Search eSignature Form Computer
Make the most out of your eSignature workflows with airSlate SignNow
Extensive suite of eSignature tools
Robust integration and API capabilities
Advanced security and compliance
Various collaboration tools
Enjoyable and stress-free signing experience
Extensive support
How To Add Sign in eSignPay
Keep your eSignature workflows on track
Our user reviews speak for themselves
Search eSignature Form Computer. Check out by far the most customer-helpful knowledge of airSlate SignNow. Manage your complete document processing and expressing system electronically. Range from hand-held, paper-structured and erroneous workflows to automatic, digital and perfect. You can actually generate, provide and sign any paperwork on any gadget anywhere. Ensure that your crucial organization cases don't slide over the top.
See how to Search eSignature Form Computer. Adhere to the straightforward manual to get going:
- Design your airSlate SignNow profile in mouse clicks or sign in along with your Facebook or Google profile.
- Benefit from the 30-time trial offer or go with a rates strategy that's ideal for you.
- Locate any legitimate design, construct on the internet fillable forms and share them tightly.
- Use innovative capabilities to Search eSignature Form Computer.
- Indication, modify signing purchase and acquire in-person signatures ten times quicker.
- Establish automated reminders and obtain notifications at every step.
Moving your tasks into airSlate SignNow is simple. What adheres to is an easy procedure to Search eSignature Form Computer, along with suggestions and also hardwearing . colleagues and companions for much better alliance. Empower your staff together with the very best tools to keep on top of business procedures. Improve output and level your business faster.
How it works
Rate your experience
-
Best ROI. Our customers achieve an average 7x ROI within the first six months.
-
Scales with your use cases. From SMBs to mid-market, airSlate SignNow delivers results for businesses of all sizes.
-
Intuitive UI and API. Sign and send documents from your apps in minutes.
A smarter way to work: —how to industry sign banking integrate
FAQs
-
How are cracked versions of software created and why are developers not able to prevent it?
Cracked versions of software are created with the use of debuggers. (A debugger is a special type of software that lets programmers deconstruct their software into its constituent parts for the purpose of finding bugs, and thus de-bugging. Additionally debuggers can be used for reverse-engineering, or to see what is inside the software, to learn its logic. The latter method is used mostly by malware researchers to study what malware (or computer viruses) do on-the-inside. But it can be also used by an attacker to "crack" (or bypass) legal software registration, or at times, to alter normal behavior of software, for instance by injecting a malicious code into it.)For the sake of this example, I will assume that the software that is being "cracked" was compiled into a native code, and is not a .NET or a JavaScript based application. (Otherwise it will be somewhat trivial to view its source code.) The compiled native code is a bit more tricky "beast" to study. (Native means that the code executes directly by the CPU, GPU, or other hardware.)So let's assume that the goal of an attacker is to bypass the registration logic in the software so that he or she doesn't have to pay for it. (Later for lolz, he or she may also post such "crack" on some shady online forum or on a torrent site so that others can "use" it too and give him or her their appreciation.)For simplicity let's assume that the original logic that was checking for the software registration was written in C++ and was something similar to the following code snippet:In this code sample "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are special strings of text that a legitimate software user will receive after paying for the license. (The name is usually that person's actual name or their email address, and the code is some string of unique/special characters that is tied to the name.)In the logic above, the function named "isRegistrationCodeGood()" will check if "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are accepted using some proprietary method. If they are, it will return true. Otherwise false. That outcode will dictate which branch (or scope) the execution will follow.So the logic above will either show that registration failed and quit:Or, if the registration code and name matched, it will save the registration details in persistent storage (such as the File System or System Registry) using the function named "rememberRegistrationParameters()" and then display the message thanking the user for registering:A "cracker" will obviously want to achieve the second result for any registration code that he or she enters. But they have a problem. They do not have the C++ source code, part of which I showed above. (I hope not!)So the only recourse for an attacker is to disassemble the binary code (that always ships with software in the form of .exe and .dll files on Windows, and mostly as Unix executables inside the .app packages on a Mac.) An attacker will then use a debugger to study the binary code and try to locate the registration logic that I singled out above.Next you can see the flowchart for a snippet of code that I showed in C++, presented via a low-level debugger. Or, as the code will be read in the binary form after compilation:(For readability I added comments on the right with the names of functions and variables. They will not be present in the code that an attacker could see.)(To understand what is shown above an attacker will have to have good knowledge of the Assembly language instructions for the native code.)I also need to point out that having a disassembly snippet like the one above is the final result for an attacker. The main difficulty for him or her is to locate it among millions and millions of other similar lines of code. And that is their main challenge. Not many people can do it and that is why software "cracking" is a special skill.So having found the code snippet above in the software binary file a "cracker" has two choices:1) Modify (or patch) the binary.2) Reverse-engineer the "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy its logic to create what is known as a "KeyGen" or "Key Generator."Let's review both:The first choice is quite straightforward. Since an attacker got this far, he or she knows the Intel x64 Instruction Set quite well. So they simply change the conditional jump from "jnz short loc_7FF645671430" at the address 00007FF645671418 (circled in red in the screenshots) to unconditional jump, or "jmp short loc_7FF645671430". This will effectively remove any failed registration code entries and anything that the user types in will be accepted as a valid registration.Also note that this modification can be achieved by changing just one byte in the binary code from 0x75 to 0xEB:But this approach comes with a "price" of modifying the original binary file. For that an attacker needs to write his own "patcher" (or a small executable that will apply the modification that I described above.) The downside of this approach for an attacker is that patching an original executable file will break its digital signature, which may alert the end-user or the vendor. Additionally the "patcher" executable made by an attacker can be easily flagged and blocked by the end-user's antivirus software, or lead criminal investigators to the identity of the attacker.The second choice is a little bit more tricky. An attacker will have to study "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy it into his own small program that will effectively duplicate the logic implemented in the original software and let him generate the registration code from any name, thus giving any unscrupulous user of that software an ability to register it without making a payment.Vendors of many major software products understand the potential impact of the second method and try to prevent it by requiring what is known as "authentication." This is basically a second step after registration, where the software submits registration name to the company's web server that