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FAQs
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Did Greeks originate from north Africa?
No. I understand that this question is related to E-V13, found in the Balkan. E-V13 isn't a quantifier of Greek genetics, it is one of many Greek founding lineages.Haplogroup E1b1b may have arrived in Europe by two routes: through the Middle East/Levant and directly from North Africa.The oldest E-M78 in Africa has been found at Taforalt Morocco. The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, have sequenced DNA from individuals from Morocco dating to approximately 15,000 years ago, as published in Science. This is the oldest nuclear DNA from Africa ever successfully analyzed.The Y-DNA of 4 males waa found in E1b1b1a1-M78. This haplogroup occurs most frequently in present-day North East African populations The closely related E1b1b1b (M-123) haplogroup has been reported for Epipaleo- lithic Natufians and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levantines (“Levant_N”). Unsupervised genetic clustering also suggests a connection of Taforalt to the Near East.What we are learning now is that certainly NW Africa's was genetically/demographically connected to NE Africa and to West Asia even at the very beginning of the local Upper Paleolithic, demolishing quite apparently all the theories that linked it to European Upper Paleolithic (from which it got its "Ibero-Maurusian" name).Also this quote from the authors in the press release:“The Iberomaurusians lived before the Natufians, but they were not their direct ancestors: The Natufians lack DNA from Africa, Krause says. This suggests that both groups inherited their shared DNA from a larger population that lived in North Africa or the Middle East more than 15,000 years ago, the team reports today in Science”The population exhumed from the archaeological site of Taforalt in Morocco is a valuable source of information toward a better knowledge of the settlement of Northern Africa region and provides a revolutionary way to specify the origin of Ibero-Maurusian populations.I wouldnt consider these Taforalt samples as thé ancestors of modern E-M78 subclades carriers (V22, V12, V65) What we see by contrasting the map of inferred patterns or E1b1b-M81(the berber marker and dominant in north west Africa) expansion and this ancient Y-DNA data from Taforalt is that the main E-M78 expansion most likely was already done, considering its age( formed 19800 ybp, TMRCA 13400 ybp) that it could represent an expansion from older times, much as I2 seems to have expanded in Europe. This would allow for V65 ("from west Egypt to Morocco" per one decription of its geography) to have expanded from NW Africa, not necessarily from Taforalt though but somewhow related to it.According to the authors "Several lines of evidence suggest that E-M78 sub-haplogroups have been involved in trans-Mediterranean migrations (in)directly from Africa. E-M78 and E-V65 haplogroups are common in northern Africa, where they originated, while other clades(like E-V13) are observed almost exclusively in Mediterranean Europe, as opposed to central and eastern Europe and the Horn of Africa among somali males (E-V32)The oldest to date sample of E-V13 we have is from Later Neolithic Hungary (1 in Sopot culture and 1 in Lengyel, c. 4500 BC and the earliest known prehistoric sample, the couple from Epi-Cardial Spain (c. 5000 BC).E-V13 has also been found in a skeleton of Avelanner Cave in Catalonia dating from 5000BC (cardial culture)So we know for sure that E1b1b was present in southern Europe at least since the Early Neolithic. Nonetheless, the possibility of other migrations of E1b1b to southern Europe during the Mesolithic or Late Palaeolithic cannot be ruled out.Research shows that the ancestors of modern Greeks were( indeed )the Minoans and Mycenaeans, already inhabiting the Greek peninsula for the past 5000 years, since 3000bc.Minoan Boxing Boys, restored fresco from Thera (modern-day Santorini), c.1600 BC. Currently located at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, Greece.The Fisherman fresco is from the 16th century BCE from the Akrotiri site in GreeceTheir ancestors moved into Greece during the neolithic and bronze age from Anatolia and before that from the Caucasus..Mycenaean Fresco wall painting of an elborately dressed women in a procession from the Tiryns, Greece 14th, 13th Century BC Cat No 5883 Athens Archaeological MuseumScientists have obtained and analyzed the genome of ancient Mycenaean people and found they are strongly related to modern Greeks. Around three-quarters of the Mycenaeans' and Minoans' ancestry originated in Anatolia, present-day Turkey. The remaining quarter can be traced back to the Caucasus, near modern-day Iran.The Minoan Civilization and its counterpart on the Greek Mainland, the Mycenaean Civilization, were Europe’s first literate societies and the cultural ancestors of later Classical Greece. However, the question of the origins of the Minoans and their relationship to the Mycenaeans has long puzzled researchers.The Mycenaeans, with their roots in mainland Greece, seem to have adopted much of the Minoan technology and culture, but it is not clear how they were related. “We wanted to determine if the people who made up the Minoan and Mycenaean populations were actually genetically distinct or not. How were they related to each other? Who were their ancestors? And how are modern Greeks related to them?” says Johannes Krause, director at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and one of the corresponding authors of the study.A paper from 2017 in Nature suggests that, rather than being recently arrived, advanced outsiders, the Minoans had deep roots in the Aegean. The primary ancestors of both the Minoans and Mycenaeans were populations from Neolithic Western Anatolia and Greece and the two groups were very closely related to each other, and to modern Greeks.“It is remarkable how persistent the ancestry of the first European farmers is in Greece and other parts of southern Europe, but this does not mean that the populations there were completely isolated. There were at least two additional migrations in the Aegean before the time of the Minoans and Mycenaeans and some additional admixture later. The Greeks have always been a ‘work in progress’ in which layers of migration through the ages added to, but did not erase the genetic heritage of the Bronze Age populations,” stated Iosif Lazaridis of Harvard Medical School, lead author of the study.Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans“Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks also had some ancestry related to the ancient people of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Iran. This finding suggests that some migration occurred in the Aegean and southwestern Anatolia from the further east after the time of the earliest farmers," according to lead author Iosif LazaridisA European population in Minoan Bronze Age CreteMinoan were genetically very similar to modern-day Europeans but distinct from Egyptian or Libyan populations.EV-13 marker is neolithic and came into Greece and the Balkans before the arrival of the Dorians and Myceneans. When the Greek speaking Dorian and Mycenean proto-Greeks arrived in Greece around 1500 BC they mixed with the indigenous E-V13 neolithic peoples and the percentage of neolithic E-V13 marker became reduced in the population. The Dorians and Myceneans who brought the Greek language into Greece were not E-V13 carriers.The proto-Greeks (Myceneans / Dorians) who brought the Greek language into Greece were R1a carriers. They mixed with the neolithic peoples / Pelasgians of Greece who were E-V13 carriers.Neolithic farmers spread all around Europe,they didn't just sit in one placePericic et al. (2005) give a 7.3 kya estimate for the expansion of E-M78α (almost perfectly equivalent to E-V13) for Southeastern European populations north of Greece. Due to their use of the 3.6x slower mutation rate, this figure needs to be converted to equivalent years. The Nea Nikomedeia time depth was estimated as 9.2kya by King et al. Therefore, the equivalent age for the Pericic et al. (2005) expansion is (7.3/9.2) * 149 generations or 118 generations (1,540-950BC). They note that STR variance is higher in Greece, Macedonia, and Apulia, all areas with well-known historical Greek connections.Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12Cruciani et al. (2007) propose that E-V13 arrived in Europe from West Asia and underwent an expansion in Europe at 4-4.7 kya. This age is calculated using effective mutation rates that are 2.4 or 2.8 slower than the germline rate, which seems to suggest a Late Bronze Age or even later expansion with a rate closer to the germline one.The signature North African marker E-M78, dominant in Egypt with its subclade E-V22 descends from Eurasian Adam CT-M168 E-M78 is a Non_African genetic marker. (Hodgson et al 2014)E-M78 has a near eastern neolithic origin"Both the King et al. E-V13 data, as well as the diverse, mostly European Haplozone E-V13 agree in placing the expansion of this haplogroup squarely in the Aegean Bronze Age.Haplogroup E1b1b has been associated with the earliest development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture, which is so far believed to have arisen in the Fertile Crescent, but could have developed earlier in parts of North/North East Africa. Agriculture spread from the Near East to Europe, at first mostly ovicaprid and cattle herders. E1b1b men (accompanied by G2a, J and T men) appear to have been associated at least with the diffusion of Neolithic painted pottery from the Levant to the Balkans (Thessalian Neolithic), and with the Cardium Pottery culture (5000-1500 BCE) in the Western Mediterranean. The only concrete evidence for this at the moment is the presence of this E-V13 subclade, commonest in the southern Balkans today, at a 7000-year old Neolithic site in north-east Spain, which was tested by Lacan et al (2011).E-v13 marker is considered a Greek marker because it follows the foot-print of ancient Greek colonisation - wherever ancient Greeks colonised the ev-13 marker went with them. R1a is also proto Greek and was carried by the proto-Greeks (Dorians and Myceneans) into Greece when they migrated there. Modern Greek DNA is the most similar to Southern Italian DNA which makes sense since Southern Italy was heavily populated by “Greek” colonists from 900 BC.On genetic test Sicilians are very similar to Peloponnese Greeks, Greek islanders & South ItaliansDifferential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosomeCornelia Di Gaetano et al.AbstractThe presence or absence of genetic heterogeneity in Sicily has long been debated. Through the analysis of the variation of Y-chromosome lineages, using the combination of haplogroups and short tandem repeats from several areas of Sicily, we show that traces of genetic flows occurred in the island, due to ancient Greek colonization and to northern African contributions, are still visible on the basis of the distribution of some lineages. The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%.In particular, the presence of a modal haplotype coming from the southern Balkan Peninsula and of its one-step derivates associated to E3b1a2-V13, supports a common genetic heritage between Sicilians and Greeks. The estimate of Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor is about 2380 years before present, which broadly agrees with the archaeological traces of the Greek classic era. The Eastern and Western part of Sicily appear to be signNowly different by the chi2-analysis, although the extent of such differentiation is not very high according to an analysis of molecular variance. The presence of a high number of different haplogroups in the island makes its gene diversity to signNow about 0.9. The general heterogeneous composition of haplogroups in our Sicilian data is similar to the patterns observed in other major islands of the Mediterranean, reflecting the complex histories of settlements in Sicily.Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosomeSouthern Italians/Sicilians are partially Greek (Magna Graecia).An additional piece of evidence is Y-chromosome distribution in Calabria, a Southern Italian region with well-known Greek connections. According to Semino et al. (2004) [Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:1023–1034, 2004], the Calabrian sample has an E-M78 frequency of 16.3%, whereas "Calabria 2" representing the "Albanian community of the Cosenza province" has only 5.9%. This is consistent with the idea that E-V13 in modern Albanians is to a great degree due to Greek founders (Epirotes or ancient colonists).Albanians also coalesce to Roman/Late Antique times, consistent with the idea that their high frequency of haplogroup E-V13 (which signNowes very high numbers in e.g. Kosovars) is not associated with high diversity. Founder effects in that time frame are the reason for the high frequency of E-V13 in them.Albanians are a mix of Bronze Age invaders of Yamnaya culture and Neolithic residents of Balkans.Cruciani 2007 also mentions some oddballs for the Greek maritime theory:- Slovaks: 8.33% E-V13- Hungarians: 9.43% E-V13No mention of Serbs but the Republic of Macedonia has as much E-V13 as mainland Greece (17%), while Albanians double that figure (32%).Slavomacedonians from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia coalesce well into AD times, at around the time of the first Slavic arrivals in the Balkans. This suggests that E-V13 in them is the result of local founders at around that time who adopted the Slavic language. However, Pericic et al. (2005) report high (but unspecified) diversity of E-M78α in "Macedonia", so it is possible that a larger number of earlier inhabitants were absorbed.Finally the highest concentrations of E-V13 west of Sicily are among Atlantic Iberians (Portuguese, Asturians), where historical Greek colonization was zero. This confirms again some older flow of Neolithic or maybe Chalcolithic age. There are other significative ammounts of this clades in most unlikely places like Denmark (3%), Germany (4%). All that can only be explained with Neolithic founder effects or something of the like. Ukranians (strong in E-V13) may have affected Northern Europe genetically... but at a time when the Greek ethnicity did not yet exist as such.Conclusion. Based on these results Minoans and Mycenaeans were genetically highly similar but not identical and that modern Greeks descend from these populations. The Minoans and Mycenaeans descended mainly from early Neolithic farmers, likely migrating thousands of years prior to the Bronze Age from Anatolia, in what is today modern Turkey.“Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks also had some ancestry related to the ancient people of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Iran. This finding suggests that some migration occurred in the Aegean and southwestern Anatolia from further east after the time of the earliest farmers,” said Lazaridis.While both Minoans and Mycenaeans had both “first farmer” and “eastern” genetic origins, Mycenaeans traced an additional minor component of their ancestry to ancient inhabitants of Eastern Europe and northern Eurasia. This type of so-called Ancient North Eurasian ancestry is one of the three ancestral populations of present-day Europeans, and is also found in modern Greeks. There was genetic continuity in the Aegean from the time of the first farmers to present-day Greece, but not in isolation. The peoples of the Greek mainland had some admixture with Ancient North Eurasians and peoples of the Eastern European steppe both before and after the time of the Minoans and Mycenaeans, which may provide the missing link between Greek speakers and their linguistic relatives elsewhere in Europe and Asia.
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What HASN'T been done in/with music? What can we expect as the next trend, since so much has already been done?
