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FAQs
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What is the opportunity for IT Firms from GST?
GST Opportunity for IT Firms:GST the biggest indirect tax reform since independence besides easingthe process of doing business in India is also a business opportunity initself. Let us look at the numbers involved to gauge the opportunity size: · Businesses covered under GST: 6.5 to 7 million· Banks involved: 400+· Department Officers (users): 66K+· Tax Professionals (CA, TRPs etc.): 2 Lakh+· No. of Invoices uploaded per month: 5 Billion+Under GST, businesses would be uploading invoice level data every month as opposed to filing of summary data in the form of returns practiced currently. After ‘Aadhar’ project, GST is the second biggest IT project by government. GSTN (GST Network) is the nodal agency for implementing the IT backbone and M/S Infosys has won the contract for rollout, implementation and maintenance for 5 years. GST is unique by considering IT strategy at the core of GST rollout. Areas of interest:1. ERP-cum-Accounting packages (Online/Offline, Desktop or Smartphone based) that enable SMEs to record GST transactions, upload invoices and do return filing.Ex: ERP, POS billing software, accounting software2. Payment solution providers (online, smartphone based apps etc.) as over 10 Lakh crore rupees worth of payment transactions will be made in the context GST. Ex: Payment gateways, Digital wallets, banking apps etc.3. DSC providers. Every invoice uploaded has to be digitally signed by the dealerleading to a huge business opportunity for providers of digital signature ofe-sign capabilities. Usage: 80 lakh dealers uploading in excess of 5 Billiontransactions a month.Ex: e-Mudra, e-Sign etc.4. Storage services: The central government and various state governments would require huge storage capabilities to hold transactions data for millions of dealers forat least a few decades. Cloud based storage service providers to gain.5. Security services: The granularity of business data makes it highly sensitive andsharing over internet would expose it to possibility of leakage. Securityservice providers will be in demand from businesses, ERP/POS providers, Paymentsolutions and others as well.6. App developers: Various processes under GST such as Registration, Returns, Payments and Refunds would necessitate development of suitable Desktop or Smartphone based apps which can be integrated by dealers with their existing solutions or used standalone.7. Data analytics: Central and state governments would need a host of data analyticsand automation tools to derive meaningful insights, provide compliance ratingsto dealers and make policy decisions. Hence providers of big data analyticstools and services would be in demand.8. Tax Professionals: Chartered Accountants, Cost Accountants, Tax Advocates, SalesTax Practitioners and Company Secretaries are crucial to successful rollout ofGST. They would need specific tools for processing bulk dealer data, uploadingand filing of returns, making payments etc.Thus GSTN would promote an entire ecosystem around GST for providing ITproducts and services. The inherent API architecture at core of GST system wouldenable IT firms large and small to participate with ease. With an hourglassarchitecture GST system aims to act as a platform with a minimalistic G2Bportal and all the applications need to be built by private players using APIs.All such forms would be called GST SuvidhaProviders or GSPs in short. Minimalistic Qualifiers:· The company providing GST solution should be based out of India or have a registered office in India.· Any GST data should not flow outside the geographic boundaries of India (that is data centre to be located within India)· STQC or empanelled third parties would signNow the meeting of data security requirements. The API services would be offered free during the first year of GST rollout! (Views expressed are strictly personal)GST India
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Was Pakistan ever better than India?
Invariably yes.India was literally an economic shit hole until early 2000’s. Many set 1991 as the cut off year for segregating a developing India from the past. But then India could not literally grow the bite behind its bark until 2000’s.India did not open up its markets as enthusiastically as many people claim. The ground reality was quite different. Tax regime was super shitty. duties were prohibitively high. Legally doing your business was equivalent to drowning yourself in water.On the other hand, Pakistan aced the development agenda in the 1960’s itself. It was quite an achievement for a post-colonial country. From a modern day perspective, Pakistan was today’s equivalent of South Korea and India, North Korea.But tables did turn around.Putting aside the fact that Pakistan fought three wars with India in four decades, in core economic terms, Pakistan started making the same mistakes India did.By 1974, Pakistan took to the illogical nationalisation spree, the same blunder India made. It literally signed the death warrant for manufacturing sector. It was a step backwards because with manufacturing in limbo, the country had to work backwards relying on output generated from agricultural sector. And of course, service sector did not see any growth whatsoever.Another mistake Pakistan did is by not properly regulating the agricultural sector. Where agriculture is the growth driver and inflation (coming from the same sector) is going beyond growth rates, it means something is fishy with the landlord class. Pakistan did not bring about any land reforms when it needed the most. The result - high income inequalities.Those politicians of Pakistan today who graciously wave their hands at people and give out fiery speeches, and make policies, they can do so because they have lands inherited from generations, with literally nothing to lose. Others had little opportunity in building the country and economy.Staring with 1980’s, Inflation shot up, growth nose dived - the golden spot for stagflation.Those who got rich with the growing commodity prices stuck to their lands. Fragmented land holders and middle classes had no employment, no jobs, since no private enterprise was given an opportunity. The next suicide recipe was ready.Then came the islamisation project to the ‘rescue’ of unemployed idle-dwellers, and the Afghanistan war.To add to the injury, growth was stuck, inflation grew - with an average stagflation margin of 5 percent every year sustained over a period of a decade and a half, starting 1980. Imagine the damage it could have done to Pakistan’s economy and industry. The landlords were the big winners in that decade. Nationalisation of industries and inflation - both benefitted them big time.Even before it full got out of the stagflation mess, the priority in Pakistan was invest resources in nuclear weapons, followed by a war with India, and sanctions. Imagine how hammered Pakistan’s economy could be by now.If one has to look at the economic barometer for Pakistan’s industry, not a single company from Pakistan has actually made it to the fortune 500 listing as things stand today. But the same country started off with a potential similar to South Korea’s.No CPEC, no Silk Road, no external funding can come to its rescue unless the human resource policy is absolutely revamped, local industries are provided sufficient electricity and lesser interference of the government overall in the private sector.The CPEC, again, is a death warrant Pakistan signed up for in haste, unbeknownst, or rather myopic of the policy repercussions. CPEC is, by all means, a debt obligation after all.Unless a miracle falls over Pakistan, recovery is impossible the two coming decades.Capeesh?
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What is the history of Kashmir?