returns a response back to the software of whether the code was legitimate or not. This is done by Microsoft when you purchase Windows (they call it "Activate Windows") and also by signNow, and many other companies. This second step may be done behind-the-scenes on the background while the software is running, and will usually lead to cancellation of prior registration if it was obtained illegally.So now you know how software is "cracked".Let me answer why it is not possible to prevent it. It all boils down to the fact that any software code needs to be read either by CPU (in case of a binary native code) or by an interpreter or a JIT compiler (in case of JavaScript or .NET code.) This means that if there's a way to read/interpret something, no matter how complex or convoluted it is, an attacker with enough knowledge and persistence will be able to read it as well, and thus break it.There is an argument though that cloud-based software is more secure, which is true, since its (binary) code remains on the server and end-users do not have direct access to it. And even though cloud-based software is definitely the future, it has some major drawbacks that will never allow it to fully replace your conventional software. To name just a few:Not everyone has an internet connection, or is willing to upload their data online. Additionally someone’s internet connection can be very expensive or too slow to make the software run very laggy.Then there’s a question of distributed computing. For instance, Blizzard Entertainment would never make “World of Warcraft” to fully run on their servers due to immense computational resources needed to render every single scene for every player they have. Thus it is in their best interest to let each individual user’s computer to do the rendering instead.As a software developer myself, I obviously don't like when people steal software licenses. But I have to accept it and live with it. The good news is that there are not that many people who are willing to go extra mile and search for a cracked version of software. The main problem for those who do, is that by downloading a patched executable, or an attacker's KeyGen or a Patcher, they are effectively "trusting" him or her not to put anything "nasty" into it that was not "advertised on the package" (stuff like trojans, malware, or keyloggers.) So the question for those people becomes -- is it worth the cost of the software license to potentially infect your system with a nasty virus?On the other side of the equation, some developers react very negatively to any attempts to steal their software licenses. (I was there too.) They try to implement all kinds of countermeasures -- anything from tricking reverse-engineers, to adding booby traps in the code that may do something nasty if the code detects that it is being debugged, to obfuscating or scrambling the code, to enforcing all kinds of convoluted DRM schemes, to blocking users from certain countries. I personally try to stay away from all of those measures. And here's why:A) Any kind of anti-reverse-engineering tactics could be bypassed by an attacker with enough persistence. So why bother and waste my time when I can invest that time into adding something useful to my software that will make it more productive for legitimate users?B) Some code packers could create false positives with antivirus software, which is obviously not good for marketing of that software. It also creates unnecessary complexity for the developer to debug the software.C) Adding booby traps in the code can also “misfire” on your legitimate users, which will really infuriate them and can even lead to lawsuits.D) Any DRM scheme will probably catch some 100 illegal users and greatly inconvenience 10,000 legitimate ones. So why do it to your good customers?E) Our statistics show that about 75% of all illegal licenses come from China, Russia, Brazil, to name the worst offenders. (I also understand that the reason may be much lower incomes that people have in those countries.) The main issue for us though was the fact that if we enforce our DRM or add some strong registration authentication, many people that wanted to bypass our registration would simply use a stolen credit card number. And we had no control over it. Our system will use it to send them a legitimate license only to have the payment bounce in weeks time. As a result we would lose the money that were paid for the license, plus the credit card company will impose an additional chargeback fee to our account, which may range from $0.25 to $20 per bad purchase on top of the license cost.F) As was pointed out in the comments, some companies may actually benefit from allowing pirated copies of their software. Microsoft for instance gets a lot of free publicity from people using their Windows OS, the same goes for signNow with their Photoshop. That is a good point that I agree with.So my philosophy is now this -- if someone wants to go extra mile and steal our software, go for it! They went this far to do it anyway, so they probably have a good reason. On the positive side there are so many other customers that appreciate the work that goes into creating software that greatly outnumber those that don’t.PS. Thank you for all your feedback! It makes me feel good that the knowledge I shared is useful to others.
-
What are some great online tools for startups? Why?
Startups need something that can give then maximum at minimum invest because the number of risks is always high! We understand all your needs and hence we have got this product for you- PayUnow!Be it any startup: food, automobiles, e-commerce, travel, IT, education or homemakers, this one is for you! It is available for FREE for Android and iOS users. Let customers discover you as you upload pictures of delicacies. To collect online payments easily, anytime and anywhere, all you have to do is share a unique business link or website which you will create with us for FREE! Here’s why you should download the app NOW:It is FREEAllows you to create a business website with zero maintenance costHas the lowest TDR in the market i.e 1.99+GST!Lets you showcase your productsAllow you to add contact details and locationMultiple payment options supportedYour customers do not need an app! All you need to accept payments directly in your bank is one link: you can choose this link for FREE!Quick and paperless bank verification and documentationPayUnow is a product of India’s largest Fintech Company- PayU! Join the communtiy of 4.5 lakhs+ businesses like you! We look forward to empowering the SMBs and give them a relief from the hassles of payments so that the only thing you need to focus is your business growth! We are continuously creating a guide to assist you with the best. Learn how to sign up, edit, share and verify by visiting here:
-
How can I get proprietor code to apply for trademark registration India?
Before creating a Proprietor Code you need to ensure that you have a valid Class III Digital Signature Certificate and the same is installed on your computer.Proprietor Code can be created online on the Trademarks Registry’s Website. To create a Proprietor Code you need follow the below steps.Go to http://www.ipindia.nic.in/Click on Trademarks;On the next page, click on Comprehensive eFiling Services for Trade Marks;On the next page, click on No Account? Sign Up;On the page, click on Proceed for Registration;The Next Page will display the New User Registration Form; on this page, select “Proprietor” in the type of Applicant and in the Enter Code box, type your (applicant’s) name and click on Search;On the next page, type your (applicant’s) name in the box and click on Submit;On the next page, click on Add New;On the next page, select the Proprietor Category and fill up the form, the form requires basic details like:Name;Address;Nationality;Service Address (where you want all notices to be served);Telephone:Fax;E-mail;Trade Description (Brief description of your business);Trading As (Business Name);Legal Status (Company, LLP, Partnership Firm, Trust, etc.).Once you have filled the form, click on Submit and a Proprietor Code will be generated.You need to mention the same Proprietor Code, for all applicants made under the same name.
-
What are the cyber security laws that everyone must know?
