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FAQs
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What actually happens in a UPSC interview?
I have had the opportunity of giving 'THE UPSC INTERVIEW' twice, one in 2016 and other in 2017. Both the time I had the same board headed by former Air Marshal Ajit Bhonsale.I was awarded pretty good scores both the times, 184 (in 2016) and 187 (in 2017) :)Before I answer what happens in UPSC interview, let me break some myths.MYTHSInterview questions are not like the whatsapp forwards you recieve. Example : How to throw egg from a building without breaking it?Interview is not a system of rejection or acceptance. It is just a part of whole process , your written marks are added in your interview score to determine your rank. So you may have high written score but low interview marks can mar your chances of rank and vice versa.Interview is not a test of your knowledge. Knowledge has already been tested in written examination. Interview is test of your personality and confidence. Obviously questions are asked to test your confidence but if you don't know the answer you can say “I don't know sir/ma'am” confidently instead of bluffing. You have to be truely honest.Some interview boards are dreaded due to myth that they give low marks but I think every board has its range of marks( Bhonsale Sir board is dreaded but he awarded me good marks both the times). It is just that every board chairman has probably different parameters and ways of testing you. For example : Ajit Bhonsale sir will make you really comfortable but sometimes when you become very comfortable you let yourself loose and commit blunders. On other hand B.S. Bassi sir is very strict ( I have heard) , puts in you in spot for the first few minutes. His strategy is maybe to check you during tough times.UPSC interview is not like a roadies audition. All the members of the board are highly cordial.BEFORE UPSC INTERVIEWNight before the interview is really tough. There are butterflies in your stomach. There is soo much going on in your head that sleeping becomes a task.On the day of interview it becomes quite a task for us girls because we have to tie a saree. My mom was with me so she helped me with that but handling the saree gracefully is your task. I want to tell you that I wore the same green colour saree for both my interviews because after my first interview I thought it was lucky for me :)2016 interview2017 interview ( 5 kg lighter!!)Once you signNow UPSC office on Shahjahan road , you are made to stand in a line outside the gate for verification by showing summon letters. For me this moment for the first time was in 2016 and it was really mesmerizing. I was like Aamir Khan ’s character in “3idiots” movie where he couldnt stop smiling because it felt like a dream.After all verification candidates are made to sit in a room for document verification. There are 6 tables with 6 candidates each. All the 6 candidates on one table go to same interview board. After document checking candidates are moved to a central hall. Here we are finally told which board we are assigned.Candidates are called one by one for the interview and headed towards respective members 's rooms. A candidate is called 5 minutes before the previous candidates 's interview is over. So you are made to sit outside the interview room. This is the most unnerving moment. My strategy used to be: to sit and gaze around so that I don't think about the impending interview and calming myself in the process. And finally after few minutes the peon asks you to GO INSIDE!!DURING THE INTERVIEWHere I will narrate my 2017 CSE interview held on 24 th April 2018:I entered the room I wished everyone good afternoon ( it was around 1:30 pm ). I was asked to take seat. The interview board had chairman (Air Marshal Ajit Bhonsale Sir in my case) and 4 other members seated around a table. There was a member seating very close to me and watching my every action, most probably he was psychoanalysist or something like that.So finally the interview started :CHAIRMANChairman : Shilpa sit down. Feel comfortable. Take a deep breath. I see a young and smart lady in front of me who has a very good academic background. Are you nervous?Me: No sir ( I smiled)CHAIRMAN : Ok then we will start with the interview.Which areas you are expecting that we would ask from DAF ( detailed application form , it is like a CV which contains information about you, your qualification, your hobbies etc).Me: Sir about my graduation i.e. BDS , my birthplace Chandigarh and hobbiesChairman : What do you derive from making greeting cards? ( Apart from reading , teaching/ mentoring , I mentioned “making handmade greeting cards” as my hobby in DAF)Me: Sir, it is a form of creative expression for me which gives me immense pleasure.Chairman : Ok shilpa.MEMBER 1M1 : What are your views on death sentence for rape accused in case victim is below 12 years? Accused are generally known to victim in cases of child abuse cases.Me : Sir ,you are right. NCRB records state that in child sexual abuse cases 94% of accused are known to victim. This may lead to non reporting or victim turning hostile due to pressure from family.Secondly, death penalty is not a deterrent. It has been proven from many reports.Thirdly , now rape and murder have same punishment so now the rapist will not leave his victim alive .