Remove eSignature Presentation Safe

Those who have card readers at home (to be used with ID-cards) or mobile ID (used, among other things, for bank payments) will log in using their ID to a designated website, pick a candidate, click a few mouse clicks, and done.To ensure anonymity of voting, the hardware used for particular elections will then be publicly destroyed after the votes are counted (the electronic votes are normally taken some days before the physical votes, which sort of gives away some voting tendencies in advance). Still, it doesn’t stop the public from ever wondering each time elections come up about the anonymity and possible abuse of the system. Cases have been known where some heads of households would gather all ID cards of the family (especially old grandparents) and vote for whomever they chose.In recent elections, about 30 per cent of all active voters voted electronically. I know some people who never use this option for fear that records may remain. I personally fluctuate between voting electronically (“Meh, too lazy to go outside today”) and physically (“Elections day, come on family, time to do our citizen duty and have a nice walk!”).Update: just received my new ID card this week, and the envelope with the card reminds me when the next elections happen and encourages me not to waste my vote.

First, the child has a “head and limbs and everything” much, much earlier than the third trimester.So if the criteria is that a fetus with “a head and limbs and everything” should not be aborted, the period of time when abortion is okay would have to be before 8 or 9 weeks or even earlier, depending on your perception of what constitutes a  “head and limbs”. The little buds and the little webbed looking hands are seen by 8 weeks, along with the large (seemingly) misshapen head that will envelope the amazing human brain.I personally believe that the fetus is not conscious until around the 24th week of pregnancy. (I came up with this general time frame from reading about neurology, consciousness, and fetal development;  a complex topic that I won’t detail here.) I don’t believe the fetus feels pain when aborted before about the 22nd week. Although it is heart-wrenching to watch images of the fetus (reflexively) attempting to escape abortionist tools. They jerk and pull away, as all living things seek to preserve their lives.However, as I said elsewhere, that to me being unconscious does not mean a living being does not have rights. I recently had surgery and was unconscious for the procedure. I could have been terminated and not felt it or known about it, but that wouldn’t have made it morally right.Very few abortions are done in the third trimester. Few doctors will do them. When they do occur it is often because the fetus is so seriously deformed and would not survive the birth process anyway. (But since your question is about having a head and limbs, we needn’t stick to the last trimester in our discussion.)Abortion is not legal throughout all three trimesters in most states. Many states have limits of between 20 to 24 weeks, some even earlier. But even at 12 weeks, yes, there is a very human-looking being with a little head, arms and legs and visible, although still ambiguous,  genitals.I don’t know what “pro-choice” people think about very late abortions.  Some may have an arbitrary timeline in their own mind as  towhen the baby is too human to deprive of its life, and others follow the “gospel of choice”. The gospel of choice is that any and all rights an unborn person has are null and void because the rights of the mother trump them. Once the infant is born and takes a breath, then and only then can humanity  be ascribed to them. Here is an interesting video in which a (former) fetus speaks of surviving an abortion attempt:I must say, I am suspicious of your claim to be pro-choice. Forgive me if I am incorrect in my suspicions. Frequently, posters on this forum will pose as pro-choice and ask innocent questions meant to provoke the discussion on Quora. It is futile to try to dissuade most pro-choicers with these ethics questions.Of interest, there are many former pro-choice warriors who have struggled with the issue and have jumped the fence. Notable is Dr. Bernard Nathanson, the abortionist who may have done more than anyone else to make abortion legal as one of the key figures in the work of the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws. (NARAL) . His turnaround was so radical that he went from an atheist to a Catholic and spent his remaining years fighting abortion. I have not been able to find online recently his breathless deathbed plea for unborn life, but this obituary provides his perspective. B. N. Nathanson, 84, Dies; Changed Sides on AbortionOther well-known figures include the “Roe” of “Roe versus Wade”’ Norma McCorvey, who changed her mind and spent decades as a prolife activist Norma McCorvey on becoming pro-life (1998) - CNN Videoand Abby Johnson, the former director of a Planned Parenthood. AbortionWorkerOf course, these mind-changes have no effect on discussion with true-believing pro-choice people; such people are seen only as turncoats. If the “gospel of choice” community responds at all, it is usually in the form of attack or attempts to discredit those who have jumped the fence. For those who have a grain of doubt in their position, who are troubled by the fetal attempt to squirm away from a sharp tool, then perhaps the reasons these pro-choice icons became turncoats may be interesting. But they will not interest those who have no doubts.I will provide here links to two videos showing fetal life.  One is a miscarriage, and the other is labelled as an abortion.  I don’t believe the moving fetus is an abortion, despite the claims of the person who posted it.  The medical personnel are speaking a language I don’t understand, but you can hear tones of sadness as they discuss the little fetus, and further the fetus is not damaged in anyway, so likely this is footage of a natural miscarriage.  This is graphic, but not gory,  it is merely a fetus moving a little bit as it dies because it cannot live outside the womb.  This fetus is too young to try to breathe or have any pain or consciousness.  I am estimating that it was born early in the second trimester.  If you are sensitive, it may be too alarming to watch.  I am sorry about the banner “Abortion is Murder” and so on.  but this is the only video that shows the miscarriage of a fetus of this age that I can find.  I don’t think all the “murder” talk and the accusations help the discussion.   Anyway, this is not a third trimester baby by any stretch of the imagination.  It is likely 14 to 16 weeks and yes, there is a head and legs.I want to also add that I don’t think that reversing the Supreme Court decision regarding the right of women to terminate their pregnancies will help anything at this point.I am more interested in being free to talk about human life with those who have doubts and to explore addressing the cultural effects of the legalization of abortion. For instance,  there are movements such as Feminists for Life and other secular prolife movements who offer a different perspective from the religious dissenters and the “gospel of choice” movement. secularprolifeYes, the Supreme Court has spoken.  But no law has been enacted that prevents thoughtful people from re-examining and conversing about the disquieting questions that the theme of abortion gives rise to.

The highest-level categories are fermented beverages like beer and wine, and distilled beverages, like liquor.  The former are made by allowing yeasts (a type of fungus) to consume sugars and excrete alcohols.  There is a theoretical upper bound to the concentration of alcohol that can be produced by this process, since the yeast cannot survive in alcohol and will eventually drown in its own excrement.  (Lovely image, right?)  In order to produce beverages above, let's say, 15% alcohol by volume, it's necessary to distill some of the water off of a fermented beverage.Of course, after the actual alcohol has been produced, it's possible to mix things together and add additional flavorings.  There is a hybrid category of fortified wines, for instance, which are blends of fermented and distilled beverages.  Gin is made by producing a distilled liquor, somewhat similar to vodka, and then infusing it with herbs.  Liqueurs are made by adding flavorings and sugars to distilled liquors.Fermented BeveragesIn order to carry out fermentation, we need to feed some kind of carbohydrates to the yeasts.  The choice of carbohydrates determines a great deal about the final product.Beers are produced by fermenting grains -- usually barley, but also wheat, corn, millet, or rice.  (The Japanese drink sake, while usually described as "rice wine," is essentially a beer made from rice instead of barley.)Pictured: Hops, a flower added to beer before fermentation to impart a bitter taste.For more on beer:What are the characteristics of the major types of beer?How many different types of craft beer brands exist in the US?What's a simple, one-sentence breakdown of the difference between an ale and a lager?Wines are produced by fermenting fruits; generally, the word "wine" alone means "grape wine," while other wines will be referred to by the name of the fruit -- e.g. "plum wine," "blackberry wine," etc.  [1]  Grape wines come in two main types, red or white, depending on the type of grape used and whether the skin is left on.  Given that more has been written about these kinds of wines than all other beverages put together, I'll refrain from going into detail about this subject.Pictured: Amarone, a wine made from raisins.For more on (traditional, grape-based) wines:What are the differences between different types of red wines?What is the best way for a beginner to learn the basics about wine?These are the two most common types of fermented beverages, but there are other types of high-carbohydrate foods that can be fermented.   Mead is made by fermenting honey.  It was very popular in Western Europe hundreds of years ago, then fell from favor for a long time, but is currently enjoying something of a resurgence.  Milk, too, can be fermented, although there is to my knowledge no common English word for this category of beverage; it's generally called something like koumiss in the local languages where it's drunk.  Some tree and plant saps can be fermented as well; again, I don't know of an English word for the category, but pulque is the most prominent example.Pictured: Pulque, a drink made by fermenting the sap of the Maguey agave plant.Distilled beveragesWe can produce higher-alcohol beverages by distilling fermented alcohols. (Distillation is the chemical name for any process that separates particular chemicals out of a mixture.  In this case, we're removing water from a mixture of alcohol and water, resulting in a higher alcohol concentration).  There are different kinds of distillation processes, and they do matter, but I'll skip over them for the most part here.Usually, you do not just drink these right after distilling them -- they'll often be aged in casks made of specific types of wood (where they pull flavor from the wood), or have additional flavors added to them after fermentation.  [2]One example is brandy (short for brandywine, meaning "burnt wine"), which is made by distilling wine.  Again, there are all kinds of fruits, so there are all kinds of brandies; the word "brandy" alone usually refers to brandies made from (grape) wine which have been aged in casks.  Cognac and Armagnac are two types of this sort of brandy.  Unaged brandies may be known as eau de vie ( "water of life" in French), generally together with the name of the fruit, e.g. "eau de vie de framboise" would be an unaged raspberry brandy.  Other notable brandies include Pisco, an unaged grape brandy from South America; Calvados, a French apple brandy aged in oak casks; Kirschwasser, an unaged brandy made from cherries without the pits removed; and Grappa, an unaged brandy from Italy made from grapes with their skins and stems left intact.Pictured: Poire William, a pear-based eau de vie.  (The pear inside the bottle is primarily decorative.)Whiskey, (or sometimes whisky), on the other hand, is essentially distilled beer, though the sort of "beer" you distill to make whiskey is a bit different from the sort of beer you would normally drink; for instance, it doesn't contain hops (a flower added to beer to give it a bitter flavor).  Common types of cask-aged whiskey include Scotch (malted barley), Irish whiskey (malted barley or grain), Bourbon (corn), Rye (rye), Canadian whiskey (rye), and Tennessee whiskey (corn). [3]  Of course, these styles come down to more than just the grains used.  For instance, Islay Scotches -- my favorite of all alcoholic beverages -- use malt dried over a peat fire, which gives them a unique smoky taste that's not present in other whiskies, and Tennessee whiskies (of which there are exactly two, namely Jack Daniel's and George Dickel) are put through a charcoal mellowing process. The most common unaged whiskey is Corn Whiskey.  I personally do not recommend drinking this.Pictured: A peat stack, used to dry and flavor the malt used in the type of Scotch whisky made on Islay and the outer Hebrides.Let's pause for a brief tangent about styles of whiskey.  Scotch will tend to have the most complex flavors and less sweetness than other styles of whisky.  There are different regions of Scotland that make different styles of whiskey.  Islay (and the rest of the Hebrides), as mentioned above, make smoky-tasting malts.  Highlands and Speysides seem to be a bit more beginner-friendly.For the longest time, rye was pretty much the official whiskey of America.  George Washington made his own at Mount Vernon.  It's sharper and less cloying than bourbon.  The Manhattan cocktail (whiskey, red vermouth, and bitters) would have originally been made with rye.  Prohibition changed all that by giving America a good sock right in the sophistication.  Coming out, we preferred sweeter and less subtle drinks like bourbon and Tennessee whiskey, which pretty much took rye out of the running.  Fortunately, it has been seeing something of a resurgence recently.Pictured: Rye.More on whiskey:What are the differences between scotch, bourbon, and Tennessee whiskies?What is the difference between whisky and whiskey?Rum is a liquor distilled from fermented sugarcane byproducts. [4]  The word "rum" alone usually refers to liquors made from molasses, which is a by-product of extracting sugar from sugarcane.  It can be cask-aged for varying amounts of time, resulting in light rums and dark rums.  Some types of rum, like Cachaça and Rhum Agricole, are instead made from sugarcane juice.  (Some people might just use "rum" to denote molasses liquors, and put the sugarcane juice liquors in their own category.)Pictured: A Caipirinha -- the national drink of Brazil -- which is a cocktail of Cachaça, sugar, and lime.  A stick of sugarcane (for decoration or stirring) is visible in the glass.Tequila is a liquor distilled from fermented agave hearts. (Agave is a plant in the same family as the asparagus and the yucca.)  Like rum it can be aged for different amounts of time.  The tequila you normally see is made from the blue agave plant; Mezcal is a tequila made from the Maguey agave.Pictured: A blue agave plant.Neutral spirits are a bit different.  This term refers to alcohol produced by any method in such a way that any residual flavor is removed and the result is simply pure alcohol and water, or as close as can be efficiently achieved without undue burden.  Neutral spirits can be used as the base for a liqueur.  Some cheap gins and vodkas are also made from neutral spirits.Vodka is traditionally made by distilling fermented potato juice.  However, due to its neutral flavor, the term is also used nowadays for neutral spirits or similar products.   Gin is made by adding juniper berries to neutral spirits, running some kind of "re-distillation" process that I don't even pretend to understand, and then infusing with various herbs and botanicals.Chinese liquor, or "baijiu" in Chinese, technically belongs to the whiskey family, as it's made by distilling fermented sorghum.  (Sorghum is a type of grain grown in China.)  Most westerners are not used to the flavor of sorghum, and when I've taken my white friends to Chinese bars in SF they often aren't able to stomach these, but I've developed a taste for at least some of them.  This is a very wide category, but I don't know anywhere near enough about it to do it justice.  The ones I've tried are Erguotou, an inexpensive, clear liquor, and Maotai, which is what they serve the President of the United States at formal dinners when he visits China.  [5]Pictured: Maotai, a sorghum-based liquor of the "sauce-fragrance" type.Hybrids: Liqueurs, fortified wines, etc.The beverages above get their flavor primarily or even exclusively from the process by which the alcohol was produced.  When they do have additional flavors, they're usually in some sense a byproduct of the process used.  Hops are added to beer prior to fermentation, for instance; similarly, while casked liquors do pull a considerable amount of flavor from their casks, the aging is actually required for other reasons as well.There are many classes of alcoholic beverages, however, which do not get their signature flavors primarily from the process which produces the alcohol, or which contain several types of alcohol made by different processes giving a composite flavor.  This is a very broad category and spans some of the best and worst kinds of beverage.The oldest beverage of this type is probably fortified wine, which is made by mixing wine and liquor, possibly with additional herbs or spices infused.  Originally the liquor was added as a preservative, but the style has now evolved to the point that certain fortified wines are among the most valuable wines out there.  There are a few important types.  Desert wines like Port, Sherry, Madeira, and Marsala are barrel aged and fortified with brandy.  Vermouth is fortified with neutral grape spirits and infused with herbs and botanicals. (Sugar is often added as well.)  Vermouth is extremely important in cocktails, being integral to the Martini and the Manhattan, which are two of the oldest and best cocktails.Another important class of beverage are flavored spirits.  These are made by infusing various flavors into neutral spirits (or, rarely, into other liquors).  Unlike liqueurs, flavored spirits do not have added sugar or juices.  Gin is probably the most important; it's made by adding juniper berries and other herbs and botanicals to neutral spirits.  (Gin is short for Genever / Jennifer / Guinevere, a name derived from the Juniper plant.)  Absinthe, too, was among the most important flavored spirits in its heyday, when it was roughly as popular in Paris as Coca-Cola in the U.S. today.  It's made by infusing neutral spirits with anise and a number of herbals and botanicals, including grand wormwood (artemisia absinthium) from which it takes its name.  Absinthe was for a long time banned in much of the world after a campaign that associated what were in retrospect effects of severe alcoholism with the wormwood in absinthe.  It's now known that drinking absinthe is perfectly safe, and the drink is once again available on store shelves and in bars. [6]  Pictured: a grand wormwood plant, used in flavoring absinthe.Liqueurs are made by adding flavorings and sugar to neutral spirit base (or, rarely, another liquor.)  This is an absolutely huge category in and of itself, comprising both the relatively obvious choices like creme de menthe (mint), creme de cacao (chocolate), coffee liqueur, amaretto (bitter almond and/or apricot kernel liqueur), raspberry liqueur, and so forth, as well as aperitif and digestif bitters such as Italian amaros, Campari , Cynar, Fernet, and Suze.Pictured: Suze, a type of bitters predominantly featuring the flavor of the gentian flower.  My favorite liqueur of all.SummaryAs mentioned in Naomi P Saphra's answer , this is not a clear-cut question since there are piles of categories and subcategories, and it's not clear where to draw the lines.  As a consolation prize, here's a picture of part of the tree discussed above which may also function as a handy reference.Fermented beveragesBeerAlesPale alesBrown alesBelgian-style alesLagersMalt beveragesSakeWineGrape winesRed wineWhite wineRose wineSparkling wineStraw wineIce wineNon-grape winesApple ciderPerryCountry winesMeadFermented milk beveragesFermented sap beveragesDistilled beveragesBrandyCasked grape brandiesEaux de vieWhiskeyCasked whiskeyScotchSingle-malt ScotchIslayHighlandSpeysideCampbelltownBlended ScotchIrish whiskyBourbonRyeTennessee whiskeyCanadian whiskyUncasked whiskeyCorn whiskeyUncasked ryeBaijiuLight fragranceHeavy fragranceSauce fragranceRumMolasses rumsSugarcane juice rumsTequilaBlue agave tequilaMezcalNeutral Spirits(Some) vodkaHybridsLiqueursCordialsFruit liqueursNut liqueursAmarettoCoffee liqueursAnise-flavored liqueursAnisetteGallianoSambucaDrambuieAperitif / Digestif Bitters (may overlap other categories)Amer PiconAvernaAmaro MontenegroCampariCynarFernet BrancaSuzeUnicumHerbal liqueursBénédictineChartreuseJägermeisterKümmelMetaxaStregaFortified winesDesert WinesPortSherryMadeiraMarsalaVermouth and friendsRed vermouthWhite vermouthLilletPunt e mes"Bum wines"Flavored spiritsGin and Genever"X-flavored Y"Coconut rumFlavored vodkasAnise-flavored liquorsAbsintheArakOuzoAkvavitResinated wines[1] "Beer" and "wine" have technical meanings, but they're not always used in this sense.  In particular, since beer tends to have lower alcohol content than wine (say ~6% versus ~10% by volume), sometimes wines with low alcohol contents will be referred to as beers or vice-versa.  For instance, barley wine is a type of beer with exceptionally high alcohol content, while apple cider is often considered like a beer despite essentially being a sparkling wine.[2] You can also age liquors for a short time in non-reactive containers, say glass or steel, in which case they go through some chemical reactions but don't interact with the container.  I'll call these "unaged" here for simplicity, despite the fact that it's not strictly true.[3] Note that many of these whiskeys are made from more than one grain, e.g. bourbon may be half corn and half wheat.  When I've indicated a grain I've just indicated the predominant one.[4] Sugarcane is actually a type of non-grain-bearing grass, not a fruit, explaining why rum doesn't count a type of brandy or whiskey.[5] If, like most of Quora, you're in the San Francisco Bay area, go to Red's Place at Jackson and Grant to try this stuff, then go a block over to Kearny where there's a Chinese liquor store to buy it.  I don't know of any other U.S. importers (UPDATE: There's also one in Chicago's Chinatown called China Palace Liquor City); if you do, add a mention in the comments.[6] The kind of wormwood used to make absinthe was correctly known to contain the extremely potent neurotoxin thujone in its essential oil.  However, the amount of thujone present in absinthe is so low that you'd die of alcohol poisioning long before you could drink enough absinthe to have any effect from it.  As a result of the anti-wormwood campaign of a century ago, there's been a persistent misconception that thujone can be used as a recreational drug, which is false -- it doesn't cause hallucinations or any other desirable effects; it's just a poison.  (Note, by the way, that many essential oils are similarly toxic, and should be treated with extreme care.  Several people have permanently damaged their health or died by drinking concentrated wintergreen oil out of the bottle while making candy.  A single ounce of it contains the equivalent of 200 aspirin pills.)  I am not a physician and this does not constitute medical advice of any kind.

