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FAQs
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Is HAL Tejas really a junk fighter aircraft?
Anonymous OP= Sadist w/o enough proof and evidence a.k.a TROLL.So here it is for Ya’all sadists fanboys.LOOK AT IT. UNDERSTAND IT. DIGEST IT. RESPECT IT!The answer is very long, but I assure you that it is to the point and will answer both questions in detail.The LCA-Tejas is the replacement for the soviet origin Mig-21 fighter aircrafts, which have been in air for around 70 years with various air-forces across the globe, Indian Air Force being a major customer with considerable numbers still in service. The LCA has hit the production lines and 123 are on order.But it is still a question if LCA is a worthy successor to the Mig-21? and if the country has gained anything from this or is it just another piece of junk?This answer shall dig into the above questions.Content:1.Role2.Aerodynamics3.Stealth4.Safety5.How it has helped the country?ROLE:Mig-21: It was primarily designed and inducted as an Interceptor, Later it was modified as CAS and a airsuperiority fighter.LCA: Point defense, multi-role fighter.Inference: The primary job of an interceptor is to gain speed and height quickly and to intercept incoming threats. They are not primarily designed to undertake CAS and Air-superiority fighter roles whereas LCA from the first day was supposed to be a multirole fighter. The design of Mig allows it to travel at very high speeds with degraded performance at low speed where as LCA has a balanced performance in all speed regimes.Little knowledge before going further:Aspect Ratio(AR): Ratio of total lenth of wing(wing span) to ChordWing loading(WL): It is ratio of gross weight to be carried by wing to area of wingLeading edge/Trailing edge :Anhedral/Dihedral:Chord: Line joining Leading edge to trailing edgeAOA: Angle between chord and Wind.Critical AOA: AOA for which lift is maximum or angle after which lift starts decreasing rapidly.Relation of AR with lift:Lift Vs AOA for various AR:Inference :Higher AR will have higher LiftMore the AR less will be the Critical AOA.Higher the AR, higher the induced dragAerodynamics of Delta Wings:Lift generated by delta wing has two components: Vortex lift+Potential Flow lift (read Lift on a flat plate)At lower angle of attack the lift is only the Potential flow component.(AOA=0*-5*)At higher angle of attacks Vortex are generated by the leading edge, which flow over wing and creates a low pressure region over wing and hence lift is generated.(AOA=5*-20*)At higher AOA the vortex starts getting disturbed and lift is decreased but can be controlled by certain measures.(AOA=20*-30*)Delta wing shows low lift at low A.O.A because of following reasons:More surface area for given amount of lift causes more viscous drag which decreases Lift/Drag ratio. More the ratio is better the lift.At low AOA the formation of vortex is not uniform or flow separation or due to vortex burst(I oversimplified way too much).Relation of WL with Maneuverability: The less the WL the better and faster will be the roll maneuver.AERODYNAMICS:Wing Type:Mig-21: Pure Cropped Delta with tail.LCA: Cropped Compound tailless delta.Inference: Mig had an extra control surface that added to the drag at high speed regime. Being pure cropped delta has it’s fair share of disadvantages as i mentioned above. Also due to the design the take off speed and distance is more for Mig-21 than Tejas.AR:Mig-21: 2.2LCA: ~1.75(Wing span^2 / wing area)Inference: Mig-21 focuses on more lift whereas LCA for less drag, no one wins in this department all matter of priorities. Trade-offs can’t be avoided.WL:Mig-21: 452LCA: 247Inference: LCA is a clear winner, this makes LCA more maneuverable in combat.Thrust to Weight Ratio:Mig-21: 0.7LCA: 1.07Inference: LCA wins, this gives LCA a better climb rate than Mig-21.Wing Position:Mig-21: -2* dihedralIts 2 deg annhedral sirLCA: Anhedral:Inference: Anhedral position of delta wings generates extra lift. LCA wins.AOA: This part is tricky.Mig-21:30*LCA:28*Inference: Despite using dihedral swept back cranks LCA has AOA 2* less than Mig-21, but at the same time it is good in terms of existing 4.5 gen aircrafts. The reason for the following can be the pure delta of Mig-21 which are best suited in for high AOA but poor lift at low AOA where as LCA tries to keep the lift enact even at low AOA and low speed, so the reduction of 