Electronic signature Presentation for Procurement Easy

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Any industry involving a large amount of paperwork make use electronic signatures. In other words, all industries make use of electronic signatures because all of them have piles of paperwork to handle. Some examples of such industries include financial, life science, healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.Industries such as the pharmaceutical industry, have a number of licenses and other paperwork that they have to handle and keep track of. It can be a tedious task to perform such cumbersome paper processes. Therefore, e-signatures can facilitate an organisation in keeping a track of all this paperwork, by signing electronically.Healthcare industries usually involve time-sensitive documents, which need to be urgently completed. But, it can take days in case of the traditional wet ink paper signatures for the documents to signNow the signer and back, if the parties are geographically scattered. But with electronic signatures, that is not the case. Geographical barriers do not play a role. Documents which earlier needed days to be completed, can now be signed and sent back within minutes, in the click of a button. Furthermore, it takes a long time to bring assets under management. The time taken by the signing process, if wet ink paper signatures are used, may even further delay the process. But by using electronic signatures, the whole process can speed up.Apart from these, there are many paper prone industries which require huge amount of paperwork and with the use of electronic signatures they can make their everyday processes smoother and more efficient.

Rafale vs Typhoon: The facts!Thrust to weight ratio:Maximum:Rafale = 1.50Typhoon = 1.76Nominal:Rafale = 1.03Typhoon = 1.21Minimum:Rafale = 0.62Typhoon = 0.82RafaleEmpty weight = 10220 kgFuel capacity (internal) = 4680 kgMinimum weight = 10220 kgNominal weight (without external loads) = 14900 kgMaximum weight = 24500 kgMaximum Thrust = 2*75 kNMaximum Thrust-to-weight = 2*75/(9.81*10.220) = 1.50Nominal Thrust-to-weight = 2*75/(9.81*14.900) = 1.03Minimum Thrust-to-weight = 2*75/(9.81*24.500) = 0.62TyphoonMinimum weight = 11000 kgFuel capacity (internal) = 4.996 kgNominal weight = 15996 kgMaximum weight = 23500 kgMaximum Thrust = 2*95 kN (war setting)Maximum Thrust-to-weight = 2*95/(9.81*11.000) = 1.76Nominal Thrust-to-weight = 2*95/(9.81*15.996) = 1.21Minimum Thrust-to-weight = 2*95/(9.81*23.500) = 0.82Wing loading:Minimum:Rafale = 224 kg/m²Typhoon = 215 kg/m²Nominal:Rafale = 326 kg/m²Typhoon = 312 kg/m²Maximum:Rafale = 536 kg/m²Typhoon = 459 kg/m²RafaleWing area = 45,70 m²Nominal weight = 14900 kgMinimum wing loading = 10220/45.70 kg/m² = 224 kg/m²Nominal wing loading = 14900/45.70 kg/m² = 326 kg/m²Maximum wing loading = 24500/45.70 kg/m² = 536 kg/m²Typhoonwing area = 51.2 m² (with extended leading edges)Minimum wing loading = 11000/51.2 kg/m² = 215 kg/m²Nominal wing loading = 15996/51.2 kg/m² = 312.5 kg/m²Maximum wing loading = 23500/51.2 kg/m² = 459 kg/m²Service Ceiling:Rafale = 15.240 kmTyphoon = 16.765 kmRate of Climb:Rafale = 250 m/sTyphoon = 315 m/sFerry Range:Rafale = 3750 kmTyphoon = 3790 kmMaximum payload:Rafale = 9600 kgTyphoon = 7500 kgMinimum Speed: Rafale = 148 km/hTyphoon = 203 km/hMaximum Speed:Rafale = Mach 1.97Typhoon = Mach 2.35The Rafale has two advantages over the typhoon. It has a lower minimum speed, which makes it more suitable for landings on aircraft carriers. It can carrier a higher weapons load, which makes it more suitable for ground attack missions. The respective range of both aircraft is approximately equal. In all of the parameters relevant for aerial combat, i.e. thrust-to-weight ratio, wing loading, climb rate, service ceiling and top speed, the typhoon is superior to the Rafale.Both Rafale and Typhoon were built to be aerodynamically instable along the longitudinal axis, which results in the natural tendency to lift the nose of the aircraft, i.e. to pitch. The canards are used in order to balance this tendency such that the aircraft can be redirected from a looping into a straight flight path. The Rafale's canards are positioned right in front of the wings, whereas the typhoons canards are positioned further away from the wings right below the cockpit. This means that the typhoon's canards are further away from the axis of rotation. The longer lever means that the typhoon's canards can apply a greater leverage force (torque) in order to redirect the nose of the aircraft. Consequently, the instantaneous as well as the continuous pitch rates of the typhoon should be considerably better than the Rafale.PerformanceTyphoon is the faster aircraft and has a signNowly superior thrust-to-weight ratio which gives it better acceleration at all altitudes. This also allows Typhoon to retain and regain energy faster than Rafale in a horizontal dogfight situation. It also has a signNowly higher service ceiling of over 60,000ft which allows it to operate uniquely well alongside the US F-22 Raptors ‘high and fast’ in the air superiority role which is exactly where it was designed to excel. Rafale has a signNowly superior load-carrying capability and its manoeuvrability at low speeds and altitudes is also better than Typhoon’s although the margin is slim except where both aircraft are very heavily loaded. In terms of horizontal manoeuvrability, Rafale has the better instantaneous turn rate allowing it to reverse its turns more quickly but Typhoon can sustain higher g’s for longer without bleeding speed. High alpha performance is similar, with both aircraft limited by their air intake placement and lack of thust vectoring although Typhoon’s intakes can at least ‘gape’ slightly to increase airflow at high Alpha and low speeds. Range is almost identical at around 2000nmi with three drop-tanks in ‘ferry’ configuration but in terms of strike missions, Rafale’s greater payload capacity allows it to carry greater under-wing fuel loads for a given strike payload. The high availability of aerial refuelling in both air force’s standard operating scenarios means the small differences are almost unimportant for overall combat effectiveness.the french rafalethe eurofighter typhoonsource:Typhoon versus Rafale: The final word

Selected Interview QuestionsCandidate: 00101.Why you are willing to join in a bank?I am willing to join in a bank since I hope that I may be having more opportunities to serve the public. Banks have better career opportunities by means of periodical promotions to higher cadre.02.What do you mean by appraisal of gold loans?Gold loans are granted against the security of gold jewellery namely gold chains, necklaces etc., The jewellery apart from gold contains certain amount of copper and stones. Appraiser is a person well versed in the art of appraising the jewellery and on appraisal of the je...

Anonymous OP= Sadist w/o enough proof and evidence a.k.a TROLL.So here it is for Ya’all sadists fanboys.LOOK AT IT. UNDERSTAND IT. DIGEST IT. RESPECT IT!The answer is very long, but I assure you that it is to the point and will answer both questions in detail.The LCA-Tejas is the replacement for the soviet origin Mig-21 fighter aircrafts, which have been in air for around 70 years with various air-forces across the globe, Indian Air Force being a major customer with considerable numbers still in service. The LCA has hit the production lines and 123 are on order.But it is still a question if LCA is a worthy successor to the Mig-21? and if the country has gained anything from this or is it just another piece of junk?This answer shall dig into the above questions.Content:1.Role2.Aerodynamics3.Stealth4.Safety5.How it has helped the country?ROLE:Mig-21: It was primarily designed and inducted as an Interceptor, Later it was modified as CAS and a airsuperiority fighter.LCA: Point defense, multi-role fighter.Inference: The primary job of an interceptor is to gain speed and height quickly and to intercept incoming threats. They are not primarily designed to undertake CAS and Air-superiority fighter roles whereas LCA from the first day was supposed to be a multirole fighter. The design of Mig allows it to travel at very high speeds with degraded performance at low speed where as LCA has a balanced performance in all speed regimes.Little knowledge before going further:Aspect Ratio(AR): Ratio of total lenth of wing(wing span) to ChordWing loading(WL): It is ratio of gross weight to be carried by wing to area of wingLeading edge/Trailing edge :Anhedral/Dihedral:Chord: Line joining Leading edge to trailing edgeAOA: Angle between chord and Wind.Critical AOA: AOA for which lift is maximum or angle after which lift starts decreasing rapidly.Relation of AR with lift:Lift Vs AOA for various AR:Inference :Higher AR will have higher LiftMore the AR less will be the Critical AOA.Higher the AR, higher the induced dragAerodynamics of Delta Wings:Lift generated by delta wing has two components: Vortex lift+Potential Flow lift (read Lift on a flat plate)At lower angle of attack the lift is only the Potential flow component.(AOA=0*-5*)At higher angle of attacks Vortex are generated by the leading edge, which flow over wing and creates a low pressure region over wing and hence lift is generated.(AOA=5*-20*)At higher AOA the vortex starts getting disturbed and lift is decreased but can be controlled by certain measures.(AOA=20*-30*)Delta wing shows low lift at low A.O.A because of following reasons:More surface area for given amount of lift causes more viscous drag which decreases Lift/Drag ratio. More the ratio is better the lift.At low AOA the formation of vortex is not uniform or flow separation or due to vortex burst(I oversimplified way too much).Relation of WL with Maneuverability: The less the WL the better and faster will be the roll maneuver.AERODYNAMICS:Wing Type:Mig-21: Pure Cropped Delta with tail.LCA: Cropped Compound tailless delta.Inference: Mig had an extra control surface that added to the drag at high speed regime. Being pure cropped delta has it’s fair share of disadvantages as i mentioned above. Also due to the design the take off speed and distance is more for Mig-21 than Tejas.AR:Mig-21: 2.2LCA: ~1.75(Wing span^2 / wing area)Inference: Mig-21 focuses on more lift whereas LCA for less drag, no one wins in this department all matter of priorities. Trade-offs can’t be avoided.WL:Mig-21: 452LCA: 247Inference: LCA is a clear winner, this makes LCA more maneuverable in combat.Thrust to Weight Ratio:Mig-21: 0.7LCA: 1.07Inference: LCA wins, this gives LCA a better climb rate than Mig-21.Wing Position:Mig-21: -2* dihedralIts 2 deg annhedral sirLCA: Anhedral:Inference: Anhedral position of delta wings generates extra lift. LCA wins.AOA: This part is tricky.Mig-21:30*LCA:28*Inference: Despite using dihedral swept back cranks LCA has AOA 2* less than Mig-21, but at the same time it is good in terms of existing 4.5 gen aircrafts. The reason for the following can be the pure delta of Mig-21 which are best suited in for high AOA but poor lift at low AOA where as LCA tries to keep the lift enact even at low AOA and low speed, so the reduction of 2* AOA in LCA is a trade-off for a wider flight envelope.STEALTH:Inlet:Mig-21: Inlet cone with Inlet at front of the plane.LCA: Supersonic, Y-duct below and behind the wing.Inference: Mig doesnot gives stealth due to the protruding cone and compressor RCS just visible at the front whre as LCA has two advantage:Stealth by covering the Compressor RCS.Continious suppply of air at high AOA.Material Used:Mig-21: Mostly metal or alluminium alloyLCA: 44% is Carbon composite.Inference: LCA is more lighter, stronger and stealthier.Wing Blending: The Blending of wing with fuselage in LCA does two things:Lower down the RCS.Make fuselage a Lift generating object. This feature is not present in Mig-21.RAM: Extensive use of RAM(Radar Absorbing Materials) decrease the RCS both of body and the Cockpit through canopy.SAFETY:Needless to say from the day LCA was first flown it had never ever met with an accident, Mig-21 doesnot have a appreciable safety record which has earned it the name of “Flying Coffin”.IS LCA PROJECT A SCAM ON TAXPAYERS MONEY?Well, probably what’s your say on these?We paid $2B for INS vikramaditya when it was projected to be several millions.We are paying more than $3B for FGFA but the work share and ToT is still questionable.We are major share holder in Mig-29 and SU-30 MKI developement and still the supplier doesn't share spare parts of the same, result being more than 40% fighters being grounded at any given time and frequent crashes.We bought T-90S but it's FCS, Armour and Air condition, RCWS all run on that developed by DRDO for Arjun MBT, same stands for T-72 CIA. Reason Russia didn’t share the ToT as per agreement.Add up all these and the total financial figure can easily cross $10B. But still the