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FAQs
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Who are the 2013 Top Writers on Quora?
I am, strangely enough. My output has waned over the last year as I've become busier. But I'm happy to take the fleece. In the meantime, enjoy some of my greatest hits of the past year, most of which are not that great: Biology * Shan Kothari's answer to Is it a good idea to interbreed the various endangered tiger subspecies like the Sumatran, Malayan, Indo-Chinese, South China, Bengal and Siberian tigers so that they have more genetic variation? [ https://www.quora.com/Is-it-a-good-idea-to-interbreed-the-various-endangered-tiger-subspecies-like-the-Sumatran-Malayan-Indo-Chinese-South-China-Bengal-and-Siberian-tigers-so-that-they-have-more-genetic-variation/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Can giraffes swim? [ https://www.quora.com/Can-giraffes-swim/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Ecology: What do ecologists think of Lotka-Volterra? [ https://www.quora.com/Ecology-What-do-ecologists-think-of-Lotka-Volterra/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What is the future of big data in ecology? [ https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-future-of-big-data-in-ecology/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What is hermatypic coral? [ https://www.quora.com/What-is-hermatypic-coral/answer/Shan-Kothari ] Philosophy * Shan Kothari's answer to Why did Blaise Pascal not immediately understand the "which god" problem with his wager? [ https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Blaise-Pascal-not-immediately-understand-the-which-god-problem-with-his-wager/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Philosophy of Mind: What is functionalism? [ https://www.quora.com/Philosophy-of-Mind-What-is-functionalism/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Do ethical philosophers tend to be more ethical? [ https://www.quora.com/Do-ethical-philosophers-tend-to-be-more-ethical/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Can you be a philosopher and still believe in god? [ https://www.quora.com/Can-you-be-a-philosopher-and-still-believe-in-god/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What are the main differences between epiphenomenalism and materialist reductionism? [ https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-main-differences-between-epiphenomenalism-and-materialist-reductionism/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What has philosophy contributed to society in the past 50 years? [ https://www.quora.com/What-has-philosophy-contributed-to-society-in-the-past-50-years/answer/Shan-Kothari ] Other: * Shan Kothari's answer to What are some famous pictures that ruined people's lives? [ https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-famous-pictures-that-ruined-peoples-lives/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Why is it common liberal policy to reject Social Darwinism despite wholeheartedly embracing evolution? Why this contradiction? [ https://www.quora.com/Why-is-it-common-liberal-policy-to-reject-Social-Darwinism-despite-wholeheartedly-embracing-evolution-Why-this-contradiction/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Who are the best or most famous Christian poets? [ https://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-best-or-most-famous-Christian-poets/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What are the most impressive intellectual achievements completed by persons under 20 years old in terms of the influence, magnitude, depth, scope, creativity, or difficulty of the achievement? [ https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-most-impressive-intellectual-achievements-completed-by-persons-under-20-years-old-in-terms-of-the-influence-magnitude-depth-scope-creativity-or-difficulty-of-the-achievement/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What is it like to attend a REU? [ https://www.quora.com/What-is-it-like-to-attend-a-REU/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What directors chose the same people to work with time and time again, in any roles, and who are these people? [ https://www.quora.com/What-directors-chose-the-same-people-to-work-with-time-and-time-again-in-any-roles-and-who-are-these-people/answer/Shan-Kothari ]
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What is the basic difference between different genres of music? (jazz, rock, pop, blues, rap and so on)
Thanks for the A2A.Jim Davis's answer to What are the differences between different music genres?Jim Davis's answer to Which music is the best?…and so my answer doesn’t get flagged for brevity:(alphabetically by genre/sub-genre; and no, not “every” genre is included. That would be physically impossible. This is closer to about 10% of all genres/sub-genres. You’re welcome.)Blues:Blues Rock; Similar to Electric Blues, but sometimes acoustic. Blues Rock can be played without having the power turned on. And it rocks. - Stoneground, Tommy Castro Band, Tom Waits, Jeff Healey, Chris Whitley, Paul Butterfield Blues BandChicago Blues; Sort of an urban blues using more piano and saxophone. These guys are quite often named Willie or "Big" something if not some kind of dog. Popular in Louisiana, strangely enough. - Willie Clarke, Willie Dixon, Willie Kent, Willie Murphy, Willie Nix, Big Bill Broonzy, Big Joe Turner, Big John Wrencher, Big Moose, Golden "Big" Wheeler, Eddie Shaw & The Wolf Gang, Hound Dog Taylor, Howlin' WolfDelta Blues; One of the earliest blues styles. The roots of the African-American styles honed in the Delta plains of the US in the midst of harsh mistreatment and soulful survival. Mostly acoustic guitar and harmonica. Best if played on the porch of an old, broken down shack. - Muddy Waters, Robert Johnson, Keb 'Mo', Memphis Jug Band, Johnny Shines, Tommy Johnson, Frank StokesElectric Blues; Blues that's plugged in and louder. Primarily guitar-based. When the power goes out it typically becomes Blues Rock. - B.B. King, Eric Clapton, Magic Slim, Taj Mahal, John Lee Hooker, John Mayall, Charlie MusselwhiteJump Blues; Up-tempo with more swing. upright bass, piano, horns. One might jump if the mood strikes. - Magic Sam, Ruth Brown, Sugar Blue, Hal Singer, Amos Milburn, Ray Charles, Roy BrownNew Orleans Blues; More jazz and island influence. various drums and keyboard instruments. Popular in Texas, strangely enough. - Art Neville, Lloyd Price, Guitar Slim, Screamin' Jay Hawkins, T-Bone Burnett, Rockin' Sidney, Louisiana RedSt. Louis Blues; more piano based. similar to ragtime. Popular in Illinois, strangely enough. - Big Maybelle, Big Walter Horton, Roy Milton, Willie Mabon, Roosevelt Sykes, Yank Rachell, "Ma" Rainey, Percy MayfieldSwamp Blues; incorporates some Zydeco and more aggressive styles. Best when heard from the banks of a swamp and followed to an old, broken down shack. - Sonny Terry, Smiley Lewis, Luther Allison, Irma Thomas, Clifton Chenier, Doctor Ross, Bobby MarchanTexas Blues; more swing than Electric Blues, but more guitar than Jump Blues. Popular in Missouri, strangely enough. - Albert King, Lightnin' Hopkins, Tutu Jones, T-Bone Walker, Smokin' Joe Kubek, Grady Gains, Lafayette LeakeZydeco; more Creole influence. Accordion and alternative percussion instruments. You can't understand a word these guys are saying. - Al Rapone, Zydeco Boneshakers, Wayne Toups, Dr. John, The Mavericks, Buckwheat ZydecoGospel: somewhere between Blues and Country. Dominantly Christian in lyrical form. - The Staple Singers, Shirley Caesar, Mahalia Jackson, Ira Tucker & The Dixie Hummingbirds, The Golden Gate Quartet, Fisk Jubilee Singers, The Blind Boys of AlabamaCountry:Bluegrass; up-tempo roots country using fiddle, banjo, jug, washtub bass. Should wear one-strap overalls and/or chew on a wheat stalk whilst playing. - Bill Monroe, Doc Watson, Laurie Lewis, The Del McCoury Band, The Cox Family, Don Reno, Carl Story, New Grass RevivalCountry Pop; pop-oriented country without the believable sadness. Mostly fifth and sixth generation Country for the sake of making money. - Carrie Underwood, Faith Hill, Lonestar, Pam Tillis, Juice Newton, Dixie Chicks, Martina McBrideHonky Tonk; up-tempo like Bluegrass, but more party-oriented and public. Drunken out-of-tune pianos and bar fights abound. Mostly second generation Country. - Rex Griffin, Lefty Frizzell, Hank Williams, Ernest Tubb, Jim Edward Brown, Red FoleyMountain; vocal harmonies, fast-pickin', nostalgia, and "ya gotta have a fiddle in the band". Judging by their names, they're usually related to someone if not each other. - Alabama, Oak Ridge Boys, Roy Acuff, The Forester Sisters, The Louvin Brothers, The Stanley Brothers, The Burch Sisters, The Cook Family SingersNeotraditional; the sort of "we wish we'd been alive before country was cool" artists. True to their form, but still "new". Mostly fifth generation Country. - Alan Jackson, Brad Paisley, Garth Brooks, Vince Gill, Mark ChesnuttOutlaw; the real deal. These guys invented the country themes; heartache, loss, being broke, depressed, lonely and/or in jail. Third and Fourth generation Country with no fancy band or artist names; just straight-forward actual names with lots of "N"s and "L"s. - Johnny Cash, Willie Nelson, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Hank Williams Jr., Charlie Daniels, David Allan Coe, Rodney Crowell, Leon RussellTraditional; the realer deal. Country for the sake of true mountain/southern expression. Hard workin' white trash sadness and hard times with an occasionally poppy feel later in the genre. Third and Fourth generation Country with lots of steel guitar twang, dobro, wailing fiddle and soft yet straight-forward 4/4 back