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FAQs
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As a startup founder of three years our legal housekeeping is a bit of mess, how can I best setup a system to organize and track
As a startup founder of three years myself, I can relate to how legal housekeeping can be messy. Once a year, I have our own lawyers go through and do an audit of all of our legal paperwork (which costs a couple thousand dollars to be extremely thorough, but it’s worth it). Luckily, there are now many ways to easily manage and track all of your legal, financial, and HR documents via third-party sites that specialize in these management proceedings. I wrote a blog post about this awhile back titled “5 Ways to Save Time Dealing With Documents” which highlights certain sites that can be very beneficial depending on what paperwork you’d like to track or manage. They are as follows:1. GroupDocsGroupDocs is a new, comprehensive online service for document creation and management. It has multiple features, including a viewer for reading documents in your browser, an electronic signature service, an online document converter, a document assembly service, a feature for comparing different versions of a document, and an annotation feature. An individual plan is $10 per month for limited storage and 500 documents, while a group plan for up to 9 people is $19 per user per month. Based on the number of features and pricing, GroupDoc is a good-value purchase for a small business. As you’ll see below, GroupDocs can be cheaper than a service that offers only one such feature.2. signNowWhen you’re closing a deal and need to get documents signed, the last thing you need is a slow turnaround due to fax machine problems or the postal service. The solution is to use an electronic signature service such as signNow, which is one of the most popular e-signature companies in the world. This service allows you to email your documents to the person whose signature you need. Next, the recipient undergoes a simply e-signing process, and then signNow alerts you when the process is completed. Finally, signNow electronically stores the documents, which are accessible at any time. As a result, you can easily track the progress of the signature process and create an audit trail of your documents. The “Professional” plan is recommended for sole proprietors and freelancers, and costs $180 per year ($15 per month) for up to 50 requested signatures per month. The “Workgroup” plan is geared towards teams and businesses, and it costs $240 per user per year ($20 per month per user), for unlimited requested signatures.3. signNowsignNow is another e-signature service. Similar to signNow, signNow allows you to upload a PDF file, MS Word file or web application document. Next, you can edit the document, such as by adding initials boxes or tabs, and then email them out for signatures. Once recipients e-sign the document, signNow notifies you and archives the document. signNow offers low rates for these services: a 1-person annual plan with unlimited document sending costs $11 per month. An annual plan for 10 senders with unlimited document sending costs only $39 per month.4. ExariExari is a document assembly and contract management service that assists in automating high-volume business documents, such as sales agreements or NDAs. First, the document assembly service allows authors to create automated document templates. No technical knowledge is required; most authors are business analysts and lawyers. Authors have a variety of options for customizing documents, such as fill-in-the-blank fields, optional clauses, and dynamic updating of topic headings. They also can add questions that the end user must answer. Once you send out the document, the user answers the questionnaire, and Exari uses that data to customize the document. Next, the contract management feature allows you to store and track both the templates and the signed documents. Pricing is based on the size and scope of your planned implementation, so visit their website for more information.5. FillanyPDFIt’s a hassle having to print out PDF forms in order to complete them. Fortunately, FillanyPDF is a service that allows you to edit, fill out and send any PDFs, while entirely online. This “Fill & Sign” plan costs $5 per month, or $50 per year. If you subscribe to the “Professional” plan, you can also create fillable PDFs using your own documents. With this service, any PDF, JPG or GIF file becomes fillable when you upload it to the site. You can modify a form using white-out, redaction and drawing tools. Then, you can email a link to your users, who can fill out and e-sign your form on the website. FillanyPDF also allows you to track who filled out your forms, and no downloads are necessary to access these services. The “Professional” plan costs $49 per month, or $490 per year.Switching firms can be a hassle. As a former startup attorney, I have a bit of advice about finding the right attorney for your business: it’s best to focus on the specific attorney you’ll be working with. He or she should have a solid understanding of the ins and outs of your business industry, a deep knowledge of the legal issues your startup may face, and previous work experience with startups to ensure a quality and efficient work product. This is absolutely key when matching our startup clients at UpCounsel to attorneys on our platform who can perform their legal work and hash out their legal projects in a timely manner. We also allow clients to store any and all of their legal documents directly on UpCounsel so they don’t have to go searching in alternative places for the correct paperwork. It’s proven to be a free and lightweight way to store legal documents that our clients love. Here's what it looks like:As I’ve mentioned, it’s more important to find the right attorney as opposed to the right law firm. And seeing as you’re a startup, our own startup clients typically save an average of 50-60% on their legal work, since the attorneys don't include overhead fees (a.k.a. the fees included for doing business with the firm itself) in their invoices.Hope this gives you a deeper look into what other sites and services are out there. If you have any questions or would like more information on how best to handle your legal housekeeping/ attorney matters, feel free to signNow out to me directly. As a former startup attorney at Latham & Watkins, I’d be happy to give you some guidance.