Note: This is a work of love. All errors and omissions are regretted. I will keep improving this with time - please feel free to suggest edits and changes if any.When Shahenshah Jahangir (Shehzada Salim of Mughal-e-Azam fame), the 4th Mughal Emperor of India was asked on his death bed about his one cherished desire, he reportedly had said, and I quote:Kashmir, only Kashmir[1].A lot of people have suffered and died for Kashmir and a whole lot more, because of it.Today, for an average Pakistani, Kashmir is an unfinished dream of Jinnah. For an average Indian, Kashmir is an inalienable part of the Indian Union. For many westerners, Kashmir is the most dangerous place in the world, and for a Kashmiri - it is home.The K word, as it is known in the South Asian diplomatic circles, is the favorite whipping horse of the keyboard warriors on both sides of the Radcliffe line (Me too, guilty as charged). A newer entrant to this online war of righteousness are the Kashmiris themselves.Most of us, firing ridicule, allegations and taunts at each other, only have a partial perspective of the history of Kashmir - which we obviously experience through a colored prism of our own nationality, religion and at times political preferences.————————————-The 7 Wrongs of Kashmir.The short history of Kashmir’s tragedy is as follows - Really, really long time ago, a bunch of folks settle down in the beautiful valley of Kashmir. It is a nice place, and they grow in number. They are ruled by a series of kings for 4444 years, becoming a centre for both Hinduism and Buddhism. Kashmiris spread Buddhism in Tibet, Afghanistan, Parts of ancient China and Shaivism in Southern India.Then, Islam arrives in Kashmir, initially in the form of refugees from Swat and Sufi Mystics from Central Asia - The Sufis co-germinate with the Kashmiri Shaivism to give birth to the Rishi order and Kashmiriyat - Kashmir signNowes the peak of its political power during the Karkota Dynasty.After the fall of the Karkota and Lohar dynasty - the local folks see 3 rounds of religious persecution and forced conversion from Hinduism to Islam - especially under Sikandar Butshikan (Shah Mir Dynasty), Aurangzeb Alamgir (Mughal Dynasty) and Abdul Khan (Durrani Dynasty), which turn Kashmir into a Muslim majority area by around 1400 AD.Then the same local folks, who had converted to Islam because of persecution - are now persecuted again for 2 more rounds, this time for being Muslims - First by the Sikh Rulers, and then by the Dogra Kings.After the Dogras, India and Pakistan take over and we see the 6th round of persecution in Kashmir - this time the culprits are Kashmiris themselves. Those who had converted to Islam and were now in majority - persecute those who hadn’t converted like them - the unique triad of oppression is finally complete.What’s going on right now is the 7th round of persecution which is the most secular so far, since Kashmiris of every religious identity feels victimised this time - There are fingers pointed everywhere and the jury is still out.In the timeless words of The Shakespeare of Urdu, Agha Hashar Kashmiri:Ek dhundlā sā tasavvur hai ki dil bhī thā yahāñ[2],Ab to siine meñ faqat ik Tiis sī paatā huuñ maiñ.Loose Translation:Where the heart used to beat, I faintly remember,Now dwells a pain, a yearn and some nostalgia.We are all guilty of justifying one wrong with another. We have all been oppressed - we’ve all been oppressors.And thus, without further ado, for all us oppressors out here, here’s presenting the detailed timeline, of the History of Kashmir. Use it - Abuse it - Do what you like :)The dates and facts are sourced from Professor P N Dhar, Kalhana, son of Canpaka, the author of Rajatarangini and his Firang Translator, Sir Mark Aurel Stein. I have also quoted media resources from both India, Pakistan, Britain and United Nations, and tried my best to remain neutral. For those, who may wonder, what the heck are Mahabharata characters doing here - well, just because some people star in an epic does not mean they aren’t historic characters :)CHAPTER 1: The beginning and the start of an end.—————————————The first 4444 years3120–16 BC: Gonanda I, cousin of Jarasandha, king of Magadh rules over Kashmir. His reign lasts for 17 years and is assassinated by Balabhadra, the brother of Krishna.3103 BC: Damodara Dynasty, consisting of Damodara I, his wife, Yashovanti and Son Damodara II rule over Kashmir for 80 years. Damodara I is killed by Krishna. Damodara II is assassinated by Parikshit, grandson of Arjuna of Mahabharat fame and the ruler of Hastinapur. Damodara II’s Prime Minister Harnadeva, a relative of Parikshit, takes over as the King of Kashmir.3083 BC: King Harnadeva starts the Pandava dynasty which rules over Kashmir for the next 1331 years.1752 BC: A reign of 8 successive and mostly unrelated rulers over Kashmir, which lasts for a total of 305 years. The Kings of Kashmir during this time are, Luv, Kush, Khagendra, Surendra, Godhara, Suvarna, Janaka, and finally Sachinara, who was Shakuni’s (of Mahabharat fame) great great grandson.1448 BC: Asoka or Dharmasoka of the Gonanda Dynasty takes over. He rules over Kashmir for 48 years. Asoka builds the grand city of Srinagar with ninety-six lakhs of houses, around the present day Dal Lake. The Gonanda dynasty rules till 272 BC, for a total of 1176 years and has a total of 35 kings. The last Gonanda king is Andha Yudhistira, who’s famous for having very small eyes.0500 BC: Kashmir was ruled by the monarchy of excellent horsemen, the Kambojas. Their capital was the city of Rajapura, which later became Rajouri. The same people, went on to create the Kamboja-Pala dynasty of Bengal in 10th and 11th century. They though aren’t mentioned in Rajatarangini Volumes and there is a debate among historians about the exact date and duration of their rule.0376 BC: The Shankaracharya temple of Srinagar is repaired by Gonanda King, Gopaditya. Point to note, Pandit Anand Kaul, the original temple was built by a Kashmiri Sovereign Sandiman, who reigned between 2629 to 2564 BC (cannot be verified). The temple was rechristened to its present name only after Shankaracharya visited around 9th Century AD. Also to note here, Sikandar Butshikan left this temple unharmed during his reign.0326 BC: King Abhisara, the sovereign of Poonch, Rajauri and Nowshera comes in contact of Alexander the Great during these times as per the Greek historians.0304 BC: Kashmir becomes a part of the Mauryan Empire under the Gonanda Kings, who accept the sovereignty of Chandragupta. Buddhism is introduced into the valley in a big way during this period. He is clearly a Junior sovereign to the Gonanda Kings.0272 BC: The Pratapaditya Dynasty takes over Kashmir. Rules till 80 BC, or 192 years. The Dynasty starts with King Pratapaditya, who is a relative of King Vikramaditya of Ujjain (The father of the Vikram Samvat calendar in India), and ends with King Sandhimati.0080 BC: Over the next 207 years, Kashmir is ruled by 10 Kings, starting from Meghavahana and ending with Lakshmana in 127–131 AD.0001 AD: Kashmir has by now become one of the most important centres of Hinduism and Buddhism with countless stupas, mathas and temples built around the valley.0127 AD: Kashmir is conquered by Kanishka I, and becomes a part of the Kushan Dynasty empire. A staunch Buddhist, Kanishka holds the 4th Buddhist council of his empire in Kashmir. It was during this very council, that Buddhism was divided into two sects, the Hinayana and the Mahayana.0400 AD: Around this time, Kashmiri Buddhist Missionaries started spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There was a regular stream of Tibetan and Chinese pilgrims during this time, visiting Kashmir. Buddhist Monk Kumārajīva, who influenced the Chinese emperor Yao Xing, during this period, and translated the Lotus Sutra and the Diamond Sutra among others, was also of Kashmiri Origin.0520 AD: Around this time, Kashmir was ruled by Mihirakula, a central asian conqueror for a short period, before getting defeated by Yashodharman in Malwa.0570 AD: Muḥammad ibn `Abdullāh, Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is born in Mecca in present day Saudi Arabia[3].———————When Kashmiris Rules over UP & Bihar0625 AD: The Karkota Empire of Kashmir was established by King Durlabhvardhana. The Empire ruled over Kashmir for 260 years and captured part of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Punjab, becoming the first Kashmiri Kingdom to have influence beyond the Himalayas. They had their capital in modern day Paraspore (Parihaspur) in Kashmir and were the financiers of the spectacular Martanda Surya Temple.0724 AD: Lalitaditya Muktapida, the most powerful Kashmiri sovereign ever, started his 36 year long and prosperous reign. His was a time, when most of modern day UP, Uttarakhand and Bihar, paid taxes to a Kashmiri King. Just to give you an idea of his badassery, here is the map of his empire:0875 AD: The author of Shiva Sutra, Vasugupta was born. He went on to become one of the most influential Indian poets of Sanskrit. His book, laid the foundation of the monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism.0850 AD: Shaivism Tradition or Trika School of Sanatana Dharma is born in Kashmir around this time, thanks to the teachings of Vasugupta. Trika refers to the 3 goddesses Parā, Parāparā and Aparā.0950 AD: Abhinavagupta was born in Kashmir, He was a famous philosopher, mystic, aesthetician, musician, poet, dramatist, theologian, and logician of Trika and Kaula, who renewed the Teachings of Vasugupta, his teachings influenced the Shaivism in Southern India. Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir during this period.0997 AD: Kashmir was ruled by Queen Didda - who had her maternal ancestry in the Hindu Shahi of Kabul, Afghanistan. She was the daughter of Simharāja, a smaller Lohara King. She married to the then king of Kashmir, Kshemgupta, and ruled after the death of the King since her son was very young to rule.1003 AD: Kashmir came into the hands of the Lohara Dynasty, which ruled over Kashmir for 317 years. The capital of the dynasty was in Loharkot Fort, which was unsuccessfully attacked twice by the Mahmood of Ghaznawi. The Last Ruler of this dynasty was King Suhadeva.————————————Introduction to Sufism.1310 AD: Estimated year when sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah of Iran entered Kashmir along with a few of his disciples. He had an impressive charisma and knowledge and was respected by Kashmiris of all faiths. He built a monastery in Kashmir.1313 AD: Shah Mir, an Irani Sunni Muslim refugee came to the Kashmir Valley from Swat, along with his family. He was one of the first muslims to set foot in the valley. He was tactful, able and was welcomed by the then King Suhadev of Kashmir, who later appointed him as one of his ministers.Shah Mir would go on to start the first muslim dynasty, that ruled over Kashmir for 20 generations and 222 years.CHAPTER 2: The first round of Kashmiri oppression.