beats that keep audiences clappin' on 1 and 3. - Loretta Lynn, Emmylou Harris, Porter Wagoner, Kenny Rogers, George Jones, Tanya Tucker, Ronnie Milsap, Dolly PartonWestern; Out on the range/prairie. Cowboy music of the American Frontier Mostly campfire sing-alongs with little to no percussion. Bouncy rhythms reminiscent of horse galloping. Mostly second generation Country and frequently named a group belonging to an individual. - Jean Shepard, Kitty Wells, Gene Autry, Tex Ritter, Skeets McDonald, Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys, Curly Williams and His Georgia Peach Pickers, Hank Penny and His Rodeo Cowboys, Leon McAuliffe and His Western Swing Band, Noel Boggs and His Day Sleepers, Tex Williams and His Western Caravan, Jack Guthrie and His Oklahomans, Milton Brown and His Brownies, Johnnie Lee Willis and His BoysElectronica:Acid Breaks; utilizes breakbeats and sampling of small rhythmic grooves to create longer song patterns. It is not a complete sentence explaining how acid reacts when dropped on the floor. - Zak Baney, DJ Icey, K-Swing, NAPT, Vigi, The Sables, Rozalla, C2CAggrotech; darker lyrics than most electronica, using high-mixed synth/saw leads and aggressive bass frequency oscillation. - Lights of Euphoria, Alien Vampires, Amduscia, Cenobita, Unter NullAmbient; emphasizes atmosphere and overall tone over song structure. Mood music.... if you're in the mood to feel ambient. - Etro Anime, Sneaker Pimps, Ceasefire, Aphex Twin, Kinobe, HalcyonColdwave; sort of industrial, electronic, punk. Angst ridden and aggressive, yet nebulous and icy in it’s emotional exposition. Often politically or socially oriented; and usually in an irreverent manner. - Artefact, Jacno, Museum of Devotion, Pavilion 7BDrone; minimalistic, repetitive, clustered patterns sustained throughout a piece with few, if any, alterations to chord/harmonic structure. Imagine a 100′ diameter, futuristic, spherical, steel eyeball floating around a city. The sound that would make? That’s drone. - Faust, Neu!, Phil Niblock, Yoshi WadaDubstep; characterized by sub-bass frequency oscillation and warbling along with broken beats, syncopation and "the drop". If you don't like it you're obviously too old. - Skrillex, Plastician, Magnetic Man, Nero, Deadmau5, SkreamElectronicore; electronic metalcore. There. make sense? A lot of sequencing, auto-tuning and screaming. Angry and “in-your-face” lyrics and breakbeats that figuratively knock your teeth out. But sometimes literally. - Abandon All Ships, Palisades, Himwaterdragon, Fall Emotions, Eskimo CallboyElectropop; Electronic music more accepted by the masses and general public. Deep, grinding electronic tones, frequencies and breakbeats coupled with more pop-friendly vocals and lyrics. Usually fronted by a female. - Elly Jackson, Ke$ha, Lady Gaga, Demi Lovato, PerfumeGrime; sort of a dirty, wet-floor, smoke-in-the-air, acrid B.O. type of Jungle or grimey-House music. Not music that might be played in a grimey house; but House music that is also grimey. - Boy Better Know, Ghetts, Kano, Newham Generals, Ruff Squad, SkeptaHouse; a style of electronic dance music that grew from disco production and reggae beats. Don't know why it's called "House". Maybe it just sounded cool. - Chemical Brothers, Daft Punk, MARRS, Sonique, Dirty VegasTechno; a form of EDM synthesizing funk, jazz, African rhythms and a general party-type atmosphere. This music is often directly from the future or outerspace. - Arab Strap, Rednex, Technotronic, LeClick, Culture Beat, RozallaTrance; repetition repetition repetition. Beats between 125 and 140 with lots of repetition. Melodic themes slowly layer and build to climaxes and then, you guessed it, repeat. - Life on Mars, Enigma, Blue States, B12, Craig Armstrong, AirTrip Hop; a more experimental style of electronic music that utilizes soul, funk, jazz, and blues forms. Sometimes danceable. Sometimes commercial. But always 100% hip-hop/ambient/soul/jazz/acid/dub/electronica. Or something... - Moby, Bossa Nostra, Fatboy Slim, Vanja Lazarova, Seph, Electric ChairsFolk:American Roots; 1800s' pre-Country acoustic. Not as upbeat as bluegrass. More akin to Mountain ballads stemming from Irish/Scottish roots in the Appalachian Mountains of the USA. - The Civil Wars, Mac Wiseman, Pete Seeger, The Wallin Family, Bass Mountain Boys, The Chuck Wagon GangFolk Pop; softer than folk rock. Folk music that people actually like while sober. - John Denver, Simon & Garfunkel, Don McLean, Leonard Cohen, Sonny and Cher, Partridge FamilyFolk Rock; slightly heavier than Folk Pop. Somewhat more instrument-based yet audience-friendly. - Dave Matthews Band, Indigo Girls, Joan Osborne, Mumford & Sons, KT Tunstall, Suzanne VegaJam; 20 minute dual guitar solos while singer stands, looking at the stage floor, head-bobbing slightly using the microphone stand to keep from falling over. Best enjoyed while under the influence of some sort of psychotropic substance. If sober, turn around and watch the crowd. Usually pretty fun shows but pretty boring albums. - The Grateful Dead, Bela Fleck & The Flecktones, Phish, Sister Hazel, The Pat McGee BandJazz:Acid Jazz; Jazz....on acid. Or with acid poured over it. I can't quite figure out which but there's definitely some form of actual acid involved and it's likely more potent than lactic or citric. Plus "acid" is a really cool word. Even cooler than "house". - Exodus Quartet; Medeski, Martin & Wood; DJ Logic, Count Basie, Quiet Boys, RadBebop; up-tempo, exemplifying instrumental mastery while not actually showing off. Lots of improvisation and elements that leant themselves eventually to the progressive rock styles; unison melodies, shrink/grow rhythm backings, solo breaks, etc. - Charlie Parker, Chet Baker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, Bud Powell TrioBig Band; larger than a small band. Incorporating strong brass, woodwinds and dominant percussion throughout. Typically more happy and bouncy. And big. - Squirrel Nut Zippers, Glenn Miller Orchestra, Duke Ellington, Chickenhawks, Benny GoodmanJazz Funk; more of a solid back-beat groove than other jazz styles. Makes use of synthesizers and analog tone generation. More groove than pure jazz but more jazz than pure funk. - Wynton Marsalis, Grover Washington, The Whitefield Brothers, The Woo Woos, Entourage, Joe AugustineJazz Fusion; sort of Progressive Jazz. Fuses jazz with other styles like funk, R&B, rock, etc. "Fuse" is a cool jazzy sounding word. Almost as cool as "acid". - Plunge, Soulive, Tom Scott, Weather Report, Manhattan Transfer, NiacinLatin Jazz; exactly that. Utilizes latin beats and rhythms along with multiple and various percussion-centric structures. Incorporates anything from Bolero to Rhumba but doesn't quite "fuse" them.....I guess.... - Acoustic Alchemy, Gare Du Nord, Yutaka, Mas Mamones, Kim Pensyl, Al Di Meola, BrasiliaRagtime; socially and chronologically bridged the gap between classical and jazz. Strong syncopated rhythms and metric patterns pulled from African-American music from the early 20th Century. Primarily piano based. - Scott Joplin, Gene Austin, Ernest Hogan, Dorsey Brothers, Nora Bayes, Ted LewisSmooth Jazz; the music you listen to when you're winding down after a hard day of yoga classes and meditation. Relaxation akin to whale sounds and trickling rivers. - Yellowjackets, Kenny G, Where There's Smoke, J. Spencer, Ricky Ford, Dave KozSoft Jazz; see Smooth Jazz, but softer. Imagine winding down after a day of winding down after a day of yoga classes and...... you get the picture. - Mark Baldwin, Victor Goines, Ziggy Elfman, Eric Darken, Pat Coil, Phil WoodsTraditional Jazz; music for music's sake. The guys who originally broke the rules and continue to do so. They even broke the rules of jazz itself with their category name; since "Traditional Jazz" is itself oxymoronic. - Dave Brubeck, Lord Buckley, Diana Krall, Al Jolson, Elmer Bernstein, Chick WebbVocal Jazz; not all scat and beedoppadoops. The voice as an instrument. Focus on virtuosity of the voice and expression through vocal timbre and fluidity. The best ones were female. Sorry, Louis. - Nina Simone, Etta James, Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday, Ethel Waters, Nat King ColeMetal:Avant-Garde Metal; the weird crap. The stuff that people either love or hate. Typically not as talented as the Progressive guys, but less heavy and hardcore than the pure metal guys. - System of a Down, Faith No More, Buckethead, King Crimson, Sikth, IntronautClassic Metal; where it all started. The first down-tuned, high-action riffs building from the oppressive industrial age in mid-century Great Britain. And the need to kick ass following all that rockabilly crap. - Scorpions, Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Dio, Rainbow, Iron Butterfly, MotörheadDark Metal: including…Black Metal; similar to death metal, but slightly more atmospheric and extreme. These guys wear skull face-paint and dress like dead demons and other scary stuff. Lo-fi recordings with tremolo guitar and screeching, wailing vocals atop fast tempos/beats and low, thrumming bass. -Aurora Borealis, Behemoth, Setherial, Satanic Slaughter, Noctuary, Watain, Ethereal WoodsDeath Metal; metal about death. Or metal that sounds like it's dying or killing. Lots of blast beats and atonalities. Fast double-bass drums and down-tuned guitars. Screaming and growling. These guys don't play too many Bar Mitzvahs. - Napalm Death, Abysmal Dawn, Mortification, Dethklok, Fleshgore, Beneath the MassacreDoom Metal; like death metal but more ominous using slower tempos and more atmospheric tones. Lyrics are typically depressing and morose and will leave you wanting to kill others; including yourself. - Thergothon, Orodruin, The Hidden Hand, Mindrot, The