According to Information Technology Act 2000(IT Act 2000) and its Amendment here are some of the list of law :OFFENCES:65. Tampering with computer source documents.Whoever knowingly or intentionally conceals, destroys or alters or intentionally or knowingly causes another to conceal, destroy, or alter any computer Source code used for a computer, computer programme, computer system or computer network, when the computer source code is required to be kept or maintained by law for the time being in force, shall be punishable with imprisonment up to three years, or with fine which may extend up to two lakh rupees, or with both.Explanation.–For the purposes of this section, “computer source code” means the listing of programmes, computer commands, design and layout and programme analysis of computer resource in any form.66. Computer related offences.–If any person, dishonestly or fraudulently, does any act referred to in section 43, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or with fine which may extend to five lakh rupees or with both.Explanation.–For the purposes of this section,–(a) the word “dishonestly” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 24 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860)(b) the word “fraudulently” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 25 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).66A. Punishment for sending offensive messages through communication service, etc.–Any person who sends, by means of a computer resource or a communication device,–(a) any information that is grossly offensive or has menacing character; or(b) any information which he knows to be false, but for the purpose of causing annoyance, inconvenience, danger, obstruction, insult, injury, criminal intimidation, enmity, hatred or ill will, persistently by making use of such computer resource or a communication device;(c) any electronic mail or electronic mail message for the purpose of causing annoyance or inconvenience or to deceive or to mislead the addressee or recipient about the origin of such messages,shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and with fine.Explanation.–For the purpose of this section, terms “electronic mail” and “electronic mail message”means a message or information created or transmitted or received on a computer, computer system,computer resource or communication device including attachments in text, images, audio, video and anyother electronic record, which may be transmitted with the message.66B. Punishment for dishonestly receiving stolen computer resource or communication device.–Whoever dishonestly received or retains any stolen computer resource or communication device knowingor having reason to believe the same to be stolen computer resource or communication device,shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years or with fine which may extend to rupees one lakh or with both.66C. Punishment for identity theft.–Whoever, fraudulently or dishonestly make use of theelectronic signature, password or any other unique identification feature of any other person,shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years andshall also be liable to fine which may extend to rupees one lakh.66D. Punishment for cheating by personation by using computer resource.–Whoever, by meansof any communication device or computer resource cheats by personating, shall be punished withimprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable tofine which may extend to one lakh rupees.66E. Punishment for violation of privacy.–Whoever, intentionally or knowingly captures, publishesor transmits the image of a private area of any person without his or her consent, under circumstancesviolating the privacy of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment which may extend to three yearsor with fine not exceeding two lakh rupees, or with both.Explanation.–For the purposes of this section–(a) “transmit” means to electronically send a visual image with the intent that it be viewed by a person or persons;(b) “capture”, with respect to an image, means to videotape, photograph, film or record by any means;(c) “private area” means the naked or undergarment clad genitals, public area, buttocks or female breast:(d) “publishes” means reproduction in the printed or electronic form and making it available for public;(e) “under circumstances violating privacy” means circumstances in which a person can have a reasonable expectation that–(i) he or she could disrobe in privacy, without being concerned that an image of his private area was being captured; or(ii) any part of his or her private area would not be visible to the public, regardless of whetherthat person is in a public or private place.67. Punishment for publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form.–Whoever publishes or transmits or causes to be published or transmitted in the electronic form, any material whichis lascivious or appeals to the prurient interest or if its effect is such as to tend to deprave and corruptpersons who are likely, having regard to all relevant circumstances, to read, see or hear the matter contained or embodied in it, shall be punished on first conviction with imprisonment of either descriptionfor a term which may extend to three years and with fine which may extend to five lakh rupees and in theevent of second or subsequent conviction with imprisonment of either description for a term which mayextend to five years and also with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees.67A. Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material containing sexually explicit act, etc., in electronic form.–Whoever publishes or transmits or causes to be published or transmitted in theelectronic form any material which contains sexually explicit act or conduct shall be punished on firstconviction with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years and withfine which may extend to ten lakh rupees and in the event of second or subsequent conviction withimprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years and also with fine whichmay extend to ten lakh rupees.67B. Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material depicting children in sexually explicit act, etc., in electronic form.–Whoever,–(a) publishes or transmits or causes to be published or transmitted material in any electronic formwhich depicts children engaged in sexually explicit act or conduct; or(b) creates text or digital images, collects, seeks, browses, downloads, advertises, promotes,exchanges or distributes material in any electronic form depicting children in obscene or indecent or sexually explicit manner;or(c) cultivates, entices or induces children to online relationship with one or more children for and on sexually explicit act or in a manner that may offend a reasonable adult on the computer resource;or(d) facilitates abusing children online, or(e) records in any electronic form own abuse or that of others pertaining to sexually explicit actwith children,shall be punished on first conviction with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extendto five years and with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees and in the event of second or subsequentconviction with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years and also with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees:Provided that provisions of section 67, section 67A and this section does not extend to any book,pamphlet, paper, writing, drawing, painting representation or figure in electronic form–(i) the publication of which is proved to be justified as being for the public good on theground that such book, pamphlet, paper, writing, drawing, painting representation or figure is theinterest of science, literature, art or learning or other objects of general concern; or(ii) which is kept or used for bonafide heritage or religious purposes.Explanation–For the purposes of this section, “children” means a person who has not completedthe age of 18 years.80. Power of police officer and other officers to enter, search, etc.–(1) Notwithstanding anythingcontained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), any police officer, not below the rank of a1[Inspector], or any other officer of the Central Government or a State Government authorised by theCentral Government in this behalf may enter any public place and search and arrest without warrant anyperson found therein who is reasonably suspected of having committed or of committing or of beingabout to commit any offence under this Act.Explanation.–For the purposes of this sub-section, the expression “public place” includes any publicconveyance, any hotel, any shop or any other place intended for use by, or accessible to the public.(2) Where any person is arrested under sub-section (1) by an officer other than a police officer, suchofficer shall, without unnecessary delay, take or send the person arrested before a magistrate havingjurisdiction in the case or before the officer-in-charge of a police station.(3) The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) shall, subject to theprovisions of this section, apply, so far as may be, in relation to any entry, search or arrest, made underthis section.85. Offences by companies.–(1) Where a person committing a contravention of any of the provisionsof this Act or of any rule, direction or order made there under is a company, every person who, at the timethe contravention was committed, was in charge of, and was responsible to, the company for the conductof business of the company as well as the company, shall be guilty of the contravention and shall be liableto be proceeded against and punished accordingly:Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such person liable to punishmentif he proves that the contravention took place without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligenceto prevent such contravention.(2) Not with standing anything contained in sub-section (1), where a contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or of any rule, direction or order made thereunder has been committed by acompany and it is proved that the contravention has taken place with the consent or connivance of, or isattributable to any neglect on the part of, any director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company,
-
What are some things that should be considered when designing a programming language?