The music is cyclical and now it continues to consolidate and become more massive trend for retrowave.Instead of ushering us into the sci-fi predicted future, the new millennium has brought us a great deal of nostalgia. Trying to revive the aesthetics of the 1980s and the 1990s, heavily inspired by films, video games, cartoons of that time, and artists like John Carpenter, Vangelis, and Tangerine Dream, retrowave – or, synthwave, if you prefer, – is taking over popular culture of the mid-2000s. The sounds of the past became the sounds of the future.What Made It PopularPhoto: Merch from KavinskyFor years, retro wave has been modestly making its way into the mainstream, until the release of the movie Drive in 2011 opened the door for it. Featuring several synthwave artists, the movie’s soundtrack drew millions of new fans to the genre and inspired many new artists. The signature track Nightcall was written by Kavinsky who has been named one of the most popular artists in synthwave in 2014. Kavinsky’s darker sound has won him followers among artists too – his style has been carried on by artists like Power Glove, Waveshaper, and Perturbator.Since 2015, retrowave and all its diverse subgenres have signNowed a broader audience from different backgrounds all over the world. Surprisingly, goths, metalheads, and geeks were also drawn into the retro-futuristic sound of synthwave, bringing together a fanbase from various subcultures.One of the most recent successful retrowave events was the critically acclaimed television series Stranger Things, with the first season released in 2016. The show’s clear tribute to the visual style of the 80s and the 90s was completed by the score – Kyle Dixon and Michael Stein of the synthwave band S U R V I V E took care of the deeply atmospheric soundtrack which took the synthwave appreciation to the next level, getting epic levels of praise from both the public and critics.The ScenePhoto: Constantin FluxSo, who owns the retrowave scene these days? As we already mentioned, James Kent aka Perturbator became one of the pillars of noir retrowave and slowly stepped up from sharp-edged synth raves to some dense and dark electronic. On his new surprise EP New Model, he explores the future, as Kent himself writes in a press release, "but this future is one based in our own eerie reality and not the retro-futuristic fantasy explored on I Am the Night, Dangerous Days or The Uncanny Valley."As dark as its title foresees, the track Vantablack is the centerpiece of the record. This piece of industrial-pop throbs and pulsates, pierced by the creepy vocals of Jim, member of the French electro-band OddZoo.The whole record is a hard-hitting piece of music that easily transcends Perturbator’s previous work. It brings a new level of futuristic thinking like never seen before."In short, the narrative puts the listener in the point-of-view of an omnipotent AI — the New Model — a piece of human technology so advanced that it transcends concepts such as life, death, time, space, sense or language," Kent says. "The New Model is everything and everywhere at the same time. It was created to help mankind and save it from war, disease, pain and mortality. This creates a paradox for the god-like AI, who understands the only way to prevent humanity from hurting or being hurt is to erase humans from existence."Listen to the EP here.Of course, there are many other names in synthwave worth mentioning. Inspired by New York street strolls, Russia’s four-piece Tesla Boy have presented the single Avoid earlier this year. In their creativity, high energy dance tracks go along a new breed of music – slightly darker, edgier, more mysterious songs with some neatly hidden nuances that require reading between the lines.Meanwhile, Klayton and Nick Kaelar formed Scandroid, a project aiming at creating 80s-style music with what they themselves describe a Neo-Tokyo theme. A new album called Monochrome is due to be released on October 27, 2017.One of the leaders and a big player of the retro new wave scene, is Carpenter Brut. Originally, he started writing music under this alias to mix sounds from horror films, metal, rock, and electronic music. He draws his influences from 80s TV-shows and B-movies heavily loaded with synthesizers. In June of this year, he released CARPENTERBRUTLIVE, an expressive compilation of live played tracks that are a prime examples of the newly hyped ‘heavy electronic’.Blade Runner 2049Photo: IMDbAnother big fish in the retrowave game is the new Blade Runner 2049. 35 years ago, the iconic Blade Runner score by Greek composer Vangelis captured the imagination of a generation of electronic musicians. Since then, the neon dystopia has never been such a big part of popular culture as it is now, with the release of the sequel.The scope of Blade Runner’s influence on music has been and is immense – it has infiltrated pop, hip-hop and beyond – but it’s the electronic musicians who were captivated the most by the murky futuristic visions of the movie. The movie’s soundtrack became renowned, as the movie itself.Completed with an exquisite coloristic solution, Blade Runner 2049 is the perfect fusion of retrowave manifestations from different kinds of art, and not just music.Back To FutureRetrowave has gained some ground in recent years, and it doesn’t look like it’s going to go away in the nearest future. There’s plenty reason to expect more not only in the music department, but in the whole retrowave culture it brings along – with fashion and movies being the prime sidekicks.Confidently harnessing the sound of the 80s and filling it with the rebellious spirit of the new age, retrowave is a genre that brings a whit of nostalgia with a dystopian flair of the future. Despite the traditional connection of retrowave and synthwave to the 80s and 90s, it’s only the aesthetics and the sounds that are borrowed from the era, but it’s the future that dictates its contents. Good, worthwhile music is timeless, and this genre can and will keep proving this every time.Source: Louder.me
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Why do you like E. E. Cummings?