Obsessed, Unholy, Witchfinder GeneralGoth Metal; somewhat of a horror theme pervades this category. Often times skull makeup or zombie/vampire/werewolf themes will be prevalent. Names often include prepositions. - In This Moment, Cradle of Filth, Within Temptation, Theatre of Tragedy, Cadaveria, AgathodaimonSludge Metal; usually has a somewhat dirtier, grimier feel to it. Slower deep-tuned crunchy riffs and distortion. Sometimes screaming and growling mixed with somewhat southern rock feeling styles. Themes include pessimism, hopelessness, anger. - Black Label Society, Rollins Band, Mastodon, Corrosion of Conformity, Haste, Soilent Green, EyehategodEmo Metal; usually pretty heavy and angst-ridden, but with some clear-voice singing and wailing throughout. Not all screams and growls like Metalcore; and sometimes no screaming or growling at all. Just sort of, “Life is tough and I’m gonna bitch about it” music - but good. -Anberlin, Good Charlotte, Motionless in White, My Chemical Romance, SkilletFusion Metal: including…Folk Metal: including…Celtic Metal; reminiscent of ancient Celtic/Irish battle music. Heavy and grinding, but with an air of ambient atmosphere and possibly pan flutes. Yes definitely pan flutes. One must paint one’s face blue and wear a loin cloth to fully appreciate this genre. - Agalloch, Cruachan, Finntroll, Eluveitie, Mael Mórdha, Geasa, SuidrakaGypsy Metal; crunchy, heavy guitars with fiddles and percussion instruments that might be found hanging in the fortune teller’s wagon of a traveling circus. Some themes get pretty heavy and mythological and really make little sense. But hey…it’s Metal. - Inspirit, Kultur Shock, Stella Arja, Tribe of Gypsies, The Crooked Fiddle BandMedieval Metal; similar to Doom Metal in that the mood is more somber and morose and oppressive. Imagine metal that’s been living in a dungeon for 650 years and has just now stepped out into the sun. Yeah. That. - Heimataerde, In Extremo, Letzte Instanz, Morgenstern, Saltatio Mortis, SkycladPagan Metal; Metal that stays true to the original pagan/wiccan image. Metal that rails against organized religion; especially monotheism. Metal that revels in worldly idolatry and basks in the indulgence of the physical. Lots of symbolism and iconography used on album covers. - Arkona, Asmergin, Finsterforst, Korpiklaani, Obtest, MoonsorrowPirate Metal; exactly what it sounds like. Swashbuckling, rum-guzzling, peg-legged, patch-eyed, hook-armed, parrot-perched ne’er-do-wells prowling the waters in wooden ships carrying gold, gems and ghosts of the sea. At least that’s what they sing about. I think in real life they’re just normal people who drive cars and pay taxes like the rest of us. - Alestorm, Blaxon Stone, Cat O’ Nine Tails, Iron Seawolf, Red Rum, Silverbones, SwashbuckleViking Metal; metal having to do with Vikings (mostly lyrically) and their respective culture. Many reminders that Vikings are likely the most "metal" culture in the history of the world. - Mortiis, Heidevolk, Hel, Turisas, Wolfchant, Grand Magus, BorknagarFunk Metal; relatively self-explanatory. Metal, with some funk. Or funk with a heavier vibe. Heavy crunchy; yet funky and danceable; grooves. slap-bass and wah-wah guitar often rear their heads. Tightly tuned snare drums and snappy bass drums with a lot of emphasis on the hi-hat; usually. -Infectious Grooves, Living Colour, Mordred, Primus, Fishbone, Mind FunkJazz Metal; metal with an air of pretense. Not as esoteric as Avant-Garde Metal and more artsy than Funk Metal. Elements of Jazz like improvisation and off-kilter chord structures prevail. -Conflux, Gru, Sithu Aye, Shining, Naked CityNeoclassical Metal; these guys would be composing for their respective local monarchs had they lived 200 years ago. This is metal with classical tendencies, but not necessarily classical instrumentation. Mostly guitar virtuosi hang out here. Their bands are typically comprised of musical over-achievers who don’t quite have what it takes to be fully progressive. -Yngwie Malmsteen, Vinnie Moore, Timmo Tolkki, Joshua Perahia, Marty FriedmanRap Metal; Pretty self-explanatory. Combines rap and metal. - Linkin Park, P.O.D., Kid Rock, Rage Against The Machine, Papa Roach, Crazy Town, Limp BizkitSymphonic Metal; - again, pretty self-explanatory. Metal guys don't like to waste time with esoteric nomenclature like "Trip Hop" or "Bluegrass". - After Forever, Dimmu Borgir, Blind Guardian, Nightwish, Seraphim, Interfector, AyreonGlam Metal; including…Hair Metal; all about glitz and glamour. Make-up, hair-spray, tight red leather pants and ripped-off blues riffs. I love it. So do you. Many names include animals or a reference to something white. Or both. - Whitesnake, White Lion, Great White, Ratt, Def Leppard, Zebra, Bon Jovi, Firehouse, PoisonSleaze Metal; akin to Hair Metal, but with more grime. More about sex and drugs in the deviant and slimy way. Not really about partying, but about the actual sex and drugs. More leather and fringe than hairspray and makeup. Though you will find some hairspray. And makeup. -Billy Idol, Guns ’n’ Roses, Skid Row, Mötley Crüe, L.A. Guns, ExtremeGroove Metal; Metal with slightly more funk than pure Metal, slightly more balls than Jazz Metal and slightly more balls than pure Funk Metal. Imagine Funk Metal more laid back and less aggressive. Like….if Motown made Metal. Channel Zero, Soulfly, Tad, Fight, DevilDriver, Byzantine, Bleed From WithinIndustrial Metal; more digital sound than raw analog metal. Sometimes just one or two guys doing it all. Can become over-commercialized due to its attainability by the masses. - Rob Zombie, Front Line Assembly, God Lives Underwater, Skinny Puppy, NIN, Filter, The Union UndergroundMetalcore; growling, screaming and yelling. Angry people reside here; somewhere between extreme metal and hardcore punk. Hey wait.....Metalpunk? no....Extrard? no.....Punkstreme? no. Metalcore! There. That works. - SOiL, Drowning Pool, Biohazard, The Agonist, Trivium, HelmetNu Metal; guys who use digital production techniques and a more refined sound. Good hardcore stuff, but not raw and dirty. Often have numbers or present tense verbs/gerunds in their names. - 10 Years, 3 Days Grace, 30 Seconds To Mars, Breaking Benjamin, Dropping Daylight, Shinedown, Sevendust, Finger Eleven, KoЯnPower Metal; metal that combines the powerful elements of classic metal, speed metal and a bit of symphonic metal for added drama. These guys are in your face but not in a Death/Doom/Black Metal way. There’s more life and less death here. Not always happy, but driven and motivational. -Alestorm, Powerwolf, Metal Church, Iced Earth, Kamelot, HelloweenProgressive Metal; including…Classical Prog; Heavy, yet classical virtuosity runs rampant. Complex orchestrations and thematic derivatives abound. Their album covers are usually pretty Dungeons & Dragons-esque. - Adagio, Blind Guardian, Symphony X, Triumph, The Devin Townsend ProjectDjent; pretty much onomatopoeiaic. Those crunchy guitar sounds that are mimicked by Metalheads using their voices to project “DJENT DJENT DJENT DJENT….” as they mouth along with the kickass guitar riffs. - Animals As Leaders, Meshuggah, Mnemic, Periphery, Sikth, TesseracTMathcore; the guys who are more into technique than groove. Music that exhibits what a theoretical physicist’s chalkboard might sound like if transferred to aural perception. - Benea signNow, Botch, Daughters, Ion Dissonance, Psyopus, Spiral ArchitectMelodic Prog; the guys who are more about melody and tonality than about technical virtuosity. Don’t get me wrong, they’re still damn good, but they produce more memorable and catchy tunes than some other Progressive groups. - Crimson Glory, A Perfect Circle, Tool, Queensrÿche, Rhapsody of Fire, Shadow GalleryOmni Prog; the guys who can do it all. Classical, Rock, Jazz, Funk, Groove, Technique, Passion, Virtuosity, Acoustic, Electric, Slow, Fast, Flamenco, Baroque, etc. Pretty much the embodiment of “Musicians’ Bands”. - Dream Theater, Fates Warning, King’s X, Pain of Salvation, Liquid Tension Experiment, PlatypusPower Prog; virtuosity tempered with sheer power. Hard-driving beats and riffs with high-volume, in-your-face ass-kicking. - Adrenaline Mob, Frameshift, Nevermore, Orden Ogan, Ne Obliviscaris, Seventh WonderTechnical Death Metal; similar to the Mathcore guys but heavier. That’s about it. There are lots of prime numbered time signatures in this genre. - Cynic, Green Carnation, Obscura, Odious Mortem, PsycropticPunk: including…Garage Punk; early sixties punk that was raw, lo-fi, scratchy, distorted and fuzzy. Simple chords (I mean…it IS Punk…) and even simpler lyrics. - Black Lips, The Hives, The Humpers, The Mummies, TeengenerateGlam Punk; Punk railing against the status quo with high shock value. Makeup and crazy hair and facial prosthetics abound. - Cherry Vanilla, Flash Bastard, The Hot Dogs, New York Dolls, Shady Lady, Sick Six CrushHardcore; faster, more aggressive Punk. Same simple chords and song themes, but played faster and with more aggression. Usually very fast and/or aggressive. Basically…fast and aggressive Punk. With lyrical themes occasionally treated a bit more seriously for the sake of actual social commentary. - Bad Religion, Black flag, Fugazi, Sworn Enemy, Raised Fist, Social DistortionOi!; the UK scene that tried to bring Punk back to its roots and steal it back from all the spoiled, rich-kid wannabes that had started to become “punkers”. Music is raw, unproduced, natural; yet maintains an honesty that’s rare in a lot of musical styles. - Last Resort, Peter and the Test Tube Babies, Public Enemy, Street Dogs, SuperYob, Toy DollsPop Punk; music by and for the spoiled, rich-kid wannabes that had started to become “punkers”. Punk in the mainstream. The use of Punk