—————————————-The Refugee King.1320 AD: A Ladakhi Buddhist Prince, Rinchen took the throne of Kashmir and Mystic Shaivite Yogini Poet, Lalleshwari or Lal Aarifa, or Lal Ded was born. She became the primary source of influence for Nund Rishi, Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali - The Patron Saint of Kashmir.Rinchen unsuccessfully revolted against his uncle, the Sovereign of Ladakh, and had to flee to Kashmir. He was made a minister in the court of Raja Suhadeva, which also had Shah Mir, as a minister. Raja Suhadeva was later defeated by the Mongols and his Commander-in-Chief, Ramchandra took over the reigns, making Rinchen his chief administrator - Rinchen assassinated Ramchandra and became the king himself.Rinchen married slain Ramchandra’s widowed daughter, Kota Rani, made Shah Mir as his chief advisor. Rinchen wanted to convert to Hinduism, but was denied. He later converted to Islam along with 10,000 of his men (first major conversion in Kashmir) on the direction of Irani sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah, also known as the Bulbul-e-Kashmir. Rinchen adopted the title of Sultan Sadruddin Shah.He built the first ever Mosque in Kashmir, on the ruins of a Buddhist temple (the Bud Masjid).1323 AD: Richen or Sultan Sadruddin Shah, succumbed to injuries during an attack by rebels. Kota Rani, his wife, decided to marry, Udayanadeva, the brother of Suhadeva. Though Udayanadeva became the King, it was Kota Rani who actually wielded the real power. She was known to be intelligent, shrewd, brave and a real badass.She built a canal to save Srinagar from frequent flooding, which is still functional and still bears her name - Kute Kol.During her (proxy) reign, Kashmir was attacked by a Mongol Army led by Achalla. While the attack made King Udayanadeva flee to Tibet, Kota Rani faced the attackers head on and killed Achalla, making the other attackers run away.She was finally dethroned, by her trusted lieutenant Shah Mir who organised an internal uprising against her. When she found herself helpless with Shah Mir offering a proposal of marriage, she stabbed herself to death in modern day Sambhal in Kashmir, clearing the path of the Shah Mir Dynasty which ruled Kashmir for 222 years.1334 AD: Approximate year, when sufi mystic, Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani or Shah Hamdan entered Kashmir. Born in modern day Iran, he is attributed to have played a major role in the spread of Islam in Kashmir. He was one of the major influencers of Shaivite Mystic Lal Ded or Lalleshwari, who was just 6 years younger to him.—————222 years of the Shah Mir Dynasty & the rise of Islam1339 AD: Shah Mir, a descendant of persian immigrants of the Swat valley, and the Chief Advisor to the King Richen (Sultan Sadruddin Shah), took over the throne after the king succumbed to his injuries while fighting Mongols. He tried marrying Kota Rani, but she committed a suicide. Shah Mir thus became the first muslim ruler of Kashmir, starting the Shah Mir Dynasty. He ruled for 3 years and 5 months.1377 AD: Nund Rishi or Sheikh Noor ud-Din Wali, the founder of the Rishi Order of Kashmiri sufi tradition was born in present day Kulgam district. According to the legend, on the 3rd day of his birth, Yogini Lalleshwari or Lal Ded, had suckled him milk, opening his fast since birth.He is known as the Patron Saint of Kashmir and the father of Kashmiriyat. He psignNowed communal harmony, non-violence, vegetarianism and tolerance to the people.In 1995, his final resting place, Charar-e-Sharif, was gutted in a fire started by Mast Gul , a terrorist trying to escape[4]from the security forces. The whole town and the shrine was re-built with the help of a grant by the government of India.1389 AD: Sikandar Shah Mir better known as Sikandar Butshikan[5] became the 6th Sultan of Kashmir. His reign of 24 years saw a blood soaked effort to convert the majority population of Kashmir, from Hinduism to Islam. By his order, many old Hindu and Buddhist temples were desecrated and burnt, Hindus were prohibited from praying, putting a tilak, sounding a temple bell, blowing of conch shell, celebrating festivals and even cremating their dead. A heavy Jizya tax was imposed on non muslims and they were treated as second class citizens. A large number of Hindus were forcibly converted during his reign. Many were forced to leave their homes and flee. The grand Martand Surya Temple was desecrated on his orders.By the end of his rule - Kashmir became a Muslim Majority state for the first time in History.—————————-The reign of Bud Shah, the wise1418 AD: The Bud Shah or Zain-ul-Abidin started his reign as the 8th Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty in Kashmir. Though he was a muslim ruler, he abolished the Jizya tax on the Hindu Majority of Kashmir, and banned cow slaughter. He was a scholar of Persian, Tibetan and Sanskrit, and ordered the translation of Mahabharata into Persian for the first time.He tried to call the Kashmiri Hindus back to the valley. He also invited artists and craftsmen from modern day Iran to train the locals in the art of Carpet Making, and Wood Carving among other things.1557 AD: Sultan Habib Shah, the 20th and final Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty, took over the throne.—————————————The Mughal Affair1586 AD: Mughal rule started in Kashmir with Akbar’s conquest of the Kashmir Valley. Zille Ilahi visited Kashmir himself in 1589. The Mughals were in love with Kashmir. They built many gardens and monuments across the valley.1658 AD: Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came to power and took a special interest in Kashmir. The Jizya Tax, Persecution of Hindus and Mass conversions to Islam restarted. This became, what was later known as the 2nd Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the Valley. Kashmiri Pandits went to Guru Teg Bahadur for help. For more details, please read this: The story of Aurangzeb Alamgir and the Kashmiri Pandits.1698 AD: Aurangzeb found out about a rich Kashmiri trader by the name Nur-ud-Din Eshai, who had bought a relic (a strand of hair) belonging to prophet Muhammad from an ancestor, living in Bijapur. He ordered the seizing of the relic - which was sent to Ajmer Dargah, while Nur-ud-Din Eshai, was sent to the prison. By the time he came around to a realisation, that he had made a mistake, Noor-ud-Din had died in the prison.1700 AD: A repentant Aurangzeb arranged for the Body of Nur-ud-Din Eshai to be sent to Srinagar, along with the relic of Prophet Mohammad. Nur-Ud-Din’s daughter, Inayat Begam, became the first custodian of the relic, which was kept in a large and beautiful shrine on the banks of the Dal Lake - The Shrine came to be known as Hazratbal.This holy shrine, a few hundred years later, in 1963–67, saw the first ever Anti India demonstration in Kashmir. More details, later in the timeline.Extra: I would like to recommend a visit to Hazaratbal for everyone who goes to Srinagar, this place is beyond words.1753 AD: The Afghan Durranis started their rule over Kashmir when Abdul Khan Isk Aquasi, a general in Ahmed Shah Abdali’s army conquered Kashmir. This started the 3rd round of oppression against the Hindus in Kashmir, where, this time, many were turned into slaves by the Afghan rulers. The Durrani’s rule in Kashmir lasted for 69 years when they were routed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.CHAPTER 3: The second round of Kashmiri oppression.——————————The 75 lakhs of Gulab Singh Dogra1792 AD: Gulab Singh Dogra, an awesome fighter and the founder of the Dogra Dynasty was born.1819 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh started his rule over Kashmir. The Sikhs removed the oppressive Jizya Tax. Imposed death sentence for cow slaughter. Closed down the Jama Masjid in Srinagar and banned the Azaan in all mosques.1820 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave away the fief of Jammu to Kishore Singh Dogra, the father of 28 year old Gulab Singh Dogra in appreciation of Gulab’s fighting skills.1820 AD: Adding further to the family jewels, Gulab Singh Dogra captured Rajouri and Kishtwar into his fief as well. Gulab Singh also helped capture Ladakh and Baltistan for the Lahore Gaddi.1832 AD: Kashmir faced the first recorded famine in its history. The Taxed were halved, and loans were offered to farmers. Kashmir soon bounced back, becoming the 2nd largest source of revenues for the Lahore Gaddi.1839 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh died and the Lahore Gaddi became weaker.1842 AD: After a brief war between the Sikh forces of the Lahore Gaddi and the Chinese, both sign a treaty in September which gave away Aksai Chin to China, while the Sikhs retained Ladakh. This treaty was later inherited by the British and the status quo remained maintained till the Independence of India.1843 AD: One of the most famous Kashmiri Sufi Poets of the Qadiriyya silsila, Shams Faqir was born.1845 AD: The First Anglo Sikh War Started - Let’s just say, the Dogras, abstained from giving their 100% this time.1846 AD: Britishers defeated the Sikhs, demanded a repatriation of Rs. 1.5 Crores from the Sikh rulers, with an additional sum of Rs 60 Lakhs payable immediately, as reparations for the cost of the war. The Lahore Gaddi, paid Rs. 50 Lakhs in cash and ceded the territories of Hazara and Kashmir for a sum of 1 crore. The British further sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh Dogra, the Raja of Jammu, for a sum of Rs. 75 Lakhs as per the Treaty of Amritsar. This is how the Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir came together for the first time with Gulab Singh Dogra becoming the Raja of Jammu & Kashmir.1857 AD: During the first war of Indian Independence, Raja Gulab Singh Dogra chose to side with the British and gave refuge to many britishers fleeing the rebels. He also provided troops to quell the Indian rebellion. Soon, Gulab Singh was succeeded to the Dogra throne by his son, Ranbir Singh Dogra who added the Hunza valley, Gilgit and Nagar to the Kingdom.1890 AD: The Kashmiris, who had converted from Hinduism to Islam for the fear of persecution, became persecuted for their religion again under the Dogra Kings. They faced heavy taxation and discrimination, leading to many deciding to leave Kashmir, and settle in Punjab.1907 AD: Swami Lakshman Joo or Lal Sahib, a mystic and scholar of Kashmir Shaivism or Trika was born in Srinagar.1925 AD: Raja Hari Singh Dogra, the grandson of Raja Ranbir