In 1957, on television's Night Beat, Mike Wallace asked William Carlos Williams if he thought that E.E. Cummings' poem "(im)c-a-t(mo) / b,i;l: e" was really a poem. (Television was different back then.) Williams said no. Maybe the question was too blunt; maybe the poet considered this print ideogram of a motionless cat too juvenile. But if William Carlos Williams, himself a leading experimental poet of the time, was not able to recognize that outburst of phonemes and punctuation marks as poetry, what hope was there for the average readers of the time—"mostpeople," as Cummings liked to call them—not to mention all the folks residing in Televisionland? *Over the course of a 45-year career, Cummings wrote many traditional poems, at least poems that would look like poems if viewed at arm's length. He was capable of riffing on the ballad:All in green went my love ridingon a great horse of goldinto the silver dawnfour lean hounds crouching low and smilingthe merry deer ran before.He could be childlike ("maggie and molly and milly and may/ went down to the beach(to play one day)"), bitterly satiric ("the Cambridge ladies who live in furnished souls/ are unbeautiful and have comfortable minds"), as well as political ("I sing of Olaf glad and big/ whose warmest heart recoiled at war"). Many of his poems, especially the sillier ones, feature comical end rhyme ("the way to hump a cow is not/ to get yourself a stool/ but draw a line around the spot/ and call it beautifool"). The sonnet was such a favorite form of his that examples were included in every one of his collections. But it was his typographical high jinks that appealed to his fans and appalled his detractors and secured his broader reputation.In the long revolt against inherited forms that has by now become the narrative of 20th-century poetry in English, no poet was more flamboyant or more recognizable in his iconoclasm than Cummings. By erasing the sacred left margin, breaking down words into syllables and letters, employing eccentric punctuation, and indulging in all kinds of print-based shenanigans, Cummings brought into question some of our basic assumptions about poetry, grammar, sign, and language itself, and he also succeeded in giving many a typesetter a headache. Like Pound, who never wrote an obedient line, Cummings reveled in breaking the rules of grammar, punctuation, orthography, and lineation. Measured by sheer boldness of experiment, no American poet compares to him, for he slipped Houdini-like out of the locked box of the stanza, then leaped from the platform of the poetic line into an unheard-of way of writing poetry.That said, determining Cummings' influence and his present stature in the poetry world calls for a more measured view. Some honor Cummings as the granddaddy of all American innovators in poetry and ascribe to him a diverse progeny that includes virtually any poet who considers the page a field and allows silence to be part of poetry's expressiveness. Ferlinghetti and Creeley, Olson, Jack Spicer, Louis Zukofsky, and Marianne Moore—all would be among his many stepchildren. Others, ignoring the romantic sweetness and childlike wonder in his poems of love and nature, would have Cummings shoulder some of the blame for desiccated extremes of L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E poetry—at least Cummings would have enjoyed the equal signs. Whatever the claims for his influence, he is not widely enjoyed these days.The life of Edward Estlin Cummings began with a childhood in Cambridge, Mass., that he described as happy, but he struggled in both his artistic and romantic exploits against the piousness of his father, an esteemed Harvard professor. He began his own student years at Harvard writing conventional imitations of Dante Gabriel Rossetti but ended up delivering a commencement speech on "The New Art," a declaration of the modernism he would spend the rest of his life exploring and helping to define. After a stint in the ambulance corps and a false, wartime imprisonment in France (the subject of The Enormous Room), he returned to New York and began a long, melodramatic affair with Elaine Thayer, wife of a friend and patron.Cummings' career as a writer—and a painter—was as wobbly as his love life. He tried his hand at playwriting, satirical essays, and even a dance scenario for Lincoln Kirsten. Finding book publishers was an ongoing challenge, and his critical reception was uneven at best. By age 25, his poems had appeared in avant-garde magazines such asBroom and the Transatlantic Review, and he had published two books, The Enormous Room and Tulips and Chimneys. But as late as 1935 he was driven to self-publish a poetry collection—the title of which, No Thanks, echoed the responses of the 14 publishers who had turned down the manuscript and to whom, listed by name, the book is bitterly dedicated. Not surprisingly, the "small eye poet" was often embroiled in arguments over typesetting. He was annoyed that Tulips and Chimneys was published without the ampersand he had in the title. For most of his life, his book earnings never amounted to more than a trickle, and money worries haunted him; well into his 50s, he was still accepting checks from his mother.Several major collections, however, advanced his reputation, and by the last decade of his life, Cummings had become a poetry star. His contracts for public readings—usually sellouts—even included "rules of engagement" meant to protect him from the throng of his fans. He would plan his escape through a "secretbackentrance." His books, particularly the hefty Poems 1923-1954 sold hotly for poetry. He delivered the prestigious Eliot Norton lectures (or "nonlectures," as he called them) at Harvard; he also received the Bollingen Prize and once read to a crowd of 7,000 at the Boston Arts Festival. In 1959, his new 100 Selected Poems sold 5,000 copies ($1.45 apiece) and, thanks to Grove Press, is still in print.Since then, his reputation has suffered enough of a falling off to raise the question of what happened to his hard-won fame. For one thing, his most characteristic poems do not lend themselves to being read out loud; they are so embedded in print that to voice them is to sacrifice their visual integrity. Cummings himself called his poems "inaudible." A few of his poems such as "Buffalo Bill's" and "in Just-/spring" (the balloon man poem) are kept breathing due to the life-support systems of anthologies and textbooks, but except for these and a few other signature numbers, the body of his work has fallen into relative neglect. He is no longer mentioned in the same breath with Eliot, Pound, or Stevens; and because he is synonymous with sensational typography, no one can imitate him and, therefore, extend his legacy without appearing to be merely copying or, worse, parodying. Sadly but inevitably, his direct influence is most easily found in the pages of middle- and high-school literary magazines where rain, leaves, and snow are perpetuallyfallingfrom the sky. "No one else wrote like Cummings, and Cummings wrote like no one else" is how the poet's latest biographer, Christopher Sawyer-Laucanno, delivers the bad and good news in E.E. Cummings: A Biography. And a prescient Harriet Monroe tempered her praise by warning, "But beware his imitators!"These days Cummings is rarely mentioned. He has become the inhabitant of the ghost houses of anthologies and claustrophobic seminar room discussions. His typographical experimentation might be seen to have come alive again in the kind of postmodern experiments practiced by Dave Eggers and Jonathan Safran Foer, not to mention the coded text-messaging of American teenagers. But the eccentric use of the spatial page that accounted for Cummings' notoriety must be seen in the end as the same reason for the apparent transience of his reputation. No list of major 20th-century poets can do without him, yet his poems spend nearly all of their time in the darkness of closed books, not in the light of the window or the reading lamp.
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Why did Dr. Michael Mann give up his chance to pursue his libel suit against Dr. Ball rather than turn over his underlying clima
This question contains two inaccuracies.The suit concerned lies people started telling in an attempt to discredit Michael Mann’s climate research that resulted in the famous hockey stick graph. Ball was one of the people telling the lies, so Mann sued him. Mann had already won a suit against the Frontier Foundation for publishing Ball’s false accusation. As a result, the Frontier Foundation apologized for publishing Ball’s “untrue and disparaging” comments.Mann proceeded to sue Ball himself in Canada. The suit was dismissed because Ball’s attorneys said that Ball was old and ill, plus no one actually believed what Ball said anyway.Mann did not “turn over his underlying climate research data” because the suit did not go forward. His data is readily available to anyone who wants to duplicate his research.EDIT:At least two commenters have posted links in their comments, for which I thank them. One is a link to the court’s ruling to dismiss Mann’s libel suit. The other is a link to the initial lawsuit brought by Mann. There are a couple of things to note from this.First, the judge dismissed the suit because Mann and his attorneys simply failed to pursue it. As a result of dismissing the suit because of the failure to pursue it, the judge awarded costs to Ball, the defendant.Some in the anti-science community have started crowing about the dismissal, claiming that it proves that global warming and climate change are a fraud. On the scale of right-to-wrong, that is so wrong that it is actually off the scale. The judgement absolutely did not find that to be the case. In fact, the judge specifically said, “I do not intend to address those differences (the dispute between Ball’s denialism and Mann’s science)”.Another thing to note is that Mann’s initial hockey-stick publication appeared more than 20 years ago. Many scientists (actual scientists, that is) have looked at Mann’s data and methods and many have done their own research, and all have found that Mann’s work is essentially correct. The hockey stick game is over. The winners have retired from the field, packed their bags and returned home. They have done many other things in the meantime. The losers are still on the field, whining and crying that the game is not over. But it is.Will Mann appeal? I doubt it. Part of the suit has already been resolved. The suit involved an interview with Ball that appeared on the website of the Frontier Centre for Public Policy. The FCPP was a party to the suit. They have already apologized for publishing Ball’s personal and clearly libelous attack on Mann. By the way, there is no doubt that Ball’s statements were libel. Ball said that Mann had committed acts that warranted imprisonment, which is libel. Truth is a defense in such a case, but I have no doubt that Mann would have prevailed.Some are speculating on whether and why Mann might not appeal. I do not know the answer to either of those questions, and I suspect no one here on Quora does. So there is really no point in speculating. But in any event, this case proves absolutely nothing about the fact of global warming and climate change.Global warming/climate change denialists ought to start asking themselves why they are denialists. I suspect that at least 95 percent of the people who post or comment with denialism on Quora really don’t know why they deny the science. I have addressed this in other posts and I don’t feel like going into it again. Suffice it to say, the science is clear.