Seeing this message ? Don’t despair, you are among more than 200,000 computers in 150 countries which have been affected.(Know more at: WannaCry ransomware: Everything you need to know, Why the WannaCry cyber attack is so bad, and so avoidable - Video)Although, it was initially reported that the impact on India will be HUGE. It is now being reported that the impact will be MINIMAL/ Sporadic.(Ref: WannaCry ransomware cyberattack fails to paralyse India; some businesses hit - Times of India)But, the caveat is that the impact may go under reported. Experts say that the rampant use of pirated software in India may leave Indian companies unable to report if they have been affected by the Wanna Cry cyber attack.(Ref: WannaCry ransomwares impact in India may go under-reported due to rampant use of pirate software)So yes, It may do more good than harm. We do hope that this attack will instigate the people and the gov of India to take major steps against internet piracy and to implement advanced computer networks and security measures. But it is up to each and every user and network administrator, to secure their own systems.It is incorrect to say that India was most affected because it is least protected. In fact, the impact was much lesser than expected. The government too tried to dispel rumors about banking telecom or aviation being hit by the outbreak. "There is no major impact in India unlike other countries. We are keeping a close watch. There have been isolated incidents in Kerala and Andhra Pradesh," Union information and technology minister Ravi Shankar Prasad said.Prasad said a Cyber Coordination Centre will start operating from next month to take precautions against such attacks in future. Besides, the cyber security arm of the Centre has asked banks, stock exchanges, and other vital institutions to safeguard their systems against the malware.The IT ministry has also signNowed out to agencies such as the RBI, NPCI and UIDAI, to warn them about the risks associated with WannaCry, and help to secure their systems, in order to make sure that digital payments in India are not affected.The Reserve Bank of India has notified all banks to operate their ATMs only after updating software systems to avoid being infected by ransomware. Automated teller machines are vulnerable to such malware attacks as they currently run on an older version of Microsoft's Windows XP, making the update highly necessary.There are a total of 2.2 lakh ATMs in India, of which many old ones run on Windows XP, for which Microsoft has officially ended support in 2014.IMPORTANT: If your PC has been infected, the following information will be of help:- (Source: Cyber Swachhta Kendra: Wannacry/ WannaCrypt Ransomware)The WannaCry ransom ware is writing itself into a random character folder in the 'ProgramData' folder with the file name of "tasksche.exe" or in 'C:\Windows\' folder with the file-name "mssecsvc.exe" and "tasksche.exe".Ransomware is granting full access to all files by using the command:Icacls . /grant Everyone:F /T /C /QUsing a batch script for operations:176641494574290.bathashes for WANNACRY ransomware:5bef35496fcbdbe841c82f4d1ab8b7c2775a0631fb8229b2aa3d7621427085ad7bf2b57f2a205768755c07f238fb32cc7f7ccaa16fb15eb1c7399d422f8363e88495400f199ac77853c53b5a3f278f3e84c82835a5d21bbcf75a61706d8ab54986721e64ffbd69aa6944b9672bcabb6d8dd63adb68ef053e044a5a2f46e0d2cdb0ad5902366f860f85b892867e5b1e87d6114ba5f10ad67a4131ab72531f02dadb349b97c37d22f5ea1d1841e3c89eb4e372d07207b4da75b3434584cd9f3450f529f4556a5126bba499c26d67892240Use endpoint protection/antivirus solutions to detect these files and remove the sameUsers and administrators are advised to take the following preventive measures to protect their computer networks from ransomware infection/ attacks:In order to prevent infection users and organizations are advised to apply patches to Windows systems as mentioned in Microsoft Security Bulletin MS17-010Microsoft Patch for Unsupported Versions such as Windows XP,Vista,Server 2003, Server 2008 etc. http://www.catalog.update.micros...To prevent data loss Users & Organisations are advised to take backup of Critical DataBlock SMB ports on Enterprise Edge/perimeter network devices [UDP 137, 138 and TCP 139, 445] or Disable SMBv1. https://support.microsoft.com/en...Apply following signatures/rules at IDS/IPSalert tcp $HOME_NET 445 -> any any (msg:"ET EXPLOIT Possible ETERNALBLUE MS17-010 Echo Response"; flow:from_server,established; content:"|00 00 00 31 ff|SMB|2b 00 00 00 00 98 07 c0|"; depth:16; fast_pattern; content:"|4a 6c 4a 6d 49 68 43 6c 42 73 72 00|"; distance:0; flowbits:isset,ETPRO.ETERNALBLUE; classtype:trojan-activity; sid:2024218; rev:2;)(http://docs.emergingthreats.net/bin/view/Main/2024218)alert smb any any -> $HOME_NET any (msg:"ET EXPLOIT Possible ETERNALBLUE MS17-010 Echo Request (set)"; flow:to_server,established; content:"|00 00 00 31 ff|SMB|2b 00 00 00 00 18 07 c0|"; depth:16; fast_pattern; content:"|4a 6c 4a 6d 49 68 43 6c 42 73 72 00|"; distance:0; flowbits:set,ETPRO.ETERNALBLUE; flowbits:noalert; classtype:trojan-activity; sid:2024220; rev:1;)alert smb $HOME_NET any -> any any (msg:"ET EXPLOIT Possible ETERNALBLUE MS17-010 Echo Response"; flow:from_server,established; content:"|00 00 00 31 ff|SMB|2b 00 00 00 00 98 07 c0|"; depth:16; fast_pattern; content:"|4a 6c 4a 6d 49 68 43 6c 42 73 72 00|"; distance:0; flowbits:isset,ETPRO.ETERNALBLUE; classtype:trojan-activity; sid:2024218; rev:1;)Yara:rule wannacry_1 : ransom{meta:author = "Joshua Cannell"description = "WannaCry Ransomware strings"weight = 100date = "2017-05-12"Strings:$s1 = "Ooops, your files have been encrypted!" wide ascii nocase$s2 = "Wanna Decryptor" wide ascii nocase$s3 = ".wcry" wide ascii nocase$s4 = "WANNACRY" wide ascii nocase$s5 = "WANACRY!" wide ascii nocase$s7 = "icacls . /grant Everyone:F /T /C /Q" wide ascii nocaseCondition:any of them}rule wannacry_2{meta:author = "Harold Ogden"description = "WannaCry Ransomware Strings"date = "2017-05-12"weight = 100strings:$string1 = "msg/m_bulgarian.wnry"$string2 = "msg/m_chinese (simplified).wnry"$string3 = "msg/m_chinese (traditional).wnry"$string4 = "msg/m_croatian.wnry"$string5 = "msg/m_czech.wnry"$string6 = "msg/m_danish.wnry"$string7 = "msg/m_dutch.wnry"$string8 = "msg/m_english.wnry"$string9 = "msg/m_filipino.wnry"$string10 = "msg/m_finnish.wnry"$string11 = "msg/m_french.wnry"$string12 = "msg/m_german.wnry"$string13 = "msg/m_greek.wnry"$string14 = "msg/m_indonesian.wnry"$string15 = "msg/m_italian.wnry"$string16 = "msg/m_japanese.wnry"$string17 = "msg/m_korean.wnry"$string18 = "msg/m_latvian.wnry"$string19 = "msg/m_norwegian.wnry"$string20 = "msg/m_polish.wnry"$string21 = "msg/m_portuguese.wnry"$string22 = "msg/m_romanian.wnry"$string23 = "msg/m_russian.wnry"$string24 = "msg/m_slovak.wnry"$string25 = "msg/m_spanish.wnry"$string26 = "msg/m_swedish.wnry"$string27 = "msg/m_turkish.wnry"$string28 = "msg/m_vietnamese.wnry"condition:any of ($string*)}Best practices to prevent ransomware attacks:Perform regular backups of all critical information to limit the impact of data or system loss and to help expedite the recovery process. Ideally, this data should be kept on a separate device, and backups should be stored offline.Establish a Sender Policy Framework (SPF),Domain Message Authentication Reporting and Conformance (DMARC), and DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) for your domain, which is an email validation system designed to prevent spam by detecting email spoofing by which most of the ransomware samples successfully signNowes the corporate email boxes.Don't open attachments in unsolicited e-mails, even if they come from people in your contact list, and never click on a URL contained in an unsolicited e-mail, even if the link seems benign. In cases of genuine URLs close out the e-mail and go to the organization's website directly through browserRestrict execution of powershell /WSCRIPT in enterprise environment Ensure installation and use of the latest version (currently v5.0) of PowerShell, with enhanced logging enabled. script block logging, and transcription enabled. Send the associated logs to a centralized log repository for monitoring and analysis.Application whitelisting/Strict implementation of Software Restriction Policies (SRP) to block binaries running from %APPDATA%, %PROGRAMDATA% and %TEMP% paths. Ransomware sample drops and executes generally from these locations. Enforce application whitelisting on all endpoint workstations.Deploy web and email filters on the network. Configure these devices to scan for known bad domains, sources, and addresses; block these before receiving and downloading messages. Scan all emails, attachments, and downloads both on the host and at the mail gateway with a reputable antivirus solution.Disable macros in Microsoft Office products. Some Office products allow for the disabling of macros that originate from outside of an organization and can provide a hybrid approach when the organization depends on the legitimate use of macros. For Windows, specific settings can block macros originating from the Internet from running.Configure access controls including file, directory, and network share permissions with least privilege in mind. If a user only needs to read specific files, they should not have write access to those files, directories, or shares.Maintain updated Antivirus software on all systemsConsider installing Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit, or similar host-level anti-exploitation tools.Block the attachments of file types, exe|pif|tmp|url|vb|vbe|scr|reg|cer|pst|cmd|com|bat|dll|dat|hlp|hta|js|wsfRegularly check the contents of backup files of databases for any unauthorized encrypted contents of data records or external elements, (backdoors /malicious scripts.)Keep the operating system third party applications (MS office, browsers, browser Plugins) up-to-date with the latest patches.Follow safe practices when browsing the web. Ensure the web browsers are secured enough with appropriate content controls.Network segmentation and segregation into security zones - help protect sensitive information and critical services. Separate administrative network from business processes with physical controls and Virtual Local Area Networks.Disable remote Desktop Connections, employ least-privileged accounts.Ensure integrity of the codes /scripts being used in database, authentication and sensitive systems, Check regularly for the integrity of the information stored in the databases.Restrict users' abilities (permissions) to install and run unwanted software applications.Enable personal firewalls on workstations.Implement strict External Device (USB drive) usage policy.Employ data-at-rest and data-in-transit encryption.Carry out vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT) and information security audit of critical networks/systems, especially database servers from CERT-IN empaneled auditors. Repeat audits at regular intervals.Individuals or organizations are not encouraged to pay the ransom, as this does not guarantee files will be released. Report such instances of fraud to CERT-In and Law Enforcement agenciesGeneric Prevention Tools:Tool (NoMoreCry) to prevent Wannacry Ransomware by CCN-CERT:https://loreto.ccn-cert.cni.es/i...Sophos: http://Hitman.Prohttps://www.hitmanpro.com/en-us/...Bitdefender Anti-Crypto Vaccine and Anti-Ransomware (discontinued) https://labs.bitdefender.com/2016/03/combination-crypto-ransomware-vaccine-released/Malwarebytes Anti-Ransomware(formally Crypto Monitor)https://blog.malwarebytes.com/malwarebytes-news/2016/01/introducing-the-malwarebytes-anti-ransomware-beta/Trendmicro Ransomware Screen Unlocker tool:https://esupport.trendmicro.com/...Microsoft Enhanced mitigation and experience toolkit(EMET)https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/...Referenceshttps://technet.microsoft.com/li...http://www.catalog.update.micros...https://blogs.technet.microsoft....https://www.symantec.com/connect...https://securelist.com/blog/inci...https://securingtomorrow.mcafee....https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/cur...http://blog.talosintelligence.co...https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo...https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/ale...http://blogs.quickheal.com/ms17-...http://blogs.quickheal.com/wanna...Wannacry/WannaCrypt Ransomware Presentation of CERT-In(PS: Thanks for reading/ upvotes. I write more here:- Jay Maan)