2* AOA in LCA is a trade-off for a wider flight envelope.STEALTH:Inlet:Mig-21: Inlet cone with Inlet at front of the plane.LCA: Supersonic, Y-duct below and behind the wing.Inference: Mig doesnot gives stealth due to the protruding cone and compressor RCS just visible at the front whre as LCA has two advantage:Stealth by covering the Compressor RCS.Continious suppply of air at high AOA.Material Used:Mig-21: Mostly metal or alluminium alloyLCA: 44% is Carbon composite.Inference: LCA is more lighter, stronger and stealthier.Wing Blending: The Blending of wing with fuselage in LCA does two things:Lower down the RCS.Make fuselage a Lift generating object. This feature is not present in Mig-21.RAM: Extensive use of RAM(Radar Absorbing Materials) decrease the RCS both of body and the Cockpit through canopy.SAFETY:Needless to say from the day LCA was first flown it had never ever met with an accident, Mig-21 doesnot have a appreciable safety record which has earned it the name of “Flying Coffin”.IS LCA PROJECT A SCAM ON TAXPAYERS MONEY?Well, probably what’s your say on these?We paid $2B for INS vikramaditya when it was projected to be several millions.We are paying more than $3B for FGFA but the work share and ToT is still questionable.We are major share holder in Mig-29 and SU-30 MKI developement and still the supplier doesn't share spare parts of the same, result being more than 40% fighters being grounded at any given time and frequent crashes.We bought T-90S but it's FCS, Armour and Air condition, RCWS all run on that developed by DRDO for Arjun MBT, same stands for T-72 CIA. Reason Russia didn’t share the ToT as per agreement.Add up all these and the total financial figure can easily cross $10B. But still the media never shys away from calling this utterly over expensive, frequent maintainance and accident prone Russian equipments some sort of “Brahmastra” and the LCA which hasn’t met with an accident so far and an availability of 73% all the time a DUD. This is a bigger scam. Isn’t it?Coming to Tejas:1. It was meant to replace Mig-21 which was not a key fighter either.2.LCA remains the cheapest programme with just $1B on it’s R&D. Atleast one-fourteenth of the budget of nearest contemporary and still comparable.Can the OP produce any official reports to quantify the fact that an aircraft which is developed by an R&D organisation whose Total R&D budget is one-sixth of an E-retailing company’s R&D and having underpaid scientists as compared to it’s international peers is a SCAM.IS IT A CHEAP MIRAGE COPY?Perhaps NO. Why?Here is it :WING POSITION W.R.T FUSELAGE:Mirage: Flat i.e 0* w.r.t to horizontol axis.LCA: AnhedralInference: For Delta Wings Anhedral placement creates more lift, which further help to counter the lack of lift during slow speeds in tejas but thats not the case with Mirage, suffers lack of lift during slow speeds.Extra LIFT AND PERFORMANCE INCREMENT DEVICES(Canards/LERX/Chine etc):Mirage: Small strake on the intakes above wing.LCA: Crank (Marked in pink and dihedrally placed)Inference: Mirage doesnot have any Lift increment device, the strakes it uses it gives a littlehelp in maintaining airflow at high AOA but not very effective , unlike tejas whose dihedrally positioned forward swept crank helps it a lot to maintain lift at high angle of attack(AOA) by delaying flow separation above wings.BLENDING WING : Look at wing- fuselage for junction both :Mirage: The junction is clearly visible.LCA: There is blending of juction between wing-fuselage.Inference: Now this feature does two things-Makes the fuselage self lift creating object.Helps to reduce the RCS and add stealth to aircraft.Mirage is in disadvantage in this one.WING-LOADING : The lower the better. Lower wing loading is a key deciding factor about the maneuverability of aircraft. Lower wing-loading helps in better dogfight.Mirage:337 kg/m²LCA: 247 kg/m²Now comes the most complex of all but rather ignored topic the INTAKES. The topic is scientifically very critical in deciding the performance of aircraft.The position of inlet:Mirage: Beside the fuselage.LCA: Under and Behind wing.Inference: Putting the inlet sidewise, creates airflow moving over the surface of the fuselage develops a turbulent boundary layer, and ingesting this turbulent boundary layer into the engines may causes problems in the compressors if not it adds to drag. Also at high AOA this position of inlets does not ensure a good performance but in case