stylings and techniques for the sake of selling albums and making money and becoming famous and rich. - American Hi-Fi, The Ataris, Green Day, OffspringPost-Punk; the evolution of Punk into a more personally stylistic and individually nuanced style. More experiementation and removal from the classic Punk traditions created a sort of Avant-Garde Punk movement which culminated in Post-Punk. - 23 Skidoo, Au Pairs, Bauhaus, Big Black, The Chills, The Cult, The StranglersProto-Punk; the ones who started it all. The original punks. The artists who originally went against the grain of the conventional Rock or Pop of their day to create what would become the Punk movement. - Iggy & The Stooges, MC5, NEU!, The Patti Smith Group, The Sonics, TelevisionPunk Rock; those groups that don’t really fit into any subgenre of Punk and just encapsulate what the common culture knows as “Punk”. - The Clash, The Jam, The Ramones, Sex Pistols, Sprung MonkeySpeed Metal; exactly that. Speed. Even the band names are so fast they only use one word. - Helloween, Overkill, Impellitteri, Cranium, Atomkraft, Annihilator, Sodom, Kreator, GravediggerThrash Metal; the guys you likely know best. The original Bay-Area metalheads themselves. - Metallica, Megadeth, Anthrax, Sepultura, Pantera, Slayer, Metal Church, Exodus, TestamentOrchestral:Broadway; the music that's played during those plays on Broadway in NYC. - Les Miserables, Phantom of the Opera, Miss Saigon, Jesus Christ SuperstarClassical; the dominant Western music from 1750 to 1830. - (composers) Antonin Dvořák, Claude Debussy, Franz Schubert, Hector Berlioz, Ludwig Van Beethoven, Wolfgang Mozart, Frédéric Chopin - (performers) Yo-Yo Ma, Mike Wollenberg, Lang Lang, Andre Rieu, The London Philharmonic, Woody PhillipsMovie Scores; the music that's played during those movies you watch sometimes. Either in NYC or elsewhere. - Alan Silvestri (Back to the Future, Forrest Gump); Danny Elfman (Batman, Beetlejuice, Pee-Wee's Big Adventure); James Horner (Titanic, Braveheart); John Williams (Star Wars, Indiana Jones, E.T., Jaws, Jurassic Park, Superman); Hans Zimmer (Gladiator, The Rock); Harold Faltermeyer (Beverly Hills Cop, Fletch, Top Gun)New Age; the music you listen to during your hard day of yoga classes and meditation. - Andreas Wollenweider, Jordan Rudess, Turin Brakes, Yanni, Gordon HemptonVocal; the vocal instrument applied to the rigors of Classical instrumentation - Andrea Bocelli, Josh Groban, Sarah Brightman, Luciano Pavarotti, Il Divo, Brooklyn Tabernacle ChoirPop:Adult Contemporary; a fancy name for the lame music your parents probably listened to. Mostly maudlin tunes about the lives and thoughts of privileged, white, middle-aged hipsters. - Anne Murray, Barry Manilow, Wilson Phillips, Neil Diamond, Carly SimonBeat Pop; the British invasion of back-beat driven pop icons of the late 50s and early 60s. Most bands are "The" something. - The Beatles, The Lovin' Spoonful, The Kingsmen, The Turtles, The Byrds, The Cuff Links, The Hollies, The Newbeats, The Left Banke, The Zombies, Gunhill RoadDance Pop; the popular music to dance to. Not as counter-culture as EDM, but slightly heavier than Bubble Gum Pop; which I didn't list as a category. - Bananarama, Billy Ocean, Katy Perry, Lady Gaga, Debbie Gibson, EMF, Will to Power, TiffanyDisco; formed from funk, psychedelic and soul; this style rebelled against the rock music of the day in a more visceral, primal way. All about body movement, dancing and the human spectacle, it stole colorful clothing and drugs from the Hippies, up-beat driven rhythms from the Beatniks and combined them in a sexy, seductive libido-based production praising dance and expressive human life. It is currently "dead". - ABBA, The Bee Gees, The Village People, KC & The Sunshine Band, Gloria Gaynor, Lipps Inc.Doo Wop; yet another mainstream derivative of African-American music, doo wop uses more nonsensical phrases and sounds to emphasize harmony and melody over lyrical substance. These names also are often "The" something. - The Dominoes, The Platters, The Tune-Weavers, The Casinos, The Dreamlovers, The Passions, The Penguins, The Rivieras, The Esquires, Bob & Earl.Indie Pop; somewhat contradictory, the emphasis on self-reliance and the whole DIY perspective is exploited to assure popularity and mainstream success. But somehow it works. - The Ting Tings, Fine Young Cannibals, Nil Lara, Karry Walker, Sundays, Hang UpsLatin Pop; exactly that. Pop with better beats and more complex rhythms that actually force you to dance even if you are unwilling. - Ricky Martin, Enrique Iglesias, Pit Bull, Shakira, Miami Sound Machine, Lou BegaPop Rock; slightly edgier pop. Or slightly more commercialized rock. Take your pick. - Fiona Apple, Jewel, Avril Lavigne, Natalie Imbruglia, Eric Carmen, Maroon 5Power Pop; high production music for the sake of performance. - Journey, Rick Springfield, Survivor, Duran Duran, Huey Lewis & The News, Go-Gos, Cutting Crew, The B52sSurf Pop; the music you listen to while watching people surf. Somehow this style became separate from other closely related similar styles and is audibly evident in every group it houses. - The Ventures, The Beach Boys, The Surfaris, Jan and Dean, The Rip-Chords, Dick DaleSynthpop; like power pop, but with the emphasis on synthesizers. - Tears For Fears, OMD, Herbie Hancock, When In Rome, Falco, Dead or Alive, Thomas DolbyTraditional Pop; the crooners. The original pop vocalists whose reputations continue to dazzle and impress. The Rat Pack. The Vegas Lounge Lizards. No, those aren't band names. - Perry Como, Wayne Newton, Tom Jones, Bobby Vinton, Frank Sinatra, Mel TormeR&B:Alternative Hip Hop; Hip Hop that doesn't quite fit the mold of standard R&B. Somewhat left of center and progressive by R&B standards. - Outkast, Black Eyed Peas, Jurassic 5, Wu-Tang Clan, Jadakiss, N.E.R.D., Insane Clown PosseFunk; emphasis on rhythm and groove rather than melody and harmony. Chords aren't as important as the bass line underneath them or the drum beat behind them. - The Brothers Johnson, Commodores, Kool & The Gang, George Clinton & the P-Funk All Stars, Curtis MayfieldNeo Soul; Soul, but newer. Neo is just a cool word for "new". Though not as cool as "acid". OOH!!! Acid Soul! Is that a genre?! If it isn't then it should be. - Jamiroquai, Amy Winehouse, Beyonce, Bruno Mars, Christina Aguilera, Terence Trent d'ArbyNew Jack Swing; "Neo Jack Swing" would sound pretentious and the R&B genre is anything but pretentious. And "Acid Jack Swing" would sound like drug or sex slang. These guys combined Urban Contemporary beats and Dance Pop composition to create a very catchy sound that showcased a lot of soulful melodies and harmonies. This was "The bomb" in the late '80s and early '90s. - Boyz II Men, Bel Biv DeVoe, En Vogue, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, New Edition, Kid 'n' Play, MC Hammer, Paula AbdulRap; talking. mostly. Though talking very well and rhyming with complex rhythms and rhyme schemes on top of looped beats and melody lines. - Eminem, Cypress Hill, Timbaland, Snoop Dogg, Grandmaster Flash, Digital Underground, Ludacris, Beastie BoysSoul; the s%*t that makes you wanna f%*k. - Teddy Pendergrass, The Righteous Brothers, Lionel Richie, Aaron Neville, Hall & Oates, Luther Vandross, John LegendUrban Contemporary; a combination of EDM, Reggae, Dance Pop, Soul and Rap that creates a very broad range of styles and expressions. - Usher, Nikki Minaj, Justin Timberlake, Missy Elliott, Trey Songz, Rihanna, Ne-Yo, Flo-Rida, DrakeReggae:Dancehall; Jamaican pop that strips down Reggae to the most crucial dance vibes necessary, though it added more digital instrumentation and faster rhythms. - Leonard Dillon, Toots Hibbert, Wailing Souls, Ebony Steelband, Aswad, Big MountainDub; mostly instrumental remixes of existing Reggae recordings. - Third World, Black Uhuru, Yellowman, Sly & Robbie, Freddie McGregorRagga; primarily electronic Reggae. Slower and more laid back than Dancehall, but more produced and digitized than Roots. - Steel Pulse, Trinidad Steel Drum Band, Inner Circle, Desmond Williams, Lasana Bandelé, Joe HiggsRoots; spiritual Rastafarian expression of life and experiences. Primal, raw and unmistakably catchy. - Bob Marley & The Wailers, Greyhound, Dhaima, Crucial Vibes, Kojak & Liza, Shorty the PresidentRock:Alternative; not quite squeezed into the "Rock" definition, but not quite squeezed out of it either. - Soul Asylum, U2, The Wallflowers, Jesus Jones, Beck, Toad the Wet SprocketAmericana; the music about the working class. The hopes and dreams of the free American people. Driving rock that you can hear in bars and stadiums alike. - Bruce Springsteen, Bryan Adams, The Traveling Wilburys, John Mellencamp, Tom Petty, John FogertyClassic Rock; the original rockers. If you haven't heard of these guys you haven't heard of Rock. - Led Zeppelin, The Who, Steve Miller Band, Queen, Eagles, Fleetwood Mac, The Rolling Stones, The TroggsCollege Rock; rock for the sake of getting laid in college. These guys pandered to the more sensitive female audience, thereby creating the necessity for the male audience to like them as well. Typically pretty stupid and nonsensical sounding names. - Vertical Horizon, Iffy, Counting Crows, Hoobastank, Goo Goo Dolls, Fastball, Dishwalla, Hootie & The Blowfish, Matchbox 20, Emmet SwimmingDark Wave; slightly more despondent and depressed. More morose and well......dark. - The Church, The Cure, Blue October, Depeche Mode, The Stone Roses, Joy DivisionFunk Rock; pretty self-explanatory. - Primus, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Spin Doctors, 311, Mother's Finest, Tina & The B-side MovementGrunge; these guys killed Glam Metal. But it was already beginning to show signs of weakness.