1.Teachers try to find out the key points in the essay and accordingly marks are allotted.2.Write the essay on the subject matter which the question is asking for instead of deviating from it.3. Do not repeat the same sentences again and again because it may create a wrong impression on the person who is checking your paper.4. Write quotation and highlight them.5. Provide examples if required.6. Teachers look for content and valid point suiting the essay so write the essay accordingly instead of writing 6-7 pages.7. Make less grammatical errors.8. First sketch the point of the essay and then prepare the essay.9. Do not try to copy essay from essay books.10. Write essay which is simple and understandable.11.Make your essay distinct from other candidates.12. Relate it with the current scenario, if required.13. Try to keep yourself aware of current affairs as it can majorly help you in english language exam.14. Practice essay from last ten years it will help you a lot and who knows you may get similar essay to write.15. Read good book of various genre this will help you in increasing your knowledge on various topics and in turn write a good essay for example: biography of some good personality.16. Give mock test which are conducted and get it checked through experts who have vast experience of teaching as they are well aware of marking scheme.17. Practice all type of essay covered in the syllabus so it will help you in the better selection of essay to be attempted.18. You can also prepare your own essay question seeing the current affairs and write on it and get it checked by teachers.19. Revise your essay once you complete your language paper.Suggestions are always welcomed so some more valuable points can be added.Study smart.Good luck.

Hello concerned user, You are worried about a suspicion that a spyware or keylogger might be installed on your computer? If yes… I would like to educate you more about spyware/keyloggers, what to look for and how to totally get rid of them. For this, I would use the Blazing tools perfect keylogger as a detailed example for you to really understand how spywares work;The Blazing Tools Perfect Keylogger has been chosen for analysis because it has been found hidden in so many Trojans on the Internet and it’s be taught extensively how to get it out totally out of a computer permanently at Rehabculture Hack store. It's a good example of a common hook-type keylogger, although Blazing Tools markets its products to IT administrators and parents, the presence of their keylogger in many Trojans illustrates how people can package legal code and use it for malicious activities. The following features of the "Perfect Keylogger" are of use to anyone trying to spy on an unsuspecting user:Stealth Mode. In this mode no icon is present in the taskbar and the keylogger is virtually hidden.Remote Installation. The keylogger has a feature whereby it can attach to other programs and can be sent by e-mail to install on the remote PC in stealth mode. It will then send keystrokes, screenshots and websites visited to the attacker by e-mail or via FTP.Smart Rename. This feature allows a user to rename all keylogger's executable files and registry entries.This keylogger was installed on a test PC to show you how it works and what to look out for. The following capture, with the help of a tool such as SNAPPER, shows the changes in the files after installing the keylogger, as shown below in Figure 1.Figure 1. File changes made by the Perfect Keylogger.With the help of a free anti-spyware application such as Microsoft Antispyware, the registry entries made by the keylogger as well as its DLLs and EXEs can be seen below in Figure 2.Figure 2. Registry entries, .dll files and .exe files of Keylogger.The keylogger also runs as a background process which can be seen with the help of a tool such as SysInternals' Process Explorer, as shown below in Figure 3.Figure 3. Spyware process running in the background.This same keylogger was next installed on a different test PC through another program's installer and then configured to send keystrokes captured in an email to a test email-id. Ironically, the program used for this example was Spybot Search & Destroy, a legitimate freeware tool that does a good job of detecting spyware. This is a good example of how other legitimate applications can also be used to install spyware, unbeknownst to the reader.The procedure as described above is the Remote Installation feature. The information sent by email was then captured with the help of a network sniffer. For ease-of-use, Ethereal and the corresponding TCP stream is shown below in Figure 4 and Figure 5.Figure 4. Ethereal captures the keylogger's outgoing email.Figure 5. TCP stream of Ethereal capture.Since the content of this email is base64 encoded, the actual output can be seen only after decoding it with a base64 decoder. After passing the output through a base64 decoder, the part of the output of significance is shown as follows:Tuesday, 23 JanuaryIexplore.exe, 10:42 AMPaladion Networks: The Internet Security Architects - Microsoft Internet Explorerahmed_mobarak_1986eg@hotmail.com|alexander    [PASSWORD CAPTURED: alexander]It can be seen that the email-id (ahmed_mobarak_1986eg) and the password (alexander) are captured. Similarly, the keylogger can be used to capture all types of passwords including passwords used for proxies, email accounts, and online banking applications. It can also capture programming code typed by a developer, instant messaging text, and the URLs of websites visited by the user.New approaches:With the market being inundated with new anti-spyware products, spyware creators have now resorted to unorthodox methods of sustenance. One such example is the nasty ability of the spyware code to keep reinstalling itself. Although anti-spyware applications can remove the spyware's registry entry from one location, most of them are found lacking in cleaning hidden registry entries that try to have the software reinstalled on boot. Another approach is to make the spyware application load into memory very early in the boot process (before the Operating System loads user-level processes). In this case, when a user tries to uninstall the software with an anti-spyware application, the OS will not allow this as it tries to protect the integrity of a running program (spyware) that it doesn't control.Detection and removal:A spyware application is inherently very different in behavior and operation from a traditional virus or a worm, and therefore to most antivirus software, it may appear as a legitimate program. The fact is, virus signatures are very different from spyware signatures. Firewalls also are ineffective in dealing with them as spyware is either piggybacked with legitimate applications, hidden in a regular image file, or can occur as normal port 80 web traffic.Therefore, the essence of any spyware prevention exercise is first to ensure the operating system is fully patched to known vulnerabilities. The best prevention, aside from switching to less vulnerable operating systems like Mac OS X and Linux, is to educate users that it is not safe to click on anything and everything found on the Web, and they must also install only what is needed. Freebies on the Internet, ones which are often typically advertised in pop-up banners, must be totally abstained from. Other methods of avoiding spyware are to ensure the browser used is configured securely, and to have at least one good spyware detection and removal tool installed. Microsoft Antispyware, Ad-Aware, PestPatrol, and Spy Sweeper are some of the free tools that help in detecting and removing spyware.Please note that spyware is largely, but not exclusively, a problem with Microsoft's Internet Explorer. The user of more modern, feature-rich browsers such as Mozilla Firefox can virtually eliminate the spyware problem altogether. However, it is still the case that some websites are coded to only work with IE, and therefore switching to Firefox may not be a solution for 100% of a user's web surfing needs.Ultimately, the only protection and removal of these spywares/keyloggers is to get a computer security engineer to scan and get rid of these malwares permanently. You can get one at Rehabculture Hack store, because that was where we were taught how to detect and upgrade our system against all trojan horse worms and virus. Be informed, as “Information is power”…