Singh Dogra, and the alumni of Mayo College Ajmer, ascended to the throne of Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory and banned child marriages. He was friends with Kashmiri Leader Sheikh Abdullah and disliked Jawahar Lal, another Kashmiri, leading the Congress Party of India.1931 AD: A mass movement starts against the new Maharaja. The state forces nip the bud very quickly and with brute force.1934 AD: A set of reforms are introduced in response to the mass movement - Elections are held for a representative body of the Kashmiri People, called the Praja Sabha. Muslim Conference Party (Which is known as the National Conference Party today) won 14 of the 21 seats reserved for Muslims1941 AD: 71,667 Kashmiris join the British Indian Army to fight overseas in World War II. The recruitment exercise of the British Indian Army, has the blessings of the Maharaja.1944 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah visits Kashmir, tried to rally public support for Muslim Conference - a rival of National Conference.1946 AD: Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah), the most popular Kashmiri leader of the time, starts the Quit Kashmir Movement against the Maharaja.13 June 1947 AD: At the Joint Defence Council meeting, Jinnah and Nehru disagree on the accession of princely states, Jinnah asserting that it was for the rulers to decide and Nehru insisting that it was for the people.11 July 1947 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah declares that if Kashmir opted for independence, Pakistan would have friendly relations with it. Liaquat Ali Khan endorses the position.1947 AD: India Gained Independence. Pakistan got independence as well. All princely states were free to either join one of the countries or remain independent. At this point in history, Jammu & Kashmir was a Muslim Majority state, with a Hindu sovereign - Kind of like an opposite of the super rich state of Hyderabad and Junagarh. The Maharaja of Kashmir, looking to remain independent, signs a standstill agreement with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, The Signing by Nehru remains pending. Hari Singh is hoping to buy some time.CHAPTER 4: An old bride and her new suitors.—————————The Longest India-Pakistan War, 194715th August 1947: Kashmir Signs the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan, promising not to attack and continue all the previous arrangements and help, till clarity is signNowed about the accession.9 September 1947: 3 weeks after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Pakistan cuts off supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene and stops trade in timber, fruits, fur and carpets in violation of the agreement hoping to put some pressure on the Raja.1st October 1947: 45 days after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Mohammad Ali Jinnah gives a call to the Tribes of Waziristan province, asking them to answer the holy call of liberating a muslim dominated region from the clutches of a non muslim usurper. About 20,000 attackers converge in Abbottabad. They are armed and divided into 10 batches, lead by “on-leave” Army officers from Pakistan.The Tribals wreck havoc in Kashmir. Raja’s forces are of no match. Within a few weeks, they signNow the outskirts of Srinagar. The Raja Panics and writes to Lord Mountbatten, the governor General of India for help. Mountbatten suggests him to sign the instrument of accession before any help could arrive.26 October 1947, “Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO”, signed the instrument of accession, agreeing to accede to the dominion of India.27 October 1947: The Indian army enters the state to repel the invaders. Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah) endorses the accession, National Conference Helps Indian Army fight against the Tribal Leaders. Raja Hari Singh appoints Sheikh Abdullah as head of the emergency administration.27 October 1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah orders General Douglas Gracey to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declines pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from the Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.1 November 1947: Skirmishes reduce in intensity. Winter is coming. There is a stalemate of sort in the war.20–21 October 1947 : Between 20,000 and 1 lakh Muslims are killed in what is later known as the Jammu Massacres. Lakhs migrate with their kith and kin to Sialkot in Punjab following the massacre. This was avenged sooner on the other side.20 November 1947: Lord Mountbatten suggests to Nehru, that he should go to the newly formed successor to the League of Nations, the UN for an international mediation, since India has a ‘solid and fool-proof’ case. His proposal is discussed in the Indian cabinet. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expresses his displeasure.25 November 1947: Massacre of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs takes place at a shelter at Mirpur in what is now Azad Kashmir. The day is remembered as the Mirpur day in Indian-administered Jammu.4 December 1947: The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army sanctions military involvement in the Kashmir war. One million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers are provided.28 December 1947: Lord Mountbatten writes to Nehru again, to convince him to ceasefire. British Prime Minister Attlee warns Nehru that opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the UN.31 December 1947: India officially refers the Kashmir problem to the security council of the United Nations. Alexander Cadogan, the permanent representative of the UN files a report claiming that, “India was entitled to charge Pakistan as aggressor under Article 35 and to take measures for self-defence under Article 51, including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan".15 January 1948: Both India and Pakistan present their case. India argues the case on the basis of legality. Pakistan in her argument accuses India of committing a genocide in Kashmir and capturing Junagarh. Pakistan calls for pulling back of both the Tribal fighters and the Indian forces out of Kashmir.30th January 1948: Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in Birla House, Delhi, by an extreme right wing Hindu ideologue. He died before any medical help could signNow him. His death pulled Nehru and Patel together. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.21 April 1948: UN Security Council passes Resolution 47 calling for a three-step process for the resolution of the dispute: Pakistani withdrawal of its nationals, India to reduce its troops to minimum level, and arrangements for a plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan reject this resolution.13 August 1948: UNCIP adopts its first resolution on Kashmir, fine-tuning the April resolution of the Security Council to take into account objections by both India and Pakistan. Pakistan's aggression is indirectly acknowledged by asking for its withdrawal as the first step. The resolution is accepted by India, but effectively rejected by Pakistan. The fighting continues. There are small gains on both sides. Both sides prepare for renewed war efforts, since - Winter is coming.11 September 1948: Jinnah died of TB, in the middle of the road, in oppressive heat, in a broken down ambulance, as Fatima Jinnah tried to discourage the flies bumbling over his head. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.13 September 1948: Under a swift military intervention, codenamed, Operation Polo, The Indian Army enters the Princely State of Hyderabad.1 November 1948: Zoji La pass is finally captured by India after months of fighting. Ladakh is now secure in Indian hands.15 November 1948: Drass sector is recaptured from the Pakistani forces after weeks of heavy fighting and loss of life on both sides.23 November 1948: Kargil is captured back from the Pakistani forces. This one’s special, because the terrain here is the most difficult and the Indian forces are neither acclimatised for such high altitude, nor do they have winter clothing.1 January 1949: A ceasefire is declared by both India and Pakistan. Indian forces till now had cleared most of the Kashmir valley, and Ladakh while successfully defending Jammu. There is no way for the Indian forces to signNow Gilgit and Baltistan during the winters months. Everyone agrees to wait for the ‘snows’ to melt.5 January 1949: UNCIP (United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan) resolution states that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan agree in principle, but disagree with the steps. The biggest question at hand is the so called Azad Kashmir Army, which Pakistan insists, should not be withdrawn from the Kashmir that it controls.It was a stalemate.28 April 1949: Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, the 32 year old leader of pro-Pakistan Kashmiri resistance, who was recently declared as the President of Azad Kashmir by Pakistan, was made to sign the Karachi Agreement in secret. This agreement ceded control of Kashmir’s defence, foreign affairs along with a complete control over Gilgit-Baltistan as a Pakistani territory. This agreement only came to light in the 1990s.17 October 1949: The constituent assembly of India passed article 370 of the Indian constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the Instrument of Accession, viz., defence, foreign affairs and communications.1951 AD: The election to the constituent assembly are announced in Kashmir. This constituent assembly is supposed to work as per Article 370 of the Indian constitution. 75 seats are allocated - 25 of them are left empty for the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.The election is rigged - National Conference wins all 75 seats.1952 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, now the Prime Minister of Kashmir, flips. Declares that he favours independence and not accession to India. The same year, monarchy is officially abolished in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1953 AD: Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, a leader of the Jan Sangh Party (Which later became BJP), dies in jail. He had been arrested for entering the State of Jammu and Kashmir for agitation against the special status given to the state.Sheikh Abdullah, the Prime Minister of J&K, who had been demanding for independence in public meetings, is also dismissed and put into the prison for Anti-India activities (Kashmir Conspiracy Case). Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed becomes the new Prime Minister of the state, who soon ratifies the accession of Kashmir to India in the state assembly.1954 AD: India and Pakistan create a bilateral commission, to organise the plebiscite in Kashmir within the next 6 months. This commision is broken later, when Pakistan and US sign a Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement - which Nehru sees as anti India.1956 AD: The J&K state assembly, adopts a resolution, declaring Kashmir as an integral part of India. India’s home minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant declares to the press during his visit to Kashmir that now, there is no need for a plebiscite in Kashmir.1957 AD: Elections to the first legislative assembly of Kashmir are held. National Conference wins 69 of the 75 seats. 47 seats are won unopposed. Allegations of cheating are levelled up again. No one cares. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed continues as the PM of Kashmir.1959 AD: China Officially annexes Tibet, and declares it an integral part of China. Everyone in India suddenly realise, that Aksai Chin, shown in our maps, as a part of J&K, is not in our sovereign control. China starts building a road to connect Xinjiang in Northwestern China to Tibet. China is now building a road from the same Xinjiang province, to Gwadar in Balochistan under CPEC.1962 AD: Second round of elections are held for the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir state. National Conference wins 68 of the 74 seats.1963 AD: Pakistan signs an agreement with China, giving away the Northern areas, or the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China, JLT.Same year, On 27 December, the Holy Relic from Hazratbal Shrine is stolen around 2 am when the custodians of the shrine were sleeping. Around 50,000 locals carrying black flags demonstrated in front of the shrine. This is the first time when anti-India slogans were heard in Kashmir.The relic was recovered on 4 January 1964, but no information about the thieves was disclosed.1964 AD: Sheikh Abdullah is finally released from Prison for good, All Charges against him are dropped. This is an 11 year long - ‘non-continuous’ stint in jail that makes him a beloved of the people - The Sher-e-Kashmir. Article 356 and 357 are amended to change the post of Prime Minister into that of the Chief Minister.1965 AD: The ruling party in Kashmir, National Conference decides to dissolve itself, and merge in the Indian National Congress Party.The same year, an advisor tells Pakistani Dictator, General Aayub Khan, that there is an mass unrest in the Kashmir Valley and if he can send out some ‘help’ he can write him name in Pakistani history in golden letters as Fateh-e-Kashmir.He really likes the idea and orders the execution of Operation Gibraltar. Pakistani Troops enter the Kashmir Valley in Salwar Kameez - are identified by Locals and reported to the army - the ‘brilliant’ idea fails and gets nipped in the bud. This starts the India Pakistan War of 1965.India opens the war front outside Kashmir, entering Lahore and Sialkot. The return of the Indian troops from Lahore is celebrated as a Victory by the Spin doctors of the Pakistani National Narrative as (Youm-e-Difa) a successful day of defence (Obviously, had they not attacked first - there would have been no use of defending later).—————————-The Start of Kashmiri Militancy1966 AD: Both countries sign a ceasefire agreement in Tashkent, mediated by Russia. This is the first time, when Pakistan realises its martial impotency and decides to support guerrilla groups against India. Kashmiri separatists, Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat form a Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called NLF, which later become JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) in the Pakistani held Kashmir. Maqbool Bhat is later arrested while he’s trying to enter Indian Kashmir. Amanullah Khan settles down in London.1971 AD: Pakistan implodes, giving birth to Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani Soldiers surrender. India and Pakistan sign the Shimla agreement - mutually agreeing to make Kashmir a bilateral dispute.1977 AD: 3rd Elections are held to the state assembly. They are considered to be the first free and fair elections in Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah and his party wins a Majority.1982 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, the Sher-e-Kashmir, dies. His son, Farooq Abdullah becomes the new Chief Minister of J&K.1984 AD: Indian consul general in Indian consul general in Birmingham, UK Ravindra Mhatre is abducted and murdered by JKLF militants. India executes Maqbool Bhat. Amanullah Khan is asked to leave UK - he returns back to Pakistan. Pakistan’s ISI helps Amanullah start a more violent and radical version of the militant group - JKLF1987 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections take place in 1987. Most commentators agree that these elections were rigged and manipulated by the Central Government to favor candidates which were in line with the government of the day.1989 AD: The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ends. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia recognise the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Pakistan finally has a friendly Afghanistan and the ever elusive strategic depth along with a ready infrastructure to sponsor Jihad in Kashmir.1990 AD: Jagmohan, perhaps one of the most hated Indian in Kashmir valley is appointed as the governor of the state. CM Farooq Abdullah resigns, close to 100 local protesters are killed in firing. Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan is killed by JKLF - the first major Kashmiri Pandit to be assassinated in the valley - What follows is the 7th forced exodus of Kashmiris - this time, orchestrated by the locals - those who had converted persecute those who hadn’t.While the Pandits leave en masse, about 10,000 young Kashmiris cross the LOC and get trained in the militant training camps run in Pakistan. Many come back and wreak havoc in Kashmir.The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act is passed in the Indian Parliament and with the recommendation from the state government, AFSPA is imposed in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1999 AD: Pakistan’s Chief of Army staff, along with a few flunkies, decide to extract a revenge of Siachen - in the winters, when the Indian troops vacate their posts in Kargil, they are take up by Pakistani soldiers in Salwar Kameez. Their only mistake - they forget to inform the Navy and the Airforce and fail to take a national consensus. They were hoping to bluff all the way to a negotiating table and perhaps maintain a status quo - what India does in response just takes their napkins away.Pakistan tries to bluff initially by calling the belligerents as Mujahideens, refusing to even take back the dead bodies - but later, under intense international pressure, accepts them as their own and is forces to execute a humiliating unilateral ceasefire.2001 AD: In October, the State Assembly in Srinagar is attacked by Militants - 36 are killed. Two months later, the Parliament of India is attacked.2003 AD: The Delhi Lahore Bus Service Resumes.2012 AD: Chief Minister Omar Abdullah declares that AFSPA is here to stay for a bit longer.2014 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative elections take place with a record turn-out.2016 AD: Following the killing of Burhan Muzaffar Wani, an acclaimed terrorist from Hizbul Mujahideen, a wave of protests engulf the valley.While I am adding a new section here right now. I would like to leave you with the following lines:Iswar Allah, tere jahan mein, nafrat kyon hai, jung hai kyon?Jab har dil mein, tu rehta hai, insan ka dil, tang hai kyon?Loose TranslationHey lord of all people, in your world, why is there strife and war?When you beat in every heart, why are these hearts beating apart?Thank you for reading, cheers and peace :)Footnotes[1] Paradise Regained?[2] Read full sher by Agha Hashr Kashmiri[3] Prophet's Birthday[4] 17 yrs later, the mystery of Mast Gul's escape remains[5] Kashmir and It's People
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What is Zoho.com?
Zoho is a web-based online office suite containing word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, databases, note-taking, wikis, web conferencing, customer relationship management (CRM), project management, invoicing, and other applications developed by ZOHO Corporation (formerly AdventNet Inc.), a California-based company. It was launched in 2005 with a web-based word processor. Additional products such as spreadsheets and presentations, were incorporated later into Zoho. Zoho applications are distributed as software as a service (SaaS).Zoho uses an open application programming interface for its Writer, Sheet, Show, Creator, Meeting, and Planner products. It also has plugins into Microsoft Word and Excel, an Apache OpenOffice plugin, and a plugin for Firefox.Zoho Sites is an online, drag and drop website builder. It provides web hosting, unlimited storage, bandwidth and web pages. Features also include an array of website templates and mobile websites. Create, Edit, Share and Collaborate and e-Sign documents online with Zoho Writer.Zoho Creator is a low-code platform to create custom web and mobile apps. It employs a drag-and-drop builder to create forms, reports, dashboards, and workflows—the basics of any app—and can be used to manage data, automate business process, and more.Zoho CRM is a customer relationship management application with features like procurement, inventory, and some accounting functions from the realm of ERP. The free version is limited to 10 users.In October 2009, Zoho integrated some of their applications with the Google Apps online suite. This enabled users to sign into both suites under one login. Zoho and Google still remain separate, competing companies.Source: Zoho Office Suite - Wikipedia
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What are the best examples of people who have "gamed the system"?
What are the best examples of people gaming the system? Around the time my son was preparing to attend an Ivy League school I began receiving credit card offers that included: 0% interest for 6-12 months; "balance transfers" (from one card to another); and "cash advance" checks. The balance transfers and cash advance checks included a small fixed fee (generally from $10 to $30 per transaction). It was also the case that my son's annual tuition had to be paid in full BEFORE he could move into the dorm. At the time I had a consulting business with some clients who had not paid on time. Ivy League tuition being what it is, I needed a chunk of cas...
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How did Aurangzeb capture and kill his brother Dara Shikoh?