There are plenty of practicals of programming language design (I think Adrian Ho’s answer is great in talking about this), but, to me, the most important thing to consider is that, eventually, your programming language will have to be used by people.Most (if not all) programming languages ignore this, and they come up with these beautiful mathematical foundations… and then people just ignore them and use it in ways the designers did not predict because the costs using it “the right way” are way too damn high (in a huge part because they never ran any usability study with actual humans).I’ll go through a couple of examples of this.Consider Java. When designing the language they thought that it would be great for reasoning about programs if the possible exceptions every operation could raise was expressed directly in the signature (known as “checked exceptions”). They were right about that. Exceptions bubble up all the way through your dynamic call stack, so you can’t know what to expect by just reading the operation’s source code. And you need to know the ways in which your program can fail if you want to build software that is resistant to errors.So checked exceptions are a great idea. They’re solving a real problem people have. The mathematical model for it is pretty solid. Yet a ton of Java programmers are extremely dissatisfied with them. To the point most other languages would never consider this feature even though it’s a good feature.The problem in Java is that they did not run usability studies. They did not think about things like “if we have a huge codebase, and this code is used by thousands of other projects, and I add this exception to this one operation, what happens?” What happens is that everyone’s code breaks, which is an unacceptable cost for any software. It may take months to years of work from people you don’t even know to get each piece of software to work again. So, instead of relying on this great feature for reasoning, people choose to take the costs of poor static reasoning by using less fine-grained exceptions, relying more on unchecked exceptions, etc.Note that this doesn’t mean that checked exceptions are bad. THEY’RE GREAT. They’re an amazing feature for static reasoning, and every programming language out there should support this task (static reasoning). The problem with Java’s implementation is in the costs for actual humans using the language. It’s in how humans write software collaboratively. In how software codebases evolve over time. In how we don’t really control every single piece of code we use. These costs were not considered when people decided to implement checked exceptions in Java the way they did.Now let’s consider another programming language with this very same feature: Frank[1] . Frank is a language where not only the exceptions are checked. EVERY EFFECT IS. If a function mutates a variable, its signature will have to say that it mutates a variable. If it sends a request over the network, its signature will have to say that. From just looking at the signature in Frank you know not only how an operation may fail, but all of the things that it or the functions it calls may do.You’d think that this would be a disaster. After all, if you add a simple piece of code to log some information, you’ll effectively change the signatures of all operations that call that function through any amount of indirection. If you change F, which is called by G, which is called by H, which is called by Main, then all of these functions would break.Yet, things work perfectly in Frank. It has none of the problems Java has. If you add new things to an operation that has a thousand of callers, none of those callers need any changes. But your IDE will now show all of the additional things all those thousand functions can do/how they can fail. If you remove things from an operation, only the callers that depended on those things will need changes—and this is good, because they’d break at runtime anyway.Frank allows this through the amazing power of type inference. The compiler does all of this work for you, and you get all of the benefits. Everyone’s happy, because the costs of maintaining and evolving software are now much lower. People feel like they can use the features, and it won’t end up just being a burden in the future.Now let’s talk about where Frank goes wrong. Indeed being able to get the benefits of static reasoning without paying a huge price for it is great. But in real code bases there’s usually a lot of code that never gets ran. You add a lot of dependencies, and you might use 5% of their functions, but if any of the 95% you don’t use have a problem your code won’t compile. You won’t be able to ship, even though the problematic code will never get executed—it would have never been a problem!Sadly, all static programming languages have this problem. They require that all of the code you’ve included is consistent according to the type system rules, even if you don’t use most of it. That’s not only an unreasonable cost to pay, but it’s not even a predictable cost. How would you know that this obscure function in a library you’ve only included for one of its data structures has a type error? You don’t even care, for Christ’s sake.Now, again, type checking is a good feature. And I think a lot more people agree with this one than with checked exceptions. After all, type systems prevent a lot of problems that would be much more costly if we left them to be found in production. But, still, why do we have to pay for things that we don’t even care about or use? We don’t buy the entire supermarket when doing grocery shopping.Some people realised this, and they’ve worked on a gradual typing theory. This means that your type system allows your program to be only partially correct—if the pieces you use are correct, that’s really all that matters, you should be able to run or ship it. But you don’t really have to give up all of those other benefits for this, like you would in a dynamically typed language. You can still have your cake and eat it. Hazel[2] is an example of this.This happens a lot with security too, so let’s talk about that. JavaScript introduced a construct called Template Literals[3] . The idea comes from Quasi-Literals[4] in E, which in turn comes from Quasi-Quotation in Lisps. And it’s a brilliant idea—and as you may have been expecting by now, poorly executed.See, we have a lot of security issues in software that comes from people not using structured data formats[5] . SQL injections happen because people are putting strings together to form SQL queries. Shell injections happen because people are putting strings together to form Shell commands. HTML injections (XSS) happen because people are putting strings together to form HTML pages.This makes it seem that strings are evil, but the problem here is not strings per se. If you look at what people are doing in the places that have these security vulnerabilities there are two common themes:They want to build complex components from simpler parts. The usual case with templating in HTML involves things like “include this header here”, for example. In SQL it could be “include this filter in the WHERE clause, but only if that condition is fulfilled.”They want to include information that they don’t control in the components. For example, the text the user sent in a search input could be included in a WHERE clause to find things containing it.Both of these are very valid use cases, so it’s not like people are just creating security vulnerabilities for the fun of it. Both of these cases still happen with experienced programmers, and they’re equally ridden with security vulnerabilities, so it’s not a problem with experience either. These two cases also happen in all programming languages, so it’s not like some programming language is forcing these on people either—people want to do this.Interestingly, even though people’re doing this same thing in Lisp dialects, the vulnerabilities seem to happen less frequently. Conversely, it happens very frequently in PHP. We do need to keep in mind PHP is very popular, while Lisp dialects are not. The Lisp community can’t represent the PHP community, nor the programming community at large. But it’s still interesting; after all, people are writing systems that use databases in both languages.One difference between Lisp dialects and PHP is that Lisp dialects tend to represent everything with structured data (S-expressions-based). While using S-expressions, combining data always preserves the composition rules.For example, if you have “(select table (where (gt 'id x)))”, it doesn’t matter what the variables “table” and “x” contain, they won’t be able to arbitrarily change your query. You can’t just make “table = ‘* FROM user; DROP TABLE user’” and hope that it’ll work. The likelihood is low because only one person has to get the query implementation right—the person who implements the SQL library. The people creating queries (and thus dealing with the two “wants” above) don’t have to care. They just can’t possibly get it wrong. And the cost of using it is really low, so there’s no reason to look for alternative ways of achieving the same thing.In PHP your database library expects a String, and it’s very usual to find people building strings like: “SELECT * FROM “ . $table . “ WHERE id > “ . $x. The attack above now works, because you have to guarantee that your textual composition is correct every time you do it. The people who implemented the SQL library can’t help you.The costs keep growing because every composition, every context, requires special attention. People aren’t good with things that require a lot of attention all the time. They might get it wrong when they’re trying to fix a production bug at 00:00 because something else broke and they have to bring the system back really quickly. They might get it wrong because they didn’t get enough sleep last night. Or because they had a fight with their spouse. Or because their grandfather passed away. There’ll always be something that affects people’s attention, and we can’t rely on it for security. So, the cost can’t be there.And this is why template strings are such a great idea. They give people exactly what they’re familiar with when using strings—you can keep writing your SQL queries like you used to, mostly. But at the same time gives us the same properties Lisp libraries have when using structured data. We don’t have to care about composition rules anymore. When we write something like:sql`SELECT * FROM $table WHERE id > $x` We only have to rely on the person who wrote the “sql” function getting it right. Only one person has to get it right. And they don’t have to implement that under stress or emotional pressure or whatever!Yet, it doesn’t work in JavaScript. And it doesn’t happen for three simple reasons:JavaScript has a string interpolation syntax. You can write `SELECT * FROM $table WHERE id > $x`. This has the same semantics as the PHP example, which means it’s every bit as problematic for humans. But it’s also more straightforward to write than the tagged version, which is safer. The cost of writing secure code is higher than writing potentially vulnerable one.There’s no “sql” function in the standard library. I think they did consider adding common implementations of these in the standard library, but they never did. Rolling your own parser is a lot of work. Not everyone has learned how to write parsers and compilers. And a lot of people’d approach it with things like Yacc or Bison. While things like Miller’s Quasi Parser Generator would reduce this cost, it’s still a unlikely that people will choose to write a parser for SQL instead of just concatenating strings and hoping for the best.All database libraries in JavaScript accept strings for the query, instead of structured data, so using strings is much cheaper for the developer.As a result, the tagged variant of String Templates in JavaScript is hardly ever used by programmers. It doesn’t feel like it’s solving a problem (even though it is). It is very cumbersome to use, compared to just naive concatenation with untagged templates. And all libraries already encourage using strings anyway.I could go on, but this is already too long, and you get the idea :’)So, to summarise:Think about how humans will use your programming language.Think about what it means to use your features in terms of costs for humans, not just for computers. Thinking about execution performance and memory is great, but think about the human cost as well.Footnotes[1] Do be do be do[2] Hazel, a live functional programming environment featuring typed holes.[3] Template literals (Template strings)[4] QuasiLiterals[5] The Importance Of Being Typed
-
Who would win in a battle between the JAS-39 Gripen and the F-16 Fighting Falcon?