(M1 : good point Dr. Shilpa)M1 : Have you heard about euthanasia? What is the recent SC judgement.Me: Euthanasia in common terms means mercy killing. It is of two types : active and passive euthanasia. Recently SC has allowed passive euthanasia in case patient is in permanent vegetative state.M1: Who decides it is time for euthanasia?Me: Sir , It consists of three layered mechanism . A mechanism for living will has been given which is accessed by the doctor. If he feels that there is need for go ahead the permission is send to a special medical board which consists of four specialists. After approval it is forwarded to district collector.M1: What is living will?Me: It is a directive by a patient that in due course of his treatment if stops responding to treatment or is in permanent vegetative state he be considered for passive euthanasia.MEMBER 2M2 : Comment on our relations with our neighbours with respect to Bangladesh , Nepal.Me: Sir , Neighbourhood first policy has been major component of our foreign policy.Good relations with Bangladesh for example recently land boundary agreement was signed very amicably. There is just one irritant in form of teesta water treaty.Nepal we have historical and cultural ties. 'BETI AND ROTI' ka rishta. A buffer state. But due to unprecedented foray of China into south asia and Nepal playing China card due to its domestic compulsions , relations have taken toll right now.( I wanted to summarize but M2 said ok shilpa fine)M2 : Chinese president XI Xingping and PM modi will be meeting recently. Where?ME: Sir there will be an informal meeting in City of Wuhan , China. Here wide array of issues will be discussed.M2 : China is saying it will be sharing data on satluj river. What is that?ME: Sir basically hydrological data. Water levels and dams to be constructed.M2: Sociolgists are better administrators. Why? (Sociology is my optional subject)ME: Sir, it is basically study of social groups , social institutions and their dynamics. And as civil servant you are basically dealing with these institutions and groups. For eg : as a sociologist one knows laws decide where society SHOULD GO but Societal norms decide where society actually GOES. It serves a great value as a civil servant.MEMBER 3M3 : Dr. Bhatti you were talking about China right now. How are we same ?How does it poses a danger how India is responding? Can we learn something from China?( it was a long question so I broke it into parts)Me: China and India are same with respect to thriving economies. China is second largest economy in terms of nominal GDP and India is 7th.Both are populous nations with huge human capital potential.Dangers : China 's unprecedented foray into South Asia. Increasing footprint in Indian ocean.Learn from China: China has emerged as workshop of world. Its manufacturing sectors contributes around 34% to its GDP where India its just 17% ( Member said good Dr.Bhatti)MEMBER 4M4 : Social media is turning a place for spreading wrong news and all ( long lecture) . How to address this?Me: Sir in the post truth era social media is turning into menance where fake news are being spread. (M4 interuppts)M4 : You used word post truth. Very interesting word. What is that?Me: Sir it is an era where facts are considered less and beliefs and emotions shape the public opinion.M4 : Very good Shilpa. Continue with your answer. How to address?Me: Sir we can address first at legal level. For eg : EU has .......( M4 interuppts.)M4: Shilpa talk at a more local level. Like you are Chandigarh DC.Me: Sir first we can use social media itself. These days every administration has official twitter , FB accounts. From this we can give correct info n allay fears.Secondly in Chandigarh during Ram Rahim case SMS were sent as precaution. We can use this platformThirdly , involving civil society to create awareness to not accept any news at face value before confirming it from standard source.M4 : Did you choose Medical field by choice ? You are no longer pursuing it?Me: Sir , Civil services was always on my mind but idea wasn't very concrete at that time. I choose medical field because of my love for science and I have always performed good in academics.Also while working as a dentist I realized that civil services gives much larger platform to bring a change plus job diversity it offers is unparallelled.CHAIRMANCHAIRMAN : Tell me where woman bureaucrats or officers in general can be of great help?Me : Sir , in police administration for example if the cutting edge officers or bureaucrats in general are woman we can make our police services more gender sensitive.Chairman : yes ok. Continue.Me: Sir I cant think of other areas right now.(Chairman smiled and said ok)CHAIRMAN : Ok Shilpa tell me one last question before we go for lunch. You have heard about tussle between delhi chief secretary and chief minister?Me: yes sir.CHAIRMAN : So now bureaucrats blame its ministers who hamper work and politician blame bureaucrats. What to do?Me: Sir the permanent executive and the elected executive has work in tandem.CHAIRMAN : Yes tell me solution?Me: Following SOP and due process of law.Secondly, Sir transperant administration. Egovernance to cut down bureaucratic red tapism and also ensuring the executive is pro active in various people centric schemes or policies.Thirdly , we can have informal meetings in form of ‘chintin shivirs' or organising sports events for breaking the ice and acting as confidence building measures.CHAIRMAN : Ok Shilpa your interview is over. So now you will go back to Chandigarh or stay back.Me: Sir I will stay back for medical and leave on 26th.Chairman : Ok. Thank you Shilpa.Me: Thank you Sir. ( I thanked other member too)Interview lasted around 25 minutes. Members were extremely cordial and I had a feeling that it went well.And I got a good score of 187 :) I was able to secure 712 rank UPSC CSE 2017 and currently Iam preparing for rank improvement :)I hope this answer conveyed what happens in UPSC interview :)
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How do I file income tax return in India?