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Is it possible to get both a ticket for speeding (15 mph over limit of 45mph) and an illegal u-turn at the same stop?
Is it possible to get both a ticket for speeding (15 mph over limit of 45mph) and an illegal u-turn at the same stop?The short answer is “yes”. the Cop / Deputy / Highway Patrol / State Police can give you as many tickets as he wants and the he witnessed.TRUE STORY: this was back in year 2010Years ago, I got a ticket for Tinted Windows. This was in a suburb of LA known as City of Alhambra.Except I gave the City of San Gabriel PD motorcycle Cop some Lips service and an attitude.I had just turned a corner and came to a complete stop and made a right turn. He was standing in the street and waiving people over. I was thinking, “What?” “I was NOT speeding, I didn’t run any red lights”. So I was pissed and to me this was a phony fake traffic ticket, aka harassment.So when he wrote my ticket for Tinted Windows. He “Dickedf with me”. There was three boxes he could have checked as “Correctable”.He didn’t check them. Which when I went to the Alhambra courthouse Traffic Clerk window. The nice lady said, this cop was messing with you because he didn’t check those three boxes as “Correctable”? Your bail to post this to fight this traffic ticket was $1,125.Yep, you read that correctly, $ One Thousand One Hundred and Twenty-Five dollars for Tinted Windows.So, she said “let me fix this”. And she did, so My bail became $75 dollars, Yep Twenty-Five dollars times Three = $75 dollars instead of $1,125.That said, I fought the ticket called “Trial-by-Written-Declaration” TBWD. In California you can write-up your Oral arguments and submit what’s called a “Pleading” or “Trial Brief”.I did that and “LOST”. Found Guilty of this traffic Tinted Window ticket.========================================================Okay, Plan B. If / When you lost the your TBWD. You have 20 calendar days to go back to the traffic clerk window and ask for “Trial-de-Novo” AKA Translation: Latin for New Trial.I did that.So on the day of the trial. They usually have a commissioner for traffic court. I asked and did a Motion for a Real Judge. I said, “You (Commissioner) already adjudicated my trial. You may not re-hear my trial. I request a Motion for a different court in front of a real judge.”The commissioner came back. “Well that may take a while”.I said, “No worries, I’ll wait”.As chance would have it, mine was the first case in front of the REAL JUDGE.The real judge look at me and proceeded to ask me, “what evidence do you have that your tint is legal”.I spoke firmly and loudly, I almost yelled. “OBJECTION, Defendant has no burden of Proof to prove or provide exculpatory evidence for my own conviction or exonerate myself. ““What does the Citation say right, underneath my signature? In fine print”?Citations say, right under your signature: “This is not an admission of Guilty, but a promise to appear”.I said to the court, “Thus I have no burden to prove a “negative” Of presumption of “not Guilty”; AND I kept my promise to appear by appearing here now.”I continued, “This Gov’t Witness (Pointing to the Motorcycle Cop from San Gabriel PD, I think his last name was Robinson) has the burden of proof, the question before the court is WHAT EVIDENCE DOES HE HAVE to convict me on this traffic infraction charge”???I continued, “That traffic citation was modified and Effective Jan 1, 1999 to include subsection (e) which has 4 elements to satisfy this citation. This Gov’t witness MUST PROVE all 4 elements. NOT ONE, NOT TWO, NOT THREE but ALL 4. WHERE IS THAT PROOF?”I continued, “Where there is ‘no-proof’ the court must dismiss “said ticket in question” for lack of evidence to prosecute”… “a Motion to dismiss is hereby entered”.Wow! The judge was taken aback, and backed up in his seat. He signNowed under his Bench desk and got out the California Vehicle code book and looked up that section of law and read it for a good 5 minutes.Did I mention I had a J.D. Law Degree at this point in my life. So I did my home work and researched my case.Then the Judge turned to the Cop and said, “what evidence do you to submit to prosecute on this traffic ticket for Tinted Windows”?The Cop, was standing to my left at the Plaintiff’s desk, I was to his right at the Defendants desk. The cop used his thumb and pointed at me and said, “I thought he (defendant) had the burden of proof”.The judge (LOL I Kid you not, gave the cop the look of “no you idiot, you’re the Gov’t, you have the burden of proof).Right then and there, I yelled “MOTION TO DISMISS”.The judge, “Motion to dismiss granted”.And I stormed out of there and didn’t say another word.========================================================So the San Gabriel PD cop “dicked with me”? Well, I Dicked with him right back. I filed a complaint with him with San Gabriel PD. The Internal Affairs called me and asked if they could interview me. I said, sure.The first thing they said was how nice my complaint was because I had typed it up as a Pleading or a Brief. I said well I have a law degree.See below for an example in another answer I gave.Stanley Hutchinson's answer to I got a ticket for going 45 mph in a 35 mph when the speed limit was just about to change to 45 mph. Should I just pay the fine or take it to court?(click on the Legal Pleading templates to see what they Examples look like)Long story short, I told the them (2 officers) how Robinson “Dicked” with me to get my bail to $1,125 and the traffic clerk window and how he wrote me a traffic ticket to Tinted windows from the FRONT DRIVER AND FRONT PASSENGER side when it’s been LEGAL in California for 10 years. AND, AND, He had no proof.That complaint went into his file, his folder for dishonesty.========================================================Now I digressed.On your ticket, you should fight it. Both of them.Read that link to find out how.See traffic laws are known as “Strict Liability”. That sounds bad, but it’s actually Good, Very good.WHAT “Strict Liability” MEANS is that the citation or traffic infraction is “strictly interpreted by the courts” according to that Statute ONLY.Nothing less, Nothing more.See in Criminal courts for Felony or misdemeanors they also have to prove “Intent”, “Motive”, “Opportunity”. But not for Traffic tickets.So on the U-Turn ticket? unless and if there was a SIGN, that said “NO U-TURN”, you can make a U-Turn there. Unless if it was a “Storefront Business District”.The other exception is if the U-Turn was at an Intersection, it’s a legal u-turn. Unless there’s a sign at that intersection that says “NO U-Turn”.On the Speeding ticket, Go Online to that court system and find the Subpoena form. And Subpoena all the following. Subpoena the Heck out of him, prior to the trial and bring that to court, Do a Motion to dismiss for everything he failed to provide per the Subpoena(s).All roads that are speed traps are illegal. charge him with that, and ask him how many tickets he’s given for speeding at this section? Bingo, if it’s more than one or two, that’s a Speed Trap “ILLEGAL”.Two, ask (Subpoena) him for his paper work on when his radar / lidar was last calibrated Before and After he gave you the ticket and if he erased the previous speeder he caught.Three, ask (Subpoena) him for his paper work on when that section of road was last surveyed and demand a copy of that. Speeding tickets must have had that road surveyed within the last 7 years, because if the “Average speed” has increased that local traffic division must increase or adjust the speed to reflect how traffic is using that road.Four ask (Subpoena) him for his paper work on when and how he was trained on the use or that radar.Okay, Good Luck!**if you like this answer or find it helpful please give me an upvote below - Thanks**
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Why are Muslims so much against Modi? When Modi does something for the common good, then also Muslims blindly post hate comments
