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Since areas like Hospital operations and functionality management are already explained in previous answers I would here explain you about the laws and legal requirements to start up a new hospital in India.Hospitals can primarily be of two types- government or private. Further, they can be general, speciality or multispeciality hospitals. Following are the rules and regulations need to comply for setting up a private hospital in Delhi:Registration/Requirement of LicensesClinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Bill, 2007 is passed by the parliament and implemented by the states, registration of all clinics (Private/Public) of all systems of medicine will become mandatoryRegistration with the municipal authorities (Delhi Shops and Establishments Act, 1954)Recognition for usage of narcotic drugs (Delhi Narcotic Drugs (Amendment) Rules, 2002Authorisation for generation of Bio-Medical Waste, if treating 1,000 or more patients per monthPermit for procurement/usage of spirit2. Land and ConstructionLand allotted for agriculture cannot be used. To start building the hospital wing, several permissions from local authorities need to be taken. Numerous documents need to be approved, like land deed, architect’s plan, etc.An occupation certificate is obtained after clearing all formalities.Electricity and waterAs per the requirements of the hospital, permission has to be taken from the local governing body to obtain electric meters and water supply.SewageProper disposal of waste requires a well planned sewage and drainage system, which is done after permission is required from the local board.Fire and Health LicenceA Fire licence is necessary to prove that the hospital will not cause any damage or loss of life and needs to be procured from the local municipal council.  Procuring a health licence is vital to provide health care to the patients.Biomedical wasteThis is very vital aspect and permission of Municipal Corporation is required for installing incinerators required to dispose of medical waste and body parts.By ministry of environment and forestControlled by state pollution control boardRegulations Related to Employment of StaffEmployment of staff (Doctors, Nurses, Pharmacists) only after proper credentialingPrevention of sexual harassment of women at work placeResponsibility of employer for safety of employeesRules governing the employment of staff (Delhi Shops and Establishments Act, 1954)Immunisation / other measures for protection of staff from Occupational Health hazards.Sign BoardsRules for the size, contents and correct place for sign boards (IMC Regulations 2002)Information to be displayed at the HospitalCertificate of registration of clinic with the municipal authoritiesIMC/SMC registration certificate (IMC Regulations, 2002)Charges for consultation and other procedures/services (IMC Regulations 2002)Clinic timings, closed days (Delhi Shops and Establishments Act, 1954)Documents to be maintained by the ClinicRegistration of the clinic with the municipal authorities (Delhi Shops and Establishments Act, 1954)Record of employment of adults, letters of employment issued and hours of workMaintenance of record of patients treated (IMC Regulations 2002) and a register of medico-legal cases (MLCs)Maintenance of a register of medical certificates issuedCopies of medical certificates issuedRegistration certificates of doctors/nurses/pharmacists with the State Medical Councils (SMCs)Professional qualifications (degrees/diplomas) of the staffRecord of consumption of Morphine (if applicable) (Delhi Narcotic Drugs Rules, 2002)Account of money receipts and expenses (Income Tax Act, 1961)Authorization for generation of Bio-Medical Waste and record of category wise waste generated (BMW Management Rules, 1998)Issue of any medical certificate, notification, document or report, which is untrue, misleading or improper is a misconduct and punishable offence (IMC Regulations 2002, Section 197 of Indian Penal Code)Regulations Related to Treatment of PatientsValid consent for examination/investigation/treatment/research procedure (or informed refusal of consent), as applicable (IMC Regulations, 2002)Confidentiality of privileged communication, as far as permitted under the lawLife saving treatment of emergency casesRegistration under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act 1971, the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PNDT) Act, 1994, as applicableRules for issue of prescriptions (IMC Regulations, 2002)Maintenance of Medical Records of the patients treated for a period of three years and as per the format vide Appendix 3 to the IMC Regulations, 2002Reporting of Medico-Legal cases to the policeReporting of occurrence of occupational diseasesResponsibility for ensuring safety of patientsRights of patientsPrivacy of patients during consultation, examination and treatmentProfessional indemnity insurance cover of an appropriate amount (Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999)Laws applicable to medical negligence - Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior, Indian Contract Law, Tort law, Consumer Protection Act, 1986, Indian Penal Code sections (52, 80, 88, 89, 92, 93, 274-276, 284, 304-A, 336, 337, 338 and 376-D).Drug and Cosmetics Act 1940, Drugs (Control) Act 1950, Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985, Drugs and Magic remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954, Pharmacy Act, 1948.2.  