Thank you for A2A.Yes and No both . UPSC PRELIMS is beyond 1000 coaching institutes who do not understand the demand and nature of exam and lakhs of aspirants who blindly depend on them.But UPSC PRELIMS is most predictable and safe exam if you understand it . I myself has proved by clearing all 6 prelims back to back with huge margins( 145- GS1).Let me explain YOU (Ladies and Gentlemen)This is the breakup of subjects this yearHere only 20 were pure current affairs. Other 12 were contemporary topics and were 1 year old so can’t be categorized as current affairs directly. Thus the bulk of questions came from Static and FundamentalsSantosh Sir Prediction before exam :Now read what I had predicted before exam.I had categorically suggested that this year they will focus on Fundamentals and static. Reading and following websites and mugging up stupid compilations will be a waste of time.I had asked to read newspapers , the Hindu .Most of questions are picked from The Hindu like the species one ,etcMy subject distribution was also close.Which section in the prelims 2019 is expected to give more questions according to the trend?I request you go through all my posts and see how relevant they were for PRELIMS 2019.I had strictly warned not to read bulky govt scheme compilation , it was suicidal . I had suggested only few . And I was bang on - only one scheme came which i had suggested Atal innocation mission.1. In India,'extended producer responsibility' was introduced as an important feature in which of the following?(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998(b) The Recycled plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011My Topic List 3.5 Important topics from environment “ Extended Producer Responsibility”2.Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India.3. The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of Ramsar Convention.3. The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority.Which of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3My Topic List Important topics from environment : Ramsar Wetland3.As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority exists at both National and State levels.2. People's participation is mandatory in the compensatory afforestation programmes carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016.Which of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2CAMPA Compensatory afforestationMy Topic List Important topics from environment: CAMPA4. In the context of which one of the following are the terms 'pyrolysis and plasma gasification' mentioned?(a) Extraction of rare earth elements(b) Natural gas extraction technologies(c) Hydrogen fuel-based automobiles(d) Waste-to-energy technologiesMy Topic List : Waste to energy5. In India, the use of carbofuran, methyl parathion, phorate and triazophos is viewed with apprehension. These chemicals are used as(a) pesticides in agriculture(b) preservatives in processed foods(c) fruit-ripening agents(d) moisturising agents in cosmeticsMy Topic List 3.5 Important topics from environment:: Stockhom-Persistant Organic Pollutatnt5. Why is there a great concern about the 'microbeads' that are released into environment?(a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems.(b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children.(c) They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields.(d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants.My Topic List 3.5 Important topics from environment: Dead Zones in Ocean6. Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India:1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.Which of the statements given above are correct?(a) 1, 2 and 3(b) 2, 3 and 4(c) 1, 2 and 4(d) 1, 3 and 4My Topic List Important Environment Topics :PVTGs in A&N( Tribes)7. Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India?1. Genetic predisposition of some people2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming4. Multiple chronic diseases in some peopleSelect the correct answer using the code given below.(a) 1 and 2(b) 2 and 3 only(e) 1, 3 and 4(d) 2, 3 and 4My Topic List Important Anti Microbial Resistance and Policy8. With reference to Mian Tansen, which one of the following statements is not correct?(a) Tansen was the title given to him by Emperor Akbar.(b) Tansen composed Dhrupads on Hindu gods and goddesses.(c) Tansen composed songs on his patrons.(d) Tansen invented many Ragas.9. Consider the following statements:1. Saint Nimbarka was a contem-porary of Akbar.2. Saint Kabir was greatly influenced by Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2My Topic lis :Kabir and Akbar10. Consider the following statements:1. Most of India's external debt is owed by governmental entities.2. All of India's external debt is denominated in US dollars.Which of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2Debt11. Which one of the following is not the most likely measure the Government/RBI takes to stop the slide of Indian rupee?(a) Curbing imports of non-essential goods-and promoting exports(b) Encouraging Indian borrowers to issue rupee denominated Masala Bonds(c) Easing conditions relating to external commercial borrowing(d) Following an expansionary monetary policyRBI steps to check currency devaluation12. In the context of India, which of the following factors is/are contributor/ contributors to reducing the risk of a currency crisis?1. The foreign currency earnings of India's IT sector2. Increasing the government expenditure3. Remittances from Indians abroadSelect the correct answer using the code given below.(a) 1 only(b) 1 and 3 only(c) 2 only(d) 1, 2 and 3Answer: bCurrency Crisis13. Which of the following is issued by registered foreign portfolio investors to overseas investors who want to be part of the Indian stock market without registering themselves directly?(a) Certificate of Deposit(b) Commercial Paper(c) Promissory Note(d) Participatory NoteP notes14.1. No High Court shall have the jurisdiction to declare any central law to be constitutionally invalid.2. An amendment to the Constitution of India cannot be called into question by the Supreme Court of India.Which of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2My Topic List : Amendments15. Building 'Kalyaana Mandapas' was a notable feature in the temple construction in the kingdom of(a) Chalukya(b) Chandela(c) Rashtrakuta(d) VijayanagaraVijayanagar empire (Themes part II) (chap 6)16. Atal Innovation Mission is set up under the(a) Department of Science and Technology(b) Ministry of Employment(c) NITI Aayog(d) Ministry of Skill Development and EntrepreneurshipMt Topic List : AIM17.1.The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India introduced an Article placing the election of the Prime Minister beyond judicial review.2. The Supreme Court of India struck down the 99th Amendment to the Constitution of India as being violative of the independence of judiciary.44th AmendmentWhich of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2Amendments and HC18. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) exchange rates are calculated by comparing the prices of the same basket of goods and services in different countries.2. In terms of PPP dollars, India is the sixth largest economy in the world.Which of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2GDP -PPP19. With reference to the Constitution of India, prohibitions or limitations or provisions contained in ordinary laws cannot act as prohibitions or limitations on the constitutional powers under Article 142. It could mean which one of the following?(a) The decisions taken by the Election Commission of India while discharging its duties cannot be challenged in any court of law.(b) The Supreme Court of India is not constrained in the exercise of its powers by laws made by the Parliament.(c) In the event of grave financial crisis in the country, the President of India can declare Financial Emergency without the counsel from the Cabinet.(d) State Legislatures cannot make laws on certain matters without the concurrence of Union Legislature.Advisory Jurisdiction20.1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas.2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce.3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.Which of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3FRA 200621. In the context of polity, which one of the following would you accept as the most appropriate definition of liberty?(a) Protection against the tyranny of political rulers(b) Absence of restraint(c) Opportunity to do whatever one likes(d) Opportunity to develop oneself fullyLiberty22. Consider the following statements:1. The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India introduced an Article placing the election of the Prime Minister beyond judicial review.2. The Supreme Court of India struck down the 99th Amendment to the Constitution of India as being violative of the independence of judiciary.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 244th amendment23. The- motion to impeach a Judge of the Supreme Court of India cannot be rejected by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha as per the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.2. The Constitution of India defines and gives details of what Constitutes 'incapacity and proved misbehaviour' of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India.3. The details of the process of impeachment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India are given in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.4. If the motion for the impeachment of a Judge is taken up for voting, the law requires the motion to be backed by each House of the Parliament and supported by a majority of total membership of that House and by not less than two-thirds of total members of that House present and voting.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 and 2(b) 3 only(c) 3 and 4 only(d) 1, 3 and 4Judges removal24. Asiatic Lion Conservation Project ( endangered, canine distemper virus, Gir, Pania sanctuary)25. What is common to the places known as Aliyar, Isapur and Kangsabati?(a) Recently discovered uranium deposits(b) Tropical rain forests(c) Underground cave systems(d) Water reservoirsAnswer: DIndian Major Dams- New dams26. Under which Schedule of the Constitution of India can the transfer of tribal land to private parties for mining be declared null and void?(a) Third Schedule(b) Fifth Schedule(c) Ninth Schedule(d) Twelfth Schedule27. The Ninth Schedule was introduced in the Constitution of India during the prime ministership of(a) Jawaharlal Nehru(b) Lal Bahadur Shastri(c) Indira Gandhi(d) Morarji DesaiSchedules28. In the context of which of the following do some scientists suggest the use of cirrus cloud thinning technique and the injection of sulphate aerosol into stratosphere?(a) Creating the artificial rains in some regions(b) Reducing the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones(c) Reducing the adverse effects of solar wind on the Earth(d) Reducing the global warmingClimate engineering –carbon capture, Bio char, stratospheric aerosol injection29. Consider the following:1. Deification of the Buddha2. Treading the path of Bodhisattvas3. Image worship and ritualsWhich of the above is/are the feature/ features of Mahayana Buddhism?(a) 1 only(b) 1 and 2 only(c) 2 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3My Topic list :Buddhism features30.The Environment Protection Act, 1986 empowers the Government of India to1. state the requirement of public participation in the process of environmental protection, and the procedure and manner in which it is sought2. lay down The standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sourcesWhich of the statements given above is/ are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2My topic List :EPA31.1. The Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Act, 1959 exempts several posts from disqualification on the grounds of 'Office of Profit'.2. The above-mentioned Act was amended five times.3. The term 'Office of Profit' is well-defined in the Constitution of India.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 3 only(c) 2 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3My Topic List Polity : Office of profitoffice of Profit32.1.According to the Indian Patents Act, a biological process to create a seed can be patented in India.2. In India, there is no Intellectual Property Appellate Board.3. Plant varieties are not eligible to be patented in India.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 and 3 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3My Topic List :Indian Patent and Farmer right33.In the context of wearable technology, which of the following tasks is/are accomplished by wearable devices?1. Location identification of a person2. Sleep monitoring of a person3. Assisting the hearing impaired personSelect the correct answer using the code given below.