Greeting Friends !!!If you are going to file it yourself, then following is the procedure:-Before you start the process, keep your bank statements, Form 16 issued by your employer and a copy of last year's return at hand. Next, log on to http://incometaxindiaefiling.gov...Follow these steps:Step 1: Register yourself on the website. Your Permanent Account Number (PAN) will be your user ID.Step 2: View your tax credit statement — Form 26AS — for the financial year 2015–16 . The statement will reflect the taxes deducted by your employer actually deposited with the I-T department. The TDS as per your Form 16 must tally with the figures in Form 26AS. If you file the return despite discrepancies, if any, you could get a notice from the I-T department later.Step 3: Under the 'Download' menu, click on Income Tax Return Forms and choose AY 2016–17 (for financial year 2015–16 ). Download the Income Tax Return (ITR) form applicable to you.Which Income Tax Return Form Require to file or applicable F.Y. 2015–16 by Hetal M Kukadiya on Tax Knowledge Bank - IndiaStep 4: Open the downloaded Return Preparation Software (excel or Java utility) and complete the form by entering all the details , using your all documentsStep 5: Ascertain the tax payable by clicking the 'Calculate Tax' tab. Pay tax (if applicable) and enter the challan details in the tax return.Step 6: Confirm all the information in the worksheet by clicking the 'Validate' tab.Step 7: Proceed to generate an XML file and save it on your computer.Step 8: Go to 'Upload Return' on the portal's left panel and upload the saved XML file after selecting 'AY 2016-2017 ' and the relevant form. You will be asked whether you wish to digitally sign the file. If you have obtained a DS (digital signature), select Yes. Or, choose 'No'.Step 9: Once the website flashes the message about successful e-filing on your screen, you can consider the process to be complete. The acknowledgment form — ITR—Verification (ITR-V ) will be generated and you can download it.Step 10: you can Verify online with EVC Pin or Take a printout of the form ITR-V , sign it preferably in blue ink, and send it only by ordinary or Speed post to the Income-Tax Department-CPC , Post Bag No-1 , Electronic City Post Office, Bangalore - 560 100, Karnataka, within 120 days of filing your return online.Its Advisable to go with CA help for filling Tax return. There are lots of amendment come in every year, to file accurate return and Tax planning benefit etc so Prefer to go with expert like CA, Tax Preparer etc…Be Peaceful !!!
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What culture shocks can a South Indian face in North India?
I am a South Indian doctor in Delhi…and sometimes I get these weird questions that surprise me.I was once inserting a cannula into a patient’s vein and at that moment of pain the patient asked me.. ‘you are not from Delhi are you?’ I told her I am from Chennai.. she asked me ‘are you married? What does sahib do?’ I was a little taken aback and asked her why she thought I was married.. ‘coz you are wearing a bindi’ she replied…I smiled at her.. thought she was ignorant and told her I am single…. A few days later one of my consultants asked me ‘you are from the south right..wearing a bindi must be compulsory there’. My reply ‘no mam it isn't compulsory.. we wear it if we like to.’…. And when someone asked me ‘what is the significance of wearing a bindi?’ all I could reply was ‘I am not exactly sure but one thing I can tell you is it doesn't mean I am married :P’ while everyone from a toddler to a octagenerian wears a bindi in the south and not wearing it makes us feel a little weird, the fact that it labels you as being married in the north is something that makes me go ‘enna kodumai sir idu’.When I came to Delhi I was wearing a chain, earrings and finger rings of gold.. one thing that I was advised ‘remove your jewellery else someone will snatch it and remove it for you’ I am not saying such crimes don't happen in the south.. but spotting women who actually wear gold chains is a rarity.. in comparison to the mota mota jewellery that we wear.How can you people live on rice??? When northies live on a staple diet of rotis and aaloo ki sabzi or paneer.. I like rice, you like rotis..so what?This probably doesn't apply to all north Indians but 4–5 people have also asked me this..They:so you are from chennai huh? You speak malayalam right.Me: no I am Tamil.. heard of ‘Tamil’Nadu??They: so it is different from kannad and Telugu also??Me: yes yes totallyThey: oh you are from Jayalalitha’s place?? Jallikattu?? Marina beach? Rajnikanth?Me: thank god yes you finally got it… marina beach is our pride and you can always find Jayalalitha there :PThe dressing and make up that people do here is pretty much diverse from the south.. not that I am judging or anything. That's just you, this is just me.. as long as you don't judge me for not being like you, it's fine… but how often do you see a woman with labour pains walk into the labour room in a government hospital with make up at 3.30AM in the south? Never… and it is a common sight here. And I thought it happened only in Hindi serials :PPS. The above mentioned facts are based on personal experiences and not any generalized comments on north Indians. One more thing that also shocks me is the amiability of the people in the north. They can talk to anyone at anytime without any hesitation and make them feel warm. Kudos to that! :)
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How can I train myself to have neat handwriting?
When I was going to school, I remember having trouble with math, like writing numbers under each other such as:112345I couldn't do the problem, but my father drilled in to me that the numbers have to be neat, and directly under each other (apparently, it's easier to learn that way).Growing up, my handwriting kept changing. In some instances, I noticed that people were mispronouncing my name, because my 'u' and 'r' looked like a "W," so I started concentrating on making sure they were appearing as different letters.I used to try to copy the handwriting of other people (not forging, just duplicating) but I couldn't do it consistently. Every few lines, my handwriting would change, and if I turned a page from front to back, I couldn't keep my writing consistent. So, if I was writing a letter, each page looked entirely different.Over the years, I have developed my handwriting to be so unique, that people compliment me (which I think is quite funny). It's basically 'fancy printing,' and my signature, if cursive, usually looks relatively the same. I noticed a while ago, that my fascination with crossword puzzles and similar books, is because I'm constantly writing the answers. My OCD is evident in my books, because there are words or individual letters that are written, crossed off, circled, all very methodically (to me) and it doesn't change from book to book.But, what became apparent to me, is that my need to 'answer' the puzzles (I won't look at the answers in the back) is more of a writing practice than a challenge, because I solve in pen.The way to develop neat handwriting is to practice, practice, practice. I've even been at presentations where the lecturer had a pad and a marker, and attendees will ask that I write the notes for the class to copy, because they like "the way I make my 'e's'."I've recently said that it makes no difference what education I have, what I can do, or the goodness I display, because all other people seem to comment on consistently, is "Wow, you have great handwriting."Practice, practice, practice .... we didn't grow up with computers and word processors, and if you have to fill out an application for something, you have to be able to write small enough (yet clear enough) for it to be read.