This music stripped away all image and pretense and left us with guys who were just good enough at their instrument to still allow every high-school boy in America to be able to play along...... to all their pretty songs......and shoot his gun. - Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Alice In Chains, Garbage, L7, Mudhoney, Stone Temple Pilots, Local H, Love Battery, The MelvinsHard Rock; not Classic. But not Soft. Or Grungy. Just hard. Though not as hard as Metal. So maybe really hard wood or stone. Yeah that's it. Hard Rock. - Velvet Revolver, Audioslave, Midnight Oil, Pat Benatar, Billy Squier, Drivin' 'N' Cryin', LoverboyIndie Rock; rock that does it's own thing despite what the industry tells it to do. - R.E.M., Florence + The Machine, Monks Of Doom, The Connells, Cake, Juliette & The Licks, They Might Be GiantsNew Wave; more frenetic and impulsive than former rock, disco and punk. More guitar licks and rhythms that didn't just sit you down and leave you there. Somewhat electronic and experimental. Some might say, "new". - INXS, The Police, Crowded House, Spandau Ballet, Oingo Boingo, Shiny Toy Guns, Corey HartPost-Grunge; came after grunge, and was slightly more produced than grunge, but still held on to some of that Grunge angst that made it so successful. - Stone Sour, Ugly Kid Joe, Hinder, Collective Soul, Nickelback, Flyleaf, Candlebox, GodsmackProgressive Rock: including…1970s; Progressive Rock artists of the 1970s. Pretty self-explanatory. These guys were near the birth of what is known as Progressive Rock. Some of the earliest pioneers and trailblazers of the genre.- Deep Purple, Emerson Lake & Palmer, Rush, Kansas, Jethro Tull, Frank Zappa, GenesisArt Rock; Slightly skewed but still rock. More experimental and “out there”. Costumes are common. As is make-up and characterization. -David Bowie, Peter Gabriel, David Byrne, Velvet Underground, Radiohead, Incubus, Talking HeadsCanterbury Scene; named after a bunch of improvisational dudes from Canterbury got someone’s attention. These guys shifted into and out of each other’s bands all the time. Constantly changing and altering their lineups. - Caravan, Short Wave, Supersister, In Cahoots, Gong, Egg, GilgameshPost-Progressive; the spawn of and next generation following 1970s Progressive Rock. These guys adapted to the current zeitgeist and pushed the boundaries even more than their predecessors. I mean….that IS the definition of Progressive. - Attention Deficit, Bozzio Levin Stevens, Somnambulist, Transatlantic, Dali’s Dilemma, Chroma Key, BravePsychedelic Rock (Acid Rock); quirky, drugged-out hysterical nonsense rock with a lot of outward expression against normalcy. Fun shows that led to a lot of deaths; by drug and alcohol consumption; and pregnancies......by drug and alcohol consumption. - Big Brother & The Holding Company, The Doors, Quicksilver Messenger Service, Moody Blues, Sopwith Camel, Vanilla Fudge, DonovanRIO (Rock In Opposition); akin to the Canterbury guys I mentioned earlier, these Progressive musicians got pissed that no one was recognizing their talent and banded together against the music industry itself. Surprise: they still didn’t get very popular. - Aksak Maboul, Etron Fou Lelouban, Henry Cow, Art Bears, Stormy Six, Art ZoydPunk; the rebels who hated society and weren't afraid to let it be known. They'd bleed on stage, rip off their clothes and surf the crowd naked, dump buckets of sweat and other bodily fluids on the crowd while screaming and railing against authority and tradition. Oh and they sometimes held instruments too. - Sex Pistols, Bad Religion, Ramones, Iggy & The Stooges, The Clash, American Hi-FiRockabilly; what some call the original Rock & Roll. A combination of hillbilly and rock containing a western swing and a bouncing party vibe. With elements of piano-based Jump Blues and electric boogie woogie, it made it's mark on the music scene indelibly. Almost everyone's named contained a "Y". - Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly, Tommy Sands, Johnny Rivers, Jerry Lee Lewis, Freddy Cannon, Chubby Checker, Little RichardSka; rock with horns. This provided all those high school kids who chose to play brass in the school band a way to be cool... For about 18 months in the late '90s. - No Doubt, Fighting Gravity, Dispatch, Blue Meanies, Toots & The Maytals, Jack FridaySoft Rock; the rock you listen to on the radio when driving to your yoga or meditation class. - Traffic, Glenn Frey, Linda Ronstadt, Don Henley, Kim Carnes, Gerry RaffertySouthern Rock; rock from the south. Lots of twang and rough gravelly vocals mixed with two-step rhythms that keep audiences head-bobbin' and wavin' confederate flags. When "Free Bird" is yelled at one of these shows, it will be played. - Lynyrd Skynyrd, 38 Special, Blackfoot, Pride & Glory, Molly Hatchet, The Georgia SatellitesWorld: (please forgive my American/Euro-Centric categorizations. And please don't be offended if I've misplaced something that you feel should go elsewhere; in all the previous categories or in the following geographic generalizations. These are mostly all regional folk or traditional music of general locations named accordingly, and just those that I am familiar with and like. I know full well that many and various styles and cultures exist within the overall regions I’ve specified here.)African - Zap Mama, Zwabesho Sibisi, Eleja Choir, Turtle Island String Quartet, Habib Koité and Bamada, Coco LeeMiddle Eastern - Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan; Kaila Flexer; Ilhan Ersahin; Ighigou Haile; S-Tone, Inc.Asian - Liu Huan, Yungchen Lhamo, Itsuki No Komoriuta, Bhoora Singh and Party, Hoang Vuy, Imperial Household OrchestraEastern European - Goralska Orkestra, Stephanya G. Penchevya, Nikollë Nikprelaj, Raderman Beckerman Orchestra, Efta Botoca, Petrică PaşcaIrish/Celtic/Gaelic - Loreena McKennitt, Michael O'Suilleabhain, The Pogues, Enya, The Chieftains, The Tannahill Weavers, WolfstoneIsland - Sean Na'auao, Les Tamaru, Israel Kamakawiwo'ole, Andi Thakambau, Lord Composer, Kealoha KonoLatin/Hispanic - Ruben Blades, Tu Abandono, Adam Del Monte, Brian Keane, Elvis Crespo, Los UmbrellosMediterranean - Triki Triki, Stellákis Perpiniádhis, La Nina Del Los Peines, Márkos Vamvakáris, Effisio Melis, Marika KanaropoulouScandinavian - Värttinä, Hållbus Totte Mattson, Arto Järvelä, Gjallarhorn, Angelit, Annbjørg Lien, Sari Kaasinen...and that's all I can think of off the top of my head. -
Which music is the best?