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Is it unrealistic to try and become rich and successful through starting a business?
My Advice ,is try it here for FREE . At least if you fail , You are still at status QuoBusiness involve Real Money …Writing on Quora does not , trying out Online is one low risk business venture you can start offHave FunIn picking out a niche, see to it that you opt for one that you're interested in. As what you might have experienced, it's absolutely unhelpful to work with something that you loathe. It's rather difficult to convince customers to buy your product or service when you yourself don't have the heart to take interest in it.ChooseThe opening move to selecting a niche that's correct for you is to consider the issues and subject matter that you're most passionate about! By being passionate about a certain matter, you'll be motivated to learn more about it, teach other people about it, and work in it on a daily basis. Among the basic issues when it bears on failure in online business efforts is that a individual selects a niche that they think other people will be interested in, but they plainly have no interest in it themselves. Prevent this downfall right from the beginning - make certain whatever content you pick is that which you have a great interest in!While learning how to pick your niche, it's crucial to ensure that you've a great idea of your "target" audience. By discovering who's best suited as your audience, you'll be able to supply content that will meet the requirements that they have, and school them on items of their concern. It's equally crucial to guarantee that you're part of the audience that you're trying to draw in. This will guarantee that you cover every facet of your niche, and relate on a personal level with the other people that are in the same audience.Next apply the use of content that's uniquely yours. Exclusive material that you write, or have composed by ghost writers who produce professional SEO content, helps to demonstrate you as an authority in your niche. Ensure that your material can't be located anyplace else on the Net! This will immediately drive traffic to your site as you'll be providing visitors something fresh and unique. There are a lot of companies out there nowadays that may offer you unparalleled content.When you begin to put up material on your site, in article directories, or any additional location on the Net that's directly related to your niche, it's crucial to guarantee that you provide steady updates. This will keep your audience returning time and time again so that they might see the "newest" that you have to provide! This means provide fresh articles, keep your site maintained, and tailor your niche according to up to date trends.It's utterly imperative to see to it that you narrow the content down as much as conceivable. For instance, if you run a site on computer game cheat codes, you'll want to incorporate "computer game cheat codes" into your material, but your niche should be specialized to the type of computer game cheat codes that you provide. A good niche would be "The Sims Cheat Codes" - this will help interested Net users discover the material that they require fast!Its simple to learn how to pick your niche. The mystery to being successful is to pick a subject that you're passionate about, ascertain your audience, produce high quality, SEO content, update your material on a steady basis, and utilize keywords and keyword phrases that will reflect what your Net audience will look for.As an author, you've probably went through a lot of times when you just don't know what to write on. Maybe you've exhausted your common subjects and are looking for something different that will bring in the readers. This will give you hints for a few hot article topics. By applying these easy ideas, you'll be able to step-up your views, fascinate your audience, and ensure that your material brings in a constant stream of income.Write on an approaching holiday. General audiences are commonly interested in info concerning to the holidays. If the content is well written and furnishes info that is other than basic knowledge, you should see a good amount of views. These will fizzle out after the holiday has blown over, but will recover momentum, once the holiday approaches, once again.Research up to date events. If the matter is red-hot in the news, it will be red-hot to likely readers. Attempt to determine your own voice and present your data in a way that's unique to your audience.Write a report about pets. There are a lot of pet devotees around the world that like reading about their furry champions. Pet care is a great place to begin.Journal about our surroundings. Green is the up to date theme in news these days, and the chances are that it's here to stay. You are able to write about how persons may "green up" their lives, what fresh alternate fuels are being formulated, or how our environment is bearing upon wildlife. Any subject you decide to write on is likely to take in a powerful amount of readers.Tell individuals how to save income. This is among the most red-hot topics around, and it consistently pulls in viewers. The great thing about this subject is that there are perpetual ways to save revenue, so you should not have a problem making your material unique.Write on your passion. If you