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Are there any benefits to meth?
This Question noted 8 answers. An informed answer to the question was presented by one individual. It was very thoughtful, and included perspectives from several points of view. What I enjoyed was that it offered an answer to a question. The question wasn’t, “What are the bad points of using meth?”. Yet, as so many ‘in recovery’ want to do, the question was used as a place to vent their ideals. Something was a bad experience for them, or someone they cared about, and they are out to warn the masses. How brave. Maybe there’s a question about pit bulls and you can lecture the readers about the abuses and moral misgivings of dog fighting. Perhaps someone asks about gasoline fuel and you can stand on your environment/global warming soapbox. Way to be involved! Take a politically correct stance and listen to and feel the applause. Anybody who answered the question with an answer that included, “There are no …” should have written, “In my opinion”, or “In my experience” along side it. Otherwise, answer all of the hundreds of other meth questions. Leave this one to be answered by anyone who actually knows of some benefits. That is the information the question has asked for.Meth isn’t for everybody. Meth is also a dangerous street drug that has ruined many lives. Anybody who does not know that is not very informed about the real world. Meth should not be used because of any benefits listed by someone and they’re hoping to receive those same benefits. Meth affects every metabolism differently. Anything smoked and absorbed through inhalation by your lungs is dangerous to your health regardless of what it is. Any chemical compound used to ‘get high’ should only be done by adults out of the view of children, and only recreational drugs should be used to ‘get high’. Meth can be used in a recreational setting, by some. That’s a slippery slope, though.The benefits of meth may be to keep soldiers alert and energized to fight long battles, to fight fatigue when sleep is not an option and deadlines are approaching, to help stabilize adhd sufferers who find it difficult to focus on details that help them take care of themselves like brushing their teeth, and tying their shoes, and not forgetting the red light means to stop instead of wondering how many squirrels live on this street. Firefighters fighting fires for 20 straight hours might find benefits, as well as people who can’t stop putting food into their mouths. There are much more harmful effects from obesity than meth use. I’m going to take a wild guess and predict that more lives are lost to the harmful effects of obesity than are lost to meth. (That’s worded wrong. It should say the harmful effects of doughnuts. Obesity is a condition. Meth misuse is a condition. Meth use and doughnut eating are both forms of drug use.)Other benefits might include, but are not limited to, being more passionate about your job. Sometimes, people hate their lives, their job, their frame of mind is a dark cloud over them which can affect others negatively if they are an airline pilot, bus driver, surgeon, etc. Another benefit may be to help motivate a person to work out, or exercise. There are not many things better for the body than a good hard work out session. Exercising should begin with complete stretching and involve necessary fluid intake to avoid damaging muscles or becoming dehydrated. Proper breathing technique is also very helpful to the overall benefits of exercise.Mental health is another area where depression could be fought with administering a small amount of meth. Motivation and enthusiasm about what you are involved with is always beneficial. Lethargy and disinterest can lead to unhappiness, unfulfilled expectations, negative attitudes, and basically all around dickishness (may help a person not be such a dick).Anything powerful can be abused. The power of meth should be respected and used only as a tool, or an aide, and only after careful consideration based upon facts and documented study. Long term use may become a problem if ingested by the lungs, or too frequently. If not used wisely and in moderation, anything can become a problem.
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How do the police build a criminal case against you?