media never shys away from calling this utterly over expensive, frequent maintainance and accident prone Russian equipments some sort of “Brahmastra” and the LCA which hasn’t met with an accident so far and an availability of 73% all the time a DUD. This is a bigger scam. Isn’t it?Coming to Tejas:1. It was meant to replace Mig-21 which was not a key fighter either.2.LCA remains the cheapest programme with just $1B on it’s R&D. Atleast one-fourteenth of the budget of nearest contemporary and still comparable.Can the OP produce any official reports to quantify the fact that an aircraft which is developed by an R&D organisation whose Total R&D budget is one-sixth of an E-retailing company’s R&D and having underpaid scientists as compared to it’s international peers is a SCAM.IS IT A CHEAP MIRAGE COPY?Perhaps NO. Why?Here is it :WING POSITION W.R.T FUSELAGE:Mirage: Flat i.e 0* w.r.t to horizontol axis.LCA: AnhedralInference: For Delta Wings Anhedral placement creates more lift, which further help to counter the lack of lift during slow speeds in tejas but thats not the case with Mirage, suffers lack of lift during slow speeds.Extra LIFT AND PERFORMANCE INCREMENT DEVICES(Canards/LERX/Chine etc):Mirage: Small strake on the intakes above wing.LCA: Crank (Marked in pink and dihedrally placed)Inference: Mirage doesnot have any Lift increment device, the strakes it uses it gives a littlehelp in maintaining airflow at high AOA but not very effective , unlike tejas whose dihedrally positioned forward swept crank helps it a lot to maintain lift at high angle of attack(AOA) by delaying flow separation above wings.BLENDING WING : Look at wing- fuselage for junction both :Mirage: The junction is clearly visible.LCA: There is blending of juction between wing-fuselage.Inference: Now this feature does two things-Makes the fuselage self lift creating object.Helps to reduce the RCS and add stealth to aircraft.Mirage is in disadvantage in this one.WING-LOADING : The lower the better. Lower wing loading is a key deciding factor about the maneuverability of aircraft. Lower wing-loading helps in better dogfight.Mirage:337 kg/m²LCA: 247 kg/m²Now comes the most complex of all but rather ignored topic the INTAKES. The topic is scientifically very critical in deciding the performance of aircraft.The position of inlet:Mirage: Beside the fuselage.LCA: Under and Behind wing.Inference: Putting the inlet sidewise, creates airflow moving over the surface of the fuselage develops a turbulent boundary layer, and ingesting this turbulent boundary layer into the engines may causes problems in the compressors if not it adds to drag. Also at high AOA this position of inlets does not ensure a good performance but in case of tejas the position of inlet behind wind ensures a considerable of amount of air supply to engine at high AOA which is not in case of Mirage.Type of Intake:Further the intakes of Mirage are old gen intake comprising inlet cone but which doesnot helps to guard the compressor RCS, but Tejas uses Y-Duct intake that curtails the compressor RCS and gives a big RCS reduction to tejas and adds to tejas’s stealth which is not the case with Mirage.Above: Inlet cone of Mirage; Below: Y-duct inlet design.Conclusion: Where Mirage was primarily developed to replace Mirage III it was supposed to be a interceptor and good ground attack capability which are the strong points of mirage but lacks little bit in Air to Air and Stealth capability whereas the LCA was always supposed to be point defense fighter to replace Mig-21 , hence it was supposed to have a well balance of ground attack, Air to Air combat and Stealth. Though LCA lacks in terms of range but thats a trade off between aerodynamics, stealth and attack capability just like the Mirage which does just the reverse. It’s all matter of priorities. The following points proves that LCA is not copy of Mirage-2000 either!A SHEAR WASTE OF TAXPAYERS MONEY?Hell No, I don’t believe so!TEJAS IS NOT A FIFITH GENERATION AIRCRAFT. IT WAS NOT SUPPOSED TO BE ONE. IT IS REPLACEMENT FOR MIG-21. IT DOES JOB QUITE WELL. LETS KEEP IT THAT WAY. TELLING TEJAS IS FIFTH GENRATION AIRCRAFT WHEN IT IS NOT IS UNDERMINING THE AIRCRAFT DELIBERATELY. WE HAVE FGFA AND AMCA PROGRAMMES TO TAKE CARE OF FIFTH GENERATION AIRCRAFT NEEDS.Rest of the answer i am reposting one of my earlier ones:IAF is at least of its air squadron power ever, this answer shall also look into this point if this situation was sudden or it was predictable.HAL tejas a failure or Success?Well its time to find out…Content:History of developement: HAL Marut, MCA(Most of us won’t have even heard of it), LCA-tejasTechnologies developed: Fly-by wire, engine, radar, aerodynamics, avionicscontribution to the industry/ country .comparison of budgets with other fighter jets?Let’s start with:HISTORY:HAL MARUT:The first supersonic fighter jets in Asia.Served efficiently from 1960–1991 without any severe problems.Also IAF was enjoying aerial supremacy in the region with the newly developed and bought 1200 Mig-21, during this time the PLAAF was not as strong as IAF. But Chinese realised “SOMETHING” that we (excluding navy) didn’t and are still denying from realising it.It was first fighter jet developed, designed and manufactured in India.It got some engine problems, GTRE did developed engine for it, it worked with complete efficiency but was incompatible with aircraft. Had there been foresightedness in airforce, governement and beuraucracy a little more funds would have given us a new engine for Marut. But Marut died a slow death given by beuraucracy, poor R&D funding(which still is poor), and lack of foresightedness.HAL MCA(Medium Combat Aircraft): Say Hello to this Guy!!It was the twin engined, vertical stabilizer less, 360 Thrust vectoring nozzle aircraft a.k.a twin engined MCA(big brother of MCA)It was proposed in early 2000s.But We did the same mistake again, IAF showed little interest in the program and the plan was shelved back in 2000s and the IAF insisted on the LCA and insisted for 126 MCA from foreign and hence started the saga of 126 MMRCA with tender being issued in 2001. The deal was signed for just 36 in 2016. We wasted 16 years again, had there been foresightedness and less corruption in the system , with proper absorption of public and private industry, this thing would have been already into the sky.But, it never saw the daylight and remained a proposal.HAL TEJAS:The so called 1980 is just a media propaganda, it was the year IAF mentioned this matter, 1984 ADA was formed and 1990 finally funds were released so actual commencement was 1990 and not alleged 1980.At last there was some ray of hope though tarnished by 1999 nuclear test embargos, Tejas took to the sky in 2001.LCA was named tejas by then PM.Shri Atal Bihari Bajpayee. The programme went well till 2004, it slowed down after 2004 due to slack nature of then government, corruption throughout the reign rocked the entire country during this period, Let alone tejas it was just a small Fighter jet under developement.2014 BJP governement came back again with absolute majority and Defense Minister being Manohar parrikar, clearly stating that Tejas is his dream project.Tejas programme in this two year period i.e 2014–16 saw a faster speed of developement with 123 strong tejas being ordered by DAC and in early 2017 it’s FOC started with successfull firing of Derby guided missile in guided missile mode.TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED:Airframe and Aerodynamics(including stealth):The exact RCS of tejas is unknown. But it is said that it is “1/3 of mirage”, considerably low as compared to other 4th generation aircrafts because ofHigh usage of carbon composites.Being small in size adds to the lowering the RCS.Y-shape inlets that reduces the heat signature of the engine..Use of RAM(Radar Absorbent material) paints.Addition of AESA radar in mk1a and mk2 will ensure that tejas locks on to the target before target sees it which adds to the LO feature.Radar waves normally enter the cockpit reflects of objects & possibly return to the radar and even the HMD of pilot itself contributes to RCS. To avoid this Tejas canopy is coated with a thin film transparent conductor of Indium Tin Oxide. The coating is thin enough that it has no adverse effect on pilot vision and can reflect the radar waves away from the radar antenna.quadraplex digital fly-by-wire control system.ENGINE:A little bit history about the kaveri engine:The GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri is a turbofan project developed by the (GTRE), a lab under the DRDOT the Kaveri was originally intended to power production models of the Tejas LCA fighter.This was approx 202 mn $ project.Later on the project was divided into two category: K9 and K 10K9: Will be completely indigenous with only foreign consultation and certification.K10: Will be a joint venture with a foreign partner.Problems that occured:Kaveri engine in its present form uses directionally solidified blade technology which is rather an old tech and it couldn’t tolerate the high temperature in its combustion chamber called “Kabini”. The solution was “single crystal blades”The thrust generated was nearly 65 to 70% of what was needed.Performance decay at high altitude.A peculiar noise when in after burning mode..Here comes the MMRCA deal which many think was a bad decision by the current leadership as it just bought 36 rafales. But if we look closely to the offset, it was boon to us as under the offset:Snecma which manufacture the Rafales M-88 core agreed to help and signNow the engine in 18 months.DRDO has been given a virtual carte blanche to channelise offsets from the Indian Rafale deal to resurrect the Kaveri.Snecma, a partner in the Rafale programme, builds the Rafale’s twin M88 turbofan engines. Under the terms of the partnership , Snecma is working to modify, signNow and integrate the Kaveri on a Light Combat Aircraft airframe before 2020.A later phase in the partnership will involve modifications on the Kaveri for a twin configuration on India’s AMCA fifth generation fighter concept and an altered non-reheat version for the Ghatak UCAV.According to DRDO chief the kaveri engine will be ready by next aero india.Another good new is that altitude test and flying test bed trials have been completed. Official statement of MoD in Parliament” In a written reply to the Lok Sabha in December 2016, Minister of State for Defence Subhash Bhamre had called the effort of the GTRE in developing the engine as “an attempt to mastering one of the most complex technologies”. The minister said the altitude test and flying test bed trials for the engine had been completed and other developmental problems were being addressed to make the engine flight-worthy through in-house efforts as well with assistance from abroad”.The engine will be first used on Tejas PV-1.Other uses will beGhatak UCAV(Dry variant or w/o afterburner)AMCATejas Mk2Also, Rolls royce has collaborated with DRDO on developing the K10 engine. This engine’s first prototype is to be expected in 12 month. The news was broken out in Aero-india 2017 in february.http://www.thehindu.com/news/nat...UK’s Rolls Royce, India’s DRDO working together on engine for fighter jetsWIND TUNNEL FACILITIES:Perhaps you have made this 74 Wind tunnel facilities across the country and other aerospace testing centres.LCA was the principle project that compelled India to develope all this centres of excellence indigenously after being kicked out from Buffalo, USA after ’99 nuclear test.AVIONICS:Indigenous HUD.EW suite for Tejas is under developement for LCA but since it is small it has to be compact other than that Tusker EW suite is the bigger derivative of the suite Mayavi EW for LCA and is used for Mig-29, jaguar and Su-30. Samyukta is also another EW suite that has used the experience from past developement of Mayavi and tusker EW.Early version of tejas (PVs) had analog display now they fly on Digital display designed by DARE(DRDO).Also DARE has developed the litening targetting pod for effective targetting of air version of brahmos.It’s HMD is ELBIT designed, but its friend and foe detection is designed by DRDO.UTTAM AESA (Further updates:Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to Is India developing/working on AESA radars?)radar has given rise to many other forms of AESA radar such as that used on swordfish radar, AEW&C, recently successfully launched QRSAM.CONTRIBUTION TO COUNTRY/INDUSTRY:Private sector giants especially TATA SED and L&T have gained a lot of experience in electronics and manufacturing respectively.It has created a chain of MSMEs.Almost entire fuselage which includes wings, center of fuselage is made by private companies and HAL is only a integrator.AMOUNT OF RESOURCE:Tejas is the most economical 4.5 gen aircraft programme ever with $1 bn spent on programme, whereas Gripen is 14 bn$ programme and F-16 even more.Tejas has never ever faced an accident whereas its competitor Grippen has faced Two accidents.Given the amount of experience by spending the least amount of money compared to any fighter jet programme as shown by above facts and two failed attempts to develope or continue to develope a fighter jets, TEJAS LCA IS A SUCCESS.The “SOMETHING” that i mentioned earlier is the thing that complete indigenisation is the only way you can survive for long and you can see how strong and thriving the chinese aerospace industry is now(you can abuse me as traitor, porkistani and whatever you may like).But it’s time to accept that only R&D can give us what we call as self reliance and not so called ToT that we keep asking from other nations.No nation will give critical technologies that have made them pioneers of their respective field. By giving critical tech to another company, no parent company in sane mind would create their own competitor. But w/o critical tech we can’t modify the weapon platforms according to needs as all IPR are reserved with the parent company, forget about creating a new one.Hence LCA TEJAS is a success and the present squadron crisis was predictable and also preventable had there been foresightedness in IAF, beuraucracy to develope complete R&D infrastructure by consuming potential of both private and public sector also academic institutions to the fullest.Hope this is sufficient for you, or else I can serve more but that will be on further requests. LOLz.Footnotes:1.Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to After the failure of Kaveri GTX jet engine is India still developing an indigenous jet engine?2.https://www.quora.com/Why-cant-India-develop-its-own-AESA-radar/answer/Soikot-Banerjee?srid=RKYr3.Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to Why can't India develop its own AESA radar?4.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-RCS-of-Tejas/answer/Soikot-Banerjee?srid=RKYrPic credits: Google and Respective ownerPic credits: GooglePic credits:respective owners and google.Data: Wikipedia

For officers there will be questions on economics, banking, finance and general affairs only (the recent events)Please note that the interview for bank placements are conducted by retired bank officials and more than 95 percent questions will be only on the above subjects and rarely one or two questions will be asked in engineering - electronics, information technology, mechanical engineering etc.,In fact the exact qualification meant for bank job is B. Com.The graduate knows about various types of accounting, economics, finance, management accounting etc and he will be more comfortable than others.Please concentrate on the following subjects:Types of accountsTypes of firmsFinancial statementsBalance sheet, profit and loss account, cash flow statement and funds flow statementVarious balance sheet ratiosVarious financial termsRead the following sample questions:Selected Interview QuestionsCandidate: 00101.Why you are willing to join in a bank?I am willing to join in a bank since I hope that I may be having more opportunities to serve the public. Banks have better career opportunities by means of periodical promotions to higher cadre.02.What do you mean by appraisal of gold loans?Gold loans are granted against the security of gold jewellery namely gold chains, necklaces etc., The jewellery apart from gold contains certain amount of copper and stones. Appraiser is a person well versed in the art of appraising the jewellery and on appraisal of the jewellery, he will be finding out the approximate gold content so that the bank may be able to provide loans against the gold content.03.What are the different kinds of term deposits available in a commercial bank?The different kinds of term deposits available in a commercial bank are – fixed deposit, recurring deposit and reinvestment deposit. In the case of fixed deposit, a fixed amount is accepted for a definite period and interest is paid on quarterly basis. In the case of reinvestment deposit which is similar to fixed deposit, interest is paid on maturity since interest is reinvested. In the case of recurring deposit, monthly instalments are accepted for a fixed period.04.What is the minimum period for which a fixed deposit is accepted and the maximum period for which a fixed deposit is accepted?The minimum period for which fixed deposit is accepted is seven days and the maximum period is ten years.05.Whether a fixed deposit can be accepted for a period more than ten years?In the case of deposits in the names of minors on account of settlement of claims, the deposit can be for more than ten years06.What do you mean by FERA?FERA means foreign exchange regulations act and it came into effect from the year 1973. An act to regulate certain payments dealing in foreign exchange, securities, the import & export of currency and acquisition of immovable property by foreigners. Under Section 31 (1) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act ( FERA) of 1973, it is mandatory for foreign corporations, which are not incorporated in India to obtain permission from the Reserve Bank Of India (RBI) to acquire, hold, transfer or dispose off in any manner (expect by way of lease for a period not exceeding five years) any immovable property in India.07.What do you mean by ECS?ECS means electronic clearing service and the customer can authorize on periodical basis to make payment of certain utility bills like electricity charges, water charges etc., by debiting his account till such time he submits a revocation letter. Similarly, he can authorize corporate to credit the dividends on shares and interest on debentures as and when due to the credit of his account with the bank.08.What is the minimum amount that can be sent through RTGS?The minimum amount that can be sent through RTGS is Rupees two lakhs and there is no maximum limit09.What is the maximum amount that can be remitted through NEFT?There is no or maximum limit for remittances sent through NEFT10.What is the maximum amount that can be sent abroad by any resident individual?Under liberalized remittance scheme, all resident individuals including minors are allowed to freely remit an amount upto US dollars 250000 (or its equivalent freely convertible foreign currency) per financial year11..What is the name of apex bank which is responsible for the development of agriculture in the country?NABARD is the apex bank which is responsible for the development of agriculture in the country.12.What are the different kinds of schemes available in our country aiming towards poverty alleviation?National old age pension scheme; Jawahar Gramin Samruddi Yojana; National Family Benefit scheme; Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme; National Maternal Benefit Schemel Annapurna etc.,13.What do you mean by crossing of any cheque?Writing of two parallel transverse lines drawn on the face of the cheque on top left hand corner with or without any words between the lines is known as crossing and it is for the purpose of making payment of the cheque through an account in the name of the payee or holder.14.What are the different kinds of crossing?Two parallel transverse lines drawn on the face of the cheque on top left hand corner of the cheque with any words or without any words is known as general crossing and the the payment can be made to the account of the payee or holder with any bank. In case the name of any bank is mentioned within the two parallel lines, it is known as special crossing and in this case, the payment should be made to the account of the payee or holder with the bank mentioned in the crossing only and not to any other bank.15.What do you mean by CASA?CASA means current and savings and this is applicable to computerized branches linked under core banking solution16.Whose signature is available in Rs. 100/- currency note?The signature of RBI governor is available in Rs. 100 currency note17.What do you know by dividend?Dividend is the return available in the form of money for the investments made by the shareholders in the equity shares and preference shares of any company.18.Bank holidays are declared according to which act?Holidays for banks are declared according to Negotiable Instruments act 1881 by the respective state governments in their states. However, all Sundays, all second and fourth Saturdays have been declared as holidays apart from the holidays permitted for religious and national ceremonies.19.Banks are functioning according to which act?Commercial banks in the country are functioning according to Banking Regulation act 1949 and to some extent as per Reserve Bank of India act 193420.RBI is functioning in the country as per which act?Reserve Bank of India is functioning according to Reserve Bank of India act 1934.Candidate: 00201.What do you mean by a guarantee?Guarantee is an undertaking executed by one person called as guarantor in favour of another person called as beneficiary expressing his intention to make payment in the event of failure of the principal debtor on payment of a debt or failure to perform any contract within the stipulated time or according to the terms of the contract.02.What are the different types of guarantees?The different types of guarantees are financial guarantee, performance guarantee and deferred payment guarantee03.What do you mean by letter of credit?Letter of credit is an undertaking executed by one banker on behalf of its customer to honour bills and documents drawn by another person as per the terms and conditions as mentioned in the letter of credit04.What do you know by packing credit advance?It is the preshipment advance granted by one bank to the exporter for the purpose of procuring raw materials; payment of various duties like customs duty, excise duty; packing charges; shipment charges etc.,05.What do you mean by special crossing?In case the name of any bank is mentioned within the two parallel lines, it is known as special crossing and in this case, the payment should be made to the account of the payee or holder with the bank mentioned in the crossing only and not to any other bank.06.What do you know by IFSC code ?IFSC means Indian Financial System Code and this is one alphanumeric code consisting of eleven digits of which the four alphabetic digits represent the name of the bank mentioned in abridged form and the next zero is known as control number and the last six numeric digits represent the branch code of the bank.07.Which is called as mother of deposits?Savings deposit is known as mother of deposits. Normally the first time customers will be advised to open savings deposits with the bank branch before availing any other facility with the bank08.Who is a called as natural guardian?Bother mother and father are known as natural guardian for the purpose of opening accounts in the name of minors represented by the guardian.09.Whether grandfathers and grandmothers can be natural guardians?Grand fathers, grandmothers grand grandfathers or grand grandmothers cannot represent as natural guardians on be behalf of the minors10.Which type of credit facility is available to a farmer for raising crops?For raising crops, the farmers are provided with crop loans, Kisan Credit Cards etc.,11.What do you mean by NULM?National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM) was launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA), Government of India in 24th September, 2013 by replacing the existing Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY).The NULM will focus on organizing urban poor in their strong grassroots level institutions, creating opportunities for skill development leading to market-based employment and helping them to set up self-employment venture by ensuring easy access to credit. The Mission is aimed at providing shelter equipped with essential services to the urban homeless in a phased manner. In addition, the Mission would also address livelihood concerns of the urban street vendors12.What do you mean by Gram Sadak Yojana?The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana called as PMGSY was launched by the Government of India for the purpose of providing connectivity to unconnected habitations as part of a poverty reduction strategy. Government of India is endeavouring to set high and uniform technical and management standards and facilitating policy development and planning at state level in order to ensure sustainable management of the rural roads network.13.What are the salient features of MGNREGA?MGNREGA is known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee act and according to this employment is guaranteed at least one person per household in rural areas. It aims at enhancing the livelihood security of people living in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage employment during each financial year to a rural household whose adult members volunteers to