are profoundly interested in an issue, there is a great chance that other people are, as well.Do not forget to make your article original. Do not overexploit info that is vastly available over the Net. Pick out an easy yet unique title that will rank high on search engines, and draw in fresh readersAfter you've decided what niche to promote, you are able to then visit free affiliate sites which provide good-quality affiliate products. You must check that these have a great sales page with an elevated conversion rate. You are able to confirm this by getting hold of the creators of your chosen product. Make certain that your product fits with your niche. As well ask your self, if you were the consumer, would you purchase the product?A ProductIf you have been on the Net any length of time, then you know that affiliate marketing is an exceedingly lucrative way to bring forth income online. It's moderately simple, it may be done with little or no ad expenses, and an assortment of niches may be researched. Picking out the correct affiliate products to market is critical to your success. Abiding by these easy steps will assist you in making the most beneficial choices.Put together a list of affiliate products for each one of the niches that are of interest to you.Assess the commission structure of the affiliate plans on your list. Commissions commonly range from five percent to forty percent for palpable merchandise and up to seventy-five percent for digital merchandise.Have a look at the vendor's payment processes. The more reputable companies will pay you either via check or PayPal. A lot more will even pay you through an affiliate network, who will, in turn, compensate you by check or direct deposit to your chosen financial institution on behalf of the vendor.Have a look at the vendor's sales page. This is the page that will be looked at by visitors you refer to the parent company. A great sales page will be simple to read and simple to navigate when the buyer is prepared to make a purchase.Have a look at what the rivalry is marketing. Look up relevant keywords in your preferred search engine and check over the sponsored ads. In a lot of cases, these are advertisements are produced by other affiliates. If no one is promoting your chosen affiliate products or something like it, then there might be no demand for them in the current market.There are a lot of ways to market utilizing the Net. There's email marketing, PPC, banner advertising, utilizing videos, article promotion, doing SEO, blogging, and using social bookmarks, social networking and Web 2.0 properties. There's so much info out there, it may sometimes get overpowering. One way to figure matters out is to ask individuals who have become successful.Discover a discussion board that specializes in Internet marketing. These are sites where Internet marketers go to talk about the cutting-edge strategies, to determine what's working and what isn't, and to find reviews for the cutting-edge courses and software. Some that you might want to travel to are the Warrior Forum, Digital Point and IM4Newbies .The Warrior Forum is the oldest of the message boards and has been around since '96. Many superstars in the industry got their beginning here. It has the threads separated neatly into many different categories, like PPC, ad sense, article promotion, media buys, and so forth, so it's very simple to discover what you're seeking. The threads are well moderated and individuals here are commonly respectful and helpful to each other. This is an oddity in a lot of forums, where individuals tend to often be rather crude. So it's a huge plus that you are able to ask a question at the Warrior Forum without the dread of being called names. While the forum itself is free, there are frequently members offering cheap paid training courses of study called WSOs (Warrior Special Offers), and there's a lifetime upgrade for $37 as of 2010. This provides you access to a few members-only secret threads.Digital Point is likewise a good discussion board where individuals tend to be really helpful. It's organized in a great deal the same way as the Warrior Forum, while it hasn't been around as long, receiving its start in 2002. It's even so well regarded in the Internet marketing profession. It likewise has an area where you are able to outsource work that you don't wish to do yourself, like programming jobs, article authoring or site design.IM4Newbies, although much littler than either the Warrior Forum or Digital Point, is a dynamic community with about 70,000 members. It's a great place to get rolling for those completely fresh to Internet marketing as everything is set up for the fledglings, and they pay special attention to what they call their 101 classes, like Niche Marketing 101, Affiliate Marketing 101 and Net Business Management 101. It's likely less daunting to begin here too. As there are fewer threads, there's less of a data overload than what you may get at the other 2 forums.Make A Site Or BlogYou must produce your own site or blog, where you are able to put all your marketing techniques. If you want to maintain a site, be prepared to use a few bucks. Instead a quality hosting and a WordPress blog may guide you with the simple development of your page. The latter is truly helpful since you are able to join their site free of charge and you are able to