanctions military involvement in the Kashmir war. One million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers are provided.28 December 1947: Lord Mountbatten writes to Nehru again, to convince him to ceasefire. British Prime Minister Attlee warns Nehru that opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the UN.31 December 1947: India officially refers the Kashmir problem to the security council of the United Nations. Alexander Cadogan, the permanent representative of the UN files a report claiming that, “India was entitled to charge Pakistan as aggressor under Article 35 and to take measures for self-defence under Article 51, including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan".15 January 1948: Both India and Pakistan present their case. India argues the case on the basis of legality. Pakistan in her argument accuses India of committing a genocide in Kashmir and capturing Junagarh. Pakistan calls for pulling back of both the Tribal fighters and the Indian forces out of Kashmir.30th January 1948: Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in Birla House, Delhi, by an extreme right wing Hindu ideologue. He died before any medical help could signNow him. His death pulled Nehru and Patel together. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.21 April 1948: UN Security Council passes Resolution 47 calling for a three-step process for the resolution of the dispute: Pakistani withdrawal of its nationals, India to reduce its troops to minimum level, and arrangements for a plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan reject this resolution.13 August 1948: UNCIP adopts its first resolution on Kashmir, fine-tuning the April resolution of the Security Council to take into account objections by both India and Pakistan. Pakistan's aggression is indirectly acknowledged by asking for its withdrawal as the first step. The resolution is accepted by India, but effectively rejected by Pakistan. The fighting continues. There are small gains on both sides. Both sides prepare for renewed war efforts, since - Winter is coming.11 September 1948: Jinnah died of TB, in the middle of the road, in oppressive heat, in a broken down ambulance, as Fatima Jinnah tried to discourage the flies bumbling over his head. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.13 September 1948: Under a swift military intervention, codenamed, Operation Polo, The Indian Army enters the Princely State of Hyderabad.1 November 1948: Zoji La pass is finally captured by India after months of fighting. Ladakh is now secure in Indian hands.15 November 1948: Drass sector is recaptured from the Pakistani forces after weeks of heavy fighting and loss of life on both sides.23 November 1948: Kargil is captured back from the Pakistani forces. This one’s special, because the terrain here is the most difficult and the Indian forces are neither acclimatised for such high altitude, nor do they have winter clothing.1 January 1949: A ceasefire is declared by both India and Pakistan. Indian forces till now had cleared most of the Kashmir valley, and Ladakh while successfully defending Jammu. There is no way for the Indian forces to signNow Gilgit and Baltistan during the winters months. Everyone agrees to wait for the ‘snows’ to melt.5 January 1949: UNCIP (United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan) resolution states that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan agree in principle, but disagree with the steps. The biggest question at hand is the so called Azad Kashmir Army, which Pakistan insists, should not be withdrawn from the Kashmir that it controls.It was a stalemate.28 April 1949: Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, the 32 year old leader of pro-Pakistan Kashmiri resistance, who was recently declared as the President of Azad Kashmir by Pakistan, was made to sign the Karachi Agreement in secret. This agreement ceded control of Kashmir’s defence, foreign affairs along with a complete control over Gilgit-Baltistan as a Pakistani territory. This agreement only came to light in the 1990s.17 October 1949: The constituent assembly of India passed article 370 of the Indian constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the Instrument of Accession, viz., defence, foreign affairs and communications.1951 AD: The election to the constituent assembly are announced in Kashmir. This constituent assembly is supposed to work as per Article 370 of the Indian constitution. 75 seats are allocated - 25 of them are left empty for the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.The election is rigged - National Conference wins all 75 seats.1952 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, now the Prime Minister of Kashmir, flips. Declares that he favours independence and not accession to India. The same year, monarchy is officially abolished in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1953 AD: Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, a leader of the Jan Sangh Party (Which later became BJP), dies in jail. He had been arrested for entering the State of Jammu and Kashmir for agitation against the special status given to the state.Sheikh Abdullah, the Prime Minister of J&K, who had been demanding for independence in public meetings, is also dismissed and put into the prison for Anti-India activities (Kashmir Conspiracy Case). Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed becomes the new Prime Minister of the state, who soon ratifies the accession of Kashmir to India in the state assembly.1954 AD: India and Pakistan create a bilateral commission, to organise the plebiscite in Kashmir within the next 6 months. This commision is broken later, when Pakistan and US sign a Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement - which Nehru sees as anti India.1956 AD: The J&K state assembly, adopts a resolution, declaring Kashmir as an integral part of India. India’s home minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant declares to the press during his visit to Kashmir that now, there is no need for a plebiscite in Kashmir.1957 AD: Elections to the first legislative assembly of Kashmir are held. National Conference wins 69 of the 75 seats. 47 seats are won unopposed. Allegations of cheating are levelled up again. No one cares. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed continues as the PM of Kashmir.1959 AD: China Officially annexes Tibet, and declares it an integral part of China. Everyone in India suddenly realise, that Aksai Chin, shown in our maps, as a part of J&K, is not in our sovereign control. China starts building a road to connect Xinjiang in Northwestern China to Tibet. China is now building a road from the same Xinjiang province, to Gwadar in Balochistan under CPEC.1962 AD: Second round of elections are held for the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir state. National Conference wins 68 of the 74 seats.1963 AD: Pakistan signs an agreement with China, giving away the Northern areas, or the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China, JLT.Same year, On 27 December, the Holy Relic from Hazratbal Shrine is stolen around 2 am when the custodians of the shrine were sleeping. Around 50,000 locals carrying black flags demonstrated in front of the shrine. This is the first time when anti-India slogans were heard in Kashmir.The relic was recovered on 4 January 1964, but no information about the thieves was disclosed.1964 AD: Sheikh Abdullah is finally released from Prison for good, All Charges against him are dropped. This is an 11 year long - ‘non-continuous’ stint in jail that makes him a beloved of the people - The Sher-e-Kashmir. Article 356 and 357 are amended to change the post of Prime Minister into that of the Chief Minister.1965 AD: The ruling party in Kashmir, National Conference decides to dissolve itself, and merge in the Indian National Congress Party.The same year, an advisor tells Pakistani Dictator, General Aayub Khan, that there is an mass unrest in the Kashmir Valley and if he can send out some ‘help’ he can write him name in Pakistani history in golden letters as Fateh-e-Kashmir.He really likes the idea and orders the execution of Operation Gibraltar. Pakistani Troops enter the Kashmir Valley in Salwar Kameez - are identified by Locals and reported to the army - the ‘brilliant’ idea fails and gets nipped in the bud. This starts the India Pakistan War of 1965.India opens the war front outside Kashmir, entering Lahore and Sialkot. The return of the Indian troops from Lahore is celebrated as a Victory by the Spin doctors of the Pakistani National Narrative as (Youm-e-Difa) a successful day of defence (Obviously, had they not attacked first - there would have been no use of defending later).—————————-The Start of Kashmiri Militancy1966 AD: Both countries sign a ceasefire agreement in Tashkent, mediated by Russia. This is the first time, when Pakistan realises its martial impotency and decides to support guerrilla groups against India. Kashmiri separatists, Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat form a Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called NLF, which later become JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) in the Pakistani held Kashmir. Maqbool Bhat is later arrested while he’s trying to enter Indian Kashmir. Amanullah Khan settles down in London.1971 AD: Pakistan implodes, giving birth to Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani Soldiers surrender. India and Pakistan sign the Shimla agreement - mutually agreeing to make Kashmir a bilateral dispute.1977 AD: 3rd Elections are held to the state assembly. They are considered to be the first free and fair elections in Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah and his party wins a Majority.1982 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, the Sher-e-Kashmir, dies. His son, Farooq Abdullah becomes the new Chief Minister of J&K.1984 AD: Indian consul general in Indian consul general in Birmingham, UK Ravindra Mhatre is abducted and murdered by JKLF militants. India executes Maqbool Bhat. Amanullah Khan is asked to leave UK - he returns back to Pakistan. Pakistan’s ISI helps Amanullah start a more violent and radical version of the militant group - JKLF1987 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections take place in 1987. Most commentators agree that these elections were rigged and manipulated by the Central Government to favor candidates which were in line with the government of the day.1989 AD: The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ends. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia recognise the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Pakistan finally has a friendly Afghanistan and the ever elusive strategic depth along with a ready infrastructure to sponsor Jihad in Kashmir.1990 AD: Jagmohan, perhaps one of the most hated Indian in Kashmir valley is appointed as the governor of the state. CM Farooq Abdullah resigns, close to 100 local protesters are killed in firing. Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan is killed by JKLF - the first major Kashmiri Pandit to be assassinated in the valley - What follows is the 7th forced exodus of Kashmiris - this time, orchestrated by the locals - those who had converted persecute those who hadn’t.While the Pandits leave en masse, about 10,000 young Kashmiris cross the LOC and get trained in the militant training camps run in Pakistan. Many come back and wreak havoc in Kashmir.The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act is passed in the Indian Parliament and with the recommendation from the state government, AFSPA is imposed in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1999 AD: Pakistan’s Chief of Army staff, along with a few flunkies, decide to extract a revenge of Siachen - in the winters, when the Indian troops vacate their posts in Kargil, they are take up by Pakistani soldiers in Salwar Kameez. Their only mistake - they forget to inform the Navy and the Airforce and fail to take a national consensus. They were hoping to bluff all the way to a negotiating table and perhaps maintain a status quo - what India does in response just takes their napkins away.Pakistan tries to bluff initially by calling the belligerents as Mujahideens, refusing to even take back the dead bodies - but later, under intense international pressure, accepts them as their own and is forces to execute a humiliating unilateral ceasefire.2001 AD: In October, the State Assembly in Srinagar is attacked by Militants - 36 are killed. Two months later, the Parliament of India is attacked.2003 AD: The Delhi Lahore Bus Service Resumes.2012 AD: Chief Minister Omar Abdullah declares that AFSPA is here to stay for a bit longer.2014 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative elections take place with a record turn-out.2016 AD: Following the killing of Burhan Muzaffar Wani, an acclaimed terrorist from Hizbul Mujahideen, a wave of protests engulf the valley.While I am adding a new section here right now. I would like to leave you with the following lines:Iswar Allah, tere jahan mein, nafrat kyon hai, jung hai kyon?Jab har dil mein, tu rehta hai, insan ka dil, tang hai kyon?Loose TranslationHey lord of all people, in your world, why is there strife and war?When you beat in every heart, why are these hearts beating apart?Thank you for reading, cheers and peace :)Footnotes[1] Paradise Regained?[2] Read full sher by Agha Hashr Kashmiri[3] Prophet's Birthday[4] 17 yrs later, the mystery of Mast Gul's escape remains[5] Kashmir and It's People
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Which law would you like to repeal?
I would change the strict liability for statutory rape.To be honest, changing one law won’t make much difference. But strict liability for statutory rape leading to convicted sex offender can be insanely harsh.Strict liability means you’re liable whatsoever, no matter you’re negligent, intentional or uninformed, your mental state doesn’t matter at all. You’re liable simply based on facts.The law ruined a lot of lives.Suppose an underage person has a fake ID?Suppose an underage person is drinking beer at a bar, with a very mature look, and no one has any reason to suspect s/he is in fact underage?Suppose the underage seduces the adult but later retaliate?Suppose one preteen child is merely exploring another child’s body part?Suppose a teenager and an adult are having consensual sex happily while the teenager’s father sees and reports it to the police?We never consider any of the scenarios. As long as one side is under 16 (varying by states), the adult will be liable. Recently some states have carried out the Romeo and Juliet laws, which makes consensual sex between teenagers legal. [1] But still, around 29 states rule all sexual contact with minors illegal, regardless of the age gap between the two people.The rationale behind the statutory law is that minors are legally incapable of giving consent; it aims to protect minors against adults in a position of power. It also means to protect teenage pregnancy. But sometimes, the law can be backfired.It results in more people carrying a criminal record for the rest of their lives.With a criminal record, people have a hard time finding gainful employment; especially for registered sex offenders, it is nearly impossible to find employment, added to the housing restrictions.In the end, those people commit crimes again, just for being put back into prison where he has a place to live and food to eat. If the world outside the prison is like a living hell for them, what’s the point for incarceration?A minor may take advantage of the law to blackmail the adult. (I’ve been in high school, and I know how many 15-year-old girls want to date mature man over 20)It was defined before 2000 by each state that the legal age of consent is around 16 or 17, but now with all the resources and education, I assume teenagers mature much faster than they use to be.I’m not suggesting that statutory rape should be removed, but it should not be executed as strict liability in a one-size-fits-all way. Mental state should be taken into consideration, as well as their past relationship history, academic record, etc. Statutory rape need to be executed on a case-by-case basis.To prevent teenage pregnancy? Teach them how to use condoms.To prevent teenage sex? Teach them about dos and don’ts in a relationship. I don’t think it is something that are preventable.To protect minors? Investigate which side has a culpable mind. Where is the ethics or justice if an adult is prosecuted when their sex partner lies about their age? Aren’t we condoning teenagers’ attempt to deceive while the stake is so high?Most of all, it makes me paranoid when I think about dating someone. Before having sex, should I go to the police station and check if they are lying about their age?Footnotes[1] ''Romeo and Juliet Law'' Provides Some Relief for Young Adults Charged With Sex Offenses in Michigan
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Why and how did slavery disappear in the lands of the Roman Empire and its successor states?