Since I was a2a, how a case is built is dependent upon the type of crime (fraud, drug trafficking, money laundering, violence, etc.). Discovery of fraud generally involves a report of suspicious activity, a victim’s report, or review of records. Fraud investigations are primarily conducted through collection of pertinent financial records, identifying those involved and their documented activities. Fraud commonly involves a convoluted manipulation of circumstances that requires extensive knowledge of law and applicable regulations.Drug trafficking and associated money laundering generally involve informant information, with the informant commonly being someone arrested for an observed drug violation who turns on their confederates in order to limit their own punishment. That process could lead to an undercover operation and/or involve extensive surveillance of suspects, identification of drug and money stash locations, trash collection at identified locations, and collection of sufficient information to establish probable cause for a search warrant (http://www.quora.com/What-constitutes-probable-cause-for-a-police-officer-to-be-able-to-search-a-car-without-a-warrant/answer/Dan-Robb-2). The search warrant could lead to recovery of evidence, identification of suspects, and seizure of illegal substances or large quantities of currency for which there is no viable explanation.Investigations of crimes against persons are commonly initiated based on a report of what is claimed to be criminal behavior by a witness. The next common step involves interviews indicating where evidence may reside or where other witnesses may be located. Such information is evaluated and corroborated if possible; in that not even all eyewitness testimony is reliable (Robb, 2011). Crime scenes are identified and search is initiated, based either on immediate probable cause or through search warrants. Evidence is collected if possible, then processed for possible identification of suspects (e.g., DNA and/or fingerprints identifiable from data bases of prior offenders, or for comparison with future suspects), and indicators of events are theorized (e.g., accidental versus criminal actions).If no suspects are identifiable, or even if there are possible suspects, how the crime was committed may provide clues linking that crime to a past suspect or past crimes, even without physical evidence with regard to a suspect; or, if a serious crime, investigation may involve more extensive evaluation in a criminal profiling process:Modus Operandi and SignatureD. RobbCMRJ531In 1838, Sir Frederick Roe, a magistrate in London, argued for the employment of specialized police officers to detect crimes (as cited in Dilnot, 1927). The successes of the privately employed Bow Street Runners were cited as an example of the historical presence of recognizing modus operandi, and what could be interpreted as recognition of the value of criminal profiling.Sir Peter Laurie, a City magnate, was positive that the Metropolitan Police could not supersede the runners. ... "These men have been thief catchers all their lives, and know almost every thief in London, and of what he is capable. ... If you take them to a house, and show them that a robbery has been committed, they will tell you directly, by inspection, whether it has been done by an old or by an inexperienced thief." (as cited in Dilnot, 1927, p. 53)Holmes and Holmes (2002), in my opinion, do not adequately address the concepts of Modus Operandi (MO) and Signature. Therefore, further information is provided here. MO is not a new concept. Dilnot stated that "'Modus operandi' is obviously as old as detective work itself" (1927, p. 212). Dilnot did not comment of the exact origins of the position of detective, but he did say that detectives were employed by the Metropolitan Police, under the British Home Secretary, prior to 1845. The daguerreotype photographic process was patented in Europe in 1840, and,had come to America soon afterwards. ... None was more enthusiastic for this medium than Alan Pinkerton. Within a few years he had built up an impressive Rogues Gallery of mugshots and circulated copies of photographs to lawmen all over the country, together with detailed descriptions of physical features, dress, habits, mental characteristics, criminal specialties and mode of operation. (Mackay, 2007, p. 93)Pinkerton (1819-1884), a Scotch immigrant barrel maker and former Deputy Sheriff, headed the de facto national investigative agency (albeit private) in the U.S. during the pre- and post-Civil War era. The emergence of this private agency was apparently due the emergence of interstate commerce (i.e., railroads); the lack legal jurisdiction outside of the city, count, or state; an aversion to central governmental control; parochial thinking; and governmental financial considerations. In 1861, Pinkerton sent a letter to President Lincoln:I have in my Force from Sixteen to Eighteen persons on whose Courage, Skill and Devotion to their country I can rely. If they with myself at the head can be of service in the way of obtaining information of the movements of Traitors, or Safely conveying your letters or dispatches, on that class of Secret Service which is the most dangerous, I am at your command. (as cited in Mackay, 2007, p. 107)Fosdick (1915/1969), a former New York City Commissioner of Accounts, conducted one of the first cross-cultural studies of policing during 1913 and 1914. He was complimentary of the German system of criminal investigation, particularly with regard to the scholarly efforts of Dr. Hans Gross, an academic and criminal justice practitioner. Many European police agencies employed relatively sophisticated criminal classification and referencing systems, to the extent that in some countries, all foreigners were required to record their travels with the local police or face legal sanction. The use of dactyloscopy (fingerprinting) began for Scotland Yard in 1901, after use by English officials in India. And, classification of offenders according to method of operation (MO) by Scotland Yard was begun officially in 1896. However, at the request of London authorities in 1888, Dr. Thomas Bond was apparently cognizant of the concept based on his assessment of the crimes attributed to Jack the Ripper, based on his statement thatall five murders were no doubt committed by the same hand. … All the circumstances surrounding the murders lead me to form the opinion that the women must have been lying down when murdered. …In each case the mutilation was implicated by a person who had no scientific nor anatomical knowledge. …A man subject to periodical attacks of Homicidal and Erotic mania. The murderer in external appearance is quite likely to be a quiet inoffensive looking man, probably middle-aged and neatly and respectfully dressed. He would be solitary and eccentric in his habits, also he is most likely to be a man without regular occupation, but with a small income or pension. (as cited in Kocsis, 2006, p. 4)MO was at that time primarily used for burglary and theft crimes. Fosdick