Submission of Reports/Returns to Health AuthoritiesCases of notifiable diseases as applicable in the state (Section 371, Delhi Municipal Corporation Act)Report of cases of food poisoning, if required by Municipal Health Authorities (Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954)Incidence of needle stick injuriesAnnual report under BM Waste Management Rules, 1998 (if applicable)Reports on the MTPs carried outReports on the USG abdomen (abdominal ultrasonography) done on the pregnant women.Safe disposal of infectious/hazardous waste generated at the clinic (BMW Management Rules, Environment Protection Act 1986, IPC Section 269, 270).Prohibition of unethical activities, such as soliciting patients directly or indirectly, by a physician, a group of physicians, or by institutions or organisations by advertising, self-promotion or self-aggrandizement use of touts for procuring patients giving/offering or receiving rebates, gifts, commissions, cutbacks or kickbacks in return for referral or procurement of patients etc (IMC Regulations, 2002).Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places Rules, 2008, Fire Safety Regulations, Financial Regulations: Income Tax Act, Value Added Tax (VAT) Act, Central Sales Tax Act, etc.State laws for prevention of vandalism/violence against medical service staff and institutions.Presently, the operation of private clinics is being governed by the Indian Medical Council (Professional Conduct, Etiquette and Ethics) Regulations 2002 and certain other legislations as outlined below.Cases of notifiable diseases as applicable in the state (Section 371, Delhi Municipal Corporation Act)Report of cases of food poisoning, if required by Municipal Health Authorities (Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954)Incidence of needle stick injuriesAnnual report under BM Waste Management Rules, 1998 (if applicable)Reports on the MTPs carried outReports on the USG abdomen (abdominal ultrasonography) done on the pregnant women.Safe disposal of infectious/hazardous waste generated at the clinic (BMW Management Rules, Environment Protection Act 1986, IPC Section 269, 270).Prohibition of unethical activities, such as soliciting patients directly or indirectly, by a physician, a group of physicians, or by institutions or organisations by advertising, self-promotion or self-aggrandizement use of touts for procuring patients giving/offering or receiving rebates, gifts, commissions, cutbacks or kickbacks in return for referral or procurement of patients etc (IMC Regulations, 2002).Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places Rules, 2008, Fire Safety Regulations, Financial Regulations: Income Tax Act, Value Added Tax (VAT) Act, Central Sales Tax Act, etc.State laws for prevention of vandalism/violence against medical service staff and institutions.Note:1. All of these regulations may not be applicable to every Hospital.2. Delhi Laws quoted above may be substituted by the relevant state laws

Click here for Digital SignatureTYPES OF DSCBased on the level of validation, DSC is issued in three classes. Class I only validates the email address of the user. You may not be required to provide any documents for this.Such DSCs are used by employers while communicating with employees on email. With a Class II DSC, the certificate may be validated by the signNowing authority or its representative. You will have to provide identity and address proof. These are used for e-filing income tax returns.A Class III DSC is issued directly by the signNowing authority and indicates a higher level of authenticity. To get a Class III DSC, you have to be personally present in front of the signNowing authority, along with identity and address proofs.Such DSCs are used to participate in e-tendering or e-auctions organized by governments or public sector companies. These can also be used for e-filing tax returns.What are different types/classes of Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)?Different classes of DSC are:Class-IClass-IIClass-IIIIncrement in Class is for security reasons and each class of DSC have different usage. Class-I is most basic form digital id and it not used in any of government service.Class-II is most used DSC and it is used for signing documents, filing IT returns, filing MCA forms and GST returns.Class-III is used to tenders and is costly than Class-II DSC.Class of Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) for Income Tax FilingFor filing income tax returns, tax audit reports you need Class-II Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).Income Tax website accepts Class-II DSC and you can buy a valid Class-II certificate to file your IT returns or any other form such as Form 15CA.Class of Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) for GSTYou need Class-II DSC to file GST returns. GST website allows Class-II DSC for registration, returns and authentication.