of tejas the position of inlet behind wind ensures a considerable of amount of air supply to engine at high AOA which is not in case of Mirage.Type of Intake:Further the intakes of Mirage are old gen intake comprising inlet cone but which doesnot helps to guard the compressor RCS, but Tejas uses Y-Duct intake that curtails the compressor RCS and gives a big RCS reduction to tejas and adds to tejas’s stealth which is not the case with Mirage.Above: Inlet cone of Mirage; Below: Y-duct inlet design.Conclusion: Where Mirage was primarily developed to replace Mirage III it was supposed to be a interceptor and good ground attack capability which are the strong points of mirage but lacks little bit in Air to Air and Stealth capability whereas the LCA was always supposed to be point defense fighter to replace Mig-21 , hence it was supposed to have a well balance of ground attack, Air to Air combat and Stealth. Though LCA lacks in terms of range but thats a trade off between aerodynamics, stealth and attack capability just like the Mirage which does just the reverse. It’s all matter of priorities. The following points proves that LCA is not copy of Mirage-2000 either!A SHEAR WASTE OF TAXPAYERS MONEY?Hell No, I don’t believe so!TEJAS IS NOT A FIFITH GENERATION AIRCRAFT. IT WAS NOT SUPPOSED TO BE ONE. IT IS REPLACEMENT FOR MIG-21. IT DOES JOB QUITE WELL. LETS KEEP IT THAT WAY. TELLING TEJAS IS FIFTH GENRATION AIRCRAFT WHEN IT IS NOT IS UNDERMINING THE AIRCRAFT DELIBERATELY. WE HAVE FGFA AND AMCA PROGRAMMES TO TAKE CARE OF FIFTH GENERATION AIRCRAFT NEEDS.Rest of the answer i am reposting one of my earlier ones:IAF is at least of its air squadron power ever, this answer shall also look into this point if this situation was sudden or it was predictable.HAL tejas a failure or Success?Well its time to find out…Content:History of developement: HAL Marut, MCA(Most of us won’t have even heard of it), LCA-tejasTechnologies developed: Fly-by wire, engine, radar, aerodynamics, avionicscontribution to the industry/ country .comparison of budgets with other fighter jets?Let’s start with:HISTORY:HAL MARUT:The first supersonic fighter jets in Asia.Served efficiently from 1960–1991 without any severe problems.Also IAF was enjoying aerial supremacy in the region with the newly developed and bought 1200 Mig-21, during this time the PLAAF was not as strong as IAF. But Chinese realised “SOMETHING” that we (excluding navy) didn’t and are still denying from realising it.It was first fighter jet developed, designed and manufactured in India.It got some engine problems, GTRE did developed engine for it, it worked with complete efficiency but was incompatible with aircraft. Had there been foresightedness in airforce, governement and beuraucracy a little more funds would have given us a new engine for Marut. But Marut died a slow death given by beuraucracy, poor R&D funding(which still is poor), and lack of foresightedness.HAL MCA(Medium Combat Aircraft): Say Hello to this Guy!!It was the twin engined, vertical stabilizer less, 360 Thrust vectoring nozzle aircraft a.k.a twin engined MCA(big brother of MCA)It was proposed in early 2000s.But We did the same mistake again, IAF showed little interest in the program and the plan was shelved back in 2000s and the IAF insisted on the LCA and insisted for 126 MCA from foreign and hence started the saga of 126 MMRCA with tender being issued in 2001. The deal was signed for just 36 in 2016. We wasted 16 years again, had there been foresightedness and less corruption in the system , with proper absorption of public and private industry, this thing would have been already into the sky.But, it never saw the daylight and remained a proposal.HAL TEJAS:The so called 1980 is just a media propaganda, it was the year IAF mentioned this matter, 1984 ADA was formed and 1990 finally funds were released so actual commencement was 1990 and not alleged 1980.At last there was some ray of hope though tarnished by 1999 nuclear test embargos, Tejas took to the sky in 2001.LCA was named tejas by then PM.Shri Atal Bihari Bajpayee. The programme went well till 2004, it slowed down after 2004 due to slack nature of then government, corruption throughout the reign rocked the entire country during this period, Let alone tejas it was just a small Fighter jet under developement.2014 BJP governement came back again with absolute majority and Defense Minister being Manohar parrikar, clearly stating that