related:What is probably the most ambitious plan of crime classification by methods has been initiated in ... England. ... The so-called "M.O." or Modus Operandi system devised by Major L. W. Atcherley, Chief Constable of the West Riding of Yorkshire Constabulary.His system is more than an index for a single department. It is a cooperative arrangement by which habitual or traveling criminals can be traced from community to community by a comparison of their methods of work. (1915/1969, p. 344)Atcherley's system included 10 categories, and the tenth is somewhat consistent with the concept of signature:1—Classword; kind of property attacked, whether dwelling house, lodging house, hotel, etc.2—Entry; the actual point of entry, front window, back window, etc.3—Means; whether with implements or tools, such as a ladder, jimmy, etc.4—Object; kind of property taken.5—Time; not only time of day or night, but whether church time, market day, during meal hours, etc.6—Style; whether criminal to obtain entrance describes himself as mechanic, canvasser, agent, etc.7—Tale; any disclosure as to his alleged business or errand which the criminal may make.8—Pals; whether crime was committed with confederates, etc.9—Transport; whether bicycle or other vehicle was used in connection with crime.10—Trademark; whether criminal committed any unusual act in connection with crime, such as poisoning a dog, changing his clothes, leaving a note for the owner, etc. (Fosdick, 1915/1969, p. 346)MO and Signature are similar and may be easily confused, one for the other. MO involves those behaviors necessary for the successful commission of a crime; incorporating three elements: 1) success of the crime; 2) protection of identity; and, 3) successful escape (Gee & Belofastov, 2007).Signature is an aspect of a crime that fulfills an emotional need, which is not necessarily conscious. Signature could involve intentional crime scene configuration or taking of souvenirs, and generally remains consistent, due to the emotional element; or, may be as elemental as words used or the order in which acts are committed (Holmes & Holmes, 2002). Although, some variations of Signature can be expected, based on the recognition that each independent crime is subject to numerous influences (e.g., unexpected interruption, time constraints, physical limitations) (Douglas, Burgess, Burgess, & Ressler, 1992; Douglas & Olshaker, 1995; Turvey, 2001).Douglas et al. indicated that “signature does not always show up in every crime because of contingencies that might arise, such as interruptions or an unexpected victim response” (1992, p. 261). Turvey (2001) referred to this concept as the “X-factor,” unexpected events at the crime scene that may eliminate MO and Signature.MO is more affected by evolution and refinement, in response to environmental stimuli. For example, if one gets too close to being caught, one will probably improve their methods in the future. Or, as in the “DC Sniper” case, the press commented upon the fact that the shooter had targeted only adults, which was of course followed by the shooting of a young boy. And then, press statements highlighted the lack of demands by the DC Sniper, followed by demands from these spree killers for a large sum of money.Douglas and Olshaker (Douglas being a retired Federal Bureau of Investigation profiler) provided the following discussion of MO vs. Signature, and staging versus posing:The differences between MO and signature can be subtle. … (A) robber … made …captives undress, posed them in sexual positions, and took photographs…. That’s his signature. It was not necessary or helpful to the commission of a bank robbery.” Another robber forced disrobing “so the witnesses would be so preoccupied … that they … couldn’t make a positive ID. … This was MO. (1995, pp. 253-255)In a serial murder case, the defendant’s lawyer “was trying to show that it was unlikely these crimes were all committed by the same individual because so many details of the modus operandi varied. I made it clear that regardless of the MO, the common denominator in each of the murders was physical, sexual, and emotional torture. … So, though the methods of torture varied—the MO, if you will—the signature was the pleasure he received out of inflicting the pain” (Douglas & Olshaker, 1995, p. 255).Staging is an element of MO and involves placement or manipulation of a crime scene to mislead investigators, “such as when a rapist tries to make his intrusion look like a routine burglary” (Douglas & Olshaker, p. 256). Posing, (also) an element of signature, is infrequent and involves “treating the victim like a prop to leave a specific message. … These are crimes of anger, crimes of power(,) … it is the thrill of … beating the system” (p. 256).The Signature is sometimes referred to as a “calling card” or trademark of the offender, such as by Douglas et al. (1992). However, stating that the Signature is a calling card is inappropriate in my opinion. Such a label leads to the inference that it is an intentional act on the part of the perpetrator to mark the crime as his own; this may not be the case, since the perpetrator may not be conscious of the significance of the act and oblivious to how the evidence of his behavior will appear. Turvey (2001) also disagreed with such a label because crimes and the resulting crime scenes are inherently chaotic with numerous variables; therefore, a precise match of Signature and MO is unlikely. In addition, Turvey noted that interpretation of evidence may be faulty due to misinterpretation or destruction of evidence (intentional or accidental), leading to faulty conclusions.Signature and MO may be difficult to differentiate, and may even be indistinguishable in a crime scene. However, the concepts must be separated and the characteristics of each must be articulated.CR531 Criminal ProfilingD. L. RobbProfessor Comments Week 1Very few people would argue against the idea that the ways in which we present and maintain ourselves, our homes, and our workspaces reflect some very important aspects of our personalities. Certainly, from our studies in the humanities, archeology and anthropology, we know that even in the absence of a written history, the depictions of art, music, clothing, household artifacts, and architecture developed and left behind by a long-dead society can still clearly tell us a great deal about the beliefs, attitudes and lifestyles of its inhabitants. Similarly, it is the contention of practitioners of Criminal Profiling, that the actual commission of crimes may also reflect key personality and lifestyle characteristics of those who committed the crimes.The commission of a crime requires that the offender make a series of choices, decisions, responses, and reactions. The resulting dynamics of the crime, as revealed through crime scene investigation, will then necessarily reflect the intelligence, competence, composure, experience, needs, wants, fantasies, motivation, and many other key characteristics of the offender’s personality. This has probably been obvious to those