1. Registration/Requirement of Licenses• Registration with health authorities is not mandatory for private clinics but the clinic will be subject to inspections in case of any complaints. If and whenever the Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Bill, 2007 is passed by the parliament and implemented by the states, registration of all clinics (Private/Public) of all systems of medicine will become mandatory;• Registration with the municipal authorities (Delhi Shops and Establishments Act, 1954);• Recognition for usage of narcotic drugs (Delhi Narcotic Drugs (Amendment) Rules, 2002;• Authorisation for generation of Bio-Medical Waste, if treating 1,000 or more patients per month;• Permit for procurement/usage of spirit;• Registration under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act 1971, the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PNDT) Act, 1994, as applicable.2. Regulations Related to Employment of Staff• Employment of staff (Doctors, Nurses, Pharmacists) only after proper credentialing;• Prevention of sexual harassment of women at work place (Judgment of the Supreme Court of India (SCI) in Sakshi Vs the Union of India and Others);• Responsibility of employer for safety of employees (Delhi High Court Judgment in Ms XYZ Vs Shanti Mukund Hospital, Delhi and Punjab & Haryana High Court Judgment in Jasbir Kaur Vs the state of Punjab);• Rules governing the employment of staff (Delhi Shops and Establishments Act, 1954);• Immunisation / other measures for protection of staff from Occupational Health hazards.3. Sign Boards• Rules for the size, contents and correct place for sign boards (IMC Regulations 2002).4. Information to be displayed at the Clinic• Certificate of registration of clinic with the municipal authorities;• IMC/SMC registration certificate (IMC Regulations, 2002);• Charges for consultation and other procedures/services (IMC Regulations 2002);• Clinic timings, closed days (Delhi Shops and Establishments Act, 1954).5. Documents to be maintained by the Clinic• Registration of the clinic with the municipal authorities (Delhi Shops and Establishments Act, 1954);• Record of employment of adults, letters of employment issued and hours of work;• Maintenance of record of patients treated (IMC Regulations 2002) and a register of medico-legal cases (MLCs);• Maintenance of a register of medical certificates issued;• Copies of medical certificates issued;• Registration certificates of doctors/nurses/pharmacists with the State Medical Councils (SMCs);• Professional qualifications (degrees/diplomas) of the staff;• Record of consumption of Morphine (if applicable) (Delhi Narcotic Drugs Rules, 2002);• Account of money receipts and expenses (Income Tax Act, 1961);• Authorisation for generation of Bio-Medical Waste and record of category wise waste generated (BMW Management Rules, 1998);6. Issue of any medical certificate, notification, document or report, which is untrue, misleading or improper is a misconduct and punishable offence (IMC Regulations 2002, Section 197 of Indian Penal Code);7. Regulations Related to Treatment of Patients• Valid consent for examination/investigation/treatment/research procedure (or informed refusal of consent), as applicable (IMC Regulations, 2002);• Confidentiality of privileged communication, as far as permitted under the law;• Life saving treatment of emergency cases (SCI Judgment in Parmanand Katara Vs Union of India, and The Delhi State CDRC (Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission) Judgment in the case of death of NB Sub K L Guliani);• PNDT Act 1994, Conduct of Euthanasia (SCI Judgment in Aruna R Shanbaug Vs Union of India & Others, March 2011), MTP Act 1971 and IPC sections 312-315, 318;• Rules for issue of prescriptions (IMC Regulations, 2002);• Maintenance of Medical Records of the patients treated for a period of three years and as per the format vide Appendix 3 to the IMC Regulations, 2002;• Reporting of Medico-Legal cases to the police;• Reporting of occurrence of occupational diseases;• Responsibility for ensuring safety of patients (Judgment of Punjab High Court in Jasbir Kaur Vs the State of Punjab);• Rights of patients;• Privacy of patients during consultation, examination and treatment;• Professional indemnity insurance cover of an appropriate amount (Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999);• Laws applicable to medical negligence — Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior, Indian Contract Law, Tort law, Consumer Protection Act, 1986, Indian Penal Code sections (52, 80, 88, 89, 92, 93, 274-276, 284, 304-A, 336, 337, 338 and 376-D).8. Drug and Cosmetics Act 1940, Drugs (Control) Act 1950, Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985, Drugs and Magic remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954, Pharmacy Act, 1948.9. Submission of Reports/Returns to Health Authorities• Cases of notifiable diseases as applicable in the state (Section 371, Delhi Municipal Corporation Act);• Report of cases of food poisoning, if required