Tejas is his dream project.Tejas programme in this two year period i.e 2014–16 saw a faster speed of developement with 123 strong tejas being ordered by DAC and in early 2017 it’s FOC started with successfull firing of Derby guided missile in guided missile mode.TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED:Airframe and Aerodynamics(including stealth):The exact RCS of tejas is unknown. But it is said that it is “1/3 of mirage”, considerably low as compared to other 4th generation aircrafts because ofHigh usage of carbon composites.Being small in size adds to the lowering the RCS.Y-shape inlets that reduces the heat signature of the engine..Use of RAM(Radar Absorbent material) paints.Addition of AESA radar in mk1a and mk2 will ensure that tejas locks on to the target before target sees it which adds to the LO feature.Radar waves normally enter the cockpit reflects of objects & possibly return to the radar and even the HMD of pilot itself contributes to RCS. To avoid this Tejas canopy is coated with a thin film transparent conductor of Indium Tin Oxide. The coating is thin enough that it has no adverse effect on pilot vision and can reflect the radar waves away from the radar antenna.quadraplex digital fly-by-wire control system.ENGINE:A little bit history about the kaveri engine:The GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri is a turbofan project developed by the (GTRE), a lab under the DRDOT the Kaveri was originally intended to power production models of the Tejas LCA fighter.This was approx 202 mn $ project.Later on the project was divided into two category: K9 and K 10K9: Will be completely indigenous with only foreign consultation and certification.K10: Will be a joint venture with a foreign partner.Problems that occured:Kaveri engine in its present form uses directionally solidified blade technology which is rather an old tech and it couldn’t tolerate the high temperature in its combustion chamber called “Kabini”. The solution was “single crystal blades”The thrust generated was nearly 65 to 70% of what was needed.Performance decay at high altitude.A peculiar noise when in after burning mode..Here comes the MMRCA deal which many think was a bad decision by the current leadership as it just bought 36 rafales. But if we look closely to the offset, it was boon to us as under the offset:Snecma which manufacture the Rafales M-88 core agreed to help and signNow the engine in 18 months.DRDO has been given a virtual carte blanche to channelise offsets from the Indian Rafale deal to resurrect the Kaveri.Snecma, a partner in the Rafale programme, builds the Rafale’s twin M88 turbofan engines. Under the terms of the partnership , Snecma is working to modify, signNow and integrate the Kaveri on a Light Combat Aircraft airframe before 2020.A later phase in the partnership will involve modifications on the Kaveri for a twin configuration on India’s AMCA fifth generation fighter concept and an altered non-reheat version for the Ghatak UCAV.According to DRDO chief the kaveri engine will be ready by next aero india.Another good new is that altitude test and flying test bed trials have been completed. Official statement of MoD in Parliament” In a written reply to the Lok Sabha in December 2016, Minister of State for Defence Subhash Bhamre had called the effort of the GTRE in developing the engine as “an attempt to mastering one of the most complex technologies”. The minister said the altitude test and flying test bed trials for the engine had been completed and other developmental problems were being addressed to make the engine flight-worthy through in-house efforts as well with assistance from abroad”.The engine will be first used on Tejas PV-1.Other uses will beGhatak UCAV(Dry variant or w/o afterburner)AMCATejas Mk2Also, Rolls royce has collaborated with DRDO on developing the K10 engine. This engine’s first prototype is to be expected in 12 month. The news was broken out in Aero-india 2017 in february.http://www.thehindu.com/news/nat...UK’s Rolls Royce, India’s DRDO working together on engine for fighter jetsWIND TUNNEL FACILITIES:Perhaps you have made this 74 Wind tunnel facilities across the country and other aerospace testing centres.LCA was the principle project that compelled India to develope all this centres of excellence indigenously after being kicked out from Buffalo, USA after ’99 nuclear test.AVIONICS:Indigenous HUD.EW suite for Tejas is under developement