charged with finding and apprehending offenders from the outset of such positions. …Profiling is rooted in the belief that an offender’s thinking directs the offender’s behavior. If the crime scene reveals to us the offender’s behavior, we should be able to examine the scene to make some assumptions about the offender’s thinking. “Elementary,” as Sherlock might say, probably not. Profiling is a complex function that requires investigative experience and insights gained from years of exposure to various crimes, individuals, and personality types.Criminal profiling is a criminological/sociological, psychological, biosociological, and forensic analysis process that attempts to make investigative sense of apparent crime scene dynamics, in order to gain an understanding of behavior, motivation characteristics of offenders, and personality. Profilers analyze the totality of the known crime circumstances, make inferences of offender behavior from that analysis, and create a profile of the offender based on inferences of the offender's behavior (what would appear to be inferences based on inferences).Profiling is, in fact, a form of retroclassification, or classification that works backward. Profilers recognize crime scene dynamics that are associated to criminal personality types who commit similar offences. Typically we classify a known entity into a discrete category, based on presenting characteristics that translate into criteria for assignment to that category. (Douglas, Burgess, Burgess, & Ressler, 2006, p. 97)In this course, you will be prompted to examine the research on criminal profiling. We will try to make sense of these acts of violence, which so often confront us in our contemporary life, and cull out of the acts, some comprehensible threads that will permit us to find similarities amongst offenders’ personalities and to formulate a rationale for the differences between them, as well. However, as we continue our inquiries into the field, we will discover that, as in almost all studies of human behavior, the discipline is filled with contradictory theories, opposing beliefs about the best way to study and construct criminal profiles, and many social, legal, and ethical issues that must be considered.References:Dilnot, G. (1927). The story of Scotland Yard. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Douglas, J. E., Burgess, A. W., Burgess, A. G., & Ressler, R. K. (Eds.). (2006). Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crimes (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Josey-Bass.ReferencesDilnot, G. (1927). The story of Scotland Yard. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Douglas, J. E., Burgess, A. W., Burgess, A. G., & Ressler, R. K. (1992). Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crimes. San Francisco: Josey-Bass.Douglas, J., & Olshaker, M. (1995). Mind hunter: Inside the FBI’s elite crime unit. New York: Pocket Books.Fosdick, R. B. (1969). European police systems. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith. (Original work published 1915)Gee, D., & Belofastov, A. (2007). Profiling sexual fantasy: Fantasy in sexual offending and the implications for criminal profiling. In R. N. Kocsis (ed.). Criminal profiling: International theory, research, and practice. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (2002). Profiling violent crimes: An investigative tool (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Kocsis, R. N. (2006). Criminal profiling: Principles and practice. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.Mackay, J. (2007). Allan Pinkerton: The first private eye. Edison, NJ: Castle Books.Turvey, B. E. (2001). Criminal profiling: An introduction to behavioral evidence analysis (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.Once sufficient evidence is collected and corroborated to the extent thought necessary by investigators, the case is presented to prosecutors who assess the evidence with regard to the necessity for proving the allegation beyond a reasonable doubt in court. Additional investigation may be requested, prosecution may be declined, or accepted for prosecution.Reference:Robb, D. L. (2011, November). Eyewitness identification in photographic lineups: A case study. Presented at the Texas Association for Investigative Hypnosis Training Conference, November 2011. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/2662993...
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What does the "E" mean when referring to a large company's tiers of employees?
I’ll assume we mean CEO and EVP. — Executive is what it stands for, and it’s a jargon term of sorts. The dictionary defines it to mean: “having the power to put plans, actions, or laws into effect”.To me, executive, or being an executive, means that you have the power and fiduciary capacity to bind or obligate, contractually, a company or corporation (to do something) on your own authority. — Not every executive will have an E in his or her title.Vice President, or VP, is a prototypical example of a junior executive. President is the most obvious example. Many companies may have only a President and a VP; it won’t have an EVP (Executive Vice President).Corporate charters usually list a President, a VP, a Secretary, and a Treasurer; sometimes, the last two are combined as Secretary-Treasurer. — This type of Secretary is not the receptionist-kind, though I guess nothing stops him or her from working as the business’s receptionist.These four corporate officers are your obvious corporate executives. It’s only after you list them that you might start handing out C-suite titles, like CEO, COO, CFO, etc.It can get confusing. — The CEO (Chief Executive Officer) you’d think would be the chief officer and executive of the company. Wait until you run across someone who is the Chairman (of the Board of Directors [BOD]) and CEO; and, the #2 person in the company is the President and COO.In that case, who is senior? Is the CEO higher up than the President? — All of this depends.You have to look at your corporate charter (i.e., your bylaws and other internal regulations); and, you have to comply with the rules of whatever agency you’re working with.Many years ago, I was on the phone with the IRS trying to figure out why they claimed to be missing a tax return that was filed a decade ago. By on the phone, I meant I was on hold for an hour, and then finally an agent came onto the line. She asked for various information about the company and finally asked me for my title, to which I respond, “Chief Financial Officer”. — She said, “That is not a recognized title for a person I can talk to about these matters for the type of business this is”.I was pretty worn out, and the thought of having to go through that wait again was something I was going to avoid at all costs. — My title was the CFO. The only person higher up in the company was the President. So, it gave me an idea. I said, “Well, I’m a Vice President as well, if that helps”.I heard her type that into her computer, and then, monotonically, she said, “That is an acceptable