Knowledge is a process of piling up facts; wisdom lies in their simplification.*************************************************************************************During combat, any aircraft can be presented with the opportunity to defeat another aircraft in a dogfight. Since cannon firing dogfights are rare nowadays, it leaves aircraft armed with at least short range missiles to be in a position to shoot down another aircraft.There are Several critical factors that affect an outcome of head to head combat ala dogfight.Skill , Training & Flying capabilities of the pilots .How much their body can adjust in manouvers such as Thrust vectoring or cobra and make decisions quickly.Years of flying i.e Experience of the pilot on that particular aircraft as each aircraft is different.Avionics and weapons available ; Range, Accuracy and Reliability .Operational Readiness time (How quickly it can get in Air)Maintainability and Service CielingHuman factors such as calmness, courage to die for your country and mission, and confidence in the air.Lets discuss the subject..___________________________________________________________________________________Depending upon the Skill of the Pilot and the Package its fielded in (AWACS etc) SAB JAS 39 Gripen C / E nick named **SMART FIGHTER…Likely WINs. No dis respect to World’s proven F - 16.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^BASIC DESCRIPTIONSAAB is an Advanced 4.0+ Gen Aircraft a Single-Engine, Single-Seat, Network centric, Shorter range & Lesser Thrust (as comapred to say Rafale / Sukhoi Su 35 Flanker) , Multi - Role , Even Swing Role (meaning it can switch operational role in flight), Combat & Reconnaissance missions. Canard design , with Outstanding Agility , Equipped with sensor-fusion and unique software architecture, Smaller and Easy to maintain. It’s the F-20 Tigershark of contemporary era …The Gripen is the dream come true for a nation (Sweeden) & now an 18 years old platform..SAAB J29 of 1960s was replaced by SAAB DRAKENS , Sweden needed to replace JA-37 Viggen.Before advent of JSF F-35 , it was the JA-37 which had the ‘most powerful engine’ in single engine category fighter, its fuselage became obslete and became exensive to operate. This led to birth of GRIPEN in 1988 - Light , Cost Effective , Maintenance friendly with pioneer in Aerodynamic instability being built-in as concept. Griffin or Gripen is the state of the art fighter incorporating the learnings of its predecessors. The first ‘A version’ was taken into service in 1996 by the Swedish Air Force.“Affordable and the best – the new normal,” is how Håkan Buskhe, CEO and President of Saab, introduced his company’s latest product, the Gripen E, the only modern fighter aircraft that has power, efficiency and flexibility in perfect balance.The JAS 39A, as it emerged, was a true lightweight fighter, with about three-quarters the empty weight of an F-16C and about half the empty weight of the Viggen, the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, or the Dassault Rafale. The Gripen's airframe featured extensive use of composite assemblies to reduce weight. The modest size reduced purchase cost to a degree, and definitely reduced operating cost; made the machine easier to handle on the ground; and gave it a lower radar signature.**********************************************************************************SOME KEY SUB - SYSTEMS :JAS - 39 platform uses US Engine and British Air Frame & Hydraulic / Brake Systems with a German Cannon to Swede Radar & Avionics … A Joint platform with available - off the Shelf systems it seems. Hence the system integration is top of the line.On the other hand its design is based on features of a “Tail - less Delta Wing - Sweep of 45 degree . Front Canard with Wing Tip Pylons config” design , somewhat similar to Typhoon and Rafale family of Jets, with Relaxed Aerodynamic Stability. This design is a Trade - off i.e has pros and cons. It provides Additional Lift, Anti - Stall protection, Less Drag, An instantaneous turn rate, Extreme Agility and Super - Maneuverability ( Say the F-35 couldn't our manoeuvre the JAS-39 Gripen) , at the cost of Stealth and need of very complex Flight Control systems.COCKPIT & DISPLAY SYSTEMThe cockpit has 3 large, full colour, Multi-Function Displays (MFDs) and a wide angle diffractive optics Head-Up Display (HUD) with a holographic combiner. Highly efficient H.M.I integrated to Reduce pilot workload, particularly in combat situations. Hence A Gripen pilot has effective situational awareness, ensuring unrivalled operational success.A word on much fancied term STEALTH -During modern combats , A Fighter jet will probably not enter a Dog fight with its radar ON, Otherwise it will be illuminating screens of SAMs , Early Warning AWACS, EriEyes, Ground Radars, F 35s etc , which means a SAM / AMRAAM would be smelling you for lunch. Stealth will be useful in First strike missions to bomb enemy targets or in a Package formation to remain invisible , remaining at a larger distance from Effective range and feeding info via datalink to forward interceptors and Air Superiority Vehicles.Most 4.0 Generation fighter have Radar Cross Sections of 1.0 to 2.5 m².YET Gripen has a smaller frame with radar cross section R.C.S between 0.5 – 1.0 m² and a frontal RCS of miniature 0.1 m² - A “Sneaky” opponent- because Gripen is a small fighter With the Aerodynamics designed cleverly to avoid sharp corners, fan blades, Contouring pylons with weapons to ‘reflect’ less angle of return & a smaller long-wave radar signature - But without any RAM Coatings. Its NOT Pure Stealth jet - it carries Weapons externally - Yet Gripen's small size makes it harder to see and harder to hit.AESA & EW/ECM (electronic countermeasure) - Its advanced electronic warfare system OR intelligent fighter system, similar to an electronic shield, allows disruption of the enemy’s ability to function effectively. Gripen E/F reduces its likelihood of being detected by relying on its passive sensors, or through active jamming.SELEX Galileo - Raven ES-05 AESA RADAR SYSTEM & IFF (Identification Friends or Foe) systemAESA stands for Active Electronically Scanned Array and means that, in contrast to older generation radars, it has not only one antenna but a full array of small antennas, called elements. This means that the radar can simultaneously and independently track different targets, and also track targets independently of search volumes. It comprises of a radar warning receiver (RWR), enabling the equipped fighter with situational awareness of enemy radar tracking activity. Gripen has Selex Italian Raven ES-OS AESA Radar and Skyward G- infra red-Search-and-Track I.R.S.T cued to the radar .New infrared search and tracksystemGripen E features Selex Skyward G - IRST - A passive system which can be used to track and discover enemies in the air and on the ground by heat signatures. This information is cued with the radar picture for a full situational awareness. Its