for LCA but since it is small it has to be compact other than that Tusker EW suite is the bigger derivative of the suite Mayavi EW for LCA and is used for Mig-29, jaguar and Su-30. Samyukta is also another EW suite that has used the experience from past developement of Mayavi and tusker EW.Early version of tejas (PVs) had analog display now they fly on Digital display designed by DARE(DRDO).Also DARE has developed the litening targetting pod for effective targetting of air version of brahmos.It’s HMD is ELBIT designed, but its friend and foe detection is designed by DRDO.UTTAM AESA (Further updates:Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to Is India developing/working on AESA radars?)radar has given rise to many other forms of AESA radar such as that used on swordfish radar, AEW&C, recently successfully launched QRSAM.CONTRIBUTION TO COUNTRY/INDUSTRY:Private sector giants especially TATA SED and L&T have gained a lot of experience in electronics and manufacturing respectively.It has created a chain of MSMEs.Almost entire fuselage which includes wings, center of fuselage is made by private companies and HAL is only a integrator.AMOUNT OF RESOURCE:Tejas is the most economical 4.5 gen aircraft programme ever with $1 bn spent on programme, whereas Gripen is 14 bn$ programme and F-16 even more.Tejas has never ever faced an accident whereas its competitor Grippen has faced Two accidents.Given the amount of experience by spending the least amount of money compared to any fighter jet programme as shown by above facts and two failed attempts to develope or continue to develope a fighter jets, TEJAS LCA IS A SUCCESS.The “SOMETHING” that i mentioned earlier is the thing that complete indigenisation is the only way you can survive for long and you can see how strong and thriving the chinese aerospace industry is now(you can abuse me as traitor, porkistani and whatever you may like).But it’s time to accept that only R&D can give us what we call as self reliance and not so called ToT that we keep asking from other nations.No nation will give critical technologies that have made them pioneers of their respective field. By giving critical tech to another company, no parent company in sane mind would create their own competitor. But w/o critical tech we can’t modify the weapon platforms according to needs as all IPR are reserved with the parent company, forget about creating a new one.Hence LCA TEJAS is a success and the present squadron crisis was predictable and also preventable had there been foresightedness in IAF, beuraucracy to develope complete R&D infrastructure by consuming potential of both private and public sector also academic institutions to the fullest.Hope this is sufficient for you, or else I can serve more but that will be on further requests. LOLz.Footnotes:1.Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to After the failure of Kaveri GTX jet engine is India still developing an indigenous jet engine?2.https://www.quora.com/Why-cant-India-develop-its-own-AESA-radar/answer/Soikot-Banerjee?srid=RKYr3.Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to Why can't India develop its own AESA radar?4.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-RCS-of-Tejas/answer/Soikot-Banerjee?srid=RKYrPic credits: Google and Respective ownerPic credits: GooglePic credits:respective owners and google.Data: Wikipedia
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How many days does it take to register a company in India? What about approval of the company name?
The above inforgraphic will answer the question you had raised.Also, I am attaching other informative ones too:
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How many types of e-commerce communication are available and how do I apply them in e-commerce business?
Types of e commerceE-Commerce and E-Business/Concepts and DefinitionsWhat is e-commerce?Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services.It also pertains to “any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather than by physical exchanges or direct physical contact.”E-commerce is usually associated with buying and selling over the Internet, or conducting any transaction involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods or services through a computer-mediated network.Though popular, this d...
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What tactics do insurgents used against counter-insurgency?