The following are the reasons:According to majority of Muslims, RSS is an Anti-Muslim organization. I don't think RSS too does really negate or try to underplay this image. Most Muslims consider BJP as an offshoot of RSS. They are particularly dead against such BJP leaders who have had open and strong connections with RSS.Ideologically, Congressmen, post-partition and post-independence, based on the strong moral influence of Gandhiji were secular because that was the way the country torn and shaken by the gory violence of partition could heal and move forward. They, like Gandhiji, wanted to ensure better protection and emotional support to Muslims of India so as to make them feel included.Congressmen strongly believed that RSS was behind the murder of Gandhiji and they could not just change that image. Thus they too had the seed of hatred against RSS.Jawaharlal Nehru and later Indira Gandhi had no great respect, knowledge or exposure to Hinduism as a religion; both had no pro-Hindu sentiments; they somehow had a cultural and ideological tilt to accept Islam's concepts (God without form, society without caste discrimination etc) better than Hinduism. Nehru had an admiration and ideological tilt towards Communism and naturally, belief in God, worship etc were not in his scheme of things.Congressmen got influenced by both leaders. As decades passed, Congressmen diluted the ideal of secularism to appeasement of minorities purely for vote bank politics.Congressmen could not digest emergence of BJP backed by RSS as a formidable political party that could rob them from power gradually and steadily. In order to survive, they needed votes of minorities badly; they embraced pseudo secularism and projected themselves as the guardians of minorities. Minority people, especially Muslims embraced Congress as their saviors.When Hindus started strongly feeling that they are almost becoming second class citizens despite being a religious majority in the nation and always at the receiving end of bashing by pseudo-secularists, the Ram Temple / Babri Masjid issue became a rallying issue for them to side with BJP.After the Godhra massacre of Kar sevaks, the subsequent massive violence at Gujarat against Muslims happened as a sudden eruption of frustrated anger kept in control all these years by Hindu common people.As a Chief Minister of Gujarat at that time, Modi was well known for his forthright views against Hindu bashing and minority appeasement.Congress went about shamelessly in their struggle to win back their weakening political power by Hindu bashing and Modi bashing aided and abetted by elite people in the Media (who are now well known to be presstitutes) who went all out to tarnish the image of Modi, linking him in overtly and covertly fueling the violence against Muslims.Muslims, aided and abetted by propaganda from Media, Congress party and communist party, took Modi to be their number one enemy. No amount of denials or court ruling absolving Modi from false accusations really made any difference. Their opinions were hardened and firm.Islam is not a religion where people can form free and fair independent opinions. Muslims always rally very strongly against any perceived threat to their religion or society. They form mass opinions; their very culture, upbringing and religious life is like that.So, Anti-Modi attitude has been strongly etched in Muslim psyche. It can never be erased. Period.
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Why did Native Americans lose the country? They had the numbers, knew the terrain, and as far as I know, managed to catch up in
Pardon my bluntness, but if you ask the question, you should be ready for an answer.The native peoples were very numerous but stone age groups of very tiny societies with no political unity, very limited verbal inter communication, almost no political or military coordination, zero industry other than their own needs and no real transportation potential of any size. The had very limited economies, little to no ability to accumulate wealth, food storage or recording capability for their thoughts.They could not coordinate their forces for extended campaigns, had very few foreign patrons - lim...
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Why did Osama bin Laden bomb America?
From Osama bin Laden's letter to America: Why are we fighting and opposing you? The answer is very simple:(1) Because you attacked us and continue to attack us.a) You attacked us in Palestine:(i) Palestine, which has sunk under military occupation for more than 80 years. The British handed over Palestine, with your help and your support, to the Jews, who have occupied it for more than 50 years; years overflowing with oppression, tyranny, crimes, killing, expulsion, destruction and devastation. The creation and continuation of Israel is one of the greatest crimes, and you are the leaders of its criminals. And of course there is no need to explain and prove the degree of American support for Israel. The creation of Israel is a crime which must be erased. Each and every person whose hands have become polluted in the contribution towards this crime must pay its*price, and pay for it heavily.(ii) It brings us both laughter and tears to see that you have not yet tired of repeating your fabricated lies that the Jews have a historical right to Palestine, as it was promised to them in the Torah. Anyone who disputes with them on this alleged fact is accused of anti-semitism. This is one of the most fallacious, widely-circulated fabrications in history. The people of Palestine are pure Arabs and original Semites. It is the Muslims who are the inheritors of Moses (peace be upon him) and the inheritors of the real Torah that has not been changed. Muslims believe in all of the Prophets, including Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon them all. If the followers of Moses have been promised a right to Palestine in the Torah, then the Muslims are the most worthy nation of this.When the Muslims conquered Palestine and drove out the Romans, Palestine and Jerusalem returned to Islaam, the religion of all the Prophets peace be upon them. Therefore, the call to a historical right to Palestine cannot be raised against the Islamic Ummah that believes in all the Prophets of Allah (peace and blessings be upon them) - and we make no distinction between them.(iii) The blood pouring out of Palestine must be equally revenged. You must know that the Palestinians do not cry alone; their women are not widowed alone; their sons are not orphaned alone.(b) You attacked us in Somalia; you supported the Russian atrocities against us in Chechnya, the Indian oppression against us in Kashmir, and the Jewish aggression against us in Lebanon.(c) Under your supervision, consent and orders, the governments of our countries which act as your agents, attack us on a daily basis;(i) These governments prevent our people from establishing the Islamic Shariah, using violence and lies to do so.(ii) These governments give us a taste of humiliation, and places us in a large prison of fear and subdual.(iii) These governments steal our Ummah's wealth and sell them to you at a paltry price.(iv) These governments have surrendered to the Jews, and handed them most of Palestine, acknowledging the existence of their state over the dismembered limbs of their own people.(v) The removal of these governments is an obligation upon us, and a necessary step to free the Ummah, to make the Shariah the supreme law and to regain Palestine. And our fight against these governments is not separate from out fight against you.(d) You steal our wealth and oil at paltry prices because of you international influence and military threats. This theft is indeed the biggest theft ever witnessed by mankind in the history of the world.(e) Your forces occupy our countries; you spread your military bases throughout them; you corrupt our lands, and you besiege our sanctities, to protect the security of the Jews and to ensure the continuity of your pillage of our treasures.(f) You have starved the Muslims of Iraq, where children die every day. It is a wonder that more than 1.5 million Iraqi children have died as a result of your sanctions, and you did not show concern. Yet when 3000 of your people died, the entire world rises and has not yet sat down.(g) You have supported the Jews in their idea that Jerusalem is their eternal capital, and agreed to move your embassy there. With your help and under your protection, the Israelis are planning to destroy the Al-Aqsa mosque. Under the protection of your weapons, Sharon entered the Al-Aqsa mosque, to pollute it as a preparation to capture and destroy it.