undertake unskilled manual work14.Which authority is supervising the functions of insurance companies?IRDA – Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority is the authority responsible for supervising the functions of insurance companies in our country15.What is meant by IPO?IPO means initial public offer and this is the first time public offer of equity shares, preference shares or debentures to the public for subscription16.What is meant by ASBA?ASBA means applications supported by blocked amount. Nowadays investors are permitted to remit the amount through ASBA demand drafts drawn in ASBA accounts for the purpose of subscribing shares or debentures through initial public offer and further public offer. When the demand draft is issued, instead of debiting the amount in the account, the amount is blocked till such time the shares or debentures are allotted. On allotment, the entire amount is debited; in the case of partial allotment, the amount is debited equivalent to the value of allotment and in the case of non allotment, the entire amount is allowed for further use. For the intervening period, the depositor earns interest as applicable to the category of deposits.17.What is meant by Performance guarantee issued by any commercial bank?In the case of contracts in favour of governments, the contractors are in a position to provide a bank guarantee by a reputed commercial bank, thereby undertaking to guarantee the government department to compensate the loss on account of failure of performance of the contract by the contractor within the due date or failure to perform the contract as per the terms and conditions of the contract. This is known as performance guarantee.18.What do you mean by packing credit facility issued by any commercial bank?Packing guarantee is known as preshipment advance provided by the commercial bank to the exporter for the purpose of procuring raw materials, packing materials or making payment towards customers duty, excise duty, transportation charges etc.,19.What do you mean by notice money?Notice money is money borrowed for a period of two days and more and upto fourteen days in the call money market.20.Treasury bills are issued by which authority and what are the different kinds of treasury bills available in the country?Treasury bills are issued by central government and state governments for the purpose of mobilizing funds from the public and others towards meeting the cost of various projects. There are three kinds of treasury bills as at present namely – 91 days, 182 days and 364 days. 91 days treasury bills are issued each Friday and the notified amount is Rupees one hundred crores. 182 day treasury bills are issued during alternative Wednesdays which is non reporting week and the notified amount is Rupees 100 crores and 364 days treasury bills are issued on alterntive Wednesdays which is a reporting week and the notified amount is Rupees 500 crores.Candidate: 00301.What do you know by PIN number?PIN number is four digit number expressed in numerical characters. PIN number is used for the transactions done using debit cards and credit cards through automated teller machines and point of sale terminals.02.What do you know by PAN number?PAN number is known as permanent account number. This is used for the purpose of remittance of income tax with income tax department. Tax payers should get one PAN number by sending an application along with relevant documents and by payment of specified sum of money to Income tax department or their agencies. It is ten digit number consisting and alphapetical and numerical characters.03.What are the functions of DICGC?DICGC means Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation and this corporation provides deposit insurance upto an amount of Rupees one lakh per depositor per bank in the event of insolvency of the bank and it also provides small loans guarantee upto certain limits04.What is the role played by ECGC?ECGC provides guarantee support to the exporters of the country in the form of several export guarantees05.Mention the Regional Rural Banks which are functioning in Tamilnadu?The Regional rural banks which are functioning in Tamilnadu are Pandiyan Grama Bank and Pallavan Gramin Bank. Pandiyan Grama Bank has been sponsored by Indian Overseas Bank and pallavan Gramin Bank has been sponsored by Indian bank.06.What do you mean by Mergers and what are the different kinds of mergers?When two independent units merge together to form a single unit, it is known as merger. The mergers can be vertical merger, horizontal merger, reverse merger, consolidation, amalgamation etc.,07.What do you mean by horizontal merger and reverse merger?When the business functions of two units are identical in nature and when the merger takes place between those units, it is known as horizontal merger. New Bank of India merged with Punjab National Bank and both are banking organizations. Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Limited was instrumental in establishing ICICI bank as per LPG norms and subsequently Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation Limited merged with ICICI Bank and when a parent unit gets merged with an ancillary unit, it is known as reverse merger.08.Which are the top two private sector banks in our country?The top private sector banks in our country are HDFC bank limited and ICICI bank limited09.Whether housing loan is a priority sector advance and if so, upto what amount?Housing loans granted are treated as priority sector advances subject to certain conditions. Loans to individuals up to Rupees 28 lakh in metropolitan centres (with population of ten lakh and above) and loans up to Rupees 20 lakh in other centres for purchase/construction of a dwelling unit per family, are eligible to be considered as priority sector provided the overall cost of the dwelling unit in the metropolitan centre and at other centres does not exceed Rupees 35 lakh and Rupees 25 lakh, respectively. Housing loans to banks’ own employees are not eligible for classification under priority sector.10.Whether educational loan is a priority sector advance?Loans to individuals for educational purposes including vocational courses upto Rupees 10 lakh irrespective of the sanctioned amount are eligible for classification under priority sector.11.What do you mean by micro, small and medium enterprises?The classification is based on original investment in plant and machinery: For micro enterprises, upto Rs. 25 lakhs for manufacturing units and Rupees 10 lakhs for service units; For small enterprises, for manufacturing units above Rupees 25 lakhs and upto Rs. 5 crores and for service units above Rupees 10 lakhs and upto Rupees 2 crores; For medium enterprises, for manufacturing units above Rupees 5 crores and upto 10 crores and for service units above Rupees 2 crores and upto Rupees five crores12.What do you mean by KYC and name any two important documents which are obtained as per KYC?KYC means know your customer guidelines and these guidelines were prescribed by RBI for new customers who are willing to open accounts with commercial banks and according to KYC, any new customer who is willing to open accounts with commercial banks should submit the photocopy of anyone of the following namely; driving licence, voter id card, AADHAARA card, passport as address proof and photocopy of anyone of the following namely; driving licence, voter id card, AADHAAR card, passport, pancard as identity proof. KYC is antimony laundering device.13.What is the present repo rate and reverse repo rate?The present repo rate is 6.25% and reverse repo rate is 5.75%14.In the case of MICR code, the middle three digits represent what?MICR code consists of nine numerical digits and the middle three numerical digits represent bank name15.PAN number consists of how many alpha characters?PAN number consists of ten digits. The first three alpha characters are random alphapetical characters between AAA to ZZZ; next one alpha character represents the category of the cardholder; the next one alpha character represents the first character of the name of the cardholder; the next four numerical digits are auto generated sequential numbers and the last one single alpha character is a check digit.16.What do you know by biometric automated teller machines?In the case of automated teller machines, the four digit numerical PIN number is used for performing transactions using debit card and credit card. In the case of biometric automated teller machines, instead of PIN numbers, anyone of the following body parts is used – left hand thumb impression; eye retina and voice recognition. In India, the left hand thumb impression is the accepted mode and these kinds of automated teller machines are known as green label automated teller machines.17.What is the criteria by which a bank is considered as largest bank?For the purpose of ranking, a bank is considered to be largest or smallest taking into consideration the business position of the bank; namely – the total deposits and total advances as at the end of March each year.18.What do you mean by commercial paper?Commercial papers are issued by well rated organizations for mobilizing funds from the public and other corporate. They are issued at a discount and they are freely negotiable by endorsement and delivery. The minimum maturity period is seven days and the corporate should have earned credit rating equivalent to P2 issued by CRISIL19.What do you mean by FCNR?FCNR means foreign currency non resident accounts. Non resident Indians and Persons of Indian origin are eligible to invest in this deposit. It is a term deposit accepted in the currencies – US dollar, Sterling Pound, Euro, Japanese Yen, Canadian dollar and Australian dollar. The minimum period of deposit is one year and the maximum period is five years and the deposit is held in foreign currencies and the interest earned is free from income tax.20.What do you mean by Escheat?He is a person who dies without leaving any legal heirs and in this case, his estate will revert to the state government.Candidate: 00401.What do you mean by money laundering?Using the banking channel for the purpose of bringing illegal money is known as money laundering.02.What do you mean by subprime lending?Mass lending by commercial banks to the borrowers without ascertaining the credit worthiness of the borrowers03.What is meant by LPG and who is responsible for introduction of LPG strategy in our country?LPG means liberalization, privatization and globalization and this was coined by Dr. Manmohan Singh, the then finance minister of our country. The salient highlights of the Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation Policy in India are: Foreign Technology Agreements; Foreign Investment; MRTP Act, 1969 (Amended); Industrial Licensing; Deregulation Beginning of privatization; Opportunities for overseas trade; Steps to regulate inflation; Tax reforms; Abolition of License -Permit Raj04.What do you mean by PURA?PURA means providing urban amenities in rural areas. This concept was coined by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the then president of India.05.What do you know by current ratio?It is one equation between current assets and current liabilities. This ratio provides the liquidity position of the organization. When the ratio is more than one it is known as positive current ratio and the unit is having sufficient working capital and when it is less than one, the unit is found to have more current liabilities than current assets and the liquidity position is found to be very weak.06.What do you know about negotiable instruments act?In India, the negotiable instruments act was passed during 1881 which came into force with effect from March 01, 1882. Negotiable instruments means and include promissory note, bills of exchange and cheque payable to order or bearer. Promissory note, bill of exchange, cheque and demand draft are negotiable instruments.07.What do you know by MICR?MICR means magnetic ink character recognition. MICR code is available in MICR bank at the bottom of the cheque or demand draft. It consists of nine numerical digits of which the first three digits represent the centre/city; the middle three digits represent the bank and the last three digits represent the branch of the bank.08.When it comes to rural lending, which are all considered to be priority sector advances?When it comes to rural lending, the loans granted to the following are considered to be priority sector advances – Loans granted to all agriculture related activities; self help group; Differential rate of interest; Loans to SC/ST beneficiaries; Loans provided to doctors for setting up clinics in rural areas; Loans to dealers in fertilizers and pesticides; loans to dealers of springler irrigation and drip irrigation equipments etc.,09.Who is called as an authorized dealer?Authorised dealer is