Certify eSignature Form Safe

PGP keys get stored as very large binary numbers, but get shared inside a specific text-encoded form defined by RFC 4880, the OpenPGP Message Format.As an example, let’s look at an “ASCII Armored” block containing my public key:-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: Keybase OpenPGP v1.0.3 Comment: https://keybase.io/crypto xsFNBFQTaJABEAC3r7hjaTIrEmTZP32QB2tAyDLINzGq6oHXggacfvnVK1viAGUb mROmv6gV3Cj9Bb6m4LNLAohYPIFatMhGwgB+ou8zxCMsiP6HKT6Cp6z2PJK2iFRS 6fHv87CjNhenuDhlfoPIyuhBA+f9L5Qqkzt1BaOKpxoRYbsOqMUHa3Grsk0hf3ce nxkUZIYLoYfLwFTtPJTM8NGfdhgZ9yTO1bt7P+709+mfPRi/5r55qXOf8XvmONls rxuYfcsckQ6JDOf32JltxyTAx18H8pepdEGxw8MIWy8eoKGH1AkRXA3D0qYQ/lWU F/R3Nod+LXAWmN+rKypnoFi0Q958TgCsJXXRPrbLgC5jPNLCPWcwE5WhTWfjEQGl iD52XrBj96VNlD0menG9CjLzNgVwP0FzH7HcbfZlhfFcWmemWwVUFbwf+jUL9t7c pjZyoGLov4u8fbxBjmIYRb+NPY0Rg00Dv9t/+AUCe4fjEVlN/5FqYftv+p5z5H09 AdMkve5DX+55A6Adm0afKoYVI6Ztilvjd4N3sr9pBkb9r1W10wC8kkXUBXrUrpoN 8hrVKyCb8cEaLvF62Sq/01eXcZ+3Z9tBtR+qC95IycS/Cr/kwzNFd9nDbwU+MsJc 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if4uDuMDDsK04W9ZssP3djGT7whpTU70yNvJVCo6YDwrMywUwldlFDl9/j4ft43s 1poHZrr+Yn+SgboMY1B4cpTFMKkbThmQ1e/DBPb8Zn28v1F6IFEgK6jJ6gJbBSht FAA+1GwCz98oiCZeuA6Y3OXiDKjB4Aw5wFsPXAyNXVhtg2rp4ZsJ/TfKPMgShRTN DpMe4XMkMCdlr848q19XAKWLPAwN+xKpm1i0QNi5rkqyJW4jZHulGmfmjWgVBBC3 dPe9oI8P/1vFNsh3L7Rhdq0QaNff2s/9d5r1TGprQ3QDBue0n4HAP0YAncweR/OR AH7PLuIk1YrOqq3UfNcg0OeAn8DrQgt3ZYzs9RETIhHJrVKKMZTdGkZHEtNI3Ype 6ypeBaeYZSdK/z06goHECY+F6bLtRAjNNxbyb8fxcyllEztiPaT4NkPkB4AZjLPE pftuYgcKZA1CMp/vY9WF1F7bhVJZTEi4O+nrc9hdwocWXfBU7TNhdkA7blvE1UCM +cISQ3jGo6yXItj+2ccCc6ggNbsWYxvj1ijLodSuaKgCR2F96Tleji/yvviPzG36 dyw1bRAhusqyZOsiif32afVu0+r8dFs/gXVE6Dz/zhq4DzhsLmgtZ9SFDuYfnjHd +qbyVIw7X7Hw+sdPd4xrOv9u6Wvpt3ELh+nzxEa36ai+CHHxRQHorfySiiRKuoa+ mXjyWOKVWB1aXELe0a7rA3WgH9qwAs1w6HJnRLPKR5B0GY0JZLacQ492FTX7a2Vd spD/ROZm1z1K95FZ9NLrFSglJYoshoMp9uTyd6qdJrZdNtDwLPiWptmnpvdHnl33 /6ixrIEetvCxHgtFk/aIdWDNEsmnQ+Hg2geC6qUjQnaGhakRe8FaP73AsXh602NO OjTmQLYZWgy3V+nfD8rRQcZooTreW+E2fVO0qA8jCtOQ4jk+8pAQ =hhsQ -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- That block includes my public key and enough information for anyone to send me an encrypted message or verify my signature. The “ASCII Armor” uses Radix-64, or Base64, a scheme to represent an arbitrary binary stream in human-readable characters safe to use for URLs, filenames, and transmission through legacy 7-bit channels.Using pgpdump, you can interpret the underlying data.New: Public Key Packet(tag 6)(525 bytes) Ver 4 - new Public key creation time - Fri Sep 12 14:41:36 PDT 2014 Pub alg - RSA Encrypt or Sign(pub 1) RSA n(4096 bits) - ... RSA e(17 bits) - ... New: User ID Packet(tag 13)(39 bytes) User ID - keybase.io/remaker New: Signature Packet(tag 2)(557 bytes) Ver 4 - new Sig type - Positive certification of a User ID and Public Key packet(0x13). Pub alg - RSA Encrypt or Sign(pub 1) Hash alg - SHA512(hash 10) Hashed Sub: signature creation time(sub 2)(4 bytes) Time - Fri Sep 12 14:41:36 PDT 2014 Hashed Sub: key flags(sub 27)(1 bytes) Flag - This key may be used to signNow other keys Flag - This key may be used to sign data Flag - This key may be used to encrypt communications Flag - This key may be used to encrypt storage Flag - This key may be used for authentication Hashed Sub: preferred symmetric algorithms(sub 11)(2 bytes) Sym alg - AES with 256-bit key(sym 9) Sym alg - AES with 128-bit key(sym 7) Hashed Sub: preferred hash algorithms(sub 21)(2 bytes) Hash alg - SHA512(hash 10) Hash alg - SHA256(hash 8) Hashed Sub: features(sub 30)(1 bytes) Flag - Modification detection (packets 18 and 19) Hashed Sub: key server preferences(sub 23)(1 bytes) Flag - No-modify