(2) These tragedies and calamities are only a few examples of your oppression and aggression against us. It is commanded by our religion and intellect that the oppressed have a right to return the aggression. Do not await anything from us but Jihad, resistance and revenge. Is it in any way rational to expect that after America has attacked us for more than half a century, that we will then leave her to live in security and peace?!!(3) You may then dispute that all the above does not justify aggression against civilians, for crimes they did not commit and offenses in which they did not partake:(a) This argument contradicts your continuous repetition that America is the land of freedom, and its leaders in this world. Therefore, the American people are the ones who choose their government by way of their own free will; a choice which stems from their agreement to its policies. Thus the American people have chosen, consented to, and affirmed their support for the Israeli oppression of the Palestinians, the occupation and usurpation of their land, and its continuous killing, torture, punishment and expulsion of the Palestinians. The American people have the ability and choice to refuse the policies of their Government and even to change it if they want.(b) The American people are the ones who pay the taxes which fund the planes that bomb us in Afghanistan, the tanks that strike and destroy our homes in Palestine, the armies which occupy our lands in the Arabian Gulf, and the fleets which ensure the blockade of Iraq. These tax dollars are given to Israel for it to continue to attack us and penetrate our lands. So the American people are the ones who fund the attacks against us, and they are the ones who oversee the expenditure of these monies in the way they wish, through their elected candidates.(c) Also the American army is part of the American people. It is this very same people who are shamelessly helping the Jews fight against us.(d) The American people are the ones who employ both their men and their women in the American Forces which attack us.(e) This is why the American people cannot be not innocent of all the crimes committed by the Americans and Jews against us.(f) Allah, the Almighty, legislated the permission and the option to take revenge. Thus, if we are attacked, then we have the right to attack back. Whoever has destroyed our villages and towns, then we have the right to destroy their villages and towns. Whoever has stolen our wealth, then we have the right to destroy their economy. And whoever has killed our civilians, then we have the right to kill theirs.The American Government and press still refuses to answer the question:Why did they attack us in New York and Washington?If Sharon is a man of peace in the eyes of Bush, then we are also men of peace!!! America does not understand the language of manners and principles, so we are addressing it using the language it understands.(Q2) As for the second question that we want to answer: What are we calling you to, and what do we want from you?(1) The first thing that we are calling you to is Islam.(a) The religion of the Unification of God; of freedom from associating partners with Him, and rejection of this; of complete love of Him, the Exalted; of complete submission to His Laws; and of the discarding of all the opinions, orders, theories and religions which contradict with the religion He sent down to His Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Islam is the religion of all the prophets, and makes no distinction between them - peace be upon them all.It is to this religion that we call you; the seal of all the previous religions. It is the religion of Unification of God, sincerity, the best of manners, righteousness, mercy, honour, purity, and piety. It is the religion of showing kindness to others, establishing justice between them, granting them their rights, and defending the oppressed and the persecuted. It is the religion of enjoining the good and forbidding the evil with the hand, tongue and heart. It is the religion of Jihad in the way of Allah so that Allah's Word and religion reign Supreme. And it is the religion of unity and agreement on the obedience to Allah, and total equality between all people, without regarding their colour, sex, or language.(b) It is the religion whose book - the Quran - will remained preserved and unchanged, after the other Divine books and messages have been changed. The Quran is the miracle until the Day of Judgment. Allah has challenged anyone to bring a book like the Quran or even ten verses like it.(2) The second thing we call you to, is to stop your oppression, lies, immorality and debauchery that has spread among you.(a) We call you to be a people of manners, principles, honour, and purity; to reject the immoral acts of fornication, homosexuality, intoxicants, gambling's, and trading with interest.We call you to all of this that you may be freed from that which you have become caught up in; that you may be freed from the deceptive lies that you are a great nation, that your leaders spread amongst you to conceal from you the despicable state to which you have signNowed.(b) It is saddening to tell you that you are the worst civilization witnessed by the history of mankind:(i) You are the nation who, rather than ruling by the Shariah of Allah in its Constitution and Laws, choose to invent your own laws as you will and desire. You separate religion from your policies, contradicting the pure nature which affirms Absolute Authority to the Lord and your Creator. You flee from the embarrassing question posed to you: How is it possible for Allah the Almighty to create His creation, grant them power over all the creatures and land, grant them all the amenities of life, and then deny them that which they are most in need of: knowledge of the laws which govern their lives?(ii) You are the nation that permits Usury, which has been forbidden by all the religions. Yet you build your economy and investments on Usury. As a result of this, in all its different forms and guises, the Jews have taken control of your economy, through which they have then taken control of your media, and now control all aspects of your life making you their servants and achieving their aims at your expense; precisely what Benjamin Franklin warned you against.(iii) You are a nation that permits the production, trading and usage of intoxicants. You also permit drugs, and only forbid the trade of them, even though your nation is the largest consumer of them.(iv) You are a nation that permits acts of immorality, and you consider them to be pillars of personal freedom. You have continued to sink down this abyss from level to level until incest has spread amongst you, in the face of which neither your sense of honour nor your laws object.Who can forget your President Clinton's immoral acts committed in the official Oval office? After that you did not even bring him to account, other than that he 'made a mistake', after which everything passed with no punishment. Is there a worse kind of event for which your name will go down in history and remembered by nations?(v) You are a nation that permits gambling in its all forms. The companies practice this as well, resulting in the investments becoming active and the criminals becoming rich.(vi) You are a nation that exploits women like consumer products or advertising tools calling upon customers to purchase them. You use women to serve passengers, visitors, and strangers to increase your profit margins. You then rant that you support the liberation of women.(vii) You are a nation that practices the trade of sex in all its forms, directly and indirectly. Giant corporations and establishments are established on this, under the name of art, entertainment, tourism and freedom, and other deceptive names you attribute to it.(viii) And because of all this, you have been described in history as a nation that spreads diseases that were unknown to man in the past. Go ahead and boast to the nations of man, that you brought them AIDS as a Satanic American Invention.