claimed that with this new technique aircrafts equipped with stealth technology will be detectable.An Infra Red Search and Track I.R.S.T bump is located in front of the cockpit in the nose section, as well as the missile warning system on the air intakes, are the primary external differentiators. Gripen E can turn away and still keep the target illuminated (Needed till Missile hits the Target)General: Fire control radarRe - positionable ‘Swashplat’e for Radar to view 110 degree to the sides, giving the Pilot great situational awareness.High-FrequencyExciter Receiver Unit (EXRHFU): Narrowband and wideband receivers, digital pulse compression, state-of-the-art spectral purity and noise figures.Signal and data processorRadar Processing Unit (RPUSDP): Saab airborne Modular Avionic Computer System (MACS) computer system and parallel COTS based multiprocessor cluster, solid state discs for recordinghttps://saab.com/globalassets/gr... (https://saab.com/globalassets/gr...)POWER PLANTSAB is powered by a Volvo-Flygmotor RM12. Volvo Aero Corporation RM12 is a modular, fuel efficient, low bypass ratio afterburning turbofan in the 81.9 KN (18,400lb) thrust class. It is based on the General Electric F-404-400 which has completed several million flight hours in operations worldwide, with several enhancements incorporated by Volvo including increased thrust and bird strike resistance. 60% of the engine's components were built by GE and shipped to Sweden, where they were integrated with the Swedish-built components.Dimensions : Length 14.1 mtrs x 8.4 mtr WingspanGripen C - Airframe Composites : 25%Empty Weight: 14,599 lbs (6622 kg)Speed : Mach 1.8 - 2.0Service Cieling : 65,000 ftMax Take off weight : 31,000 lbsGripen C - Thrust to Weight Ratio 0.91 to 0.94Gripen C: Triplex digital fly-by-wireAESA Radar SELEX RAVEN ES-05 Range 118 miles (190 km)10 Hard Points for WeaponsA 27 mm Caliber Cannon BK-27 MauserBVR Missile M.B.D.A Meteor Radar homing AAM’sPower plant : 1 x 80 KN General Electric’s (GE) F414G Turbofan engineThrust 18,100 lbs with After BunersRange : 1,990 MilesG-Limits: +9/-3Combat turn around air-to-air: 10 minuteshttps://www.diva-portal.org/smas...Existing & NG Gripen will have an edge on most of its competitors in :1. *Swing Role*2. Faster and much more Manoeuvrable than Other jets3. Less Operating Costs4. Less Change over and Maintenace effectiveness5. Gripens are comparatively ‘inexpensive’ and operators leverage this by hunting in packs of 4 / 6 to maximise their data-link capabilities & Meteors.6. Smaller R.C.S7. First Look First shoot Leonardo Raven*8. Sensor suite9. Networking capabilities, Famous Link -16*Gripen’s Arexis jamming pod built with Gallium - Nitride based electronics.10. *Leonardo’s Skyward-G - IRIS-T , Designed to take out Approaching AAMs. Has a proximity fuse with a high-fragmentation warhead that has proven to be Most effective against Incoming Sidewinders.11. *Meteor BVR12. Take off and Land from Roads13. Ability to Upgrade for next 02 decadesIHS Jane's study reported that Gripen is the least expensive fighter jet to operate , based on Costs covering fuel used, Pre-flight preparation, Scheduled Maintenance with associated personnel costs. *( Cost comparison of Flight hours - Renato Henrique Marçal de Oliveira)WEAPONARYGripen C : A 27 mm Caliber Cannon BK-27 Mauser with 4 BVR missiles on underwing stores and 2 on wingtip say a config of 4 X AIM - 120D AMRAAMs or 4 X MICA Meteor and 4 X AIM-9X Side-winders .Gripen E has Expendable, Active decoy SELEX - BRITE CLOUD , to divert radar-guided missiles from the aircraft ,current versions of the Litening targeting pod and Reccelite reconnaissance pod. The IRIS-T is an IR-guided, short-range air-to-air missile, primarily funded by Germany for the Eurofighter. Antiship missiles, such as the SAAB RBS-15 turbojet-powered sea-skimming missile. The Mark 3 version introduced support for precision land attackGripen E can also be integrated with a number of air-to-surface weapons including unguided Mk82, Mk83 and Mk84 bombs, laser-guided bombs such as GBU-12, GBU-16 and GBU-10, and advanced bombs such as GBU-49 and GBU-39. Air-to-surface missiles such as RBS15F ER, TAURUS KEPD 350, AGM-65 Maverick, and MBDA’s dual-mode Brimstone (DMB) can also be integrated into the Gripen E. .** Meteor :German Company MBDA METEOR Beyond Visual Range BVRAAM Air to Air with Active Radar Guidance.The new meteor missile was developed and used Gripen as a test platform. Meteor offers a multi-shot capability against long range manoeuvring targets, jets, UAVs and cruise missiles in a Loaded Electronic Counter Measure environment , called ECM. It has range well in excess of 100 kilometres . Meteor can be launched as a stealth missile. It is equipped with enhanced kinematics features. It is capable of striking different types of targets simultaneously in almost any weather.Since Ramjet is non effective when Missile is at stand still so its assisted by a propulsion and then Ramjet takes over.Ramjet is sort of a jet engine in which external jet consumes ‘super heated air flow’, naturally moving through the missile at super sonic speed, creating a form of passive engine that would still continue to power even when the missile is low on fuel (as long as it remain super sonic). Ramjets make longer-range rockets, since they don't need to store oxygen onboard to combust the fuel; they scoop it in from the air.The result is a missile that continue to fly at signNowly more powerful level than typical jet and create as much as 3 times the kinetic energy of the conventional missile (or so the MBDA marketing has been bragging about).Meteor’s stunning performance is achieved through its unique Ramjet propulsion system – A Ramjet motor that takes it to Mach 4. Its Oxidant - less since it consumes ‘atmospheric oxygen’ to oxidise the propellant (usually 2 / 3 rd two-propellant is An oxidant) , thus allowing it to carry Extra fuel for larger range.Meteor, instead of having a pulse motor, is a longer, continuous burn. Being a Ramjet with a liquid propellant, the meteor can vary the burn rate. It uses that ability to slow down for the terminal kill, providing the largest No-Escape Zone of any air-to-air missile.No -escape zone of over 60 km is largest among air-to-air missiles according to manufacturer. Solid-fueled ramjet motor allows missile to cruise at a speed of over mach 4 and provides the missile with thrust and mid-way acceleration to target interception… It can be visualised below…Gripen has demonstrated its ability that it can acquire Situational Awareness in tight battle fields , even without AWACs support . That is contributed also to The Link 39 P2P system, This enables Gripen E to remain laregly undetected , complete missions and also to defend itself .In a pack of 4 , 1 X Gripen can stay back , assume the role of a data link, allowing one aircraft to act as an AWACS for 3 x Attacker Gripens . Hence the RAF Typhoon pilots were surprise who initially thought Gripen fighters would be ”Cannon fodder” before they met them in exercises, but were forced to change their mind since they found out that Gripens are notoriously hard to detect.