be guided with whatever you desired to do with your page.Do It FreeIt is crucial to have an internet site if you have a business. Most internet sites commonly have multiple web pages that display info about the owner, product, service or contact. If you are merely setting out to have an internet presence with your business, it is a great idea to make a business web page. You are able to even begin a business web page free of charge.Look for a free web site hosting service online that lets you publish content. Some free of charge services that allow you to begin a web page fast are Blogger.com - Create a unique and beautiful blog. It’s easy and free., WordPress.com: Create a Free Website or Blog, Content Management System, Blog Software & Publishing Platform and weeby.com. Have a look through each of their choices and select the services that you like best. The advantage to these services is they are free of charge to use.Sign on for the service they're supplying. You need to make a username, a password and supply your e-mail address. After you sign on, you will have to pick out a title for your web site. Normally you are able to only register your site name under a sub domain name as you are hosting under their service. For instance, if you would like to produce a free of charge web page on WordPress.com: Create a Free Website or Blog and wish to title your pizza pie business http://greatpizzashop.com, your domain name will be WordPress.com.Pick out a template for your particular business type. You are able to pick from a lot of free templates. For instance, in Weebly you are able to select a design and choose from over thirty different templates. You are able to pick out the category themes ranging from instruction to marriages. You will prefer to pick "Business" for templates that have business conceptions.Produce material about your business and place a link to a product or service you are selling up on your freshly made web page.Push the publish button. Once you have a business template picked out, informational material and a product or service to sell, push the publish button. Individuals online will now be able to have a look at your business web page, which you made free of charge.Write write WriteWhen you get all set up, you must learn to enjoy writing since blogging is the chief way to communicate all the good things about your product with the buyers. Moreover, you are able to add an affiliate link in the resource box for your blog. When it's clicked, your reader will then be automatically redirected to the sales page. If you've your own product, then all you require is a simple webpage with an enlightening article about your product.AuthorAuthoring a great article that has relevant keywords to your niche included in it might be very confusing to a lot of online authors. On the other hand, if you wish to bring targeted traffic to your material or web pages, you need to include keywords in your material. This will give you a few great ideas on how to author an article that includes keywords to supercharge your article views or site visits.I keep reading associated articles that state to utilize the keyword tool supplied by Google; this is a great tip for web masters and authors. However, how many great keywords do you add to your material per length of article? Perhaps if we center on satisfying our readers with helpful info, the search engine top-ranking will come on its own. Shoving relevant words in articles is never advocated and it is looked at as "Black Hat" SEO or a spamming article. Attempt the steps here to write a good and helpful article that will be placed well from the words you pick to include in your articles or web pages.Perform research on Google trends. Discovering what data is searched for is a great idea when attempting to pick out a great article topic to write about. Monkey around with the Google tools and discover related keywords to include in your article(s).Prevent gorging your whole article with words that you're trying to get placed high for. This will just hurt your rankings. Author your article freely and aim the conversation or article info in a way to talk to your readers not the search engines.Include your primary keyword in your beginning and end paragraph. You are able to too include one in your main paragraphs as long as you're not wedging extra words into your content and articles. If you author a three hundred word article, attempt utilizing your key word around 3-4 times including one in your title.Author long and valuable info on your articles. Not only does Google like people friendly material, it likes to find well needed and valuable info to display in search engine results. The more valuable information, the more beneficial the ranking will be. Discover what individuals want to know about in your niche and explore the answersMarketing methodsIn increasing your sites traffic, you are able to quickly work at 3 kinds of easy methods: social marketing, forum marketing and article marketing.MarketOn social promoting, beginning building up your social network on Facebook and Twitter. Those are the two most well-situated to setup and most popular social web sites you will find currently. Begin establishing relationships with other people by becoming involved in a genuine and real discussion.In the discussion board marketing, you are able