(xi) You have destroyed nature with your industrial waste and gases more than any other nation in history. Despite this, you refuse to sign the Kyoto agreement so that you can secure the profit of your greedy companies and*industries.(x) Your law is the law of the rich and wealthy people, who hold sway in their political parties, and fund their election campaigns with their gifts. Behind them stand the Jews, who control your policies, media and economy.(xi) That which you are singled out for in the history of mankind, is that you have used your force to destroy mankind more than any other nation in history; not to defend principles and values, but to hasten to secure your interests and profits. You who dropped a nuclear bomb on Japan, even though Japan was ready to negotiate an end to the war. How many acts of oppression, tyranny and injustice have you carried out, O callers to freedom?(xii) Let us not forget one of your major characteristics: your duality in both manners and values; your hypocrisy in manners and principles. All*manners, principles and values have two scales: one for you and one for the others.(a)The freedom and democracy that you call to is for yourselves and for white race only; as for the rest of the world, you impose upon them your monstrous, destructive policies and Governments, which you call the 'American friends'. Yet you prevent them from establishing democracies. When the Islamic party in Algeria wanted to practice democracy and they won the election, you unleashed your agents in the Algerian army onto them, and to attack them with tanks and guns, to imprison them and torture them - a new lesson from the 'American book of democracy'!!!(b)Your policy on prohibiting and forcibly removing weapons of mass destruction to ensure world peace: it only applies to those countries which you do not permit to possess such weapons. As for the countries you consent to, such as Israel, then they are allowed to keep and use such weapons to defend their security. Anyone else who you suspect might be manufacturing or keeping these kinds of weapons, you call them criminals and you take military action against them.(c)You are the last ones to respect the resolutions and policies of International Law, yet you claim to want to selectively punish anyone else who does the same. Israel has for more than 50 years been pushing UN resolutions and rules against the wall with the full support of America.(d)As for the war criminals which you censure and form criminal courts for - you shamelessly ask that your own are granted immunity!! However, history will not forget the war crimes that you committed against the Muslims and the rest of the world; those you have killed in Japan, Afghanistan, Somalia, Lebanon and Iraq will remain a shame that you will never be able to escape. It will suffice to remind you of your latest war crimes in Afghanistan, in which densely populated innocent civilian villages were destroyed, bombs were dropped on mosques causing the roof of the mosque to come crashing down on the heads of the Muslims praying inside. You are the ones who broke the agreement with the Mujahideen when they left Qunduz, bombing them in Jangi fort, and killing more than 1,000 of your prisoners through suffocation and thirst. Allah alone knows how many people have died by torture at the hands of you and your agents. Your planes remain in the Afghan skies, looking for anyone remotely suspicious.(e)You have claimed to be the vanguards of Human Rights, and your Ministry of Foreign affairs issues annual reports containing statistics of those countries that violate any Human Rights. However, all these things vanished when the Mujahideen hit you, and you then implemented the methods of the same documented governments that you used to curse. In America, you captured thousands the Muslims and Arabs, took them into custody with neither reason, court trial, nor even disclosing their names. You issued newer, harsher laws.What happens in Guatanamo is a historical embarrassment to America and its values, and it screams into your faces - you hypocrites, "What is the value of your signature on any agreement or treaty?"(3) What we call you to thirdly is to take an honest stance with yourselves - and I doubt you will do so - to discover that you are a nation without principles or manners, and that the values and principles to you are something which you merely demand from others, not that which you yourself must adhere to.(4) We also advise you to stop supporting Israel, and to end your support of the Indians in Kashmir, the Russians against the Chechens and to also cease supporting the Manila Government against the Muslims in Southern Philippines.(5) We also advise you to pack your luggage and get out of our lands. We desire for your goodness, guidance, and righteousness, so do not force us to send you back as cargo in coffins.(6) Sixthly, we call upon you to end your support of the corrupt leaders in our countries. Do not interfere in our politics and method of education. Leave us alone, or else expect us in New York and Washington.(7) We also call you to deal with us and interact with us on the basis of mutual interests and benefits, rather than the policies of sub dual, theft and occupation, and not to continue your policy of supporting the Jews because this will result in more disasters for you.If you fail to respond to all these conditions, then prepare for fight with the Islamic Nation. The Nation of Monotheism, that puts complete trust on Allah and fears none other than Him. The Nation which is addressed by its Quran with the words: "Do you fear them? Allah has more right that you should fear Him if you are believers. Fight against them so that Allah will punish them by your hands and disgrace them and give you victory over them and heal the breasts of believing people. And remove the anger of their (believers') hearts. Allah accepts the repentance of whom He wills. Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise." [Quran9:13-1]The Nation of honour and respect:"But honour, power and glory belong to Allah, and to His Messenger (Muhammad- peace be upon him) and to the believers." [Quran 63:8]"So do not become weak (against your enemy), nor be sad, and you will be*superior ( in victory )if you are indeed (true) believers" [Quran 3:139]The Nation of Martyrdom; the Nation that desires death more than you desire life:"Think not of those who are killed in the way of Allah as dead. Nay, they are alive with their Lord, and they are being provided for. They rejoice in what Allah has bestowed upon them from His bounty and rejoice for the sake of those who have not yet joined them, but are left behind (not yet martyred) that on them no fear shall come, nor shall they grieve. They rejoice in a grace and a bounty from Allah, and that Allah will not waste the reward of the believers." [Quran 3:169-171]The Nation of victory and success that Allah has promised:"It is He Who has sent His Messenger (Muhammad peace be upon him) with guidance and the religion of truth (Islam), to make it victorious over all other religions even though the Polytheists hate it." [Quran 61:9]"Allah has decreed that 'Verily it is I and My Messengers who shall be victorious.' Verily Allah is All-Powerful, All-Mighty." [Quran 58:21]The Islamic Nation that was able to dismiss and destroy the previous evil Empires like yourself; the Nation that rejects your attacks, wishes to remove your evils, and is prepared to fight you. You are well aware that the Islamic Nation, from the very core of its soul, despises your haughtiness and arrogance.If the Americans refuse to listen to our advice and the goodness, guidance and righteousness that we call them to, then be aware that you will lose this Crusade Bush began, just like the other previous Crusades in which you were humiliated by the hands of the Mujahideen, fleeing to your home in great silence and disgrace. If the Americans do not respond, then their fate will be that of the Soviets who fled from Afghanistan to deal with their military defeat, political breakup, ideological downfall, and economic bankruptcy.This is our message to the Americans, as an answer to theirs. Do they now know why we fight them and over which form of ignorance, by the permission of Allah, we shall be victorious?Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'
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