(a) 1 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3My topic List :Cyber Physical System34.Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant 'blackholes' billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation?(a) 'Higgs boson particles' were detected.(b) 'Gravitational waves' were detected.(e) Possibility of inter-galactic space travel through 'wormhole' was confirmed.(d) It enabled the scientists to understand 'singularity'.My topic List :Gravitational waves35.Consider the following pairs:Movement/OrganizationLeader1. All India Anti-Untouchability LeagueMahatma Gandhi2. All India Kisan SabhaSwami Sahajanand Saraswati3. Self-Respect MovementE. V. Ramaswami NaickerWhich of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?(a) 1 only(b) 1 and 2 only(c) 2 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3My topic List :Self-respect movement37. Consider the following pairs:SeaBordering country1. Adriatic SeaAlbania2. Black SeaCroatia3. Gaspian SeaKazakhstan4. Mediterranean SeaMorocco5. Red SeaSyriaWhich of the pair given above are correctly matched?(a) 1, 2 and 4 only(b) 1, 3 and 4 only(c) 2 and 5 only(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5My Topic List :black Sea and Mediterranean Sea-38. With reference to the Legislative Assembly of a State in India, consider the following statements :1. The Governor makes a customary address to Members of the House at the commencement of the first session of the year .2. When a State Legislature does not have a rule on a particular matter, it follows the Lok Sabha rule on that matter.Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 239. With reference to Indian National Movement, consider the following pairs:PersonPosition held1. Sir Tej Bahadur SapruPresident, All India Liberal Federation2. K. C. NeogyMember, The Constituent Assembly3. P. C. JoshiGeneral Secretary, Communist Party of IndiaMy Topic List :Constituent assemblySantosh Sir Elimination Techniques:Can you share your intelligent guessing tricks?40 . With reference to Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), consider the following statements1. AIIB has more than 80 member nations.2. India is the largest shareholder in AIIB.3. AIIB does not have any members from outside Asia.Which of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c). 1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3Answer: aHere statement 2 and statement 3 can be eliminated because they are extreme. You can read what I had advised in my intelligent guessing tricks.41. What was the purpose of Inter-Creditor Agreement signed by Indian banks and financial institutions recently?(a) To lessen the Government of India's perennial burden of fiscal deficit nd current account deficit(b) To support the infrastructure projects of Central and State Governments(c) To act as independent regulator in case of applications for loans of Rs. 50 crore or more(d) To aim at faster resolution of stressed assets of Rs. 50 crore or more which are-under consortium lendingAnswer: dHere option c and d can only be the answer as they are common.42. The Chairmen of public sector banks are selected by the(a) Banks Board Bureau(b) Reserve Bank of India(c) Union Ministry of Finance(d) Management of concerned bankAnswer: cTopic List : Banking bsics43. Consider the following statements:1. Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) is the first regulatory body set up by the Government of India.2. One of the tasks of PNGRB is to, ensure competitive markets for gas.3. Appeals against the decisions of PNGRB go before the Appellate Tribunals for Electricity.Which of the statements given above are correct?(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3Answer: bHere also extreme statement like First in option 1 can be eliminated. Thus we get the answer.44. With reference to communication technologies, what is/are the difference / differences between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution)?1. LTE 'is commonly marketed as 3G and VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 3G.2. LTE is data-only technology and VoLTE is voice-only technology.Select the correct answer using the code given below.(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2Answer: dTopic List : 5G 4 G.45. Which one of the following is not a sub-index of the World Bank's 'Ease of Doing Business Index'?(a) Maintenance of law and order(b) Paying taxes(c) Registering property(d) Dealing with construction permitsAnswer: aHere option a is unrelated to the question , thus can be eliminated easily. Other 3 deals with doing business.Some indirect Topics46.The Chairmen of public sector banks are selected by the(a) Banks Board Bureau(b) Reserve Bank of India(c) Union Ministry of Finance(d) Management of concerned bankBanking basics:47.Which of the following is not included in the assets of a commercial bank in India?(a) Advances(b) Deposits(e) Investments(d). Money at call and short noticeMy Topic list :Banking48. With reference to the cultivation of Kharif crops in India in the last five years, consider the following statements:1. Area under rice cultivation is the highest.2. Area under the cultivation of jowar is more than that of oilseeds.3. Area of cotton cultivation is more than that of sugarcane.4. Area under sugarcane cultivation has steadily decreased.Which of the statements given above are correct?(a) 1 and 3 only(b) 2, 3 and 4 only(c) 2 and 4 only(d) 1, 2, 3 and 449. Consider the following statements:A digital signature is1. an electronic record that identifies the signNowing authority issuing it2. used to serve as a proof of identity of an individual to access information or server on Internet.3. an electronic method of signing an electronic document and ensuring that the original content is unchangedWhich of the statements given above is / are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3Answer: dMy Topics list - Digital India51. Which of the following statements are correct about the deposits of 'methane hydrate?1. Global warming might trigger the release of methane gas from these deposits.2. Large deposits of 'methane hydrate' are found in Arctic Tundra and under the seafloor.3. Methane in atmosphere oxidizes to carbon dioxide after a decade or two.Select the correct answer using the code given below.(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3My topic List : Climate change and oceans and Deep Ocean Mining.There are many more which I didn’t include because they were indirect.My point here is if you understand the nature and demand of exam , its easy. I have done it not once but six times . You can also do it.But you have to cut the clutter. If you read and follow unnecessary online stuff daily which UPSC will never ask , you are bound to lose as your precious time will get wasted.For free mains guidance :( AsksantoshSir- telegram)How can I join the PGP program for 2020?We are starting mains guidance in a week . I will continue guiding you in this journey . But always remember

Modern warfare has become highly technological and strategic. Contemporary wars are won by Air forces - The modern fighter jets are complex fighting machines which form a ‘critical component’ of any world class airforce.Those Critical Assets are :LM JSF F - 35 Lightning IILM F - 22 RaptorEuro Fighter TyphoonSu - 35 Super Flanker ERafale Omni Role Super french FR3 / M variantsGripen SAAB Smart Figher JAS - 39 C / D / EChegdu Stealth J - 20 Mighty DragonStrike Eagle F - 15 EAdvanced Fulcrum MiG - 35sF / A - 18 Super HornetsF - 21 ViperFighting Falcon F - 16 Block - 52 & 60CAC J - 10s C Fire Bird Super Multi RoleSu - 30 Flanker variantsEagle F - 15 Variant CSu 27 s ‘Base Flanker’Fulcrum MiG - 29sare considered PRIME assets for thier air forces.They carry expensive tools of destruction with them such as :AIM 120 DMBDA MeteorRussian R - 77Storm ShadowVympel R - 73MICAR - 27Chinese Ultra long range PL - 15SD - 10JSMPavewayBrimstoneAIM 120 CAIM 132R - DarterDerbyPythonK - 100Astra &Cruise Missile & Stand Off A SMP VariantsHence one can safely say that No Manufacturer of Fighter jet will give away the Real / true Warfare or combat capability, let alone the full limits of it. Hence One has to wait for the real combat - the real showdown to see the real capability. Base Specifications & information related to Systems , Components , Weapons and Electronics are issued for marketing tactics or for disinformation purposes. So maybe all the information available is 100% accurate.__________________________________________________________________________________A generation of Airmen seems to have forgotten a simple lesson from history:‘It was leadership, not fancy equipment, that made the difference.’^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^THE EURO FIGHTER EF-2000 Tranche 4NICKNAMED “TYPHOON”Its a highly discussed Fighter jet , having mixed reviews by its supporters and by its opponents, has sparked a public argument. With predessors such as JAGUAR, PANAVIA & HARRIER, Its a European consorcium Fighter UK, Germany , Italy & Spain - first proto type released in Mid 1990s. Hence It was a European solution to a European scenario.DESIGN & AERODYNAMICSThe ability to patrol and intercept hostile aircraft is known as Quick Reaction Alert. Typhoon is a master in it.Designed for Single Seat - STOL Capable - Twin Engine - Initially developed as Supersonic BVR interception and close combat , Multi Role adaptations. Typhoon is designed to perform at least five air missions very efficiently :Air superiorityAir interdictionSuppression of Enemy Air Defence (SEAD)Close Air Support (CAS)Maritime Attack.Its in active operational service with 9 Operators.