by Municipal Health Authorities (Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954);• Incidence of needle stick injuries;• Annual report under BM Waste Management Rules, 1998 (if applicable);• Reports on the MTPs carried out;• Reports on the USG abdomen (abdominal ultrasonography) done on the pregnant women.10. Safe disposal of infectious/hazardous waste generated at the clinic (BMW Management Rules, Environment Protection Act 1986, IPC Section 269, 270).11. Prohibition of unethical activities, such as soliciting patients directly or indirectly, by a physician, a group of physicians, or by institutions or organisations by advertising, self-promotion or self-aggrandizement; use of touts for procuring patients; giving/offering or receiving rebates, gifts, commissions, cutbacks or kickbacks in return for referral or procurement of patients etc (IMC Regulations, 2002).12. Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places Rules, 2008, Fire Safety Regulations, Financial Regulations: Income Tax Act, Value Added Tax (VAT) Act, Central Sales Tax Act, etc.13. State laws for prevention of vandalism/violence against medical service staff and institutions.Note: 1. All of these regulations may not be applicable to every clinic.2. Delhi Laws quoted above may be substituted by the relevant state laws.

Short answer: yes…but.Long answer: in addition to the answers already provided, the following is provided.See: U.S. Army Recruiting Command's Warrant Officer Recruiting Information Site1. A commissioned officer could request transition to become a MOS 153A, Rotary Wing Aviator, warrant officer pilot.Any MOS may apply.Be at least 18, but not have signNowed their 33rd birthday at the convening of the selection board."Waivers will be considered for applicants with exceptional qualifications and only on a case by case basis"Commissioned Army Officers that are qualified Army Aviators must apply through their HRC Assignment Officer to the Aviation Branch Proponent for consideration. Commissioned Officers that have been identified for involuntary separation (OSB, twice non-select for promotion) are ineligible to apply for MOS 153A.Q: Why am I applying for WO, US Army Reserve, I want to serve on active duty?A: Don't worry; you will be serving on active duty. All warrant officers receive their appointment in the U.S. Army Reserve as a WO1. This is why you check “Warrant Officer - Army Reserve” in block 1 of the DA Form 61. A Reserve appointment does not affect your pay or type of service. You will serve full time on active duty and will receive the regular active duty pay for WO1. You will be tendered Regular Army upon your promotion to CW2. Note that packets are no longer being accepted if block 1 is check incorrectly.Service Obligation:3 year active duty enlisted service obligation upon enlistment for WOFT.Upon completion of Warrant Officer Candidate School there is a 6 year service obligation as an officer.If applicant does not complete the Warrant Officer Candidate School they are still obligated for the remainder of their enlistment option.2. Commissioned officers in other services (non-Army), must use the following process:Q: How can an Active SISTER SERVICE (Non-Army) Commissioned Officer apply to become a MOS 153A (Rotary Wing Aviator)?A: Active Component SISTER SERVICE (Non-Army) Commissioned Officers CAN NOT apply for the 153A (Rotary Wing Aviator) process outlined on this website. Per AR 601-210, para 3-14a(6), you are eligible to apply for the Active Warrant Officer Flight Training (WOFT) enlistment program (with a waiver) provided you meet all requirements for enlistment and don’t have a Military Service Obligation (MSO) with current service. To apply, you will need to contact your local Army Recruiting Center and begin the WOFT packet process outlined at U.S. Army Recruiting Command's Warrant Officer Recruiting Information Site . Because you are an active Service Member applying through a packet process focused on civilian applicants, you will work with your Army Recruiter (with the guidance of their parent BN) to provide applicable forms. You will require a signed DD368 (Conditional Release) in your application with a statement in Section IV-Remarks that you are applying for WOFT and do not have an MSO with your service. If selected at the USAREC WOFT board, you will resign your commission, out process from your service and have you will have 10 days to enlist into the Army through your local MEPS (with Army recruiter assistance). The local Army recruiting BN will send up an electronic grade determination and USAREC Policy will approve accordingly prior to enlistment for the WOFT program. You will be appointed in the grade/rank of WO1 upon graduation of WOCS. Per DoDFMR, Vol 7A, Chapter 1, paragraph 01 0303- Commissioned Officers transitioning to Warrant Officer will receive the appropriate Warrant Officer grade pay. You are NOT eligible for “safe pay”. If you encounter issues processing your packet through your local Army Recruiting Center please contact the USAREC WOFT Program Manger at 502-626-3104.3. Army Regulation 135–100, Appointment of Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Army, contains more detailed guidance, but is not as up-to-date as the U.S. Army Recruiting Command's Warrant Officer Recruiting Information Site.Nevertheless, it remains the predominant guiding document for procurement and accession policies and eligibility for appointment to Army warrant officers: https://armypubs.army.mil/Search...