EDIT: The question used to be, "What is some good music?" Hence the length of my answer. Somehow "some good" got changed to "the best" and now my answer isn't quite right for the question. Oh well. I'll leave it. Just bear that in mind. :)My favorites are progressive and symphonic metal. Dream Theater, Symphony X, After Forever, A Perfect Circle, Adagio, Evergrey, Pain of Salvation, Nightwish, Therion...But since this isn't Twitter and I'm not confined to 140 characters or fewer...Blues:Blues Rock; Similar to Electric Blues, but sometimes acoustic. Blues Rock can be played without having the power turned on. And it rocks. - Stoneground, Tommy Castro Band, Tom Waits, Jeff Healey, Chris Whitley, Paul Butterfield Blues BandChicago Blues; Sort of an urban blues using more piano and saxophone. These guys are quite often named Willie or "Big" something if not some kind of dog. Popular in Louisiana, strangely enough. - Willie Clarke, Willie Dixon, Willie Kent, Willie Murphy, Willie Nix, Big Bill Broonzy, Big Joe Turner, Big John Wrencher, Big Moose, Golden "Big" Wheeler, Eddie Shaw & The Wolf Gang, Hound Dog Taylor, Howlin' WolfDelta Blues; One of the earliest blues styles. The roots of the African-American styles honed in the Delta plains of the US in the midst of harsh mistreatment and soulful survival. Mostly acoustic guitar and harmonica. Best if played on the porch of an old, broken down shack. - Muddy Waters, Robert Johnson, Keb 'Mo', Memphis Jug Band, Johnny Shines, Tommy Johnson, Frank StokesElectric Blues; Blues that's plugged in and louder. Primarily guitar-based. When the power goes out it typically becomes Blues Rock. - B.B. King, Eric Clapton, Magic Slim, Taj Mahal, John Lee Hooker, John Mayall, Charlie MusselwhiteJump Blues; Up-tempo with more swing. upright bass, piano, horns. One might jump if the mood strikes. - Magic Sam, Ruth Brown, Sugar Blue, Hal Singer, Amos Milburn, Ray Charles, Roy BrownNew Orleans Blues; More jazz and island influence. various drums and keyboard instruments. Popular in Texas, strangely enough. - Art Neville, Lloyd Price, Guitar Slim, Screamin' Jay Hawkins, T-Bone Burnett, Rockin' Sidney, Louisiana RedSt. Louis Blues; more piano based. similar to ragtime. Popular in Illinois, strangely enough. - Big Maybelle, Big Walter Horton, Roy Milton, Willie Mabon, Roosevelt Sykes, Yank Rachell, "Ma" Rainey, Percy MayfieldSwamp Blues; incorporates some Zydeco and more aggressive styles. Best when heard from the banks of a swamp and followed to an old, broken down shack. - Sonny Terry, Smiley Lewis, Luther Allison, Irma Thomas, Clifton Chenier, Doctor Ross, Bobby MarchanTexas Blues; more swing than Electric Blues, but more guitar than Jump Blues. Popular in Missouri, strangely enough. - Albert King, Lightnin' Hopkins, Tutu Jones, T-Bone Walker, Smokin' Joe Kubek, Grady Gains, Lafayette LeakeZydeco; more Creole influence. Accordion and alternative percussion instruments. You can't understand a word these guys are saying. - Al Rapone, Zydeco Boneshakers, Wayne Toups, Dr. John, The Mavericks, Buckwheat ZydecoGospel: somewhere between Blues and Country. Dominantly Christian in lyrical form. - The Staple Singers, Shirley Caesar, Mahalia Jackson, Ira Tucker & The Dixie Hummingbirds, The Golden Gate Quartet, Fisk Jubilee Singers, The Blind Boys of AlabamaCountry:Bluegrass; up-tempo roots country using fiddle, banjo, jug, washtub bass. Should wear one-strap overalls and/or chew on a wheat stalk whilst playing. - Bill Monroe, Doc Watson, Laurie Lewis, The Del McCoury Band, The Cox Family, Don Reno, Carl Story, New Grass RevivalCountry Pop; pop-oriented country without the believable sadness. Mostly fifth and sixth generation Country for the sake of making money. - Carrie Underwood, Faith Hill, Lonestar, Pam Tillis, Juice Newton, Dixie Chicks, Martina McBrideHonky Tonk; up-tempo like Bluegrass, but more party-oriented and public. Drunken out-of-tune pianos and bar fights abound. Mostly second generation Country. - Rex Griffin, Lefty Frizzell, Hank Williams, Ernest Tubb, Jim Edward Brown, Red FoleyMountain; vocal harmonies, fast-pickin', nostalgia, and "ya gotta have a fiddle in the band". Judging by their names, they're usually related to someone if not each other. - Alabama, Oak Ridge Boys, Roy Acuff, The Forester Sisters, The Louvin Brothers, The Stanley Brothers, The Burch Sisters, The Cook Family SingersNeotraditional; the sort of "we wish we'd been alive before country was cool" artists. True to their form, but still "new". Mostly fifth generation Country. - Alan Jackson, Brad Paisley, Garth Brooks, Vince Gill, Mark ChesnuttOutlaw; the real deal. These guys invented the country themes; heartache, loss, being broke, depressed, lonely and/or in jail. Third and Fourth generation Country with no fancy band or artist names; just straight-forward actual names with lots of "N"s and "L"s. - Johnny Cash, Willie Nelson, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Hank Williams Jr., Charlie Daniels, David Allan Coe, Rodney Crowell, Leon RussellTraditional; the realer deal. Country for the sake of true mountain/southern expression. Hard workin' white trash sadness and hard times with an occasionally poppy feel later in the genre. Third and Fourth generation Country with lots of steel guitar twang, dobro, wailing fiddle and soft yet straight-forward 4/4 back beats that keep audiences clappin' on 1 and 3. - Loretta Lynn, Emmylou Harris, Porter Wagoner, Kenny Rogers, George Jones, Tanya Tucker, Ronnie Milsap, Dolly PartonWestern; Out on the range/prairie. Cowboy music of the American Frontier Mostly campfire sing-alongs with little to no percussion. Bouncy rhythms reminiscent of horse galloping. Mostly second generation Country and frequently named a group belonging to an individual. - Jean Shepard, Kitty Wells, Gene Autry, Tex Ritter, Skeets McDonald, Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys, Curly Williams and His Georgia Peach Pickers, Hank Penny and His Rodeo Cowboys, Leon McAuliffe and His Western Swing Band, Noel Boggs and His Day Sleepers, Tex Williams and His Western Caravan, Jack Guthrie and His Oklahomans, Milton Brown and His Brownies, Johnnie Lee Willis and His BoysElectronica:Acid Breaks; utilizes breakbeats and sampling of small rhythmic grooves to create longer song patterns. It is not a complete sentence explaining how acid reacts when dropped on the floor. - Zak Baney, DJ Icey, K-Swing, NAPT, Vigi, The Sables, Rozalla, C2CAggrotech; darker lyrics than most electronica, using high-mixed synth/saw leads and aggressive bass frequency oscillation. - Lights of Euphoria, Alien Vampires, Amduscia, Cenobita, Unter NullAmbient; emphasizes atmosphere and overall tone over song structure. Mood music.... if you're in the mood to feel ambient. - Etro Anime, Sneaker Pimps, Ceasefire, Aphex Twin, Kinobe, HalcyonColdwave; sort of industrial, electronic, punk. Angst ridden and aggressive, yet nebulous and icy in it’s emotional exposition. Often politically or socially oriented; and usually in an irreverent manner. - Artefact, Jacno, Museum of Devotion, Pavilion 7BDrone; minimalistic, repetitive, clustered patterns sustained throughout a piece with few, if any, alterations to chord/harmonic structure. Imagine a 100′ diameter, futuristic, spherical, steel eyeball floating around a city. The sound that would make? That’s drone. - Faust, Neu!, Phil Niblock, Yoshi WadaDubstep; characterized by sub-bass frequency oscillation and warbling along with broken beats, syncopation and "the drop". If you don't like it you're obviously too old. - Skrillex, Plastician, Magnetic Man, Nero, Deadmau5, SkreamElectronicore; electronic metalcore. There. make sense? A lot of sequencing, auto-tuning and screaming. Angry and “in-your-face” lyrics and breakbeats that figuratively knock your teeth out. But sometimes literally. - Abandon All Ships, Palisades, Himwaterdragon, Fall Emotions, Eskimo CallboyElectropop; Electronic music more accepted by the masses and general public. Deep, grinding electronic tones, frequencies and breakbeats coupled with more pop-friendly vocals and lyrics. Usually fronted by a female. - Elly Jackson, Ke$ha, Lady Gaga, Demi Lovato, PerfumeGrime; sort of a dirty, wet-floor, smoke-in-the-air, acrid B.O. type of Jungle or grimey-House music. Not music that might be played in a grimey house; but House music that is also grimey. - Boy Better Know, Ghetts, Kano, Newham Generals, Ruff Squad, SkeptaHouse; a style of electronic dance music that grew from disco production and reggae beats. Don't know why it's called "House". Maybe it just sounded cool. - Chemical Brothers, Daft Punk, MARRS, Sonique, Dirty VegasTechno; a form of EDM synthesizing funk, jazz, African rhythms and a general party-type atmosphere. This music is often directly from the future or outerspace. - Arab Strap, Rednex, Technotronic, LeClick, Culture Beat, RozallaTrance; repetition repetition repetition. Beats between 125 and 140 with lots of repetition. Melodic themes slowly layer and build to climaxes and then, you guessed it, repeat. - Life on Mars, Enigma, Blue States, B12, Craig Armstrong, AirTrip Hop; a more experimental style of electronic music that utilizes soul, funk, jazz, and blues forms. Sometimes danceable. Sometimes commercial. But always 