Aurangzeb sent Dara’s chopped off head as a gift to Shahjahan when he was having dinner, after inhumanely mutilating it with his sword.(In the above picture: Dara Shukoh)In Feb 2017, The New Delhi Municipal Council had passed a proposal to change the name of Dalhousie Road to Dara Shikoh Road. And In August 2015, Aurangzeb Road became Dr.A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Road.Both these changes were repeatedly requested by Delhities for years.But Ignorant citizens fail to understand why the name of a street hurts locals and creates headlines. They ask, ‘What's in a name?’(skip to the answer below, if you know about the background or dislike history)The Mughal empire needs no introduction. 16th century onwards, India was ruled by the Mughals.At its pinnacle around 1690 CE, this empire stretched from Kabul to Bengal and Kashmir to Kaveri.Extent of Mughal Empire. Use the Index below to read the map.Emperor Akbar’s wealth is estimated to have been around ₹1365 Lakh Crores (adjusted to inflation; according to Forbes. India’s current richest individual, Mukesh Ambani’s wealth is around ₹2.5 Lakh Crores).And Mughal empire's GDP was 25% of the then global GDP (India’s current GDP is 2.6% compared to Global GDP).Who wouldn't desire to own such wealth and have such authority?The Mughal princes certainly did.They were infamous for their greed for throne.By the time the race for the crown ended, just one survived.Mutual jealousy and hatred grew to irreparable extent amongst the children of Shahjahan.The fight of son against father, and of brother against brother was a norm among the Mughals.Babar, Humayun, Akbar, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb had all fought wars within the family.Most of the Emperors had to face rebellions by their sons as well.Mughal Emperor Shahjahan is best remembered for constructing Lahore Palace, Delhi’s Red Fort, Jama Masjid and the most beautiful structure and wonder of the world: Taj Mahal.Shahjahan and Mumtaz Mahal had 4 sons:Dara ShukohShujaMuhiuddin (later known as Aurangzeb)Murad Baksh.Though this war was fought amongst these 4 brothers, the primary contenders were just 2.(In pic: Mughal Emperor Shahjahan on his throne).Hazy laws of succession made every brother thirsty for their sibling’s blood.Indian customs used to award the father's wealth, belongings and responsibilities to the eldest son. Just the eldest son. But the Mughals followed Central Asian laws. According to these, the throne could not be inherited by the eldest son just because of his seniority. Instead it would belong to the most deserving prince.They believed that merely age does not make one more eligible than others.And a father has the right to decide who succeeds him.Still here, but bored of my history lecture? Allow me to tell you his story in a different way. By taking you on a tour of Medieval India.Let's board our time machine, travel to the 17th century and witness the events as they unfold.As usual with my answers, I shall ask you to assume yourself as the principal character, Dara Shukoh.You are Dara Shukoh.You are the eldest son and fourth child of Prince Khurram (Shahjahan) and Arjumand Banu (Mumtaz Mahal).Before your birth, father had paid a visit to the tomb of the great Sufi mystic, Hazrat Moinuddin Chishti at Ajmer and there had prayed for a son to be born to him, since all his earlier children had been daughters.Thus, when you were born, great festivities were held in the imperial capital Delhi, for your father now has a heir to succeed him to the throne.Your grandfather Emperor Jahangir had named you after the invincible Persian Emperor ‘Darius-I’.Persian word ‘Shukoh’ means glory, splendour and grandeur.[1](In pic: Greeting your father in the royal court after his coronation ceremony)(In above picture: With your father (center), maternal grandfather Asaf Jah (right) and your brothers)(You are a disciple of Hazrat Miyan Mir. He is an enormously respected Muslim saint, who was also invited by the Sikhs to lay the foundation-stone of the Harmandir Sahib/Golden Temple in Amritsar)(In pic: Spiritual discussions with the saints of all religions)You are dedicated to finding a common mystical language between Islam and Hinduism.Towards this goal, you study Sanskrit, and with the help of the Pandits of Kashi, you complete the translation of 52 Upanishads from their original Sanskrit into Persian, so that they could be studied and appreciated by Muslims too, all over the world.Vedas, Puranas, Yoga Vasishta and the Geeta were also translated from Sanskrit into Persian.(In pic: Translating the religious texts from Sanskrit to Persian)You are a disciple of religious gurus like Baba Lal (companion of Saint Kabir), Sarmad Kashani, Mullah Shah Badakhshi and Sufi saint Hazrat Mian Mir among others.You are also a friend of 7th Sikh guru Har Rai. You are Sufi natured and peace loving.On the contrary, your younger brother Muhiuddin was cold, staunch and cunning.(In pic: Father with you and Muhiuddin)You both are poles apart, even when you both were brought up in the same atmosphere.One part of the palace comes alive with you playing Veena, reciting shayari and holy books of all religions.And the other part, mainly the training ground, use to tremble with your brother Muhiuddin’s Mace, Swords and Spears.[In the above pic: You and Muhiuddin (on the right)]You are an art lover, your brother is a seasoned warrior.As you both grow up, your differences grow too.Your extremely opposite ideologies keep you apart from each other.Jealously and hatred are germinating amongst the princes.All of them want to prove themselves worthy.All of them wish to see themselves on the throne.But there's just one Peacock throne.(In pic: Father with you and your brothers Muhiuddin and Shah Shuja)(In above pictures: Arriving for your marriage procession).(In pic: Your only wife, Nadira Banu Begum. Your affection for Nadira proved to be even more faithful than that of father Shah Jahan for your mother Mumtaz Mahal — for unlike father, you never contracted any other marriage)Father formally announces you as his heir, granting you the title of ‘Shahzada-e-Buland Iqbal’ (Prince of High Fortune).This infuriates your brothers, especially Muhiuddin.But your brothers refrain from publicly expressing their displeasure.(In pic: Father crowning you as ‘Shahzada-e-Buland Iqbal’)(In above pic: Princess Jahanara, eldest of all siblings)2 years pass by. One night, Jahanara was watching a performance of some dancers at the Agra fort. Suddenly the attire of one of the dancers cathes fire from the nearby lamp. Jahanara selflessly saves the dancer, but sustains severe burns herself. She is critical and is visited by everyone to check upon her. Everyone, except Muhiuddin. He does not return to Agra immediately, even after receiving the Emperor’s message to do so.3 weeks later, he returns to the palace from his campaign. Instead of seeing Jahanara first, he heads straight to father's court in full body armour.It is considered ill-mannered to meet the family in armour. His acts enrage father.Muhiuddin faces father's wrath.Father's affection towards you and coldness towards your brother Muhiuddin, grew with every passing day.The right of a crown prince to stay in a distinguishable Red tent, was also taken away from him by father.He loses his patience, when he was banished from entering the royal court for about 7 months.(In above picture: Muhiuddin Muhammad)Muhiuddin also loses his governorship of Sindh and Multan to you over insignNow issues. Your weakest link is that you seldom stepped out of the safe confines of the palace walls. Father keeps you close to himself.Whereas brother Muhiuddin was frequently sent by father to battlefields.And he returned stronger everytime.Father promotes you to ‘Shah-e-Buland Iqbal’ (King of High Fortune).Your promotion and Muhiuddin’s debarrment from the court, brings you closer to the Peacock throne.When father suddenly got unwell, you spend days and nights in his service.But beyond the palace walls, rumours are propogating that the Emperor is on his death bed. All your brothers have loyal spies in the court.Murad is in Gujarat, Shuja in Bengal and Muhiuddin in Deccan.They are governors of these regions.(Murad Baksh was the governor of Gujarat and Malwa. Shah Shuja of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. And Muhiuddin of Deccan including Ahmednagar, Berar and Khandesh. And you were of Allahabad, Multan, Sindh, Kabul and Lahore)They believe the rumours to be true.They suspect that you are suppressing the news about father's critical health because you want to snatch the throne away from them.This triggers the war of succession.(In above picture: Shuja Muhammad)Your brother Shuja is the first to act.He announces himself as the Emperor of Bengal.He charges with his army towards the capital. This is rebellion.You suggest father to send an army to contain him, and he does.Mughal army led by your eldest son Sulaiman Shukoh and Raja Jai Singh defeat Shuja in the battle of Bahadurpur, Bihar.Using this as a valid reason, Muhiuddin convinces Murad Baksh to consolidate.They have a agreement that they will fight you together.If they win, they would divide the empire into two equal parts.One would be ruled by Murad Baksh and other by Muhiuddin.