…. Nordlander, Saab Gripen E Test Pilot remarked :“ One can understand that an aircraft sitting on the ground is useless and more vulnerable, so your readers may be surprised to know that we regularly train to turn our Gripen around in 10 minutes. That means once we land and park the aircraft we keep the engine running, we refuel, rearm, and takeoff again in 10 minutes, and all of that is done with a very small logistical footprint.”“Similarly, if we need to swap an engine, we can do that in 1 hour with a small team. We’ve designed Gripen E this way because we know that every asset we have must be more efficient than any potential opponent's, maximizing our ability to operate and making Gripen an even more valuable force multiplier. Its not Stealth, however, has a relatively small radar and visual cross section when compared to other fighters, as well as the ability to operate in a purely passive mode when it comes to detecting and engaging opponents. In our view, low observability provided by an inherent stealth design isn’t necessarily a bad thing, but the cost and operational compromises must not outweigh the advantages.”Gripen E | Ready for the future | Saab* (Gripen E | Ready for the future | Saab)Thats why its also dubbed as Flanker Hunter ..{The Gripen E will have access to satellite communication. This improves Gripen E ability during long distance flights.}Current OperatorsSwedish Air Force - 75 Variants C / D + 60 Es.South Africa - 26 Gripen. (The IInd largest operator)Thailand - 18Hungary & Czek Republic - 14 eachBrazilian Air Force - 28 Gripen E and Ordered 8 Gripen F.STATE OF ART - SWEEDEN - EVIDENCEThe concept of ***‘Networked fighter ’*** introduced with F-35 , is reprotedly in practise with Swedish Air Force for nearly two decades. The latest Rafale has a ‘Uni - directional link’ with MBDA Meteor missile ; while Gripen connects with the Meteor with its superior ‘Bi - directional link’.New US Freedom and Indepence class ships have Radars from Sweden.US using Saab BOL chaff - flair dispensers on F/A 18 fighters.A fleet of 300 x JAS 39 E is economical to operate than 200 x F -35 Lightning ii , over the same time period, giving a close to similar service results and No political strings attached as with US Equipment.Meteor is rated superior to Amraam ( Rytheon’s 120 D)Iris-T is equates in performance to US Side winders (AIM 9X block II).Being smaller in size and Single engine has pros and cons - Agility, Maneuverability, Less Radar Cross section and less cost against limited capacity to the Payload which a small airframe can carry . This may in turn limits versatility of roles for which a small fighter can perform compared to a much larger fighter as Sukhoi or Rafael.Similarly interms of Range, The F 16 Advanced versions cover 4,500km without Mid Air refuelling, against Gripen which can achieve 3 200km. Gripens very economical to operate, it requires only 3 - 5 man-hours of maintenance per hour of flight and cost US$ 5,000 per hour to fly. In contrast, the Raptor requires 40 man-hours of maintenance per hour of flight and costs US$ 60,000 per hour to fly.Export numbers will increase for an Under Dog Gripen , as it took many years for F - 15s , Rafale and F - 16s to gain the market attraction , its not allowed to sell to Gulf countries is making its numbers grow slowly. Its E - Variant which came to limelight in 2016 - 17 , Excels in E W - features an Enhanced sensor suite, upgraded Avionics deck, the ability to take off and land on carriers & an ‘Open Architecture’ for upgrading Avionics thus ensuring no obstacle to evolve in next 02 deacdes. Cost is around 90 - 100 M US $ , Gripen earlier variants costs much less say 50%.Hence its a damn good fighter - A real pocket rocket - in equivalent performance range to F - 16 V , Typhoon and Rafale but lesser in cost. Its open for sales and various operators are studying it .“Resources are only half of the equation.Efficiency is the other half…”
-
What is the exact syllabus of GATE 2019 for CSE?
GATE CSE 2019 SYLLABUSSection 1: Engineering MathematicsDiscrete Mathematics: Propositional and first order logic. Sets, relations, functions, partial orders and lattices. Groups. Graphs: connectivity, matching, coloring. Combinatorics: counting, recurrence relations, generating functions.Linear Algebra: Matrices, determinants, system of linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, LU decomposition.Calculus: Limits, continuity and differentiability. Maxima and minima. Mean value theorem. Integration.Probability: Random variables. Uniform, normal, exponential, poisson and binomial distributions. Mean, median, mode and standard deviation. Conditional probability and Bayes theorem.Section 2: Digital Logic Boolean algebra. Combinational and sequential circuits. Minimization. Number representations and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point).Section 3: Computer Organization and ArchitectureMachine instructions and addressing modes. ALU, data‐path and control unit. Instruction pipelining. Memory hierarchy: cache, main memory and secondary storage; I/O interface (interrupt and DMA mode).Section 4: Programming and Data StructuresProgramming in C. Recursion. Arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, binary search trees, binary heaps, graphs.Section 5: AlgorithmsSearching, sorting, hashing. Asymptotic worst case time and space complexity. Algorithm design techniques: greedy, dynamic programming and divide‐and‐conquer. Graph search, minimum spanning trees, shortest paths.Section 6: Theory of ComputationRegular expressions and finite automata. Context-free grammars and push-down automata. Regular and contex-free languages, pumping lemma. Turing machines and undecidability.Section 7: Compiler DesignLexical analysis, parsing, syntax-directed translation. Runtime environments. Intermediate code generation.Section 8: Operating SystemProcesses, threads, inter‐process communication, concurrency and synchronization. Deadlock. CPU scheduling. Memory management and virtual memory. File systems.Section 9: DatabasesER‐model. Relational model: relational algebra, tuple calculus, SQL. Integrity constraints, normal forms. File organization, indexing (e.g., B and B+ trees). Transactions and concurrency control.Section 10: Computer NetworksConcept of layering. LAN technologies (Ethernet). Flow and error control techniques, switching. IPv4/IPv6, routers and routing algorithms (distance vector, link state). TCP/UDP and sockets, congestion control. Application layer protocols (DNS, SMTP, POP, FTP, HTTP). Basics of Wi-Fi. Network security: authentication, basics of public key and private key cryptography, digital signatures and certificates, firewalls.
-
What precautions should people take in order to keep their devices and data secure online?