100% hip-hop/ambient/soul/jazz/acid/dub/electronica. Or something... - Moby, Bossa Nostra, Fatboy Slim, Vanja Lazarova, Seph, Electric ChairsFolk:American Roots; 1800s' pre-Country acoustic. Not as upbeat as bluegrass. More akin to Mountain ballads stemming from Irish/Scottish roots in the Appalachian Mountains of the USA. - The Civil Wars, Mac Wiseman, Pete Seeger, The Wallin Family, Bass Mountain Boys, The Chuck Wagon GangFolk Pop; softer than folk rock. Folk music that people actually like while sober. - John Denver, Simon & Garfunkel, Don McLean, Leonard Cohen, Sonny and Cher, Partridge FamilyFolk Rock; slightly heavier than Folk Pop. Somewhat more instrument-based yet audience-friendly. - Dave Matthews Band, Indigo Girls, Joan Osborne, Mumford & Sons, KT Tunstall, Suzanne VegaJam; 20 minute dual guitar solos while singer stands, looking at the stage floor, head-bobbing slightly using the microphone stand to keep from falling over. Best enjoyed while under the influence of some sort of psychotropic substance. If sober, turn around and watch the crowd. Usually pretty fun shows but pretty boring albums. - The Grateful Dead, Bela Fleck & The Flecktones, Phish, Sister Hazel, The Pat McGee BandJazz:Acid Jazz; Jazz....on acid. Or with acid poured over it. I can't quite figure out which but there's definitely some form of actual acid involved and it's likely more potent than lactic or citric. Plus "acid" is a really cool word. Even cooler than "house". - Exodus Quartet; Medeski, Martin & Wood; DJ Logic, Count Basie, Quiet Boys, RadBebop; up-tempo, exemplifying instrumental mastery while not actually showing off. Lots of improvisation and elements that leant themselves eventually to the progressive rock styles; unison melodies, shrink/grow rhythm backings, solo breaks, etc. - Charlie Parker, Chet Baker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, Bud Powell TrioBig Band; larger than a small band. Incorporating strong brass, woodwinds and dominant percussion throughout. Typically more happy and bouncy. And big. - Squirrel Nut Zippers, Glenn Miller Orchestra, Duke Ellington, Chickenhawks, Benny GoodmanJazz Funk; more of a solid back-beat groove than other jazz styles. Makes use of synthesizers and analog tone generation. More groove than pure jazz but more jazz than pure funk. - Wynton Marsalis, Grover Washington, The Whitefield Brothers, The Woo Woos, Entourage, Joe AugustineJazz Fusion; sort of Progressive Jazz. Fuses jazz with other styles like funk, R&B, rock, etc. "Fuse" is a cool jazzy sounding word. Almost as cool as "acid". - Plunge, Soulive, Tom Scott, Weather Report, Manhattan Transfer, NiacinLatin Jazz; exactly that. Utilizes latin beats and rhythms along with multiple and various percussion-centric structures. Incorporates anything from Bolero to Rhumba but doesn't quite "fuse" them.....I guess.... - Acoustic Alchemy, Gare Du Nord, Yutaka, Mas Mamones, Kim Pensyl, Al Di Meola, BrasiliaRagtime; socially and chronologically bridged the gap between classical and jazz. Strong syncopated rhythms and metric patterns pulled from African-American music from the early 20th Century. Primarily piano based. - Scott Joplin, Gene Austin, Ernest Hogan, Dorsey Brothers, Nora Bayes, Ted LewisSmooth Jazz; the music you listen to when you're winding down after a hard day of yoga classes and meditation. Relaxation akin to whale sounds and trickling rivers. - Yellowjackets, Kenny G, Where There's Smoke, J. Spencer, Ricky Ford, Dave KozSoft Jazz; see Smooth Jazz, but softer. Imagine winding down after a day of winding down after a day of yoga classes and...... you get the picture. - Mark Baldwin, Victor Goines, Ziggy Elfman, Eric Darken, Pat Coil, Phil WoodsTraditional Jazz; music for music's sake. The guys who originally broke the rules and continue to do so. They even broke the rules of jazz itself with their category name; since "Traditional Jazz" is itself oxymoronic. - Dave Brubeck, Lord Buckley, Diana Krall, Al Jolson, Elmer Bernstein, Chick WebbVocal Jazz; not all scat and beedoppadoops. The voice as an instrument. Focus on virtuosity of the voice and expression through vocal timbre and fluidity. The best ones were female. Sorry, Louis. - Nina Simone, Etta James, Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday, Ethel Waters, Nat King ColeMetal:Avant-Garde Metal; the weird crap. The stuff that people either love or hate. Typically not as talented as the Progressive guys, but less heavy and hardcore than the pure metal guys. - System of a Down, Faith No More, Buckethead, King Crimson, Sikth, IntronautClassic Metal; where it all started. The first down-tuned, high-action riffs building from the oppressive industrial age in mid-century Great Britain. And the need to kick ass following all that rockabilly crap. - Scorpions, Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Dio, Rainbow, Iron Butterfly, MotörheadDark Metal: including…Black Metal; similar to death metal, but slightly more atmospheric and extreme. These guys wear skull face-paint and dress like dead demons and other scary stuff. Lo-fi recordings with tremolo guitar and screeching, wailing vocals atop fast tempos/beats and low, thrumming bass. -Aurora Borealis, Behemoth, Setherial, Satanic Slaughter, Noctuary, Watain, Ethereal WoodsDeath Metal; metal about death. Or metal that sounds like it's dying or killing. Lots of blast beats and atonalities. Fast double-bass drums and down-tuned guitars. Screaming and growling. These guys don't play too many Bar Mitzvahs. - Napalm Death, Abysmal Dawn, Mortification, Dethklok, Fleshgore, Beneath the MassacreDoom Metal; like death metal but more ominous using slower tempos and more atmospheric tones. Lyrics are typically depressing and morose and will leave you wanting to kill others; including yourself. - Thergothon, Orodruin, The Hidden Hand, Mindrot, The Obsessed, Unholy, Witchfinder GeneralGoth Metal; somewhat of a horror theme pervades this category. Often times skull makeup or zombie/vampire/werewolf themes will be prevalent. Names often include prepositions. - In This Moment, Cradle of Filth, Within Temptation, Theatre of Tragedy, Cadaveria, AgathodaimonSludge Metal; usually has a somewhat dirtier, grimier feel to it. Slower deep-tuned crunchy riffs and distortion. Sometimes screaming and growling mixed with somewhat southern rock feeling styles. Themes include pessimism, hopelessness, anger. - Black Label Society, Rollins Band, Mastodon, Corrosion of Conformity, Haste, Soilent Green, EyehategodEmo Metal; usually pretty heavy and angst-ridden, but with some clear-voice singing and wailing throughout. Not all screams and growls like Metalcore; and sometimes no screaming or growling at all. Just sort of, “Life is tough and I’m gonna bitch about it” music - but good. -Anberlin, Good Charlotte, Motionless in White, My Chemical Romance, SkilletFusion Metal: including…Folk Metal: including…Celtic Metal; reminiscent of ancient Celtic/Irish battle music. Heavy and grinding, but with an air of ambient atmosphere and possibly pan flutes. Yes definitely pan flutes. One must paint one’s face blue and wear a loin cloth to fully appreciate this genre. - Agalloch, Cruachan, Finntroll, Eluveitie, Mael Mórdha, Geasa, SuidrakaGypsy Metal; crunchy, heavy guitars with fiddles and percussion instruments that might be found hanging in the fortune teller’s wagon of a traveling circus. Some themes get pretty heavy and mythological and really make little sense. But hey…it’s Metal. - Inspirit, Kultur Shock, Stella Arja, Tribe of Gypsies, The Crooked Fiddle BandMedieval Metal; similar to Doom Metal in that the mood is more somber and morose and oppressive. Imagine metal that’s been living in a dungeon for 650 years and has just now stepped out into the sun. Yeah. That. - Heimataerde, In Extremo, Letzte Instanz, Morgenstern, Saltatio Mortis, SkycladPagan Metal; Metal that stays true to the original pagan/wiccan image. Metal that rails against organized religion; especially monotheism. Metal that revels in worldly idolatry and basks in the indulgence of the physical. Lots of symbolism and iconography used on album covers. - Arkona, Asmergin, Finsterforst, Korpiklaani, Obtest, MoonsorrowPirate Metal; exactly what it sounds like. Swashbuckling, rum-guzzling, peg-legged, patch-eyed, hook-armed, parrot-perched ne’er-do-wells prowling the waters in wooden ships carrying gold, gems and ghosts of the sea. At least that’s what they sing about. I think in real life they’re just normal people who drive cars and pay taxes like the rest of us. - Alestorm, Blaxon Stone, Cat O’ Nine Tails, Iron Seawolf, Red Rum, Silverbones, SwashbuckleViking Metal; metal having to do with Vikings (mostly lyrically) and their respective culture. Many reminders that Vikings are likely the most "metal" culture in the history of the world. - Mortiis, Heidevolk, Hel, Turisas, Wolfchant, Grand Magus, BorknagarFunk Metal; relatively self-explanatory. Metal, with some funk. Or funk with a heavier vibe. Heavy crunchy; yet funky and danceable; grooves. Slap bass and wah-wah guitar often rear their heads. Tightly tuned snare drums and snappy bass drums with a lot of emphasis on the hi-hat; usually. -Infectious Grooves, Living Colour, Mordred, Primus, Fishbone, Mind FunkJazz Metal; metal with an air of pretense. Not