Let me start with some insurgent incidents in Jammu and Kashmir.Under the cover of heavy mortar fire, a Pakistani special forces team sneaked 250 metres across the Line of Control (LoC) into the Poonch sector of Jammu and Kashmir and beheaded two Indian security personnel on 1st May 2017. The Indian army patrol, whose two members were killed, Naib Subedar Paramjeet Singh of Army and Head Constable Prem Sagar from BSF, might just have walked into a death trap laid by the enemy. The incident occurred when a joint team of the army and BSF had gone to check the veracity of an intelligence report that landmines had been planted by Pakistani troops on the Indian side. As they were looking for landmines, the patrol was taken by surprise by Pakistan's Border Action Team (BAT) that had laid an ambush over 250 metres deep inside the Indian territory. The Indian Army has vowed an "appropriate" response to the "despicable act", which signNowly took place a day after Pakistan army chief Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa visited some areas along the LoC and promised support to the Kashmiris.On 22nd November 2016, in a cross-Line of Control (LoC) attack by suspected Pakistani terrorists, three Indian soldiers were killed, with the body of one of them being mutilated in second such incident in less than a month, triggering outrage in this country. Earlier a jawan's body was mutilated in the same sector since 28 October 2017. On that day, terrorists, aided by the cover fire by Pakistani Army, had crossed the LoC and killed an Indian army jawan and mutilated his body in the Macchil sector. One attacker was killed in that incident.There are many previous instances of killing and mutilation of body of Indian soldier inside India by Pakistani terrorists. Why these barbaric incidents repeat on regular intervals? Country like Israel solved these type of border attacks long back using technology and determination to chase enemy by entering enemy territory. India started this only recently. This cross border infiltration of terrorists can be minimized with barbed wire fence (which is partly deployed in J&K), surveillance drones (not yet used), night vision and thermal cameras (partly used), long distance sniffer rifles (started using recently). The 1.1 million strong Indian Army lost one brave heart every third day in last 13-years. The data of Indian army, between the period of January 2005 to December 2017, revealed that total 1,684 men lost their lives in ceasefire violation by Pakistan, anti-terrorist operations, counter-insurgency, offensive tactical missions and peacekeeping missions.In a major decision, only after a major multiple location joint terrorist act by LeT and JeM (Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad) on mid Febuary 2018 at Shrinagar, Sunjwan Army Camp inJammu coupled with border firing, the defence ministry at last on 14th February 2018 approved capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 15,935 crore which included purchase of 7.40 lakh assault rifles, 5,719 sniper rifles and light machine guns to bolster the strength of the armed forces. The long-pending proposals were cleared at a meeting of the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), the defence ministry's highest decision making body on procurement. The rifles will be produced in in India under the 'Buy and Make (Indian)' category through both state-run Ordnance Factory Board and private sector. Some "essential quantity" of Light Machine Guns (LMGs) will be purchased through the "fast track" route at an estimated cost of over Rs 1,819 crore, primarily to meet the operational requirement of the troops deployed on the borders. "A concurrent proposal is being processed for the balance quantity to be procured under the 'Buy and Make (Indian)' categorisation," the ministry said. The DAC also approved procurement of 5,719 sniper rifles for the Indian Army and Indian Air Force at an estimated cost of Rs 982 crore, the ministry said. The sniper rifles will be bought under the 'Buy Global' category, the ammunition for these weapons will be initially procured and subsequently manufactured in India. Final order for sniper and assault rifles were finaly placed just before the elections and after Balakot strike.From India's first private small arms manufacturing unit based at Malanpur, M.P., India, and Israel will manufacture lethal Israeli guns for the Indian armed forces and the world. This has been made possible through a joint venture between Indian defence conglomerate, Punj Lloyd, and Israel Weapon Industries. As clearly stated by Army Chief General Bipin Rawat there is a need to invest more in the military, in view of emerging security threats. And these are the guns that will add to the capabilities of the armed forces. Tavor assault rifle, an alternative to INSAS rifle. It uses 5.56mm cartridges and capacity to fire 30 rounds. It has compact body, corrosion resistant metal parts and stable at all firing positions. This weapon is used by NATO and was also used during the surgical strikes in POK. Negev Light Machine gun, can be mounted on inside helicopters, over vehicles and naval vessels. It has different variants and uses 5.56 mm and 7.65 mm cartridges. It has a automatic & semi-automatic mode. Galil Sniper, can hit targets up to 1 km away and even at this range will fire accurately at targets, which are small and mobile. Its 7.65mm calibre and has a capacity of 10 to 25 rounds and semi-automatic feature ensures it is stable while firing. Indian Navy's MARCOS also using the sniper rifle. Tavor X95 is the only three calibre weapon in the world. It be used as an assault rifle, carbine or sub-machine gun and can be used by single hand which is ideal for VIP security conducted