at present known as authorized person. Authorised person is an individual or organization permitted to deal in foreign exchange business in the country.10.What do you know by financial inclusion?Financial inclusion means the following: Providing formal banking services to poor people in urban and rural areas; Promoting the habit of money savings, insurance, pension-investment among poor people; Helping the people in getting loans at reasonable rates from commercial banks so that they do not become victims to local moneylenders11.What are the important initiatives taken through financial inclusion in the country?The following are the important initiatives taken through financial inclusion in our country: Lead banking scheme; No frill accounts; Basic savings bank deposit accounts; JANDHAN accounts; business correspondent and business facilitator facilities; Swabhiman campaign;12.What do you mean by MCLR?MCLR replaces the base rate system. RBI introduced the system with effect from 01.04.2016 in order to determine the base rate by commercial to improve the efficiency of monetary policy transmission. All rupee loans sanctioned and credit limits renewed with effect from 01.04.2016 to be priced with reference to MCLR and it will be an internal benchmark for the banks. It consists of marginal cost of funds, negative carry on account of CRR, operating costs and tenor premium. The marginal cost of funds consists of two components namely; marginal cost of borrowings and return on networth13.What are the major money market instruments?Certificate of deposits; Commercial paper; Inter Bank participation certificates; iner bank term money; Treasury bills; Bills rediscounting and call/notice money14.What are the differences between NEFT and RTGS?Both are two categories of online remittance facilities through CBS enabled branches of commercial banks. The minimum balance that can be sent through RTGS is Rupees two lakhs whereas in the case of NEFT, there is no such limit. The beneficiary gets his funds at real time and it means instantaneously without any loss of time. In the case of the beneficiary gets his funds in between batches15.Who is deciding the rate of interest for savings deposit accounts?Rate of interest for savings deposits is decided by respective commercial banks only and RBI has permitted full freedom in this connection.16.Who cannot open savings deposit accounts?Proprietorship concerns, partnership firms, limited liability partnership firms, private limited companies and public limited companies are not permitted to open savings accounts17.What is meant by memorandum of association?Memorandum of association is the parent document for any company whether it is a private limited company or private limited company. It contains the details of formation of the company, policies, objectives, registered office and more.18.What is known as power of attorney?Power of attorney is an authorization given by one person called as principal in favour of another person called as an agent authorizing the agent to perform certain activities on behalf of the principal and it can be specific power of attorney or particular power of attorney.19.In which currencies FCNR accounts can be opened in our country?FCNR account can be opened in the following currencies namely; US dollars, Sterling Pounds; Euro; Japanese Yen; Australian dollars and Canadian dollars.20.What are the differences between NRE and FCNR?NRE and FCNR accounts are opened by non resident Indians and Persons of Indian Origin in India. NRE accounts are to be opened in rupees whereas FCNR is opened in foreign currencies. NRE accounts can be opened in the form of savings account, current account, reinvestment deposit and fixed deposit whereas, FCNR account is permitted to be opened as fixed deposit or reinvestment deposit. NRE term deposits can be opened for a minimum period of seven days and maximum period of ten years. FCNR accounts can be opened for a minimum period of one year and maximum period of five years.Candidate: 00501.What do you mean by masala bonds?Masala bonds are the bonds issued for rupee denominated borrowings by Indian companies in overseas markets02.What do you mean by secondary market in our country?Secondary market pertains to capital market and it is also known as stock exchange or old issues market. Shares, debentures and bonds can be bought and sold from the stock exchange through registered brokers.03.What do you mean by fund based limits and non fund based limits?The loans provided to the borrowers in the form of term loans, overdrafts, cash credits and bills discounting limits are known as fund based limits since funds are released to the borrowers. Guarantees and letter of credits are non fund based limits since no funds are provided for the time being since they are contingent liabilities.04.What do you mean by off balance sheet items?Guarantees, letter of credits and bills sent for collection for which proceeds are yet to be realized are known as off balance sheet items05.What do you mean by closed ended scheme?This is one form of mutual fund scheme. Like initial public offer, the scheme is open for a certain period only and after which the public cannot invest their amount in the units under this scheme.06.What do you mean by open ended scheme?This is one mutual fund scheme and the units under scheme can be purchased and sold at any time07.What do you mean by overdraft facility granted by a bank?Overdraft is a facility granted by the banks towards meeting the working capital requirements of a borrower. This is provided by means of credit limit over and above the current account balance and the borrower has to pay the interest as and when due.08.What do you mean by collateral security?Collateral security is an additional security provided by the borrower in addition to the primary security. For example, in the case of vehicle loan, the car purchased out of loan is known as the prime security and the insurance policy obtained by the bank from the borrower for the sanction of this loan is known as collateral security.09.In regard to educating a customer, what are the different kinds of information boards displayed in a bank branch?The following boards are available in the bank branches – Working hours and business hours; Interest rates on various deposits; Interest rates for loans; Service charges; Time norms for various services; Details of schemes available in the branch10.Who is the present RBI Governor?The present governor of RBI is Shri Urjit Patel and he is functioning as the governor of RBI since 04th September, 201611.What do you mean by unclaimed deposits?The deposits which are not in operation for more than ten years are known as unclaimed deposits. For the purpose of this classification, the customer induced transactions are only taken into account.12.How many regional centres are available for RBI in the country?Reserve Bank of India has four regional centres at the following places – Chennai, Kolkatta, New Delhi and Mumbai.13.What do you mean by white label automated teller machines?The automated teller machines which are maintained and managed by non bank entities are known as white label automated teller machines. In our country TATA Indicash and Muthoot finance are having such machines installed at various centres.14.What are the advantages of CTS?CTS means cheque truncation scheme. This is used for clearing purpose. Normally commercial banks used to send the physical cheques through their15.What do you mean by certificate of deposits?Certificate of deposits are issued by scheduled commercial banks (except Regional Rural Banks) and all financial institutions within their umbrella limits. Individuals, corporate, companies, trusts, funds and associations can invest in certificate of deposits and they are issued for a minimum period of seven days and maximum period of twelve months in the case of commercial banks and in the case of financial institutions the minimum period is one year and maximum three years, Minimum amount for investment is Rupees one lakh and in multiples of Rupees one lakh.16.RBI is called by which names – mention four names?RBI is called by the following names – banker to banker; lender of the last resort; custodian of banks; banker to government;17.What do you mean by ways and means advances?Ways and means advances were introduced as per an agreement between Reserve Bank of India and Government and they are temporary overdraft facilities provided by RBI to central government and state governments and the purpose is to bridge the time interval of mismatch the government expenditure and receipts. The duration of the limit is ten days for central government and 14 days for state government departments.18.Who is banking ombudsman and by whom he is appointed?Banking Ombudsman is an arbitrary authority who resolves the complaints received from the customers of commercial banks in regard to bank related issues.19.What do you mean by EEFC account?Exchange Earner’s Foreign Currency account is an account maintained in an account maintained in foreign currency with an authorized dealer ; i/e/ a bank dealing in foreign exchange. Professionals, exporters, trainers etc., who are in receipt of foreign exchange for the services extended by them in foreign countries can invest the amount in EEFC account and the account will be in the form of current account and no interest is paid for the balance held in EEFC account.20.What do you know by NBFC?NBFC means non banking finance companies. It is a company registered under Indian Companies act 1956 and presently 2013 engaged in the business of providing loans and advances, acquisition of shares/stocks/bonds/debentures/securities issued by Government or local authority or other marketable securities of a like nature, leasing, hire purchase, insurance business, chit fund business etc.,Candidate: 00601.What do you mean by arbitrage?It is the process of purchase of one security from one market and selling the same security for earning a profit at the same time at another market.02.What do you mean by Bonus shares?It is the free allotment of shares in certain proportion to the existing shares held by the shareholders of a company and this is a means of providing reward to the investors for their contribution to the growth of the organization by capital investment03.What do you mean by Bull?It is a term given to a speculator on stock exchange who buys the securities in expectation of a rise in the prices. The market is called as bullish when there is a domination of buyers over the sellers04.What is known as dematerialization?Dematerialisation is the process by which shares in the physical form are cancelled and they are issued in electronic form. The certificates are known as demat shares. This process eliminates the time and manpower involved in transfer and registration of shares from the seller to the buyer05.What do you mean by moorat trading?It is the auspicious trading on a special day, say Diwali during some specified hours.06.What do you mean by rights issue?It is the issue of new shares to the existing shareholders in a fixed ratio to those already held at a price which is generally below the market price of the old shares.07.What do you mean by futures?It is a standard contract issued on an agreement to buy or sell an asset at a certain price at a certain time in future. It is an obligation on the buyer to purchase the underlying instrument and the seller to sell it.08.What do you mean by forward?The forward is a contract that is traded off the stock exchange and it is self regulatory and has certain flexibility unlike future which are traded at stock exchange only and it do not have flexibility of quantity and quality of commodity to be delivered and these are regulated by Securities Exchange Board of India, Reserve Bank of India or other agencies.09.What do you mean by factoring?Factoring is an arrangement in which short term domestic receivables on sale of goods or services are sold to a company called as factor and this scheme came into existence during 1991 based on the report of Kalyanasundaram Committee10.What do you mean by forfeiting?Forfaiting represents the purchase of obligations, which fall due at some future date and arise from the delivery of goods in export transactions, without recourse to the previous holder of the obligations.11.What do you mean by leasing?A lease is a contract where the owner of the assets transfers the right to another person to use the assets against the payment of fixed lease rentals. In the case of one lease contract, there are two parties namely – the lessor or the owner and the lessee or user. The lessor remains owner and the leased property remains with the possession of the lessee.12.What do you mean by debt market?It is a market wherein the debt instruments are issued to the public by any company for investment and such debt instrument bears