(par. 2–5 on page 14): To reapply for a WO appointment, the requested MOS must be announced open for procurement (para 1–5b(4)). A new application must also be initiated for consideration.See also Department of the Army Pamphlet 601–6, Warrant Officer Procurement Program, dated 14 June 2006. (DA PAM 601–6): http://armypubs.army.mil/Search/...(para. 3–5b on page 8): b. Application procedures. The type of application required depends upon the applicant’s current status and the procurement program involved. The following is a summary of the application procedure for each:( 1 ) Direct appointment from commissioned status. Applications for direct appointment are governed by AR 135–100. Army commissioned officers may submit memorandum applications. The applicant must be reviewed by the appropriate WO MOS proponent for certification of the award of the MOS as technically and tactically qualified prior to appointment.(2) Aviation specialty. For the aviation specialty (MOS 153A), AR 611–85 and DA Pam 600–8, procedure 4–6, govern applications for WO flight training. The following are special instructions regarding the aviation WO training program:(a) Applicants who are not on active duty in the military services must apply through U.S. Army recruiting channels for enlistment in the WO flight training program under the provisions of AR 601–210. Interested personnel are encouraged to see the nearest Army recruiter for information and assistance.(b) Enlisted Soldiers who are on active duty in a military Service must prepare an application as prescribed in this pamphlet and AR 611–85. Interested enlisted Soldiers should see their commander and personnel service center for information and assistance.(3) Applications for active duty are governed by AR 135–210. Warrant officers of the National Guard and Army Reserve who wish to be considered for ADL vacancies will submit the basic application (DA Form 160–R) and supporting documents as prescribed in the governing regulations and appendix B of this pamphlet.4. This regulation also directly pertains to Army aviation officers, both commissioned and warrant:Army Regulation 611–110, Selection and Training of Army Aviation Officers, 15 June 2005. See: https://armypubs.army.mil/Search...Chapter 2Prerequisites2–1. Flight training eligibility. To be eligible for selection for flight training, an applicant must:a. Be an Active or Reserve Component warrant officer, lieutenant, or captain, or be in training for a commission.b. Have less than 48 months of active Federal commissioned service at the start of flight training and meet the criteria established in paragraph 1–5, above.c. Have completed 36 months of service as a warrant officer and have entered Regular Army or Voluntary Indefinite career status before applying for flight training, if an active duty warrant officer.5. Notice a few important points:Age: 18–33…waivers considered in exceptional circumstances. (In practice, this means that most officers, most of whom are commissioned at age 21–23, only have about 10 years or so to apply.)MOS: any MOS can apply.Appointment: ALL new Army Rotary Aviator warrant officers who complete the accession process will be appointed WO1…regardless of their previous grade. Of course, their pay would be at the WO1 rate with all previous service creditable for pay included (usually all active duty and all reserve service after shipping to basic training, i.e., after entering a paid duty status).Notice that all WO1, regardless of branch or component, are “appointed” by a “WO’s appointment (DA Form 1290).” This “Warrant” is approved by the Service Secretary or the Secretary of Defense, using delegated Presidential authority to appoint inferior officers under Article II of the Constitution.This is not a “commission,” as defined by law, although it is an “office to which appointed.” Thus, WO1 are considered and treated with the respect and privileges of “officers” in almost all instances (one glaring omission):Under Article 91 (Insubordinate conduct toward Warrant Officer, NCO, or PO) of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), assaulting, disobeying, or disrespecting a WO1 is treated the same as for noncommissioned and petty officers. See: Uniform Code of Military JusticeExplanation. (1) In general. Article 91 has the same general objects with respect to warrant, noncommissioned, and petty officers as Articles 89 and 90 have with respect to commissioned officers, namely, to ensure obedience to their lawful orders, and to protect them from violence, insult, or disrespect. Unlike Articles 89, and 