by NSG, SPG.Obsolete guns (INSAS rifles), lack of bullet proof jacket and obsolete head (patta) protection gear for Indian Army soldiers is the primary reason of loss of one soldier every third day.On July 8 2016, when security forces gunned down Kashmiri terrorist Burhan Wani, poster-boy of the banned terror group Hizbul Mujahideen, they tried to get him, they couldn’t locate any terrorist in the house in a village in Kokernag in south Kashmir despite precise intelligence tip-offs. The commanding officer and his men, it is learnt, entered the house twice but were unable to find any terrorists who were hiding in a false ceiling. During the third round of searches, the hiding militants gave themselves away when they fired at the Army men. It was only after that that three men, including Wani, were killed, leading to unrest in the entire Valley.Often, troops face hostile crowds when they are unable to locate a terrorist at a house notified by human intelligence as well as technically generated intelligence. Given the many hits and misses, need was felt for ‘through-the-wall’ radars which would help troops function better during counter-insurgency operations especially in densely populated areas. Aiming to detect terrorists who might be hiding in wall cavities or false ceilings, the Indian Army will now use ‘through the wall’ radar imaging during counter-insurgency operations in Kashmir Valley. A few such radar systems have already been imported by the Army, the technology would help in more precise – and effective –anti-militancy operations. It would enable forces to get the pinpointed location of terrorists hiding inside homes in congested areas and also avoid civilian casualties. The radar is based on short electromagnetic waves generated by the ‘signatures’ of people hidden behind the wall or other concrete barriers. It is useful for detecting small changes in electromagnetic waves induced by humans; this includes even micro-movements caused by breathing. The images on the radar will give army an upper hand in determining the position of hiding terrorists and their movements on real-time basis.On more than one occasion, the Army and the Special Operations Group of Jammu and Kashmir Police have had to return without engaging with militants despite specific intelligence inputs. Local informers later conveyed that the terrorists were hiding in a specially created false ceiling or an underground cavity in the same house that had been raided, said a senior official involved in the anti-militancy drive.Though the Army has imported only a few such radars, Army is hopeful that the number would go up once their utility was put to test. Interestingly, the Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE), a wing of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), has been making attempts to build the radar indigenously. However, the product has not moved to the trial stage yet. Named Divyachakshu (divine eye), the radar is designed to scan 25-30 cm wall. The project was started after 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks when commandos of the elite NSG unit were injured while clearing the Taj Mahal hotel.Another important protection for Indian Army fighting insurgency is bullet proof jacket. India spends Rs 1.5 lakh on a single jacket used by the military and para-military forces which are imported from USA. This is going to change under Modi governments ‘Make in India’ plan. Professor Shantanu Bhowmick of Amrita University, Coimbatore has developed a bullet proof jacket will cost only Rs 50,000 per jacket as compared to USA imported one of Rs. 1.5 lakhs. That means India will save Rs 20,000 crores every year. The present bullet proof jackets being used by our jawans in the Army, BSF, CRPF, and Police are heavy, weighing anywhere between 15-18 kgs. These new lightweight jackets weigh 6-8 times less at just 1.5 kg. Indiginous jacket who got approval from MOD (ministry of Defence), which is made from indigenous ultra modern lightweight thermoplastic technology, has 20 layers and the carbon fiber in it will enable the jacket to work in 57 degrees Celsius also.Despite frequent joint patrolling / anti terrorism drill with Russia, USA etc. and exposure to latest technology being used by other countries, Indian front line soldiers are being forced to use outdated technology like INSAS rifles and iron ‘patta’ as headgear.The file photo of 1959 shows airborne soldiers of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) attending a parade to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in Beijing, captial of China. This proves that even in 1950s when Chinese were fighting Korean war, they were well armed (see helmet, gloves, gun quality). Leg pulling exercise at Wagah India-Pak border going on for 50 years. China successfully boxed India inside South Asia.The government is testing 'air-conditioned' jackets to be worn by special force soldiers who operate for long hours in hot areas. Though the government has not said what material the jackets would be made of and the kind of technology used, former Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar has confirmed that trials for such jackets are on. "In a special forces operation, there is extensive exercise. The body heats up. He [soldier] feels very uncomfortable. At that time if he has an air-conditioned jacket, he is more comfortable. The US Army is already using jackets, worn underneath body armour, which provide cooling to soldiers. A small battery that fits inside the armour powers the system, according to the US Department of Defence.No lessons learnt from 1962 war: Indian soldiers with cotton clothes during November 1962 at high altitude Himalayas. Chinese provincial police is also well armed and protected