It didn’t. You know how slavery went extinct in medieval Europe because the Powers That Be decided it didn’t fit in with the low fantasy knights-and-castles setting? Yeah, me neither. Whatever anachronistic notions we may have about the kings of Westeros going after slave-traders, Free Cities banning slavery, and/or cute Aryan girls saving the dusky natives of Barbary……it’s all a pile of gauche anachronism. Even if some perhaps very optimistic modern people do/did seriously believe it. Slavery and the slave trade remained some of the most enduring economic institutions throughout the former Roman lands right up to the late 18th-early 19th centuries, by which point viewing them as “Roman lands” is more than a bit absurd, if hopelessly romantic.Some stuff about global economies. We can think of the world being divided into an economic core and a periphery: core regions, which are rich and prestigious, produce stuff that needs accrued human talent and tradition to produce. In the pre-modern period, these would have been the Hellenistic-Persianate East from Constantinople to Egypt to the Oxus, the Indo-Gangetic plain in India, and China. These places made luxury goods-fine textiles, arms, chinaware, etc.-and controlled the routes of luxury commodities, like tea and spices.Less fortunate regions, the periphery, either functioned as resource extraction stations -what Africa was and still is doing today, then for salt and gold, now for oil and gemstones-or, in their absence, sold the only resource they had: people. The main link of trans-alpine Europe and the Balkans to the world economy was slaves, meaning captives of war—a trade started by the ancient Greeks (Celts didn’t have wine or fine clothes, but they had plenty of captives) and passed on to the Saracens via Jewish and Italian intermediaries (same bargain for Charlemagne). This is why the Age of Exploration is so important: by opening of a direct seaway to the Indian Ocean and the Americas, Europe’s maritime supremacy turned it from a periphery to the nexus of global trade, inverting a system that had hitherto worked to channel wealth away from Europe-as-periphery into a series of captive markets that operated as economic extensions of self-enriching merchantilist networks.Odd as it seems to us today—convinced as we are of the importance of the sea—over the four centuries of the early modern era, virtually no power outside Europe endorsed something approaching a serious navy. Ancient times aside, China, India and Persia remained exclusively land-based powers until last century.Excellently illustrated, Source.It seems superfluous to point out the largest ethnic group in Europe is literally named for being “Slavs/Slaves”, a name some anti-Slavic writers made a point of spelling slaves into the last century.The thing to note about medieval slavery is that it was fundamentally unlike what happened in the Americas: much the New World developed as an agricultural society that sought to fill its main labour force with huge numbers of African slaves. This as often as not resulted in blacks becoming the majority. In the Old World, where the basic demands of subsistence were already met by the peasant population, this made no sense. So slaves were first and foremost an urban phenomenon, and attached either to domestic tasks or tasks needing special skills, potentially replacing skilled workers rather than agriculturalists. This is the past of the semi-nomadic gypsies of Eastern Europe, who were a permanently enslaved caste whose various tribes possessed special skills (metalworking, animal husbandry, entertainment, etc.) and were attached as dependents of monasteries or local nobles (boyars). In the 18th century, such skills often entirely lapsed among the free peasant population, as skilled slaves were cheaper and more efficient for everybody.The slave trade bloomed in the middle ages and early modern era, but in different forms: markets shifted to new conflict zones. During the Iberian wars, both Christian and, later on, Islamic sides used Jewish intermediaries to sell their captives to the world and each other; Slav(e)s gained that moniker in the long centuries in which the filled Roman and Berber markets. In the early modern era, the trade was the natural product and/or cause of the perpetual religious war between the Maltese/Crusader (Catholic) and Berber/Turkish (and often former Protestant) corsairs, who considered it their God-given mandate to put heathens and