(Consorcium members plus Saudia Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Austria ). More than 550 Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft have been successfully delivered to seven countries: Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Austria, Oman and Saudi Arabia; and ordered by two more: Kuwait and Qatar. Participated in combats during operations in Libya, Iraq and Syria.Length 15.96 m x Wingspan 10.95 m.Length 15.67 mtrs x Wingspan 10.67 mtrs for F- 35AHence slightly Big in Size then lets say F-35 Lightning IIMax Altitude Above 59,000 ftEuro Fighter is based on a Typical European Design of Unstable airframe , a foreplane Delta - wing forward canard configuration, with dual intakes under the fuselage & a single vertical stabilizer .The ‘conventional statically stable’ aircraft has a ‘built-in’ inherent stability which requires a large wing area and causes a lot of drag that slows the aircraft under a turn.Fighter jets require Agility which is exact opposite of Stability. You want a fighter to be able to make turns & loops as quickly & easily as possible. Consequently, fighter aircraft rely on configurations that are unstable or neutrally stable. Canards help in this regard.CANARDS AND THIER IMPACTAn aeronautical device wherein a small fore-wing is placed forward of the main wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. A wide variety of canard designs have been proposed and flown over . Canards are used on aircraft whose main wings are well behind the center of gravity, such as the Eurofighter Typhoon..Carnards can be used as horizontal stabilizers as they being ahead of the C.G of the aircraft, acts directly to reduce longitudinal static stability.The aerodynamic advantages derived from the delta wing canard configuration :AERODYNAMIC FLOW RESULTING IN HIGH ANGLE OF ATTACK :Angle of attack is the angle at which the oncoming air meets the wing. At low angle of attack, the vertical tail provides directional stability. However, as the angle of attack increases, its effectiveness decreases.High angles of attack (AOA) can be translated into a very high instantaneous turn rate and gives maneuverability advantages. Modren fighter jets can exceed 90 degrees AOA - Yet the software limit’s them from 30 - 60 Degrees to prevent Air frame damage owing to Stresses and fatigue factors.Layman terms - Higher the angle of attack, the more lift is generated by the wing… ONLY UPTO A POINT.Thereafter the wing signNow its ‘Critical Angle of Attack’ , and at higher angles of attack the amount of lift generated drops dramatically.Beyond the critical angle of attack , the wing no longer effectively generates lift and jet is stalled. Canards stall before the wings. Canards smoothen the turbulence and create Laminar (non-turbulent) flow. Good vortex flow is obtained and a High Angle of Attack may be obtained.UNSTABILITY :Create Unstability which is preferred. Results in Agility. The result is balanced by applying Controlled by FBW Computer Systems. A statically unstable basic aircraft needs continuous stabilisation with the help of an active flight control system with full authority.The high angle of attack recovery (HAoA) function is an extension of the flight control system’s angle of attack limitation. If the aircraft has a low speed and high nose angle, the angle of attack will be low at first but will increase and exceed the angle of attack limit as the speed drops further. The HAoA function and command will return the aircraft to the normal flight envelope in a controlled manner.CREATES LIFT :The canard essentially moves horizontal tail up to the nose and places the wing's center of lift behind the center of gravity. To balance the natural nose down tendency, Canard generates an upward lifting force - which helps oppose weight.Note that Canards results to produce ‘induced drag’ , it is usually countered by high aspect ratio canards i.e long and narrow.Combined delta canard configuration and 538 ft2 wing size confer very low wing loading on 50% internal fuel, and are optimised for transonic manoeuvre and supersonic dash performance. The loosely coupled canard is intended to provide high control authority at high angles of attack, by placing the surfaces ahead of the main vortices, but also to provide lower trim drag in supersonic flight.A Modern Composite Airframe with constituents :Carbon Fibre Composites 70%Metals 15%Glass Reinforced Plastics (GRP) 12%Only 15% of the aircraft’s surface is metal. This gives a small Radar Cross section of RCS < 0.5 m2. Hence Typhoon makes slightly greater use of RAM and active canard signature management for frontal RCS reduction (As a comparison this is probably offset in the high-end survivability department by Active Syealth of Gripen E or Rafale’s superior SPECTRA electronic warfare system).POWER PLANT & PROPULSION EXCELLENCEThe Euro Jet EJ - 200’s components were developed by Rolls-Royce plc, MTU, Avio Group SpA, and Industria Turbo Propulsores SA – all well-respected names. And, like the Eurofighter, The Euro-jet consortium hails from the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and Spain.The EJ-200 is the most modern combat engine in its class – with the best thrust-to-weight ratio, thrust retention and smallest fan diameter – the EJ200 sets new standards for reliability and adaptability. Typhoon is powered by 2 x Eurojet EJ-200 afterburning turbofans , each develops a DRY THRUST of 65 KN / 14,000 LBS & 90 KN / 20, 500 LBS Thrust with REHEAT.It takes about 1 minute 30 seconds after take-off to signNow more than 30,000 feet, all the while maintaining intercept airspeed.The engine is compact, approximately 4 metres in length, 800mm (30 inches) in diameter and weighs around 1,000 kg. The two-spool design with single-stage turbines drives the three-stage fan and five-stage HP compressor with annular combustion with vaporising burners.Engines powering the Typhoons of UK Royal Air Force (RAF) routinely achieve a mean time between repairs of over 1,000 flying hours, while the fleet leader in RAF has achieved over 1,700 flying hours on-wing without need for repair. This is unprecedented in combat engines where on-wing hours can often be measured in the low hundreds for previous generation engines. Relaibility centric Predictive Maintenance is achieved through use of advanced integrated Health Monitoring for class-leading reliability, maintainability and through Life Cost.Capability to cruise at supersonic speeds without the use of reheat (After Burners) for extended periods. it can fly at sustained speeds of MACH 1.5 AT FULL COMBAT EXTERNAL LOAD without the use of afterburner.CRITICAL SUB SYSTEMS OF PROPULSION SYSTEMLP CompressorHP CompressorA.C.CTurbine StageRe Heat or After burner SystemsDECMU1- LP - LOW PRESSURE COMPRESSOREJ-200 consists of a 3-stage Low-pressure compressor (LPC) module & 5-stage High-pressure compressor. This provides a ‘High Surge margin’ (Typhoon pilots feedback often states it is virtually impossible to surge the engine), needs no heating devices to combat ice and has a high bird strike resistance. Each stage of the LPC is equipped with wide-chord integrated blade/disk (blisk) assemblies that are low in weight (each stage in the LPC consists of a single blisk with no removable parts) and are a major factor in the reduction of complexity easing the burden on maintenance cost and personnel. At the end of the Low Pressure Compression module, core air is compressed by a factor of 4.2.2 -HP - HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSORAir is then directed to the High Pressure Compressor (HPC), which is again designed achieve high reliability and minimum maintenance effort.Like the LPC, HPC is also equipped with single blisks in the first three stages. HPC further compresses core air by a factor of 6.2, leading to air that has been compressed by a factor of 26. The fact that EJ200 achieves this in eight stages, far lesser than the nine or ten stages employed by engines of comparable performance, is testament to the efficient aerodynamic design of the blades.3 - ACC - ANNULAR COMBUSTION CHAMBEREJ-200s annular combustor receives the highly compressed air. Microspraying fuel increases combustion-efficiency and also reduces the visible emissions of oxides of nitrogen. The key factors in determining jet engine efficiency and achievable work are the temperature and pressure differences attained between the engine inlet and combustor outlet. Although the maximum temperature of air leaving the combustion chamber is classified, the outlet stator temperature is generally reported to be 200ºC higher than previous generation engines.4 - TURBINE STAGEDownstream of the annular combustion chamber is the High Pressure Turbine (HPT). In order to handle the large temperatures generated in the combustion chamber, the HPT uses air-cooled single-crystal blades. The HPT guide vanes utilise a special Thermal Barrier Coating which increases the life of the blade and increases the achievable operating temperature .Following the HPT is a single Low Pressure Turbine stage, again employing single crystal blades.5- AFTER BURNING SYSTEMSEUROJET has installed an innovative three-stage thrust augmentation system to supply reheat as and when required by the pilot. Downstream from the low-pressure turbine, in the exhaust duct, are the first two stages of the thrust augmenter. The first stage consists of a radial series of burners and their associated flame cups. Subsequent to this is a stage of ‘primary vaporisers’ that spray fine mists of fuel that combust on contact with the hot exhaust air. Finally, the third stage comprises of fuel injectors located at the back of the bypass duct. These spray fuel into the cold, oxygen rich air that has passed through the duct unburned. It should be noted the dry performance of the engine is so good, pilots do not use reheat as much as other engines in this class. Operationally, this means more performance for less fuel.6 - DECMU (Digital Engine Control and Monitoring Unit)EJ-200’s Digital Engine Control and Monitoring Unit (DECMU) provides carefree handling for the whole turbo-machinery, automatically activates and controls the various stages of reheat, reduces pilot workload and provides engine monitoring and executive lifing functionalities. Executive Lifing measures actual usage rather than planned mission profiles which can achieve up to 50% Life Cycle Cost savings compared to other engines without this advantage. This is key not only to achieving the unparalleled standards of reliability but also in making the engine cost effective over its performance life. Executive Lifing reduces maintenance costs, especially given that the EJ-200 maintenance philosophy is a modular concept.Rate of Climb 317 Mtrs / SecWith 90KN ThrustSpeed 2.1 - 2.2 Mach & 2,900 kms RangeCombat RadiusGround attack, lo-lo-lo : 601 kmGround attack, hi-lo-hi : 1389 kmAir defence with 3hr CAP : 185 kmAir defence with 10-min loiter : 1389 kmG Limits : +9/-3 w/ int fuel and two AIM-120Impressive Thrust to Weight Ration of 1.15Empty Weight 22,000 lb / 9,999 kgMax Take-Off Weight 46,305 lb / 21,000 kgFerry Range 5,382 km / 3,310 miles — with 4 x drop tanksTyphoon is the faster aircraft and has a signNowly superior thrust-to-weight ratio which gives it better acceleration at all altitudes. This also allows Typhoon to retain and regain energy faster (than say Rafale) in a horizontal dogfight situation. Another key factor in maneuverability is Wing Loading ratio ; In aerodynamics, wing loading is the loaded weight of the aircraft divided by the area of the wing. It is expressed as kilograms per square meter, or pounds per square foot of wing area.Smaller the wing loading ratio , the better the turn performance.