to begin by traveling to popular forums that accept topics touching on the problems or solutions that lead to your merchandise as the resolution. Go to Google and look for “discussion board”. Utilize different keyword phrase related to your niche. The method to link back to your web site is to utilize your signature to state a mighty advantage you are able to provide at your web site and post your website urlIn the meantime, you are able to post your articles to the leading article directories for the article promotion. The way I accomplish it is to re-purpose my own blog post. After my blog post is updated for a couple of days, I commonly submit that article to two primary article directories: http://ezinearticles.com and http://goarticles.com. Simply make certain you include a mighty beneficial statement in your resource box to link back to your web site. You need to incite the reader to come to your web site with that advantage you have listed.To produce a life long revenue in internet marketing business, you have to build up your own list. You might have heard it a lot of times that the revenue is in the list…and your relationship with that list as well.The ListIt does not take you long to learn to use a tool like Aweber to frame-up a potent system to build your list. The most beneficial tool is an auto responder like Email Marketing | AWeber to seize the e-mail addresses of people who come to your site. The wonderful thing about utilizing an auto responder system is you are able to author a series of e-mail sequences in advance prior to you getting your first subscriber that joins your list.It is referred to as “set it and forget it.” When the e-mail sequence is set up, you do not have to fret about it. A few internet marketers have set up the e-mail sequence to communicate with the subscriber base for a year or even longer.The primary goal is to utilize the e-mail sequence to establish trust with your subscriber base by giving helpful tips and tools that relate to your niche. Do not right away use a hard sell with anything in your beginning e-mail. You might utilize a strategy called “breath out, breath in”.That is to hand out useful info in your beginning e-mail, and then in the following e-mail you do a sales pitch to get the order in. And keep that cycle to get your subscriber base to read your e-mail and see your sales pitch or fresh info more naturally.Just like many of you, I at one time subjected myself in unrelentingly discovering ways to make money from home. I've constantly researched the net for tips and essentially steps on how I may begin my career online without necessarily leaving my job or overlooking the crucial events of my lifeI attempted to discover answers from net training programs just so I could simplify the seemingly complex techniques of the net world. Since I've forever believed in the construct of “teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime”, I desired to share what I learned with you.I wish you to experience the success of net money-making and distinguish how you are able to produce income and have a Net lifestyle at the same time. Let’s begin now...
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What has made you smile recently?
This -He meets her.She meets him.Could she pass the ball? God, she is so cute.Should I pass the ball? God, he’s cute.They sneak on each other.They become friends.And they like the newness.So they have a Doublemint. Cheers to the fresh start.Thanks for going out with me. How do I tell you I like you?Thanks for taking me out. How do I tell you I like you?She smiles. A smile sometimes, says a lot.I love how the girl sneaks in his room. And goes out the Pipe-se style. Something new?I never loved the rain as I do now. With you.And she’s not afraid to initiate the kiss. Again, something new.After all, she is just an ordinary girl who fell for an ordinary guy. But we’re loving the story.Every festival. Every laughter. I will always remember. You were there.Cheers to this moment right now.I am only wishing for time to stop right now because she is all I see right now.He is everything I see right now.(And for a slight moment, you realize how beautiful she is.)I am sorry I acted out today. I didn’t mean to.I am asking for forgiveness. Forgive me?Always.I love you so much. I want you to be happy but please don’t go.Heh. Leaving me here with all the memories.But don’t worry. You’ll make some new ones. You are starting afresh. Cheers to this fresh start.I see his face. I miss him so much. I wish I could tell him it sucks here without him. It sucks anywhere without him.Oh god. There he is. How could I not see it before? I am nothing without him. I love him. So much.She. Came. She is here now.I can’t believe I was away from him for this much of time.I can’t believe I stayed alive without her for this much of time.He calls her. Okay, I am there.Said to show up on time. Where is he?How is this a fresh start right now?Tap me and find out.P.S. - DO FIND OUT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN SHE TAPS IT.That’s it. 33 pictures. The best love story in 3.3 minutes. Trust me, it’ll make you smile.And with a song that’s just going to get stuck in your head. :)Something fresh, something new.Here’s the link -
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Is the Observatory from Assassins Creed possible?