Here is my list of top recommendations I would give to people who want to increase the safety of their devices and data online. Please note me stating “increase safety”, not “ensure 100% security”, because 100% security doesn’t exist. It doesn’t mean we shouldn’t strive for it, because we should. However, it’s important to be aware that it’s a constant process of applying best practices and mitigations meant to decrease the risk of data/device compromise.Here we go!Securing devices:Make it harder for hackers to bsignNow your data/device by keeping your software up to date. If you have your web browser, operating system and other software kept up to date, then you can prevent hackers from massively using publicly known exploits to attack your computer.1.Install good AntiVirus software capable of scanning also HTTPS traffic to protect you against some phishing attacks. AntiVirus scanning your encrypted web communication will analyze the content of websites you visit and try to match them to signatures of behavioral patterns of potentially malicious websites. This will protect you from downloading files from unknown sources. Modern AntiVirus software is also capable of defending you against some types of ransomware attacks, so keeping this software up to date and using a renowned vendor is highly important.2. Use common sense while browsing the Internet or plugging something into your computer, because antiVirus and other defensive software is just an additional layer of protection to your sanity. This includes being cautious while following links in unexpectedly received emails, not downloading pirated software, accessing only those e-commerce websites that support HTTPS, and so on.Learn how to use strong passwords (Password Strength) and use a password manager that allows you to create very strong passwords without the need to remember them all.3. Use Two-Factor Authentication wherever possible, so in case your password somehow leaks or gets guessed you still have a second layer of protection. This signNowly increases the effort of a successful attack when an attacker must steal your mobile device or a YubiKey to access the service.4. Encrypt your hard drive, so when your laptop is stolen thieves can not access the data inside. All modern operating systems and hardware support have some sort of default and safe encryption mechanisms that no longer slow down your computer. So feel free to use it anywhere you can, including your mobile devices.5. Backup your data, and test your backups. This will save you a lot of stress and anxiety when you’re hit by a possible ransomware attack, which makes all your data encrypted immediately unusable, or your hard drive simply dies.6. Don’t connect to untrusted networks because those can perform middleman attacks against you by intercepting the sensitive data you transfer online.7. Don’t let anyone near your devices if you’re not watching. It takes only a couple of seconds to plug in a malicious USB device which will compromise the security of your computer.Remember to always lock your devices when you leave them alone, so no one can jump in front of the screen and look into your emails, or stored passwords.8. You should constantly educate yourself and people around you on novel security risks by reading security blogs or news magazines. Any information attained is better than no information at all, so don’t worry that you need to learn a ton. 1% is better than zero.In terms of keeping your online data safe, the security hygiene practices mentioned above are some of the fundamentals to consider. You should govern access to your online data by a strong password with enabled Two-Factor Authentication as well as connect to data repositories only from secured devices you control and can trust. You must also look at this challenge not only by securing yourself but making sure everyone who collaborates with you on the data is aware of best security practices as well.It’s great if you have it all safe and sound, but if your collaborator is performing risky activities like downloading pirated games, and not using some sort of Antivirus software and their password is “password1234”, then all bets are off. Your personal investments in safety have vastly disappeared.It is very important to wisely choose the appropriate platform used to store your data, because we have many of them, and some of them may not provide the security protections you expected them to be. You want to be smart about who you delegate the responsibility of handling the safety and privacy of your data, because once it’s gone from your computer, you’re putting your trust with the 3rd party to deliver what they had promised you.This doesn’t mean your computer is the safest place to store your data, because in the case of most Internet users, it is not. However, there are things you should be aware of while sharing your data, so let me share with you my top requirements and concerns I personally have and follow:• Is this company known in the market and has it been stable for at least 5 years? You’re better off passing your data to a company that has been battle tested for years, rather then go with a new startup with shiny features that appear to be exactly what you always wanted• Has the company processing my data experienced any security bsignNowes in the past? And if so, how did they handle it? Security bsignNowes may happen, but that’s not really how we judge security maturity of companies. The most important part is how company respond to the bsignNow, how it was communicated to customers, how much time it took them to recognize the bsignNow, how much data was lost, was it properly secured, and what’s the scale and severity of the damage?• Is the vendor compliant with relevant industry standards such as HIPAA or GDPR?You want to make sure that they comply with industry best practices and invest in continuous security improvements that had been actually verified by external auditing entity.• Does the platform have relevant security features? You want to know if granular permissions are allowed and if there are: 2-factor authentication supported, cases are well documented, and support to use the product safely, etc?• How is my data processed and stored by the company? If a vendor can’t answer these questions in a clear form, then I don’t trust them, because they must know what they’re doing internally with my data. If they can’t answer it, then it’s a good indicator they don’t have sufficient protective parameters in place. This type of compliance will be also regulated by GDPR.• How many other people use this solution? Although it may not be the best predictor of how good the product actually is, in general you’re better off using a solution used by a few hundred of known companies rather than a software created in your neighbors garage.• Does this company have a dedicated security team? With the amount of risks and demands companies are facing nowadays, there is no chance they are secure without investing in internal or outsourced security operations.• Common sense - do you like this company? Do you have any concerns that make you feel insecure? Contact the vendor and have them answer all your doubts, or do plenty of research on your own searching for opinion via online forums.Data privacy and safety are hard to get right, so once you’ve found a company you trust and you’ve learned how to use their product — don’t get easily deluded into switching to another small company that claims they’re doing it all better.
-
What are the pros and cons of functional programming compared to imperative programming?
Over time it has become increasingly difficult to define what is the difference between imperative and functional languages. The original functional languages Lisp, was imperative. Today it seems as if the main distinction relates to functional purity meaning immutable data and the control of effects through the type system. However, this definition excludes most languages considered to be functional such as Scheme, SML, OCaml, Clojure, Scala and leaves Haskell (and family members).Q: What are the pros and cons of Haskell programming compared to imperative programming?ProsImmutability improves the ability to reason about code, particularly when their is substantial composition of disparate components.ConsNot scalable, most immutable data-structures have non-constant asymptotic complexity and those with constant complexity have a relatively large constant. Anton Carver's answer to When should I avoid functional programming and use imperative programming instead?Some sequential algorithms are only possible by using excessive workarounds (union/find).Some parallel algorithms are only possible by using excessive workarounds (parallel union/find).Mismatch when working with databases (transactional mutation).Mismatch when working with distributed systems (Byzantine failures). Anton Carver's answer to Can one make distributed computing systems taking advantage of functional programming's stateless behavior?Not mainstream, difficulty in finding skilled engineers.Neutral (these things apply to both Haskell and imperative languages).Use of immutable data-structures as shared messages in a concurrent systems.Ability to operate with high-level abstractions, composition and meta-constructs.
Trusted esignature solution— what our customers are saying
Get legally-binding signatures now!
Related searches to Search eSignature Form Computer
Frequently asked questions
How do i add an electronic signature to a word document?
What is an eSign message?
How to create an electronic signature field in a pdf?
Get more for Search eSignature Form Computer
- How Can I Electronic signature Connecticut Police PPT
- Can I Electronic signature Connecticut Police PPT
- How To Electronic signature Connecticut Police Presentation
- How To Electronic signature Connecticut Police Presentation
- How Do I Electronic signature Connecticut Police Presentation
- How Do I Electronic signature Connecticut Police Presentation
- Help Me With Electronic signature Connecticut Police Presentation
- Help Me With Electronic signature Connecticut Police Presentation
Find out other Search eSignature Form Computer
- Internal revenue bulletin 2019 02internal revenue service form
- Criminal case information statement appellate criminal cis appellate criminal cis
- Respondents attorney form
- Court transcript request form
- Get the uniform arbitration statement of facts appendix
- Attorney pro se name form
- Justia small claims complaint and summons motor vehicle form
- Security deposit tenant has paid to landlord as a deposit to form
- Warranty misrepresentation mistake or other tort unless buyer first notifies seller in writing of form
- For the work described herein form
- The basis and nature of the claim within thirty 30 days of the date of this contract form
- I certify that on form
- In the office of the register of deeds and mortgages form
- Improvements of real property at form
- Such form
- Outstanding in accordance to the appropriate laws of the state of new jersey form
- A1 docsharetips form
- Seller shall receive from the undersigned written notice of revocation and such form
- Lessee agrees to pay lessor the following sums the first payment of form
- Use of material shall constitute a waiver of any error in shipment or defect in material which might have been determined by form