Sub: issuer key ID(sub 16)(8 bytes) Key ID - 0x9683F60EF72E0E45 Hash left 2 bytes - c7 81 RSA m^d mod n(4094 bits) - ... -> PKCS-1 New: Public Subkey Packet(tag 14)(269 bytes) Ver 4 - new Public key creation time - Fri Sep 12 14:41:36 PDT 2014 Pub alg - RSA Encrypt or Sign(pub 1) RSA n(2048 bits) - ... RSA e(17 bits) - ... New: Signature Packet(tag 2)(836 bytes) Ver 4 - new Sig type - Subkey Binding Signature(0x18). Pub alg - RSA Encrypt or Sign(pub 1) Hash alg - SHA512(hash 10) Hashed Sub: signature creation time(sub 2)(4 bytes) Time - Fri Sep 12 14:41:36 PDT 2014 Hashed Sub: key expiration time(sub 9)(4 bytes) Time - Sat Sep 10 14:41:36 PDT 2022 Hashed Sub: key flags(sub 27)(1 bytes) Flag - This key may be used to sign data Sub: issuer key ID(sub 16)(8 bytes) Key ID - 0x9683F60EF72E0E45 Sub: embedded signature(sub 32)(284 bytes) Ver 4 - new Sig type - Primary Key Binding Signature(0x19). Pub alg - RSA Encrypt or Sign(pub 1) Hash alg - SHA512(hash 10) Hashed Sub: signature creation time(sub 2)(4 bytes) Time - Fri Sep 12 14:41:36 PDT 2014 Sub: issuer key ID(sub 16)(8 bytes) Key ID - 0x18CF3939075B4341 Hash left 2 bytes - e4 8f RSA m^d mod n(2047 bits) - ... -> PKCS-1 Hash left 2 bytes - 8c 46 RSA m^d mod n(4095 bits) - ... -> PKCS-1 New: Public Subkey Packet(tag 14)(269 bytes) Ver 4 - new Public key creation time - Fri Sep 12 14:41:36 PDT 2014 Pub alg - RSA Encrypt or Sign(pub 1) RSA n(2048 bits) - ... RSA e(17 bits) - ... New: Signature Packet(tag 2)(836 bytes) Ver 4 - new Sig type - Subkey Binding Signature(0x18). Pub alg - RSA Encrypt or Sign(pub 1) Hash alg - SHA512(hash 10) Hashed Sub: signature creation time(sub 2)(4 bytes) Time - Fri Sep 12 14:41:36 PDT 2014 Hashed Sub: key expiration time(sub 9)(4 bytes) Time - Sat Sep 10 14:41:36 PDT 2022 Hashed Sub: key flags(sub 27)(1 bytes) Flag - This key may be used to encrypt communications Flag - This key may be used to encrypt storage Sub: issuer key ID(sub 16)(8 bytes) Key ID - 0x9683F60EF72E0E45 Sub: embedded signature(sub 32)(284 bytes) Ver 4 - new Sig type - Primary Key Binding Signature(0x19). Pub alg - RSA Encrypt or Sign(pub 1) Hash alg - SHA512(hash 10) Hashed Sub: signature creation time(sub 2)(4 bytes) Time - Fri Sep 12 14:41:36 PDT 2014 Sub: issuer key ID(sub 16)(8 bytes) Key ID - 0xE706A4B7AEE20DF7 Hash left 2 bytes - 3c be RSA m^d mod n(2048 bits) - ... -> PKCS-1 Hash left 2 bytes - a0 8f RSA m^d mod n(4095 bits) - ... -> PKCS-1 The actual public key is identified as an RSA 4096 bit key. The output of pgpdump masks the key itself, as well as the other independently revocable 2048-bit Subkeys. The block also contains a signature in order to thwart tampering.Once the public key block is imported to gpg, I can see the summary of the key data.gpg --list-keys /home/pi/.gnupg/pubring.gpg --------------------------- pub 4096R/F72E0E45 2014-09-12 uid keybase.io/remaker sub 2048R/075B4341 2014-09-12 [expires: 2022-09-10] sub 2048R/AEE20DF7 2014-09-12 [expires: 2022-09-10] Humans have no reason to see the actual binary value of the 4096 bit key; only the actual algorithms need it. The absurdly large value does not fit into the 32 and 64 bit values used for a typical integer.Just for fun, I used the commandgpg --list-packets --verbose --debug 0x02 To do a full dump of the key, just so you can see it.My 4096 bit key is, in hex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nsurprisingly, all standard hexadecimal to decimal converters barf on such a big number.While one might experience some amusement in expressing this value in Base10, it would be hard to justify the effort to do so.See also: Anatomy of a GPG Key