It's not scientifically possible for there to be any sort of active ”link” to exist between a person and their blood once it was been removed from the body. Once it's out, the normal biological processes which affect blood such as osmosis, hormonal interactions, oxygenation etc can no longer occur, plus blood has no other function beyond these known processes, which require some form of cellular contact to be able to take place.Plus, if you could maintain a link with something that has been removed from your body, wouldn't that be firstly rather unpleasant and secondly really, really confus...
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Is paper a conductor?
OP: Is paper a conductor?this is a question devoid of limits. Which definition of conductor is in view here? Which variety of paper?Normally, we can derive the intended meaning of words from the questioner, but Quora’s allowance for utterly anonymous questioners asking open-ended, bottomless, topless (gaps!) and wall/fence-free questions, devoid of context and with only the most barely, rarely, and often conflicting clues of spelling, rhetorical twang, or display of political bias to guess from. Here, we have a mere four words and raw punctuational inquisitiveness to proceed with.Paper, printed with appropriately (or inappropriately forged) official verbiage, signatures and stamps and seals, can be used to acquire transportation via any number of conveyances, barriers, borders, or impedimenta. Sadly, no such paper, acting as conductor, is available.It is claimed that Lully, that French Maistre de Musique, invented the Baton, thus creating the art of conducting music, with a staff which he pounded on the floor of rehearsal room and pit, to keep the Tactus and band’s attention. Supposedly, this idea was taken up by Haydn, who wisely chose to use a sheet of music paper, rolled, as an extension of his hand to lead the Esterhazy house orchestra, and thus also, by extension, allowing the paper to be considered a conductor with the same lazy rhetoric by which the ones who played violins became “violins” in common musical parlance… although this lingual use probably went unremarked in writing, and the modified practice did not come to M. Lully in time to save him from dying of cancer of the foot, a traumatic byproduct of occasionally missing the floor with his monstrous baton.The more recently coined usage of conductor has been used to identify the conduits for electrical charges as they move through a circuit. Failing that, many possible ways that paper could qualify as a conductor {If someone were to take reams of paper, make a 3D scanned model of, say, Leonard Bernstein as someone did with the Late Arthur Feidler, conductor for many years of the Boston Pops), then laboriously cut each sheet as a Horizonte slice of Bernstein’s body, then painstakingly lay sheet upon sheet, as the thicker rock slices, cut from Feidler’s model were for the statue between the parking lot and airlines building at Boston’s Logan are), would the paper become a conductor?} we are left to consider the wonderful, wild, and sometimes wacky world of electrical conductors.This peroration may seem excessive, but, really, can we do aught else in Quora, where restraint is placed on the answerers (although, it is not laid equally upon questioners) to be nice.The conductor conundrumin electricity, conductors are generally beefy columns of metal, stretched between power generating facilities and power consumption or distribution points. The columns are so long compared to their diameter that we treat them as wires or aggregated into bundles, call them cables. Since one metallic conductor is as willing to share its current with another if they should touch (or if the field potential is strong enough, without actually touching), wise electrical engineers employ something to separate them.To keep conductors separate, one needs an insulator, which can be as simple and direct as a hard vacuum, or as touchy-feelie as non-conducting materials in intimate contact with the conductors, but both thick enough and resistant to passing current as to keep crossing or neighboring conductors appropriately lonely. When formed around a wire, insulators are termed insulation, and their resistance (or, indeed, impedance) to current is measured in Ohms. In fairness, the harmonious or dullardly flow of electrons is the afore-named current, and it is measured in Amperes, both names being assigned to recognize the scientists whose work most revealed the machinations of the associated concept. To be complete, the field potential mentioned in the peroration is measured in Volts, named in the same manner for Volta, whose name apparently needed shortening.So, we have conductors which carry moving electrical charges, insulators which don’t, and potential differences by which we can keep track. All the voltage potential produced by a source is dropped in a circuit, so it is best in power transmission to ensure that conductors have very low resistance and insulators have extremely high resistance, so the current will flow in the conductors and not flow through the