(In above picture: Murad Baksh) But you have no clue of the pact.Half of your army is engaged against Shuja’s army in Bihar.Raja Jaswant Singh of Marwar (Jodhpur) is sent with the rest of the Mughal army to counter Muhiuddin and Murad.They clash at Dharmat in Malwa. Father's imperial forces, led by Jaswant Singh, lose the battle.Your rebel brothers are now marching towards Agra.This time you step out to lead the remaining royal army.But against their combined forces, you lose the war.(On your war elephant).You are compelled to retreat with your leftover army to Samugarh.But your brothers follow and attack you there.Your army has to face their united forces. Hada Rajputs are loyal to you and are fighting from your side in the war.They step forward to defend you.Murad’s cavalry charges.A fierce battle follows.During this tussle, Murad shoots an arrow through the Rajput general and kills him. Rajputs lose their commander and there is no one to lead them.They were leading your cause and with their fall, your primary pillar of support has collapsed.This discourages your Mughal soldiers too. When you get the news, you step down from your elephant, mount a horse and proceed to command the weaker side. But your sudden disappearance from your current position on the elephant creates chaos within the army and they lose their morale.They think that either you are dead or you have fled from the battlefield.This misconception brings the Peacock throne within Muhiuddin’s signNow.In June, Muhiuddin besieges father Shah Jahan in the Agra Fort forcing him to surrender unconditionally by cutting off the water supply.Jahanara comes to Muhiuddin proposing a partition of the empire.She proposes that you would be given Punjab and adjoining territories;Shuja would get Bengal;Murad would get Gujarat;and the rest of the empire would go to Muhiuddin.But he refuses Jahanara’s proposition on the grounds that you are an infidel.[2]As the war is about to end, Muhiuddin thinks of sidelining Murad.But he is wary that his loyal army might play spoil sport.They need to be taken care of first. Muhiuddin takes advantage of Murad’s alcohol addiction.On one occasion, when Murad is under heavy influence of alcohol, Muhiuddin’s men overpower him and put him in chains. He is held captive in Qila-i-Mubarak in Delhi.One down. Two more remain. Deciet, dishonesty and tsignNowery; Muhiuddin used everything to be victorious.He then shakes hands with another brother, Shuja. He allows him to rule Bengal, just to keep him calm till he kills you first.When Muhiuddin was away from Delhi, chasing you, Shuja tries to take advantage and marches towards Delhi.Muhiuddin sends his eldest son Muhammad Sultan to crush Shuja.But Shuja offers his daughter in marriage to Muhammed Sultan and convinces him to join him. The elder son’s treason enrages Muhiuddin.He arrives and defeats Shuja and Sultan in a battle.Sultan is arrested and sent to Salimgarh fort in Delhi to spent the rest of his life in prison.Shuja flees to Arakan (Burma) and is welcomed there by their king.A few months later, Shuja conspires to take over his host’s kingdom.But this conspiracy is uncovered, and Shuja is executed by the Arakanese king. Two down. You are the only obstacle between him and the Peacock throne.After the devastating defeat in Samugarh, you leave Hindustan to raise an army again and counter Muhiuddin.So you go to Sindh, then Gujarat, then Ajmer and then Lahore.This takes a toll on your wife's health and she dies of Dysentery in Bolan Pass. Her final wish was to be buried in Hindustan. So, her mortal remains are brought back to Lahore and laid to rest near Hazrat Miyan Mir’s tomb.(In picture: Mausoleum of Nadira Banu Begum, Lahore). Muhiuddin orders a formal coronation in Delhi’s Shalimar Bagh.He changes his name to Aurangzeb.And also adopts the title of Alamgir.Persian word Aurangzeb means ‘Ornament of the Throne’ and his regnal title Alamgir means ‘Conqueror of the World’.[3]As an emperor, he orders Murad to be transferred to Gwalior fort’s imperial prison.A few years ago when Murad was Gujarat’s Governor, he had had executed Gujarat’s Diwan.Aurangzeb pushes Diwan’s son to plead justice, which he does.After a pretentious hearing, Murad is convicted of the charge and executed. He is buried in traitor’s cemetery in Gwalior fort.You are enroute to Persia, but midway take a detour to Afghanistan.You halt at your friend Malik Jiwan’s residence.You had had saved Malik Jiwan’s life twice, when he was about to be executed by Shahjahan for his crimes.He owed you his life.(In pic: You and your son Sipihr)(In picture: Malik Jiwan receiving you)Your son Sipihr Shukoh repeatedly warns you that trusting a criminal would be dangerous for them.Since Malik is indebted to you, you believe that he could be trusted. In the middle of the night, Malik Jiwan and his soldiers attack and arrest you and your son.The city of Delhi yet again becomes a centre stage of politics.The Prince who was once supposed to become the Emperor, is now a prisoner in a filthy prison of Qila-i-Mubarak (later named as Red fort. Mubarak=Auspicious, Qila=Fort). Malik Jiwan receives rewards and the title of Nawab Bakhtiyar Khan for this act of tsignNowery.Your fate is being decided in Aurangzeb’s court.Some courtiers want you to be shifted to Gwalior’s prison.Others demand that the city should witness Emperor Aurangzeb’s victory too and you should be paraded in the entire city. What Aurangzeb chooses shocks everyone.He could've pardoned you or give you an honorable death.But he wants to set an example to every rebel, of what could happen to those who challenge him. You are made to sit on a filthy elephant and disgracefully paraded through the streets of Delhi.People are shocked to see their most beloved and respected prince in such a terrible condition.You are not wearing Pearl necklaces, but chains.Your clothes resemble a beggar's, stained with your blood. The people are in sorrow.They are crying, screaming in agony and cursing Aurangzeb.But nobody dares to defend you. Because a commander with a drawn out sword is standing behind you.He was ordered to behead you at the first sign of revolt.(You and your son Sipihr on the 2nd elephant)Aurangzeb was not expecting such enormous public sympathy for you from the citizens of Delhi.He is wary that this sympathy could turn into a revolution, if something is not done soon.So, he decides to erase your existence. A slave named Nazir is given the job.He was once insulted by you and wanted revenge.30th August, 1659. The fateful night.You are busy cooking some lentils for your son in the prison.When all of a sudden, 4 men enter the prison cell and pull your son away.When you are trying to free him, Nazir slayes you with a sword from behind, in the presence of your horrified son.Niccolao Manucci, the Venetian traveler who worked in the Mughal court, has written down the details of Dara Shukoh's death. According to him, upon Dara's capture, Aurangzeb ordered his men to have his head brought up to him and he inspected it thoroughly to ensure that it was Dara indeed.He then further mutilated the head with his sword three times.After which, he ordered the head to be put in a box and presented to his ailing father, Shah Jahan, with clear instructions to be delivered only when the old King sat for his dinner.He was imprisoned at the Agra’s fort. The guards were also instructed to inform Shah Jahan that, “Emperor Aurangzeb, your son, sends this box to let him (Shah Jahan) see that he does not forget him”. Shah Jahan instantly became happy (not knowing what was in the box) and uttered, “Blessed be God that my son still remembers me”. Upon opening the box, Shah Jahan became horrified and fell unconscious.After regaining consciousness, he was deeply anguished, to the point where he began to pull out his beard and blood started coming out profusely.[4](Dara’s head brought to Aurangzeb)Aurangzeb ordered Dara’s mortal remains to be buried in an unmarked place in the complex of Humayun’s tomb in Delhi.On Aurangzeb's ascent to the throne, Jahanara voluntarily joined her father in imprisonment at the Agra Fort, where she devoted herself to Shahjahan's care for 8 more years until his death.[5](In pic: Jahanara with Shahjahan at the moment of his death in 1666. For the 8 long years that Shahjahan was kept in confinement in the Agra fort, Aurangzeb never once visited his father. Not even during his final illness. Even after Shahjahan's death, Aurangzeb did not attend his father's funeral)Somewhere in this grand Mausoleum of Humayun, is buried a forgotten prince named Dara, who wanted the nation to be a peaceful one. Who loved and respected all religions impartially and was equally loved back by the nobles and commoners alike.References:‘The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors’ (by Abraham Eraly. Publisher: Phoenix, London. ISBN: 0753817586)‘The Mughal Empire: The history and culture of Indian people Vol.7’ (by R.C.Majumdar, J.N.Chaudhuri, S.Chaudhuri. Publisher: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan).‘History of Aurangzib: Vol.1 & 2 (by Jadunath Sarkar. Publisher: S.C.Sarkar and Co. Ltd.)Footnotes[1] Dara Shukoh - Wikipedia[2] Shah Jahan - Wikipedia[3] Aurangzeb - Wikipedia[4] Dara Shukoh - Wikipedia[5] Jahanara Begum - Wikipedia
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What is the saddest truth about smart people?