a fixed interest rate payable half yearly on specific dates and principal amount repayable on particular date on redemption. Debentures are normally secured/charged against the asset of the company in favour of debenture holder. The following are some debt instruments – debenture; bond; zero coupon bond; convertible bond; security receipts etc.,13.What do you mean by greenshoe option?It is an option provided by Securities and Exchange Board of India to a company which is coming out with one initial public offer to the public. By this option, the company can retain certain portion of the applications received through IPO in case of oversubscription.14.What do you mean by equity market?Equity market consists of investment by the public in different kinds of shares issued by the company and by subscribing for the shares, the investors are expressing their willingness to stand as owners of the company. The equity market consists of equity shares, preference shares, rights shares, bonus shares etc.,15.What do you mean by sweat equity?Directors and employees contribute intellectual property rights to the company in the form of providing technical know-how captured by way of research or contributed by way of strategy software developed for the company or adding profit and economic value. To compensate the directors and employees, the concept of sweat equity has come into existence.16.What do you mean by participatory notes?A participatory note is a financial derivative instrument issued against an underlying security and it allows the holder, to get dividend or capital gains earned from the underlying security although some of the holders may not be eligible to trade in stock markets in India.17.What do you mean by book building?Book building is the process to assess the demand for a particular public issue of various prices, based on which the issue is priced and sold to the investors.18.What do you mean by sensex?It is a stock market index provided by Bombay Stock Exchange for the information of the investors. The positive or negative variation in the index provides an insight for investment or dis-investment to the general public and especially the investors in the stock market. It is based on the market capitalization of top thirty shares earmarked by BSE19.What do you mean by Nifty?It is a stock market index provided by National Stock Exchange for the information of the investors. The positive or negative variation in the index provides an insight for the investment or dis-investment to the general public and especially the investors who are participating in stock market trading. It is based on the market capitalization of top fifty shares earmarked by NSE20.What do you mean by swap?A swap is a contract that binds two counterparties to exchange the different streams of payments over the specified period at specified rate.

Read the following sample questions:Selected Interview QuestiomsCandidate: 00101.Why you are willing to join in a bank?I am willing to join in a bank since I hope that I may be having more opportunities to serve the public. Banks have better career opportunities by means of periodical promotions to higher cadre.02.What do you mean by appraisal of gold loans?Gold loans are granted against the security of gold jewellery namely gold chains, necklaces etc., The jewellery apart from gold contains certain amount of copper and stones. Appraiser is a person well versed in the art of appraising the ...

Q. Is there an equivalent on modern warships to an armor belt as was existent on WW2 capital ships?A. Warship PhilosophyThe philosophy of warships and related topics as the muse strikesModern Warship Armor (part 1)May 28, 2013The missing warship armorNeophyte warship enthusiast questions: Guns (size, quantity), Missiles, and armor protection.The World War I-era battleship HMS Resolution and the aircraft carrier HMS Formidable served with the British Eastern Fleet at various times during World War II.Questions linger: How much armor does a warship have? Surely if tank armor had evolved from rolled steel to Chobham then can’t modern materials be used to similarly armor modern warships? Imagine my confusion when I read the description of almost any modern warship’s armor: “Splinter Protection”.Most cold war warship design discussions dismissed armor protection lightly, invoking nuclear weapons. Since no amount of armor could be expected to resist a nuclear armed adversary there was no benefit to be gained from armoring warships any more. Although a simplistic argument it was valid enough and certainly understandable. The excellent photo of the Crossroads Baker nuclear test is enough to convince anyone of this. Nuclear weapons are dramatic enough that few people would question this line of reasoning.However the nuclear bogeyman doesn’t explain the lack on armor on ships clearly designed to fight with conventional weapons, nor any ships developed after the cold war ended. All of the conflicts since WW2 have been conventional so another rational for the missing warship armor is needed.Battleship ArmorAs commonly understood battleships have big guns and heavy armor. Battleships guns are easy to comprehend as they’re huge and very visible; the armor is harder to conceptualize as it’s not an obvious external feature for the most part. In a perfect world where there are no materials science and cost limitations one would build warships so that every element as adamantine as possible. Every door, bulkhead and deck would be made of armor so that any incoming attack that defeats the outer layers of armor hits another layer immediately. In reality this would result in an impossibly heavy warship as each of these elements would have to be immensely thick to be strong enough to act as armor. To balance the competing demands for armor protection and weight allocation to other ships functions (like propulsion) the armor must be limited in scope and thickness.The term “armor belt” is the most commonly used description of warship armor. Many works use a single sentence description for battleship armor using this term. For example the German battleship Bismarck had a 13” armor belt to use an example from a well known ship. The armor belt is most easily thought of as the hull on the sides of the battleship, although much more complex forms exist the image conveys the essence of the term. In the diagram of the HMS Royal Sovereign above the main armor belt is also 13”. The main armor is very much like the clothing belt as it’s a single relatively narrow band around the middle of the ship. Of course constructing the entire hull out of our 13” armor would offer more protection but would be much too heavy. One of the important considerations in battleship design is that it’s still a ship that needs to be seaworthy. Weight distribution affects ships seaworthiness, especially top weight. To remain stable a ship must generally weigh more on the bottom than on the top. As one moves higher on the ship the more sensitive it is to weight.In our diagram of the Royal Sovereign we see that the armor varies in thickness from 13” down to 1”. Below the waterline the hull armor is 1” or 1 ½” thick, at the waterline it’s 13” thick, and above that are two 6” thick sections. In the excellent diagram below the 13” belt is labelled P and the 6” belts are labelled U. As we can see from the diagram the armor belt represents a very small proportion of the ship by volume.The armor belt is not the only protection on the battleship. The torpedo bulges labelled M are the most obvious example of other forms of protection. The bulges protected the ship by absorbing the force of the explosion. Other critical areas of the ship also have heavy armor like the armor belt, the turret faces and guns being a key example of heavily armored areas.It must be noted that the armor scheme on the HMS Royal Sovereign only represents one of the ways the armor could be arranged, other schemes exist.The flaw in the Armor BeltThe HMS Royal Sovereign’s armor layout was designed to maximize protection against what was thought to be the most likely threat it would face, direct large calibre gun fire. It was thought that the HMS Royal Sovereign would be fired upon at relatively close ranges resulting in nearly horizontal strikes against the armor. In essence a more modern version of the broadside to broadside volleys depicted in Nelsons battles. In this type of exchange one would be well served by an armor layout that looks very much like a wall to hide behind.Had this type of naval warfare remained the norm this armor layout wouldn’t be considered obsolete. In reality even by WW1 naval artillery duels were fought a much longer ranges than expected when the Royal Sovereign was designed. At longer ranges the shells flight path from the gun to the target describes a high arc and not straight lines. As a result the shell strikes plunge down from above and not from the side. In our armor diagram we can see that the plunging fire might strike the armor belt, or it might hit the much thinner 1” armor of the forecastle deck (labelled X).The situation deteriorated further in WW2 with the dominance of air power as the primary striking force. One of the classic battle images of naval warfare in WW2 is of warships from the point of view of the attacking aircraft. The photo above is the ill fated Force Z (HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse) under attack. Attacks of this type would have almost certainly struck the 1” armor instead of the 13” armor belt.The flaw in the HMS Royal Sovereigns armor scheme is that naval warfare was essentially two dimensional when she was designed, but had become very three dimensional during her service. The flaw in the armor belt is simply that it was a belt at all, providing protection from a very limited set of attacks. The armor belt was designed for a type of threat that never materialized to any substantial degree.Considerations for Modern Warship ArmorModern warships could be built with armor; it’s technically still possible and undoubtedly advances in materials science means that more protection could be had for any given weight of armor. Modern warships do face two obstacles to an effective armor scheme that their older counterparts did not which would make the task much more difficult.The first is the nature of the threat. Guided weapons are now the norm and present a particular challenge to armor designers. Taking the Royal Sovereigns armor as an example layout it would provide reasonable if not excellent protection against the dreaded sea skimming cruise missile attacking from the side. However if the missile changed its flight profile to attack from above it would effectively bypass the armor belt. This kind of attack is already commonplace in land warfare, entire categories of top attack munitions exist for this very reason. Guided weapons offer too much flexibility to the attacker for an armor scheme to be optimized against a single type of attack. If you were to design your ship with strong overhead protection, guided weapons would be programmed to attack from the side. A modern armor scheme would have to offer much more comprehensive (and thus heavy) coverage than the armor belt.The second issue is the nature of modern naval warfare. Modern naval warfare is fought very much in the electromagnetic spectrum which means that the ship’s antennas are a vital part of her weapon systems. Indeed on many warships the antennas are now one of the most prominent topside features. Without working radar antennas most modern warships are functionally out of action and nearly defenseless. Radar antennas cannot be covered in armor, as armor is nearly opaque to the kinds of electromagnetic waves the radars emit. Covering them in armor would at best severely reduce their capabilities and most likely prevent them from working at all. Adding to this issue is the incompatible ideal locations for armor and antennas. Armor is ideally located as low in the ship as possible for stability, antennas are ideally located as high in the ship as possible to maximize the clarity of their signals and their field of view.This is not to suggest armoring a modern warship is impossible, but it will be much more difficult than it was in the past.It can be argued that armor could be even more important in modern warfare than in the past. In the past a warship only had a very small chance of being hit by any given enemy shot. To compensate for the low percentage of shells that would hit their target warships had to rely on high volumes of fire to produce a relatively small number of hits. In the modern age of guided weapons the situation is reversed, most enemy shots can reasonably be expected to hit their targets. In addition the extremely long ranges of cruise missiles means that the enemy can attack from great distances so that even the most vigilant crews may not know