insulation, getting as much power to some kind of end-use system, which may be as simple as the filament if a light bulb, which is resistive enough to make light from the energy invested in the current as it passes through, to systems so complex that their workings are, to the common man, too close to magic to be considered seriously.for those who are brave (or have reread Harry Potter more than five times) we can summarize the whole of electrical engineering in a small subset of rules, laws, quid pro quo’s and outright lies as follows:We can point to one place, announce that it is ground (especially when it isn’t) and assign it the value of 0 volts, and insist in the face of logic, calculus and Electric Company audits that it never changes voltage, and get away with it!All applied voltage must be “consumed” as the current travels through the circuit. If one terminal of a two-terminal power source is connected to ground, the other will either be positive or negative, depending on how it is connected, we can quantities the value of the source in volts of differential, and as we go around the circuit formed by any number of components and connecting conductors, and derive the voltage at that point using information about current (Amps), resistance (Ohms), and really clever equations, or Houston’s stick the black lead of a voltmeter on the ground point, touch the read lead to each point, and read the voltage, which is actually quite a bit more clever, sometimes.Current can be computed by knowing the resistance of a component and the voltage across it, or read off the ammeter on the source, about which, remember the aside about clever in the previous point.Resistance can be laboriously calculated, knowing the bulk resistivity of the material, the length, thickness, and if not cylindrical, the various other dimensions, of the material. In Electricity, this is pretty simple, since most components are really long wires or cables and the equations are mostly simple ratios. (The really hard part is calculating how much wire is needed to go from one geographic point to another, since the cable is heavy, and suspended from poles, with a shape that is described as “catenary”, which term means “the shape of a heavy cable suspended between two points”.Electronics gets more complicated, but we don’t have to care when considering “is paper a conductor”.For a simple material with resistance R, current I, and voltage V across it, the following three equations tell all:[math]I=E/R[/math][math]R=E/I[/math][math]E=IxR[/math]hopefully that didn’t hurt too much.from these equations, we can draw useful concepts. Really, we can, I’m not making this up.Useful conceptsif a constant resistance is in a circuit, and the voltage across it increases, the current will increase, proportionally: double the V and the I doubles.if a constant resistance in a circuit has a changing current, the voltage across it will change, proportionally.if a variable resistance is in a circuit where the current is constrained to remain constant, the voltage across it will change with the change of its resistance, increasing resistance causing it to drop a greater voltage.§(these three concepts become obvious if you look at the equations. If, in the first equation, you hold R constant, increasing E will increase I, and vice versa, in the second, keeping current constant, increasing resistance must increase voltage, and vice versa. The third I’d a bit more tricksy; if the voltage always is the product of current and resistance, then increasing one of I or R will require the other to be reduced to keep the equation, and maintaining E at the same value. Each equation is the algebraic equivalent of the other two.)the § sign indicates one of those lies. I am completely glossing over things like voltage dividers (required to make the concepts true) and source resistance, and frankly weeks of other things taught in a formal course in Basic Electricity, and you aren’t sorry that I am.Now, this tends to make electricity look really simple, and so long as all the conductors are copper, or better still, gold, so wire resistance is so low that we can ignore the decimal places beyond the fourth for most things, it is. But that also means that insulators have to refuse to carry current with a faithfulness and consistency which few materials are willing to promise. Electrical Engineers learn these limits and keep them in mind, and we are now going to tread where angels fear to rush in.there are many ways that current can foil insulation, and many ways that insulation can foil any plan to keep current in its place.if you want to be sure that your current stays in its place, you can’t beat a good old vacuum. But a good vacuum, who can find one? [To do violence to Proverbs chapter 30]First, it is hard to make a good vacuum, and a perfect one is why the Varian family eats well. There is lots of vacuum in deep space… but that starts, really, some distance from the Oort Cloud surrounding our Solar system, And now, Science is just absolutely sure that even that space is stuffed full of Dark Matter! That’ll probably hold until next Tuesday, or