heretics into bonds. Indeed, slavery had been a major business motivating the infamous Fourth Crusade, in which enslaving and evangelising the schismatic Greeks were two steps of the same process. The great shift was, of course, that Jewish intermediaries were no longer necessary: both Christians and Moslems now felt comfortable ignoring meddlesome parts of their religious law to trade with all comers, and/or enslave their coreligionists. The Italian merchant republics became the chief movers of slaves in Europe, Africa and Asia in this period; from Africa to Italy and Ukraine to Egypt, human flesh flowed through the markets of Livorno and Venice.Quattro Mori, the “Four Moors” in Livorno, Italy.A worthy mention goes to the city-state of Ragusa or Dubrovnik, a mixed Italian and Croatian Adriatic republic tributary to the Ottomans, which since 1416 abolished slavery and made a point of freeing all slaves it captured at sea. If it were not obvious, slavery was known to be morally wrong in both Christian and Islamic systems: it was simply accepted by 99% of societies as an unfortunate inequality in life, and actions against it were mostly confined to lackluster, and often ignored, injuctions to manumission (and when owners did manumit, it was often in a last effort to extort the meagre savings of an aging slave). I’m sure the modern reader can sympathize.The Ragusan flag; St. Blaize on the one side, the sign LIBERTAS in red on the other.And to close with a word on the unique system that emerged in the southern Mediterranean in the 8-9th century and lasted into the 1800s, the “slave militaries” and bureaucracies such as the ghilman, Mamluks and janissaries. These were originally the negro and Slavic government forces of N. Africa only; and by the conquests of the African Fatimid dynasty (under a Greek slave-general), that the system spread to Egypt and the Levant. And it is the African condition that informed it, consisting as it did of fiercely independent Berber tribes.One real-life street scene that occurred in early 19th century Tunis springs to mind: a janissary soldier was dragging and beating one recalcitrant slave woman through the street, secure in the customary invincibility which these fearsome troops had from the local populace. As it happened, the local qadi (judge) was not a cornfed city person, but had been born a nomadic Arab, a Beduin, perhaps the only nomad to ever rise to such a “civilized” post in the city’s surviving records. Seeing the woman signNowing to pull his sleeve - the traditional gesture of seeking redress - the qadi surprisingly proceeds to beat the janissary into unconsciousness, and publicly drag him into the court of the janissary bey to sit trial (under a guard of “concerned neighbours” who were afraid the bey would just kill the cleric if he went alone). Long story short, the janissary hangs and the woman was freed.The moral? There would have been no story had the cleric not been a nomad. The “Moorish” lands were home to indigenous societies that valued freedom above all else—much as in Roman times, the “extremist” Berber Circumcellions were bands of tribal marauders committed to the abolition of slavery, debt, and property, advocating free love, and clashed sharply with the dominant, orthodox Roman element (according to whom a Christian slave should be “doubly obedient”, so as not to give the faith a bad name for disrupting established Roman mores). These people were not good material for regular armies or despotic monarchies. So when the first dynasties in the 9th century sought to build power-bases independent of their tribal patrons and supporters, they imported the necessary people of state wholesale. Armies would not be recruited, willing Berbers, but bought Slavs and negroes; small cities could be raised from the economic-political immigrants of neighbouring Arab regimes. And so the slave military-bureaucracy provided an artificial state to replace the intransigent, demanding locals, and the prestige language of N. Africa became Arabic, even under native Berber dynasties. While this precise system was not a Roman invention, it is a testament to the ultimate triumph of the colonial Carthaginian and Roman foundations of statehood over any of the embryonic local polities that failed to produce an administrative class indigenous in identity if not origin.
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What do you think about AliDropShip? Is this a better option than Shopify?