they’re under attack until the missiles are very close to them. This can leave only a short window for the ship’s defense, increasing the probability the ship will be hit. These two factors both contribute to the likelihood that a warship will be hit, increasing the return on investment of adding armor to the design.Even if the antennas cannot be armored, adding armor to a warship would still increase its survivability. A warship with limited radar functionality may be out of action, but may still be able to retreat to be repaired. Further while armor may or may not preserve the ship as a fighting force it would protect the crew. Losing a ship is in war is a major setback, losing the crew is a tragedy. Even in the cold calculus of war, the crew remains a very expensive and hard to replace component of a warship.Active ProtectionOf course warships haven’t been setting to sea defenseless since the end of the battleship era; they just aren’t using heavy armor belts. Modern warships rely on active protection where they attempt to prevent the incoming attacks from hitting them at all by destroying them en-route.This brings the modern image of missile defense to mind with defensive missile streaking out to destroy the attacking missiles. This is indeed how warships defend themselves now, but it isn’t the only way. As the saying goes the best defense in naval warfare is a good offense.Cold war defensive doctrine was based on carrier naval aircraft. Shooting down low flying cruise missiles is much harder than shooting down bombers or bombing ships. Patrolling fighter aircraft supported by airborne early warning radars still provide an excellent defense against most types of attacks. Forcing the enemy to stay out of range for their own safety is a much better strategy than letting them choose the moment to attack. Enemies have historically rarely chosen to attack at a moment convenient to the defenders (except in some land battles in WW1). Defending with a carrier air wing is probably not disputed as the best way to defend ones ships. The only major criticism of this strategy is its cost. Aircraft carriers and their air wings are enormously expensive, so expensive that only the USN currently operates more than two carriers with fixed wing assets in the world. Only the larger navies in the world operate any carriers at all.While it’s theoretically possible to put an F-35 or Harrier on a destroyer, functionally the costs outweigh the benefits. Perhaps future fixed wing VTOL aircraft will be able to operate from surface combatants, that day has not arrived. Smaller warships will continue to rely on missile defenses in lieu of defensive aircraft.Simply put missile defenses shoot down the incoming missiles. The attacking missiles are tracked via radar and then defensive missiles or guns destroy them before they hit the ship. Guided missiles are more effective than guns in this role as they are both more precise and can be expected to be effective at much greater ranges than unguided gun shells. The number of missiles that can be shot down varies with the sophistication of the defending ships missile guidance systems and the depth of the defensive missile magazines. These are two of the key measures of effectiveness in missile defense, the number of attacking missiles that can be shot down in total, and the number of attacking missiles that can be shot down simultaneously.The Best Defense?The question is now which defense is better? Active defenses that shoot down the incoming missiles or armor that protects the ship and its crew from those missiles? This is an involved question I now realize deserves its own post.Modern Warship Armor (part 2)Modern Warship Armor – Framing the DiscussionTo attempt to answer the question “should armor be added to modern warships” it becomes necessary to try and quantify the usefulness of armor. To assist this analysis a notional warship design based on the Fridtjof Nasen class frigate will be used. This class represents a good example of a modern multi-role warship, and is a simple enough design to allow a conceptual de-construction of its elements for analysisOpinion: Is There a Frigate in Your Future? - USNI NewsWhile very capable ships the frigates are not battleships, they lack the armor protection to take hits and keep fighting the way some battleships did. They are sturdy ships built to military construction standards but most definitely not heavily armored. As they were built the Fridtjof Nansen class relies on a combination of active defenses, countermeasures and reduced radar signature for defense.(The relative value of soft kill countermeasures versus active hard kill defenses is also an excellent topic of discussion but not one I’m going to pursue in this post)To quantify the armor versus active defenses we’ll need to establish the relative values for the baseline frigate and then alter those values to examine the costs and benefits of adding armor. Given that the Fridtjof Nansen class has a displacement of about 5,300 tons we can assume that our notional frigate can take one hit from an Exocet type missile and continue fighting but a second would put it out of action. I’m taking this as an approximate value from the literature on cruise missile effectiveness.While the frigates lack the armor of a battleship they have far more formidable air defenses. Two of the components of this system are the two fire control radars used to illuminate the incoming missiles during the terminal phase of the defensive missile’s flight. In our notional frigate loosely based on the Fridtjof Nansen class we’ll assume that each fire control radar can guide defensive missiles at two incoming missiles each. This is likely slightly below the capability of the real system.Adding capabilities to a warship usually means adding weight. In this case it is very difficult to know how much weight. Without a specific armor scheme, or even armor material as we can no longer assume it will be steel, we cannot reasonably make predications. In the absence of specific weight values for armor increases we can only make generalized comparisons. The generalizations will prevent specific design recommendation but will allow a relative comparison of different trade space options.For discussion purposes we will suggest that the fire control radars can each be exchanged for their equivalent weight in armor and the armor will provide the same level of protection that the defensive missiles guided by that radar would have. Therefore each unit of armor will provide protection against two missile hits. While this most likely represents an unreasonably good assumption for the armor it works well for the comparison.Exploring the Trade-OffsWe must first examine our baseline frigate with its two fire control radars and no armor. With each of the two radars guiding defensive missiles to destroy two attacking missiles each and the baseline ship being able to survive a single Exocet hit we can conclude that the baseline frigate should survive a five missile attack and remain operational. A six or greater missile attack would put the ship out of action and unable to continue the fight.We then exchange the radars for armor and re-examine the frigate’s performance. Having removed the two radars and added armor the frigate now has no missile defenses but is capable of withstanding five Exocet missile hits and remain operational. Again a six or greater missile attack would put the ship out of action.Upon a cursory examination the armored frigate has a number of advantages over the baseline frigate. Missile defense is complex, the system has many components that need to work together to complete the kill chain and destroy the incoming missile. Further these systems are not kept operational all of the time, they are frequently kept off. Some of the literature suggests that the number one determinate in the success or failure of missile defenses is simply “was it turned on at the time of the attack?”. Armor suffers neither of these weaknesses. Armor is always on and armor isn’t sensitive to power availability. Armor doesn’t require the crew to be alert and well trained to work.However the active defenses also have their advantages. If we change the scenario slightly and have the attacker fire two salvoes of three missiles instead of one salvo of six missiles we get very different results. Against the same number of missile as before our baseline frigate is undamaged and our armored frigate is out of action.This may not initially sound logical but bear with me I’ll explain. There’s a slight difference in the terms used to describe the defenses of our two frigates. The baseline frigate can withstand one Exocet missile hit, and shoot down four incoming missiles at a time while the armored frigate can withstand five Exocet missile hits. The total defensive capacity for a single salvo in both cases is a maximum of five incoming missiles.However in the second scenario there are only three missiles in each salvo. In this scenario the baseline frigate can shoot down up to four missiles so it isn’t hit at all, while the armored frigate has taken three of it’s maximum five hits in the first salvo. In the second salvo the baseline frigate again shoots down all of the attacking missiles while the armored frigate takes an additional three hits putting it at one over it’s damage limit.This is because missile defense works as a threshold situation. Any attack with fewer missiles than the number required to saturate its defenses will probably not cause any damage at all. The baseline frigate and the armored frigate can survive the same number of attacking missile at the same time, but the total number of missiles baseline frigate can defend against is much higher providing that each attack remains below the saturation threshold. The baseline frigate can defend itself from up to thirty two attacking missiles, this being the total number of defensive missiles carried by the Fridtjof Nansen class. (Sixteen is a more likely real world maximum as the operational doctrine of many navies calls for two defending missile to be fired at each attacking missile to maximize the chances of success).Sometimes Bigger is Better (and sometimes it isn’t)You may have noticed that I’ve been very careful in my terminology when describing the attacking missiles in the scenarios above. I called them Exocet hits, this is because the research into warship staying power uses a standardized attacking missile “Exocet equivalent”. This is to allow standardized comparisons given that different missiles will naturally have different attributes. Both the size of the attacking missile’s warhead and it’s kinetic energy can be considered. For example the P-15 Termit (SS-N-2 Styx) is approximately three and a half times heavier, has a two and three quarter times larger warhead and flies at roughly the same speed. When calculating Exocet equivalents for ships out of action instead of ships sunk, warhead weight is the important variable and is therefore used. Thus a single Termit missile (or it’s famous Silkworm cousin) is 2.75 Exocet equivalents in this analysis.Returning to our two frigates if we use the Termit missile in a three missile attack the baseline frigate again would be expected to shoot down all three missiles, especially given that the P-15 is a less sophisticated missile than the Exocet. However the armored frigate is now hit with 8 Exocet missile equivalents and is out of action (and most likely sinking). The size of the warhead is a variable that affects the armored frigate only, as it does not make the missile any harder to shoot down. As a result the armored frigate is much more sensitive to warhead size than the baseline frigate. A potential adversary can also exploit this fact by using older, cheaper missiles against the armored frigate, knowing that the lack of sophistication in the missile will not change it’s effectiveness.I feel I must clarify that the same older cheaper missiles used in a slightly different strategy can prove effective against the baseline frigate as well. In that case the determining variable is if the attack contains enough missile to saturate the frigate’s defenses. The proliferation of cheap cruise missiles is the bane of any warship design.Not everyone plays by the rulesThe scenarios thus far haven’t been complimentary to the armored frigate so I would like to consider scenarios where it performs much better. In this scenario the frigate will be in crowded waters filled with a mix of international craft, commercial shipping and local fishing boats. Two of the fishing boats carry one cruise missile each purchased by non-state actors attempting to destroy a large multi-role frigate to raise their international prestige. The fishing boats use simple line of sight to aim their missiles and no radar emissions occur before launch. Attacked in neutral waters with no