the next time an astrophysicist gets indigestion.but, I hear you cry, if we can ignore wire resistance, surely we can ignore insulation current, if we use really good insulation, right?Wellllllll….. yeah….maybe.At what point do we say that an insulator isn’t an insulator anymore, or call paper a conductor?That is the hardest part of this question.And, lucky for us, science has some answers.But first, let’s take a long-overdue, realistic look at the definition of paper.What is paper?We didn’t always have paper to kick around. We used to inscribe writing on rock, trees, draw with paint on cave walls. At one point, we are assured that writing of a short term nature was eschewed altogether, with tallies being performed with pebbles in a bag, knots on a rope, all manner of ways to avoid having to invent paper at all. Then, the Phoenicians ruined it all, or maybe the Egyptians, or even the Algonquin or Iroquoi or maybe those Man Killers the Pequot, who, subdued by neighboring tribes and bodyswapped with the Mohegan, now reserve their evil to taking your money in Casinos.Either way, paper that we’d recognize today is a relatively recent invention (compared to the invention of evil, anyway). And your average modern paper-user is used to a variety and array of options that would have made your average Phoenician hang up the phone in amazement.We have paper made of the lignum, a natural stringy fiber derived from dissolving the adhesive out of trees, from cellulose derived chemically by processing cotton, from silk (you don’t even want to know where silk comes from), from artificial materials as simple as cellulose chemically formed from hydrocarbon molecules derived from oil, coal, or some madly grinning pot chemist with too many pots. The number of paper compositions exceed the number of uses, and the characteristics of the resulting sheets are mind boggling.Up until recently, dry paper was considered the ideal insulator. That paper was probably a standard tree lignite paper, unbleached, like what was still called butcher paper when I was a kid, some 55years ago.bHowever, as recent research has revealed, natural fibers like lignite and cellulose have conductive paths built in which aren’t ‘fixed’ by beating, forming, dissolution of the wood’s adhesive matrix, or washing. What did control the conductive properties of paper, then, was the relative humidity of the surrounding air, so most electrical components for which paper was used as an insulating form was sealed with a waterproofing agent. Making that paper more conductive (which still left it with resistance on the order of hundreds of thousands of Ohms per square centimeter (0.1–1.0 meg Ohms/cm^2), while dry paper Exhibited resistance more on the order of tens-of-megohms/cm^2).That simple cellulose paper can be found today, but it was formally supplanted for ‘civilized’ use by papers with recycled rag content, or made by less natural means from oil-based precursors. The bleaching reduces the resistivity, and without post processing, such papers can become as conductive as 20 Ohms/cm^2. Lamination of all kinds of sheet and roll stock is now common, allowing layers of insulating plastic, mildly conducting conductive-material impregnated plastics and conductive metal foils. Even low-conductance dry unbleached papers can be made conductive in post processing, using various formulas of conductive ink, in one case, available in fiber-tipped pens much like the permanent ink markers of the 60s, the highlighters of the last fourth years, etc. Conductive inks for common press work, inkjet printer use, and brush painting which absorb into the paper and permit electronic circuits to be constructed using conductive adhesives and standard surface mount components are revolutionizing the greeting card industry, and if I get another scratchy-voiced, shrieking birthday card telling me I’m an old fart, I may start a CounterRevolution myself…. well, you get the idea.This raises another question: when the conductive layer becomes part of the paper’s matrix, is the paper overall conductive, even though other portions aren’t? We never called Printed Circuit board “conductive”, because the laminated copper layer didn’t infiltrate the insulating and supporting Fiberglas or plastic layer, even when thirteen layers of each were interconnected with bias and glued and pressed together to create multilayer boards.So, as you can see, there is nothing uncomplicated about the simple question, “is paper conductor”, even though, if a fit of restraint, I have omitted decades of history, petabytes of data, philosophical and scientific papers addressing both the insulative and conductive characteristics of standard stock papers, beautiful papers, holographic imprint, and photographically coated papers, all of which could be wholly, partially, or emphatically not conductive, and didn’t even mention that pure cellulose papers used in electrical fields of tens of thousands of volts to spread genetic materials for analysis are non-conductive for filtering coffee…Sometimes things are hard to answer exactly.
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