Algorithm for starting a Private Limited Company: Engineer's View Personally I believe, If someone is starting a company with long term perspective or to bring some change through their unique Product/Services, one must go for Private limited firm. Prime reason for this is easy to raise funds from Angels/VC in case you go for investment. Step 1. Registration of Company 1. Name Selection: Check whether your desired company name is available or not at MCA website [ http://www.mca.gov.in/ ]. Name must be unique & must resemble with business you intend to do (highlighted one). EX: Arihant Labs Retail Services Pvt. Ltd 2. Registration of Name at ROC: Name approval usually takes maximum of 14 days. This is done online through MCA website. Moreover, you need to apply with at least 4 names for approval with a writeup about significance of names with main business of the company. 3. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Options for names for the proposed Company (on the basis of preference) 2. Amount of Share Capital; proposed shareholding ratio 3. A paragraph on the proposed major line of business of the company (main objects) 4. City of Registered Office. 5. Copy of ownership deed/sale deed(if property is owned) 6. Copy of rent agreement with NOC (if property is rented) 7. Copy of latest electricity bill/telephone bill/mobile bill for both directors 8. Copy of latest electric bill/telephone bill for the registered office proof. 4. Obtaining DIN & DSC: 5. 1. Documents Required 2. 1. PAN Card copies for directors and shareholders. 2. Voter ID/Passport/Driving License for directors and shareholders. 3. Occupation of the Directors for directors and shareholders. 4. E-Mail IDs of all directors and shareholders. 5. Phone Numbers for all directors and shareholders. 6. Photos for directors and shareholders 6. Company Incorporation: After above mentioned formalities have been completed, we need to file following forms/docs in Rs 100 stamp paper: 7. 1. Affidavits for non- acceptance 2. INC 9, INC 10 3. DIR 2 4. NOC : This is required to be filed by the owner of the property on which your company will be situated. 5. Subscriber Sheets of MOA & AOA 6. Documents required for filling MOA & AOA 7. 1. Must be filled on OWN handwriting 2. Passport size photos 3. Sheets needs to be witnessed by CA/CS/Advocate Step 2. Obtaining PAN/TAN: After company gets incorporated, you may apply for PAN/TAN. Step 3. Trade Licence in case you are selling PRODUCTS: This is required in some places for carrying out sales. You can obtain this from local Municipality. Step 4. VAT/CST registration for selling Products: For selling intra-state, you need VAT registration & for selling inter-state, you need to register for CST. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Trade Licence 2. Company Incorporation Certificate 3. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 4. Proof of residence of Directors 5. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 6. MOA & AOA of company 7. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank Step 5. Service tax registration for Service Industry: In India, you need to pay service tax of 14.5% on every services you have charged customer for. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Company Incorporation Certificate 2. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 3. Proof of residence of Directors 4. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 5. MOA & AOA of company 6. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank That's All folks! Your STARTUP is up to Conquer the World. UPVOTE & SHARE your views/issues We at labkafe [ http://labkafe.com/ ], prefer taxmantra [ http://taxmantra.com/ ] for our legal requirements.