response. How may I help you?”Documents I had to sign, which were submitted to the IRS, and prepared by an outside CPA, listed my name and followed by my title: “C.F.O.” — and, that never caused a problem.Even earlier on, I was dealing with a governmental agency of some sort (can’t remember) in person, and when I finally got around to seeing a real person, she asked me similar questions, and then, she asked for my title. I was basically asleep by that time, so I fumbled my words a bit before spitting out CFO/Chief Financial Officer.For some reason, that triggered something in her, and she responded, “Are you sure that’s your title?” — I was in my late 20s. I was not dressed in a suit. Yes — that was my title.She asked me for my ID, and I stored my business cards right behind my driver’s license, so I handed her both. She compared them with my face, and then we were off to the races.I’ve had banks have no problem with me signing documents on behalf of a corporation as the CFO, and I’ve had a bank, once, only care to accept the signature of the President and the VP, jointly.Considering the nature of the document — it was just to attest that we were finished building something; that construction had been completed — I told the lender, with whom I’d previously worked, when I worked at that bank, that he’d have an exception on him until the end of time if he waited around on those two people to come in to the bank and sign his document.An “exception” is missing documentation that the compliance department requires you to fill out or for customers to fill out and sign. As I used to audit exceptions for officers of the entire banking system, I knew that lenders, usually, had pages of these, which were bad for them and bad for the bank.Anyway, I repeated again that I was the CFO of the corporation and one of only three people who could sign anything binding on behalf of the corporation, so he basically had the choice to accept my signature or to get nothing. — We’d likely not be doing business with his bank again, because — in general — our customers had their own cash already; we didn’t deal with people who had to have us be a part of the finance process.The nominal VP didn’t even work full-time for the corporation anymore, and the President was not going to sacrifice time with his customers to come put a signature on what he’d think was a worthless sheet of paper.I signed the paper, as the CFO, and the next year he used my email address to solicit us for money for one of the bank’s community fundraisers. — I should have reported him.So, it’s not always obvious who is an executive of a company or a corporation, and it’s not always obvious what title you’ll be expected to use when presenting yourself, as an executive of a corporation, to some other person or some other agency.Corporations are incorporated within one single state, and you can usually do an online search for “franchise tax status” for a particular state and figure out whom the officers are for corporations, because corporations are subject to franchise tax reporting and the identities of corporate officers are not usually private information.In so doing, you’ll likely get merely the last filed update to the corporate charter listing the Pres., VP, Secretary, and Treasurer.For larger corporations, where you may see everything from AVP, Officer, VP, SVP, and EVP, you’re out of luck. — In my younger years, when I worked at the bank, the lady who sat two desks over from me was an Assistant Vice President but reported to a lady who was no higher up the figurative ladder than I was. If I needed someone to co-sign an official bank check, because the amount of the check was above my signing limit, then I’d go over to the AVP, not to my supervisor.I offer that up as clarification on what executive means because — if your subordinate is some-sort-of-VP, and you’re not some-sort-of-VP — then, it’s questionable whether the AVP is an executive of the corporation.A bona fide (full) Vice President is usually always an officer and executive of a corporation, firm, or organization. — These people have signNow abilities to bind the corporation contractually and to attest and affirm, on behalf of the corporation, that certain documents are true and correct submissions.Even if you have four Executive Vice Presidents, ten Senior Vice Presidents, and 37 VPs, unless otherwise stated in the law, or on the form, if the VP signs it, then the corporation is bound by the signature of the VP.Even if the corporate bylaws say that, e.g., only the President can sign tax returns on behalf of the company, the submission will be accepted on behalf of the attestation and signature of the VP — almost any VP. Probably, even the AVP whose supervisor carries no title that could be confused with that of an officer/executive.In practice, if you have a big title, — at least once the novelty of it has worn off — you’re only going to want people or organizations that require such a title to know what your true title is. — It’s fine to the tell the IRS you’re the President and CEO, but you might not want to tell everybody you meet that’s true.That is — until you meet someone who, for some reason, doesn’t trust that the person with whom they are speaking has a word that carries any weight at the company. — The prototypical example here is a disgruntled customer.I don’t know how many times I’ve had a guy who was mad about something use something like, “Well he
said that y’all were gonna do .”At that point, it is great to be able to say, “He doesn’t have the authority to make such promises. Only the manager does, and I’m the manager.”—And, I’ve been in the situation before when, for whatever reason, my supervisor was actually myself. — Didn’t mean I didn’t have a boss, but given the normal chain of command, for some reason, I was my own direct report.So, when the guy then says, “Well! If you’re the manager, then I wanna speak to your boss!”At which point you say, “Well, I’m also the CFO of the entire corporation, and this manager normally reports to me. So, you’re already talking to his boss.”“Oh.”—One thing an executive can do that, usually, an employee or manager cannot do, is to sever a relationship with a customer or a supplier.That action severs the potentiality of future cash inflows and outflows. Without having a greater understanding of the organization, above and beyond what the everyday employee has, — the organization’s needs, its weakness, its vulnerabilities; its profit margins and balance sheet — you lack what you need to make such decisions.These are decisions that alter contractual arrangements or that create new ones. — Most of the time, an executive makes those decisions, and he or she may act on them himself, or he may delegate the operational communication of them to other people, be it an assistant or, even, a low-level employee.Big decisions certainly can be delegated. That said, big decisions are made by people with E somehow related to their titles. — Unless, of course, if they are unauthorized.
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