I will try to give some advantages and disadvantages of using these both dropshipping solutions.The main difference between these two is AliDropship has been especially created for aliexoress dropshipping when Shopify alone is created for inventory stores. Shopify requires additional plugins like Oberlo to work as a dropshipping solution.I will show you a simple comparison here starting from pricing before I discuss the features of AliDropship and Shopify.Wordpress CMS ($3.95 monthly), AliDropship ($66.00 one-time cost)Shopify CMS ($29, $79 & $299 per month) depending on the plan, Oberlo (free, $29.90, $79.90)Wordpress and AliDropship are so much cheaper than using Shopify and Oberlo. Other than this, Shopify is slightly easier to use, but I would by no means say that Wordpress is difficult once you’ve spent a few weeks using it.However, I’ll briefly touch on the AliDropship features here:All in all, I’ve heard some really great things about the AliDropship Plugin, I personally use it and find it incredibly useful! I mean just look at the Success Stories relating to stores that use it: Dropshipping Success Stories From Real Entrepreneurs using AliDropshipThe plugin itself comes in two versions, AliDropship Original Plugin & AliDropship Woo Plugin, both of which integrate with the Wordpress CMS, but the AliDropship Woo plugin is specifically designed to only be integrated with Woo-commerce Wordpress themes.The AliDropship Original Plugin is only compatible with Built-In ThemesNow, you may not either be interested in creating the store yourself, or may not simply know much about Wordpress and the functions… And that’s ok!AliDropship provide a ‘Custom Dropshipping Store’ service, in which they will create you a fully-operational store, that you can then go ahead and market. For more information on this and the range of pre-made store packages they have available.Otherwise, lets get back to the AliDropship plugin!There are multiple features of both the AliDropship Original Plugin & AliDropship Woo Plugin that make it ideal to have, these include:Pricing - Other than the majority of other services, AliDropship is a one-time payment of $88, but I’ve featured a link [25% off discount] so you can get it for $66 instead. This includes lifetime support!Comparing this to other services such as Shopmaster, Shopify etc, they come with monthly fees that can cost $20+ per month. So your one-time investment of $66 in AliDropship isn't much!Import featureProducts can be instantly imported from AliExpress with the click of a button using the AliDropship extension (which is a free chrome extension that integrates with AliDropship), alongside product reviews, which means that you can easily import these to your website, helping build trust and further increase your conversion rate.Product variables such as Size, Colour and others are easily added with the click of a button thanks to the AliDropship plugin, making the process of adding products more streamlined.Automated Price MarkupAutomatically track and price your products in relation to your supplier's costings, Yes AliDropship will take care of this automatically, every 15 minutes! This means that relational markups can be achieved as soon as your suppliers make price changes.Image EditingYou have the ability to import images directly from AliExpress, but some of the images that you import may have logos and other issues; Therefore with Alidropship you can edit these images before uploading to your store.You can edit such elements as:Size: Select the preferred size for the image by choosing the option that suits your needs most.Effects: Adjust lightning (brightness, contrast, etc.) in Lightning tab and find the perfect effect for your image in Effects tab.Select: Copy, move and remove selected image areas.Brush: Choose color and size of brush to draw anything you want.Text: Type in text for the image, adjust its size, color and placement.Sticker: Select a sticker to add sales information about the product. There are two types of stickers available: ready-to-use and editable.Currency ConversionsYou can choose to price items differently based on their geographical location, especially useful when taking advantage of psychological pricing strategies ($0.99) which would not directly translate into the same price if someone from the UK were to purchase (£0.78).Shipping OptionsBespoke shipping options can be made based on the item, weight, size and geographical delivery destination.PaymentOffers Multiple payment gateways (Paypal, Paypal one-click pay, PayU, Payssion, PayUbiz, 2Checkout, Stripe, etc)Abandoned Cart:Can automate emails to visitors who abandon cart during the purchase process, potentially offering them a discount to convince them to come back and complete the transaction.The dashboard is incredibly insightful and shows:Abandoned carts – the total number of abandoned cartsEmails sent – the total number of emails sentRecovered carts – the total number of recovered carts. Abandoned cart becomes a recovered one if a customer visits the cart again using the link provided in abandoned cart email notification he receivedRecovered orders – the total number of recovered orders. An order is considered recovered in case a customer visits his cart again using the link in abandoned cart email notification and completes his purchaseRevenue – the total revenue of recovered orders.There have been accounts where sellers have increased conversions by 30% through using the Alidropship abandoned cart featureAutomated Ordering System (One-Click)— The plugin allows you to bulk-order, and automatically transfer and send all of the order details to the AliExpress supplier with the click of one button, yes that doesn't matter if there are 3 orders or 3000, it’s still one click.AliDropship 25% DiscountWell, if you’re interested in getting a 25% discount of AliDropship, here it is: Enjoy! AliDropship 25% Discount
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