Electronic signatures are used on a daily basis by businesses to bind agreements. It can be in any form be it a PIN number or just an OK click. These days even emails are considered as a legal binding agreement. This is so because giving your permission onto something digitally is way more convenient and secured than the traditional process of written signatures. E signature solutions are a great method to not only track the entire documentation process but also to ensure high-end security with no chance of forgery in it.Are They Safe?Electronic signatures are backed by digital signatures which are protected by several encryption levels. In case of tampering, this happening will automatically invalid the digital signature and so will it be the same case with electronic signature. Electronic signatures are rendered by professional electronic signature service providers that offer streamlined package where all the information is compactly transferred into a secured package.E Signature is hence often termed as a digital finger print of the signee. They stand equal importance with that of a written signature just the difference with e-signature is that they are much more secured.There has been a tremendous growth in the use of electronic signature for dealing with agreements. This is so because every agreement is interacted through encryptions which prevent tampering of data or the signature at any level. This way the sender and receiver can ensure that all the information provided in the document stays the same throughout the course of signature. If at all a change is seen in the transit it will be flagged to both the parties.Another distinctive aspect of using an electronic signature is that it has a legal standpoint in the court of law. So at the time of dispute between the sender and the recipient the court will consider electronic signature as a proof. Hence they are safe to use even from a legal point of you.Therefore it is correct to say that using e signature solutions for any professional or personal dealing is entirely safe plus there is an added advantage of cost reduction that earlier were made around printing and storage. So for corporate it’s a win-win deal!!!

Click here for Digital Signature CertificateDigital signature certificates or DSC are required for filing income tax returns, company filings, import export clearance and e-tenders.A Digital Signature is the equivalent of a physical signature in electronic format, as it establishes the identity of the sender of an electronic document in the Internet. Digital Signatures are used in India for online transactions such as Income Tax E-Filing, Company or LLP Incorporation, Filing Annual Return, E-Tenders, etc., There are three types of Digital Signatures, Class I, Class II and Class III Digital Signature. Class I type of Digital Signatures are only used for securing email communication. Class II type of Digital Signatures are used for Company or LLP Incorporation, IT Return E-Filing, Obtaining DIN or DPIN, and filing other forms with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs and Income Tax Department. Class III type Digital Signatures are used mainly for E-Tendering and for participating in E-Auctions. Digital Signatures come in the form of a USB E-Token, wherein the Digital Signature Certificate is stored in a USB Drive and can be accessed through a computer to sign documents electronically.With E-Return filing becoming mandatory for Income Tax Assesses with an income of over Rs.5 lakhs per annum, the requirement and prevalence of Digital Signatures has increased manifold. IndiaFilings can help you obtain your Digital Signature hassle-free online. IndiaFilings is a Registered Partner of SIFY and E-Mudhra.Class II Digital Signatures are used for Income Tax E-Filing, Company or LLP Incorporation, Annual Return Filing, etc., Class II Digital Signatures are required to file documents electronically with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs and Income Tax Department.Difference between Class 2 and Class 3 Digital Signature CertificatesIn this day and age of technology, physical signatures are increasingly being converted to digital media for security reasons. Digital Signature Certificates, (DSC) are simply the electronic equivalent of physical or paper certificates such as identity proofs, driver�s licenses, passports or PAN cards. These certificates can prove to be helpful for many online transactions that require digital proof of identities and to receive and send information on the web safely.Organizations and firms, today require digital signature certificate to better facilitate communication and transactions between them and the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. For companies that have a turnover of more than INR 60 Lakhs have to apply for these certifications mandatorily, and it is considered a legally admissible instrument. Besides, it is always wise to get a digital signature as it offers a high level of security for online transactions by ensuring absolute privacy of the information exchanged. These