Smart people are broken sad people who go through life in hard mode.Have you ever heard the term "Ignorance is a bliss?" Too much intelligence can also be your biggest curse.The smartest people in history suffered from depression and various kinds of mental illnesses due to the impact their thinking habits left on their social life. The smartest people are the saddest people, and that's evident if you survey the best and most creative people in history, regardless of their domain, whether it's science or art or entertainment, all of those individuals who sparked additional intelligence and creativity rather than the rest of the crowd had to pay for it big time in social isolation, social bullying and social rejection, as children or grown-ups.A smart person is a relatively depressed person and you'd think if they are so smart why they can't control their depression? But that's the sad truth about depression, it's superior even to intelligence and doesn't care if you're smart or not so smart if you're young or an adult, depression couldn't care less if you are prepared or not to handle it. If anything being smart can maximize your depression episode to new highs because intelligence is linked to attention to details and every confusion lies in details, not the big picture normal people see, so intelligence becomes your curse and worst enemy than a gift you can run with and see life from a special view.The mind of a smart person is doing non-stop work and running endless cycles working out solutions to problems that don't even exist! Even when they're resting their mind works, in-fact that's when their brain works the most, their sleep pattern is a mess, their social performance declines to very low alarming levels, and this ongoing cycle can be so brutal that it kills their will to live and eventually suicide in some sadly not so rare cases because in their mind every problem has a logical solution then they look at all the injustice and destruction around them without one working solution no matter how big or small the problem at hand is their desire to be part of society shatters then they seek even more social isolation.They are not very argumentative people, they have more debates and discussions inside their heads than they do with other people. So, if you ever get nothing but silence out of them know that they don’t see you a match to get them to react. If you don’t grasp the fundamentals of the topic you are discussing or debating them with they won’t give you the time of the day and may just respond with a cold mini smile or a sarcastic but not offensive comment. Smart people are twice as defensive of other people than they are of themselves. They are more than willing to sacrifice their time and sanity helping someone out than helping themselves out of the same particular situation and it goes back to a perfect psychological barrier system they created themselves which means you can only offend them if they let you to, otherwise all you can do is try. So what this means is that they don’t get offended by the same things that offend other people, for example calling them “weird” is like giving them a compliment, they do like and enjoy being weird, they naturally strive to be different than everyone elseIf you get loud while discussing something with them they will write you off entirely. To them, getting loud is the equivalent to losing the argument so if you want to get them to be responsive make sure you stay calm and refrain from using complex big words because that also means you are not well informed on the topic you are discussing, you can fool many people and they may admire you for it but you’ll never be able to fool them. Smart people won’t be standing in line waiting to get a best seller book or attending a global phenomenal movie. While they may respect the intellectual effort of the writer or the movie staff, in their mind, only generic concepts can touch a vast amount of people so they seek unheard of books, rare unheard of movies or watch an old movie that has sentimental value or reminds them of their childhood.This society labels smart individuals as “Nerds” and paints them with the most outrageous adjectives there is. A nerd according to our society is someone who is socially awkward, unpleasant looking, needs thick glasses to see, fails to function among a large crowd, is easily embarrassed and bullied, can’t get a date, can’t get it together. Instead of crediting smart people by referring to them as smart they're called nerds and this is exactly how a troubled society operates by isolating the positively different and embracing the negatively influential individual simply because positivity needs effort, while negative is the default and needs no effort to be achieved.The saddest truth about smart people is that the world around them speaks on their behalf, it speaks so loud and harasses them for being different and daring to be defined by their intelligence by sporting it in their social interactions and refusing to blend in if it meant acting as stupid as everyone else. You'll often find them hanging alone with no friends either by choice or because others see their social behavior abnormal, they may wear a sweatshirt to a formal gathering and pay no attention to social etiquette. In their mind, these are all fake things people do to seem what they are not. They are observant especially of their own behavior and have a self-corrective system which always keeps track of any personality changes made just for the sake of blending in. They beat themselves up at night if during the day they said something against their character just to get public approval and can dwell on it for days. Smart people are very moment-aware even if it may look like they aren't paying attention to you they have already studied the room and everyone in it and decided that no one there is worth their direct interaction, so they switch to hibernation until the function or gathering is over. When I think intelligence I instantly think of Einstein, he spent years unsuccessfully trying to snag a faculty position at a university. Even after he came up with E=mc2, Imagine you're reviewing a resume and rejecting someone like Albert Einstein. Every time an innovator showed moments of brilliance society rejected them, if you go as far as 100s years back when Giordano Bruno dared to think against the church teachings he was given the chance before he was set on fire at the stake by being told: take back your claims that the universe has no center, and stars are suns, surrounded by planets and moons and you'll be allowed to live, and he said NO, I won't, Bruno decided to die and let his idea live (and it did) than live and let his idea die before him. Throughout history, smart people have been tortured, abused not by society but by a whole complete systemic abuse that doesn't approve different individuals and sees them as inferior and a threat needs to be eliminated.The saddest truth about smart people is that they are smart people in a world that values and respects the stupid, a world that glorifies and fears dumb individuals and puts them in high ranks, as high as ruling a nation. Human psychology is so complex and impossible to understand we only just began decoding ourselves and there are things yet to be unraveled that as of now we are not prepared to understand, but decades later it will make so much sense and that's what it's like to live in the mind of a smart person. They are here, but their minds are well ahead of their time, they have to be present, but their thinking is in the future, and while they do all that they have to deal with psychological discomforts and various painful episodes they collected as young kids from all the bullying they endured for just being special and different.Overthinking is a minor, barely reliable sign of intelligence, persistent thinking is a more obvious, reliable sign. When you overthink you are practically stuck inside a loop and that's not a smart thing to do, however persistent thinking until you work out a solution is a smart person trait. Being an overthinker can happen at any stage of your life especially if you are an average person. Overthinking to obsessive levels is mentally draining and can kill your potential and creativity, and that's why it's hard to say smart people are overthinkers because many have created and achieved life-changing achievements.Not every smart person is depressed and not every depressed person is smart, however, the life routine of the smart can potentially lead to depression due to social disadvantages and also thinking habits and problems sorting. One of the most false stereotypes is linking intelligence to doing mathematical calculations on the fly or solving complex Math problems faster than average people but you can be smart and not know how to do that and you can be average and know a couple of calculus tricks it doesn't mean you are intelligent, we often set Math as the most reliable scale to determine if someone is Intelligent/Smart/Genius because of its complexity and randomness to achieve problems solving, but that's one small factor of many. It's often said that: if you hire a lazy worker he'd find the fastest route to finish a given task at the least amount of required effort, and while math is far from static you can learn to hack it and master it and still not be one of the intelligent people.One of my favorite examples of natural intelligence and gained intelligence is the difference between Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo. Cristiano is a hard worker he trains non-stop, always working on learning and shaping his skills, but only one thing separates him from Messi, it’s called natural intelligence. Lionel Messi just goes out there and performs like he created the sport, he only needs to train to stay fit and still be the best player in the world without having to try as hard as Cristiano does, however mastering one domain in life makes you an expert or smart in that particular domain, the kind of smart we are discussing here is the universal kind smart which is so rare but it wouldn’t be if teachers at schools paid more attention to their students than messing on their phones. Our education system values grades more than it values education and that’s one of the main reasons we rarely hear of gifted smart people anymore.This world is still not ready to respect and value the smart, as long as you see Kim Kardashian making millions of dollars know that we are not heading in the right direction, and we still have a long time to go as a species to develop and learn. As long as you see a scientific discovery documentary gather a thousand views and a famous model in bikini video gets millions of views know that we are a generation to feel sorry for. People get worked up debating hip-hop artists feuds all over social media and burn hours of their lives defending famous people who could care less about their existence. Luckily life is the gift that keeps on giving and there are more smart people yet to be born and bring outstanding innovations into the world, and hopefully, by then this world can learn to appreciate and embrace them, instead of making them feel like inferiors and harass them every step of the way.The “in their own mind genius” people are very common these days and they don’t have much that separates them from failures with that mindset, with all due respect to people who fail to achieve in life, no one enjoys or seeks to become a failure, sometimes life circumstances are stronger than our wishes and desires.I can imagine myself building a spaceship that can take us to Mars in 5 Months but if I don’t start creating, submitting drafts, e-mailing and pitching ideas to involved people that means I accomplished nothing but being “Genius inside my own head” which amounts to absolutely nothing if it doesn’t end up with an outcome people can touch and see. If you feel like you have a revolutionary idea no matter how crazy it may sound, get off your seat and promote it to people in your region, on the internet, anyone involved in the particular domain you feel inspired enough to revolutionize or improve. Never settle for “in-head drafts” and keep projects locked in there, they die with you and that’s a sad way to go. Most innovators in history were considered crazy the moment they started thinking out-loud and people ended up respecting them after seeing their achievements, the best ideas sometimes sound the craziest, especially to those who don’t want to see you achieve.Thank you, everyone, for the overwhelming response and beautiful comments.
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