90, however, this article does not require a superior-subordinate relationship as an element of any of the offenses denounced. Article 91 (Insubordinate conduct toward Warrant Officer, NCO, or PO) of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), assaulting, disobeying, or disrespecting a WO1 is treated the same as for noncommissioned and petty officers. Upon commissioning to CW2 (or higher Chief Warrant Officer grades), a full “commission” (DD Form 1A), is issued and henceforth the CWO is treated as any other “commissioned officer” for purposes of the UCMJ. See par. 2–8 and Figure 2–3 of AR 135–100: https://armypubs.army.mil/Search...The commission of Chief Warrant Officers is approved by the President, and is same Oath of Office for all appointed or elected officers. (As appointed officers, WO1’s also take the Oath of Office, not the Oath of Enlistment.) See: http://5 USC 3331 .DA Pam 600–8Component: current Army policy is for all new warrant officers to be appointed in the Army Reserve, including those who will serve for a period of obligated service on the “Active Duty List (ADL)” under a “concurrent call to active duty.” A Regular Army commission will be tendered upon promotion to CW2, (except for those warrant officers who were not appointed to serve on the ADL in the first instance, such as WO1 from USAR or USARNG lists; those officers will be commissioned to CW2 and remain in their Reserve component thereof).Sister Service: can only be considered if they have completed their Military Service Obligation (MSO), which is generally 8 years after being commissioned, successfully petitioning their losing-Service for a DD 368 (Conditional Release) form, resign current commission, meet all current US Army enlistment requirements, pass the flight physical, enlist into the Army (at a grade to be determined by the Secretary of the Army) until actually tendered an appointment as a Warrant Officer after completion of WOCS.Open for Procurement: the desired MOS, such as Rotary Aviator, must actually be “open” for an application to be successfully submitted. This should never be taken for granted…an MOS may be open (or short) one year, and not for the next year (or years).Grade at time of Application: AR 611–110 states that Active or Reserve officers in the grades of Captain, Lieutenant, “in training for a commission,” or “warrant officer” may apply for flight training. This would preclude O-4 Majors/Lieutenant Commanders and above (presumably without a waiver).Years of Federal Commissioned Service: officer applicants are limited to “less than 48 months of active Federal commissioned service at the start of flight training…” (This requirement would mean that in most instances, only lieutenants, very junior captains, CW2’s, and very junior CW3’s would qualify: 4 years of “commissioned service” would begin at the promotion to CW2 for warrant officers, and the day of commission for line officers.)

Click here for Digital Signature CertificateDigital signature certificates or DSC are required for filing income tax returns, company filings, import export clearance and e-tenders.A Digital Signature is the equivalent of a physical signature in electronic format, as it establishes the identity of the sender of an electronic document in the Internet. Digital Signatures are used in India for online transactions such as Income Tax E-Filing, Company or LLP Incorporation, Filing Annual Return, E-Tenders, etc., There are three types of Digital Signatures, Class I, Class II and Class III Digital Signature. Class I type of Digital Signatures are only used for securing email communication. Class II type of Digital Signatures are used for Company or LLP Incorporation, IT Return E-Filing, Obtaining DIN or DPIN, and filing other forms with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs and Income Tax Department. Class III type Digital Signatures are used mainly for E-Tendering and for participating in E-Auctions. Digital Signatures come in the form of a USB E-Token, wherein the Digital Signature Certificate is stored in a USB Drive and can be accessed through a computer to sign documents electronically.With E-Return filing becoming mandatory for Income Tax Assesses with an income of over Rs.5 lakhs per annum, the requirement and prevalence of Digital Signatures has increased manifold. IndiaFilings can help you obtain your Digital Signature hassle-free online. IndiaFilings is a Registered Partner of SIFY and E-Mudhra.Class II Digital Signatures are used for Income Tax E-Filing, Company or LLP Incorporation, Annual Return Filing, etc., Class II Digital Signatures are required to file documents electronically with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs and Income Tax Department.Difference between Class 2 and Class 3 Digital Signature CertificatesIn this day and age of technology, physical signatures are increasingly being converted to digital media for security reasons. Digital Signature Certificates, (DSC) are simply the electronic equivalent of physical or paper