[math]Euro Fighter - 310 ; [/math][math]Rafale - 327 ; [/math][math]F15C - 358 ; [/math][math]F-18 - 460 Kg / m2. [/math]It also has a signNowly higher service ceiling of over 60,000 ft which allows it to operate uniquely well alongside the US F-22 Raptors ‘high and fast’ in the air superiority role which is exactly where it was designed to excel.RADAR , AVIONICS & COMMMUNICATIONSFull Authority FCS & Quadruplex digital system. Modern and comprehensive Avionic package. The pilot’s control system is a voice throttle and stick system (VTAS). Heads Up and Heads Down Display systems M.H.D.D installed.Detection technology used in latest tranch is :X-band CAPTOR (I/J-band) ECR-90 pulse-Doppler multimode radar.An AESA radar provides an aircraft with a more efficient, more robust, longer-ranged and finer-detailed radar than older, mechanically scanned or passive systems. It has improved Jamming Resistance and acts immensely to increase the situational awareness and effectiveness of a modren fighter jet. The addition of an AESA radar has become necessary because almost all modern fighter aircraft have already transitioned to this architecture.The CAPTOR-E radar , being developed by the Euro RADAR Consortium led by Selex ES, is based on the existing ‘back end’ of the mechanically-scanned (M-scan) CAPTOR radar. All Weather Radar Features Synthetic Aperture, Multimode A/A and A/G Fire Control Radar and Weapon System Support, with over 1,000 modules and a new AESA antenna mounted on an innovative repositioner. It can also cover low band Frequencies VHF/UHF. This gives the radar an unmatched field of regard without compromising performance and reliability.P.I.R.A.T.E SYSTEMA Passive Infra-Red Airborne Track Equipment (PIRATE) system for infrared search and tracking or a Supplementary Radar.The Typhoon’s PIRATE IRST is far and away the most capable fighter-mounted system in operation anywhere in the world. Its phenomenal sensitivity caused problems during the first decade of service due to the sheer number of false positive returns but now that processing power has caught up enough to allow the sensitivity to be properly exploited for extremely long range detection of fighter sized targets, including stealth targets, it is becoming one of Typhoon’s strongest advantages in the air superiority arena.However, at present, the systems integration allowing the radar and IRST to be tasked together in an optimal fashion is still superior on Rafale. This is a core focus of capability upgrades in the P3E software package for Typhoon.The system picks up heat changes around it & by this spot subsonic aircraft as far away as up to 100km+. This means that the Typhoon can still shoot its advanced IR-tracking missiles at a target, even though its enemy has stealth features.PIRATE detects and tracks the Infra-Red signatures of multiple aircraft at long range, over a wide field of view, day & night and adverse weather conditions. Being a passive sensor, it enables the aircraft to gather early intelligence of threats and to manoeuvre stealthily into an advantageous tactical position without being detected by hostile electronic warfare systems.PIRATE is integrated with other on-board sensor systems for maximum sensor fusion effectiveness. PIRATE locates & provides ‘cueing information’ on ground targets. It provides data and imagery to Head’s-up & Multi-function Head’s -down displays, facilitating navigation and terrain avoidance in adverse weather conditions.D.A.S.S SYSTEMDefensive Aid Sub System with Electronic Counter measures against incoming Missiles.Offering a comprehensive suite of electronic support measures and counter-measures, the Praetorian Defensive Aids Sub System developed by the Leonardo-led EuroDASS consortium, is carried in 2 x wing pods that are an integral part of the wing. DASS greatly enhances Eurofighter Typhoon’s ability to avoid, evade, counter and survive evolving threats.It consists of :Electronic Support Measures (ESM)A laser threat and missile approach warning systemAn Electronic Countermeasures System (ECM), decoys, towed decoysJammers and other sensorsAvionics.Eurofighter Typhoon D.A.S.S is also equipped with a ‘Towed Radar Decoy’ . carried in the starboad side as ‘built in’ to the wing tip. Towed decoy systems are for defensive purposes & used to protect fighter jets from radar-guided missiles. These countermeasures are towed behind the host aircraft protecting it against both surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles. They provide a radio-wave reflecting baid that attracts the RF-guided missiles away from the intended target.Miniature Air Launched Decoy MALDENHANCED SITUATIONAL AWARENESSEven while still on the ground, the pilot can keep a check on the position of the aircraft to be intercepted via its Data-Link (a two-way radio-controlled data exchange).The Miniature Air Launched Decoy (MALD) is used to lure enemy air defence systems into revealing themselves or attacking aircraft or ISTAR systems that can provide targeting information for stand off weapons. With a range of 500nm, endurance of 45 minutes, operating altitude of 40,000 feet plus, speed of Mach 0.91, modular electronics fit and emissions signature that is designed to mimic allied aircraft it can also be used to simply overwhelm air defences with targets, if they attack MALD they are depleting their finite missile stocks.The data-link is provided by the Multiple Image Data System (MIDS). It aids situational awareness information to the pilot. As a case in point - The french Super Omni Jet Rafale utilises ‘a one-way datalink’ with the missile when it has been fired, not the 2 - way ‘Datalink’. which Typhoon and Gripen E are equipped with – which allows for much more accurate and reliable guidance during very long range engagements whilst the missile is in semi-active mode.Kuwait’s Typhoons will be the first to use the Lockheed Martin Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod (ATP), which has recently been upgraded to include two-color laser spot tracking, short-wave infrared, and advanced non-traditional intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (NTISR) modes.New-customer Typhoons Will Be the Most Advanced Yet***********************************************************************************In 2011, the RAF deployed 10 x Typhoon aircraft to its base in Italy for operations in Libya, and achieved 4,500 flying hours without an engine change. The aircraft operated in its air-to-air role and for the first time attacked ground targets using laser-guided Paveway bombs. “The sensors on the aircraft are so good it’s a question of how we use that information and how we get it to other fast jets and ground allies. It is about ensuring the right information is in the right place at the right time.” — Air Cdre Linc Taylor, Royal Air Force.A U.K. Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon used a brimstone missile to destroy a boat used by Islamic State in Syria, the RAF said Friday, 2019 February 22 release, marking the first time the aircraft has deployed the weapon system. Brimstone is an air-launched ground-attack missile developed by MBDA for the RAF, specifically to target enemy armor. The Brimstone launcher carries three missiles in a single weapon station. Its equipped with enhanced autopilot, the Dual Mode SAL / millimetric wave (mmW) seeker, and the insensitive munition-compliant rocket motor and warhead.For Air to Ground missions you have the ability to simply look outside at where a target is then cue the weapon system to look there with the Litening Designator Pod. Due to this capability it means that after identifying a target, you can drop a Paveway IV, 500-lb precision weapon on it in seconds.**************************************************************************************WEAPONSMauser Cannon 27 mmIt has 13 hardpoints which allows for up to 3 fuel drop tanks and 10 missiles/laser guided bombs or 13 missiles/laser guided bombsLong Range 6 x BVR Matra- Meteor AMRAAMClose range SRAAM is 2 x AIM-132 ASRAAM.A range of air-to-ground weapons can be carried, including the new Storm Shadow CASOM, Brimstone anti-armour weapon, and the future Precision Guided Bomb (PGB).Manufacturers ban Euro Fighhter in exports for carrying nuclear weapons. RAF standoff weapon is the Matra-BAe Storm Shadow cruise missile.SCALP - STORM SHADOW Air-Launched, Long RANGE , Stand-Off Deep Attack MissileThe Storm Shadow missile is designed to penetrate deep into hard rock targets. It is equipped with fire-and-forget technology and fully autonomous guidance.The missile has a length of 5.1m, wingspan of 3m, and a body diameter of 0.48m. It weighs 1,300kg and has a range of more than 250km. The Storm Shadow missile is equipped with a Turbomeca Microturbo TRI 60-30 turbojet propulsion system, which can produce a 5.4kN of thrust.The missile is fitted with a two-stage bomb royal ordnance augmented charge (BROACH) blast/ penetrator warhead.The first stage of the warhead makes the way for the second stage by cutting the surface of the target. The larger second stage (main) of the warhead then penetrates into the target and detonates.The navigation system of the missile includes inertial navigation (INS), global positioning system (GPS) and terrain reference navigation for better control over the path and accurate target strike. The missile is fitted with a passive imaging infrared seeker. Once released from the aircraft, the missile follows a pre-programmed path at low level with the help of continuous updates from the onboard navigation system. It employs imaging infrared seeker to compare the actual target area with stored imagery repeatedly until signNowing the target.The Storm Shadow is also in service with the air forces of Italy, Greece, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is referred to as Black Shaheen in the UAE Air Force service.The Storm Shadow can be integrated into Tornado GR4, Tornado IDS, Saab Gripen, Mirage 2000, Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon and JSF F - 35 aircraft.CROWN JEWEL BVR - M E T E O R MBDA** Meteor : Beyond Visual Range BVRAAM Air to Air with Active Radar Guidance.Meteor offers a multi-shot capability against long range manoeuvring targets, jets, UAVs and cruise missiles in a Loaded Electronic Counter Measure environment , called ECM. It has range well in excess of 100 kilometres . Meteor can be launched as a stealth missile. It is equipped with enhanced kinematics features. It is capable of striking different types of targets simultaneously in almost any weather.Meteor’s stunning performance is achieved through its unique ramjet propulsion system – solid fuel, variable flow, ducted rocket. This ‘ramjet’ motor provides the missile with thrust all the way to target intercept, providing the largest No-Escape Zone of any air-to-air missile.No -escape zone of over 60 km is largest among air-to-air missiles according to manufacturer. Solid-fueled ramjet motor allows missile to cruise at a speed of over mach 4 and provides the missile with thrust and mid-way acceleration to target interception.The Typhoon is a super fighter within visual range , though we must always remember that at WVR , Its not fighting the aircraft but the pilot.*******************************************************************************COSTS AND REVIEW SUMMARYMaintenance cost of Typhoon is on higher side than that of Rafale.Unit Cost in excess of 125 MUS$ per aircraft.Euro Fighter Edges out all competitors such as Rafale in its Maneuverability, Higher THRUST Power , Increased Combat Radius, Excellent IRST , Advanced CM / Decoy system & higher Service Cieling . Yes Quality is Expensive. Its a potent partner for Euroean nations with JSF Lightning II F - 35.Where Typhoon acting as Air Superiority Leader and clearing Air enemy jets ; F - 35 Stealth acting as Battle manager - A Command & Control capable - Data fusion Electronic based - Striker bomber role for taking out SAM , S - 400s , AWACS etc and other remaining flying assets which may have avoided Euro Fighter Jet by flying away…!https://www.eurofighter.com/the-...***********************************************************************************Knowledge is a process of piling up facts; wisdom lies in their simplification.Thanks for reading..