certificates can also be useful for encrypting information that only the intended recipient can have access to. You can digitally sign information to assure the recipient that it has not been changed in transit, and also verify your identity as the sender of the message.There are two main types of Digital Signature Certificates � Class 2 Certificates and Class 3 Digital Signature Certificate. A Class 2 Digital Signature Certificate is used by individuals and is available for download after verification based on a trusted and pre-verified database. A Class 3 Digital Signature Certificate, on the other hand, is of the highest level as it is issued only after the registrant�s identity verification has been carried out by a Registration Authority.Class 2 Digital Signature Certificates are generally used for filing documents Income Tax, Registrar of Companies and VAT, whereas Class 3 Digital Signature Certificates are needed for e-tendering, which is a procurement process that is conducted online. The aspects where this comes into play include: � Contract download� Evaluation of tenders (May or may not involve e-auctions)� Supplier registration/expression of interest� Submission of bid documentThe Ministry of Company Affairs, Government of India (GoI) has initiated MCA21 program, for easy and secure access to its services in a manner that best suits the businesses and citizens. The MCA21 application is designed to support Class 2 & 3 Digital Signature Certificates (DSC) issued by licensed signNowing Authority under Controller of signNowing Authorities.

Class 2 Digital Signature Certificate can be issued to individual or an authorized individual on the behalf of any organization. Class 2 Digital Signature Certificate is available for download after verification based on a trusted and pre-verified databaseWhereas Class 2B Digital signature certificates are issued to Organization for various purposes. Class 2B digital signatures for organization is personal certificate that provides second highest level of assurance within the RCAI hierarchy setup by CCA (Controller of signNowing Authorities) in India which is mainly used for e tender filing, E Procurement, E Bidding, Bank Auction and Document Signing.

I had my class 2 medical assessment done in Kolkata last year-which I cleared with ease-and I would love to share my experience.The entire process takes a lot of time, which ensures a very long answer, but with that being said I can promise you with all the minor details, be patient and have a good read. But first some common questions which most people may ask in the comments and I won't be available to reply for another 1 year.When to apply?The best time is to apply a year before you plan to start flying. That means you must apply for it during your summer vacations if you plan to start f...

Cryptography is a technique of storing and transmitting data in a particular form so that only those for whom it is intended can read and process it.Cryptography makes secure web sites and electronic safe transmissions possible. For a web site to be secure all of the data transmitted between the computers where the data is kept and where it is received must be encrypted. Due to the large number of commercial transactions on the internet, cryptography is  very key in ensuring the security of the transactions.Cryptography allows you to have confidence in your electronic transactions. Encrypt...

Cryptography is the science of hiding information in plain sight, in order to conceal it from unauthorized access. It is a technique of storing and transmitting data in a particular form so that only those for whom it is intended can read and process it.Cryptography makes secure web sites and electronic safe transmissions possible. For a web site to be secure all of the data transmitted between the computers where the data is kept and where it is received must be encrypted. Due to the large number of commercial transactions on the internet, cryptography is  very key in ensuring the security of the transactions.Cryptography allows you to have confidence in your electronic transactions. Encryption is used in electronic transactions to protect data such as account numbers and transaction amounts, digital signatures replace handwritten signatures or credit card authorizations, and public-key encryption provides confidentiality. Key management is an important aspect in encryption that allows you to apply common encryption policies across all data on all managed devices. Cryptography is also used in access control to regulate access such as in satellite and cable TV. Without cryptography, hackers could get into our e-mail, listen in on our phone conversations, tap into cable companies ,acquire free cable service, or break into our bank/brokerage accounts. Time stamping is a cryptographic  technique that can signNow that a certain electronic document, communication existed or was delivered at a particular time.In  general, cryptography is an important way of achieving data confidentiality, data integrity, user authentication and non-repudiation.