with helmetsThe government recently had empowered the Vice Chief of Army to directly procure ammunition and spares to maintain readiness for short duration "intense wars". The full financial powers was given to the Army after an internal review found that optimum level of "war stores" were not being maintained. Ninety-six contracts involving Rs 85,733 crore have been signed with Indian vendors for capital procurement of defence equipment for the armed forces in the last three financial years of Modi government, the government said in October 2017.The Army is looking for an Individual Protection System, comprising ballistic helmet, bodysuit and shoes, for soldiers who face terrorists in Jammu and Kashmir. It will hold a meeting soon with potential manufacturers who would make presentations. The Army intends to procure about 60,000 of the Individual Protection System, the first of its kind in India. The Army wants that the system to be light to ensure easy mobility and reduce fatigue. It also wants the suit to have the ability to protect soldiers against blasts and also monitor vital health parameters of the soldiers wearing them. The protection system should also have devices to help jawans fight modern warfare. Earlier this month, the Army had released a questionnaire to identify probable Indian vendors who can undertake the project under the ‘make’ category of the Defence Procurement Procedure, 2016. The questionnaire said that the system should protect soldiers wearing it from 7.62x39mm bullets, used in AK-47 rifles, besides other types of ammunition. A primary weapon of terrorists in J&K is the AK-47. A key component of the system will have to be the ballistic helmet, which should weigh about 1.2 kg. “The helmet will protect the head, face, neck and ears. It will consist of goggles for protection for the eyes,” reads the questionnaire. The system’s ballistic body suit should be able to protect at least 80% of the body from ballistic impact, says the questionnaire. The ballistic shoes should protect the lower part of the body from bullet splinters and mine shrapnel. Furthermore, the system should be able to monitor health parameters such as heartbeat, blood pressure and body temperature. The Army has been focussing on providing its soldiers in combat with components such as more lethality, protection, situational awareness, survivability and mobility. This is important in view of the terrorist strikes on military stations and the fatal casualties caused in such attacks and in countering them.
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How do i add an electronic signature to a word document?
When a client enters information (such as a password) into the online form on , the information is encrypted so the client cannot see it. An authorized representative for the client, called a "Doe Representative," must enter the information into the "Signature" field to complete the signature.
How to use electronic signature paint?
Here is how to use electronic signature paint:
1. Get started in this tutorial, and follow all steps.
2. Take your digital signature and print it on a piece of paper, paper that is not too thick. You can use a regular paper for that. We recommend paper with the same color as your skin, as it will ensure that your signature will be easy to see. If your signature does not fit on your paper, it will be very difficult to see on it.
3. Get a paint marker. You would be surprised how much this costs, and for good reasons. We've found cheap paint markers at local craft shops. If you can't make these yourself, then get a good brand like Tacky or Wet N' Wild. You can buy these at local craft stores, or you can buy them online. We buy ours at , where it costs just $ for a ounce bottle.
4. After you've purchased and used a paint marker, take that paint marker to a surface that is not too slick for ink to adhere to, and lightly paint your digital signature onto it. This will not be too messy, and it is a good idea to paint lightly, since the thicker the paint, the more ink that will be needed.
5. Place your signature on the paper that you want your digital signature on, such as a piece of newspaper.
6. Using the tip of the paint marker, apply very light pressure to the paper with a very light stroke. The lighter your stroke, the harder it will be to see. You want it to be very lightly brushed, without the brush leaving any ink on the paper.
7. Remove the paper from the paper hol...
How to edit and sign a pdf document?
Here are the steps to edit / sign a PDF.
STEP 2:
Go to
Go to the Adobe PDF Converter (or any of its extensions) and search for the pdf extension. You can also just search for "pdf" in the search box.
Click on the PDF file you want to convert, then click "Convert". After a few seconds, you should see some progress bars in the bottom left and a text box. When it says "The conversion was successfully completed," it means you can click the PDF file you want to open.
STEP 3:
Copy the PDF file you want your student to copy and paste in the "Copy to" field.
STEP 4:
Click Save at the bottom left, and it will ask for you to enter a password.
STEP 5:
Click the PDF file you want to open, then choose "Open with." (or "Choose" for older versions)
NOTE: In newer versions, you can click the "Open with" button and choose your PDF file. It may not work if your PDF has an older version.
STEP 6:
The student will need to sign their name, date and school to show that this is an official document for them. They'll also need their teacher's signature or signature of the student's parent.
You can sign the document and print it. (If you are doing this on a phone, you'll need to sign the document in the phone app on your phone.)
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