certificates such as identity proofs, driver�s licenses, passports or PAN cards. These certificates can prove to be helpful for many online transactions that require digital proof of identities and to receive and send information on the web safely.Organizations and firms, today require digital signature certificate to better facilitate communication and transactions between them and the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. For companies that have a turnover of more than INR 60 Lakhs have to apply for these certifications mandatorily, and it is considered a legally admissible instrument. Besides, it is always wise to get a digital signature as it offers a high level of security for online transactions by ensuring absolute privacy of the information exchanged. These certificates can also be useful for encrypting information that only the intended recipient can have access to. You can digitally sign information to assure the recipient that it has not been changed in transit, and also verify your identity as the sender of the message.There are two main types of Digital Signature Certificates � Class 2 Certificates and Class 3 Digital Signature Certificate. A Class 2 Digital Signature Certificate is used by individuals and is available for download after verification based on a trusted and pre-verified database. A Class 3 Digital Signature Certificate, on the other hand, is of the highest level as it is issued only after the registrant�s identity verification has been carried out by a Registration Authority.Class 2 Digital Signature Certificates are generally used for filing documents Income Tax, Registrar of Companies and VAT, whereas Class 3 Digital Signature Certificates are needed for e-tendering, which is a procurement process that is conducted online. The aspects where this comes into play include: � Contract download� Evaluation of tenders (May or may not involve e-auctions)� Supplier registration/expression of interest� Submission of bid documentThe Ministry of Company Affairs, Government of India (GoI) has initiated MCA21 program, for easy and secure access to its services in a manner that best suits the businesses and citizens. The MCA21 application is designed to support Class 2 & 3 Digital Signature Certificates (DSC) issued by licensed signNowing Authority under Controller of signNowing Authorities.

Class 2 Digital Signature Certificate can be issued to individual or an authorized individual on the behalf of any organization. Class 2 Digital Signature Certificate is available for download after verification based on a trusted and pre-verified databaseWhereas Class 2B Digital signature certificates are issued to Organization for various purposes. Class 2B digital signatures for organization is personal certificate that provides second highest level of assurance within the RCAI hierarchy setup by CCA (Controller of signNowing Authorities) in India which is mainly used for e tender filing, E Procurement, E Bidding, Bank Auction and Document Signing.

Never ever take loan/insurance from HDFC. Initially, they will say they have a better interest rate and quick processing. But once you take a loan, you will have to face a lot of issue with repaying the loan.First, their insurance for the loan is more than a lacs based on your loan amount and they will automatically add one more loan for the insurance.second, you can do the prepayment as you wish, when you go for the prepayment you will need to go on 1st of every month if you are going in other days they will charge you an interest rate for your own prepayment amount.Third, they will not accept the prepayments after 25th to 31st of the month.Forth, even if you do close the loan on the 1st of the month, still they will deduct the EMI for that monthFifth, you cannot do the prepayment as you wish.Sixth, There is no online option available to prepay your loan and you will always need to go to the branch and pay through cheque.Seven, You cannot do the prepayment with any lesser than your double of the EMI, which is if your EMI is 42000 then, minimum you will have to pay 84000 as your prepayment and not less than thatSo, Based on my experience I am saying there are lot banks provide a better experience for the customers on the loan, so compare with other banks and go for that, you choose HDFC as a final option and last bank to go.

Doctors don't need labs. They can already do clinical research based on the field of practice.If you're a practicing doctor with your own setup, best is to collaborate with colleagues from your field who are also interested in the same set of research questions. That way you'll have a sizeable sample to make sense of the clinical data that you collect from the patients(with their consent of course)The value of your research is substantially high if you can prove that the standards(setup, accuracy and quality of data) you maintain are high.If you want to do something big, you can be a part of a big research project, clinical trials for a new drug or a medical device.So many options!