warning, neither frigate is likely to react at all before being hit by the missiles. The baseline frigate is out of action, but the armored frigate remains operational.The scenario can be altered in a number of ways to produce the same result, the cruise missiles are fired from camouflaged shore based positions, the cruise missiles are substituted by small boats with explosives and suicide bombers. The recurring theme is that in an asymmetrical warfare situation the attacker will try to find the most inconvenient and unexpected time to attack. The inclusion of non-state actors also means that nominally friendly or neutral waters can still hold dangers as abiding by international maritime law or respecting sovereignty is rarely a priority for them.This approach to naval warfare was reportedly used in a major US war game to great success resulting in loses that may have turned the tide of the battle (had they been real). These kinds of tactics also what resulted in the successful attacks on the INS Hanit and on the USS Cole. They are valid tactics, and are now internationally understood to be a viable option when attempting to attack an otherwise overwhelmingly superior warship.Things Don’t Always Go According To PlanAnother weakness of active defenses is the concept of leakers. A missile attack is a very chaotic situation where not everything goes according to plan all of the time. The incoming missiles, the defending ship, the radars, the defensive missiles are all in motion and are all subject to the elements that will degrade their effectiveness. Statistically missile defense systems aren’t perfect, some percentage of the time they won’t work the way they’re supposed to and some attacking missiles leak through the defense.Allowing for the reality of leakers argues for at least some armor. If getting hit by missiles is a statistical inevitability then it seems prudent to design one’s warships to be able to continue fighting after being hit.The problem here is pinning down just what percentage of missile will be leakers. Hard-kill missile systems haven’t yet been used in combat enough to have a historic record to make predictions from. The nations that have these kinds of systems in their navy’s arsenal have certainly run tests but the accuracy of staged tests instead of a live adversary can be questionable. Those same nations will also be highly motivated not to share how successful their defensive systems are (or aren’t) with anyone making the data hard to come by.Only once a reliable leaker rate is established could the relative merits of armor be analysed. Higher leaker rates favour armor, low leaker rates make it a poor return on investment.Co-operationTurning back to the advantages of active defenses over armor we must begin to consider our notional frigates outside of the isolation of the previous scenarios. In this scenario our frigates are now escorting a non-combatant in contested waters and the attacking warship fires a four missile salvo. Two missiles lock on to the frigate and two lock on to the non-combatant. Both frigates would survive the encounter, but only the baseline frigate can defend the non-combatant. Armor protects the warship it’s installed on but not any ships around it. A warship relying exclusively on armor for defense isn’t very useful in the escort role against these kinds of threats.In another variation of this type of scenario we can have multiple warships travelling in a group. With active defenses these warships are capable of supporting each other. Warships with an excess of defensive capacity can assist in the defense of the other ships in the group. Even if all of the warships have equal capacity the attacking missiles tend not to distribute themselves evenly among the available targets, resulting in some warships being targeted by fewer missiles than others resulting in potential excess capacity in otherwise similar warships.Armor on Modern Warships?Before concluding it must be acknowledged that I’ve only considered notional frigates that have either active defenses or armor but not both. Any modern warship with armor is unlikely to not also have active defenses. The question then becomes how much design emphasis should be place on each. Which is where an analysis like this becomes very difficult. Without real and very specific details on the active defenses and the potential armor schemes it is impossible to make informed decisions about potential designs. So sadly even after this much discussion the conclusions must remain very generic.The appear to be a larger number of scenarios where active defenses are more effective than armor suggesting that when designing a warship money and weight are better allocated to active defenses instead of armor. When considering any increase in capability active defenses will provide a better return on investment more often than armor. Almost all of the scenarios that involve high intensity warfare favor active defense over armor.However there are two situations where at least some armor offer has benefits, and both of them appear probable. The first and most probable are surprise asymmetric attacks, by their very nature these kinds of attacks are hard to predict and likely to catch warships off guard rendering active defenses much less desirable. The second is in cases where leakers are probable, if during any attack at least some hits are probable armor offers an increasingly attractive benefits.The most damning factor against armor on modern warships may simply be cost. Adding armor increases weight, which mandates a larger hull to allow the warship to carry that extra weight and still have enough room for the mission specific equipment (and active defenses). Larger, heavier warships are more expensive than smaller lighter ones. In the politics of warship procurement it will be very difficult to argue for armor as it increase cost and superficially does not appear to increase capability.Questions already answered: How tough are American aircraft carriers? Can they absorb damage like a tank or are they delicate giants? (Quora)Kevlar Armor: important areas.Advanced missile defence systems:RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile designed to stop anti ship cruise missilesRadar jamming technology to disrupt enemy radarFlares to throw off missilesTorpedo defence systemsMissile defence cannons and missile launchers.Aircraft on board, ranging from air combat to electronic warfare.How did Japanese battleships compare to their German counterparts? (Quora)Trillion Dollar Defense – Advanced Modern WarshipsL’USS Zumwalt, le futur destroyer de la marine américaine, bientôt mis à l’eauThe Most Technologically Advanced Warship Ever BuiltWarship - WikipediaTypes of warshipChina Kicks Off Construction of its Biggest Amphibious Assault ShipUSS America Gets Ready For First Overseas DeploymentAmphibious assault shipAviso type A69 Commandant Bouan F797Aviso, a kind of dispatch boatCapital ship, the largest and most important ships in a nation's fleet. These were previously battleships, battlecruisers, and aircraft carriers, but the first two warship types are now no longer used.Aircraft carrier, a warship primarily armed with carrier-based aircraft. Battlecruiser, a ship with battleship-level armament and cruiser-level armor; typically faster than a battleship because the reduction in armor allowed mounting of more powerful propulsion machinery, or the use of a more slender hull shape with a lower drag coefficient.Battleship, a large, heavily armoured warship equipped with many powerful guns. A term which generally post-dates sailing warships.Ironclad battleship, battleships built before the pre-dreadnought in the 1870s and 1880sPre-dreadnought battleship, sea-going battleships built to a common design before the launch of dreadnoughts, between the mid- 1880s and 1905. Pre-dreadnoughts commonly featured a mixed main battery composed of several different caliber guns.Dreadnought, an early 20th-century battleship, which set the pattern for all subsequent battleship construction. Dreadnoughts differ from pre-dreadnoughts in that they feature an all-big-gun main battery. The advantage lies in that if all the big guns have the same characteristics, only one firing solution will be needed to aim them all.Bireme, an ancient vessel, propelled by two banks of oars.Coastal defence ship, a warship built for the purpose of coastal defence.Commerce raider, any armed vessel—privately or government-owned—sanctioned to raid a nation's merchant fleet.Corvette Comandante Foscari of the Italian NavyCorvette, originally a small, lightly armed ship ordered by Winston Churchill, prime minister of Great Britain at the end of WW2. Corvette design was based on a commercial whale catcher, its primary attribute being ease of construction as an emergency wartime anti-submarine weapon. Its original engine was a reciprocating steam engine, original armament was one four inch gun, small arms and depth charges. Primary users of the World War II corvette were the British Royal Navy and the Royal Canadian Navy, although corvettes saw use elsewhere.Russian Slava-class cruiser Varyag in the Pacific OceanCruiser, a fast, independent warship. Traditionally, cruisers were the smallest warships capable of independent action. Along with battleships and battlecruisers, they have largely vanished from modern navies. Armored cruiser Heavy cruiser Pocket battleship Light cruiser Protected cruiser Unprotected cruiserJapanese SDF’s Aegis destroyerDestroyer, a fast and highly maneuverable warship, traditionally incapable of independent action. Originally developed to counter the threat of torpedo boats, they are now the largest independent warship generally seen on the ocean. Guided missile destroyerFast attack craftFire ship, a vessel of any sort set on fire and sent into an anchorage or fleet with the intention of causing destruction and chaos. Exploding fire ships may be called hellburners.Frigate, a ship used in modern navies (Although they date back to the 17th century) that are typically used to protect merchant vessels and other warships.Galleass, a sailing and rowing warship, equally well suited to sailing and rowing.Galleon, a 16th-century sailing warship.Galley, a warship propelled by oars with a sail for use in favourable winds.GunboatTonnerre (L9014) - Mistral class Amphibious Assault Ship (France)Helicopter carrier, an aircraft carrier especially suited to helicopters and amphibious assault.Great War Vessels: What are Iron Clad Ships?Ironclad, a wooden warship with external iron plating.Viking Longships: Fearless Dragonships Daring The Oceans And Seas | Ancient PagesLongship, a Viking raiding ship.Anatomy of an English Man of WarMan-of-war, a British Navy expression for a sailing warship.Minesweeper Defending D-DayMinesweeperRoyal Navy Hunt-class Mine Counter Measures Vessel HMS Brocklesby (M33) at The Tower, HM Naval Base, GibraltarMinehunterMinelayerType 022 Fast Attack Missile Craft Houbei Class of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLA) Report: Russian Arms Sales Give China a Better Chance in Competing with U.S. Ships - USNI NewsMissile boatMonitor, a small, heavily gunned warship with shallow draft designed for land bombardment.Two Japanese Coast Guard vessels block a Chinese trawler trying to signNow DuaoYu Islands (Pinicle Islands) to claim sovereignty.Naval trawlerNaval drifterOffshore patrol vesselQuinquereme, an ancient warship propelled by three banks of oars. On the upper row, two rowers hold one oar; on the middle row, two rowers; and on the lower row, one man to an oar.Ship of the line, a sailing warship capable of standing in the line of battle. A direct predecessor to the later battleship.The sloop Providence is a replica of the first warship at the inception of the US NavySloopRussia's Submarine Force Is Back: How Worried Should America Be?Submarine, a ship capable of remaining underwater for extended periods. Submarines in the world wars could stay under for less than a day, but development of nuclear reactors and air-independent propulsion allows submarines to stay submerged for weeks, even months at a time, with food supplies as the only limiting factor.Torpedo boat, a small, fast surface vessel designed for launching torpedoes.Trireme RammingTrireme, an ancient warship propelled by three banks of oars.China’s 3rd Aircraft Carrier

Types of e commerceE-Commerce and E-Business/Concepts and DefinitionsWhat is e-commerce?Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services.It also pertains to “any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather than by physical exchanges or direct physical contact.”E-commerce is usually associated with buying and selling over the Internet, or conducting any transaction involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods or services through a computer-mediated network.Though popular, this d...