as esoteric as Avant-Garde Metal and more artsy than Funk Metal. Elements of Jazz like improvisation and off-kilter chord structures prevail. -Conflux, Gru, Sithu Aye, Shining, Naked CityNeoclassical Metal; these guys would be composing for their respective local monarchs had they lived 200 years ago. This is metal with classical tendencies, but not necessarily classical instrumentation. Mostly guitar virtuosi hang out here. Their bands are typically comprised of musical over-achievers who don’t quite have what it takes to be fully progressive. -Yngwie Malmsteen, Vinnie Moore, Timmo Tolkki, Joshua Perahia, Marty FriedmanRap Metal; Pretty self-explanatory. Combines rap and metal. - Linkin Park, P.O.D., Kid Rock, Rage Against The Machine, Papa Roach, Crazy Town, Limp BizkitSymphonic Metal; - again, pretty self-explanatory. Metal guys don't like to waste time with esoteric nomenclature like "Trip Hop" or "Bluegrass". - After Forever, Dimmu Borgir, Blind Guardian, Nightwish, Seraphim, Interfector, AyreonGlam Metal; including…Hair Metal; all about glitz and glamour. Make-up, hair-spray, tight red leather pants and ripped-off blues riffs. I love it. So do you. Many names include animals or a reference to something white. Or both. - Whitesnake, White Lion, Great White, Ratt, Def Leppard, Zebra, Bon Jovi, Firehouse, PoisonSleaze Metal; akin to Hair Metal, but with more grime. More about sex and drugs in the deviant and slimy way. Not really about partying, but about the actual sex and drugs. More leather and fringe than hairspray and makeup. Though you will find some hairspray. And makeup. -Billy Idol, Guns ’n’ Roses, Skid Row, Mötley Crüe, L.A. Guns, ExtremeGroove Metal; Metal with slightly more funk than pure Metal, slightly more balls than Jazz Metal and slightly more balls than pure Funk Metal. Imagine Funk Metal more laid back and less aggressive. Like….if Motown made Metal. Channel Zero, Soulfly, Tad, Fight, DevilDriver, Byzantine, Bleed From WithinIndustrial Metal; more digital sound than raw analog metal. Sometimes just one or two guys doing it all. Can become over-commercialized due to its attainability by the masses. - Rob Zombie, Front Line Assembly, God Lives Underwater, Skinny Puppy, NIN, Filter, The Union UndergroundMetalcore; growling, screaming and yelling. Angry people reside here; somewhere between extreme metal and hardcore punk. Hey wait.....Metalpunk? no....Extrard? no.....Punkstreme? no. Metalcore! There. That works. - SOiL, Drowning Pool, Biohazard, The Agonist, Trivium, HelmetNu Metal; guys who use digital production techniques and a more refined sound. Good hardcore stuff, but not raw and dirty. Often have numbers or present tense verbs/gerunds in their names. - 10 Years, 3 Days Grace, 30 Seconds To Mars, Breaking Benjamin, Dropping Daylight, Shinedown, Sevendust, Finger Eleven, KoЯnPower Metal; metal that combines the powerful elements of classic metal, speed metal and a bit of symphonic metal for added drama. These guys are in your face but not in a Death/Doom/Black Metal way. There’s more life and less death here. Not always happy, but driven and motivational. -Alestorm, Powerwolf, Metal Church, Iced Earth, Kamelot, HelloweenProgressive Metal; including…Classical Prog; Heavy, yet classical virtuosity runs rampant. Complex orchestrations and thematic derivatives abound. Their album covers are usually pretty Dungeons & Dragons-esque. - Adagio, Blind Guardian, Symphony X, Triumph, The Devin Townsend ProjectDjent; pretty much onomatopoeiaic. Those crunchy guitar sounds that are mimicked by Metalheads using their voices to project “DJENT DJENT DJENT DJENT….” as they mouth along with the kickass guitar riffs. - Animals As Leaders, Meshuggah, Mnemic, Periphery, Sikth, TesseracTMathcore; the guys who are more into technique than groove. Music that exhibits what a theoretical physicist’s chalkboard might sound like if transferred to aural perception. - Benea signNow, Botch, Daughters, Ion Dissonance, Psyopus, Spiral ArchitectMelodic Prog; the guys who are more about melody and tonality than about technical virtuosity. Don’t get me wrong, they’re still damn good, but they produce more memorable and catchy tunes than some other Progressive groups. - Crimson Glory, A Perfect Circle, Tool, Queensrÿche, Rhapsody of Fire, Shadow GalleryOmni Prog; the guys who can do it all. Classical, Rock, Jazz, Funk, Groove, Technique, Passion, Virtuosity, Acoustic, Electric, Slow, Fast, Flamenco, Baroque, etc. Pretty much the embodiment of “Musicians’ Bands”. - Dream Theater, Fates Warning, King’s X, Pain of Salvation, Liquid Tension Experiment, PlatypusPower Prog; virtuosity tempered with sheer power. Hard-driving beats and riffs with high-volume, in-your-face ass-kicking. - Adrenaline Mob, Frameshift, Nevermore, Orden Ogan, Ne Obliviscaris, Seventh WonderTechnical Death Metal; similar to the Mathcore guys but heavier. That’s about it. There are lots of prime numbered time signatures in this genre. - Cynic, Green Carnation, Obscura, Odious Mortem, PsycropticPunk: including…Garage Punk; early sixties punk that was raw, lo-fi, scratchy, distorted and fuzzy. Simple chords (I mean…it IS Punk…) and even simpler lyrics. - Black Lips, The Hives, The Humpers, The Mummies, TeengenerateGlam Punk; Punk railing against the status quo with high shock value. Makeup and crazy hair and facial prosthetics abound. - Cherry Vanilla, Flash Bastard, The Hot Dogs, New York Dolls, Shady Lady, Sick Six CrushHardcore; faster, more aggressive Punk. Same simple chords and song themes, but played faster and with more aggression. Usually very fast and/or aggressive. Basically…fast and aggressive Punk. With lyrical themes occasionally treated a bit more seriously for the sake of actual social commentary. - Bad Religion, Black flag, Fugazi, Sworn Enemy, Raised Fist, Social DistortionOi!; the UK scene that tried to bring Punk back to its roots and steal it back from all the spoiled, rich-kid wannabes that had started to become “punkers”. Music is raw, unproduced, natural; yet maintains an honesty that’s rare in a lot of musical styles. - Last Resort, Peter and the Test Tube Babies, Public Enemy, Street Dogs, SuperYob, Toy DollsPop Punk; music by and for the spoiled, rich-kid wannabes that had started to become “punkers”. Punk in the mainstream. The use of Punk stylings and techniques for the sake of selling albums and making money and becoming famous and rich. - American Hi-Fi, The Ataris, Green Day, OffspringPost-Punk; the evolution of Punk into a more personally stylistic and individually nuanced style. More experiementation and removal from the classic Punk traditions created a sort of Avant-Garde Punk movement which culminated in Post-Punk. - 23 Skidoo, Au Pairs, Bauhaus, Big Black, The Chills, The Cult, The StranglersProto-Punk; the ones who started it all. The original punks. The artists who originally went against the grain of the conventional Rock or Pop of their day to create what would become the Punk movement. - Iggy & The Stooges, MC5, NEU!, The Patti Smith Group, The Sonics, TelevisionPunk Rock; those groups that don’t really fit into any subgenre of Punk and just encapsulate what the common culture knows as “Punk”. - The Clash, The Jam, The Ramones, Sex Pistols, Sprung MonkeySpeed Metal; exactly that. Speed. Even the band names are so fast they only use one word. - Helloween, Overkill, Impellitteri, Cranium, Atomkraft, Annihilator, Sodom, Kreator, GravediggerThrash Metal; the guys you likely know best. The original Bay-Area metalheads themselves. - Metallica, Megadeth, Anthrax, Sepultura, Pantera, Slayer, Metal Church, Exodus, TestamentOrchestral:Broadway; the music that's played during those plays on Broadway in NYC. - Les Miserables, Phantom of the Opera, Miss Saigon, Jesus Christ SuperstarClassical; usually considered the dominant Western music from 1750 to 1830; but spans a bit farther in both directions. Typically divided up into eras instead of genres; at least when separating Composers from Performers. ___________________________________________________________________ (composers)500–1600 - Medieval: Dom Dinis, Leorenzo da Firenze, Jaufre Rudel, Sordello, Bernard of Cluny1401–1600 - Renaissance: Biquardus, Jefimija, Isaiah the Serb, Garnier, Annibale Padovano1601–1750 - Baroque: Gaspar Sariz, Antonio Lucio Vivaldi, Johann Sebastian Bach, Domenico Scarlatti, Tomaso Albinoni1751–1830 - High Classical: Franz Schubert, Wolfgang Mozart, Gioacchino Antonio Rossini, Arunachala Kavi, Franz Joseph Haydn1831–1900 - Romantic: Antonin Dvořák, Claude Debussy, Hector Berlioz, Ludwig Van Beethoven, Frédéric Chopin1901–2000 - 20th Century: Aaron Copland, Paul Dukas, Joaquin Rodrigo, George Gershwin, Aram Il’yich, Khachaturian2001-Present - Contemporary: Max Richter, Krzysztof Penderecki, Steve Reich, Michael Van der Aa ________________________________________________________________ (performers)Yo-Yo Ma, Mike Wollenberg, Lang Lang, Andre Rieu, The London Philharmonic, Woody PhillipsMovie Scores; the music that's played during those movies you watch sometimes. Either in NYC or elsewhere. - Alan Silvestri (Back to the Future, Forrest Gump); Danny Elfman (Batman, Beetlejuice, Pee-Wee's Big Adventure); James Horner (Titanic, Braveheart); John Williams (Star Wars, Indiana Jones, E.T., Jaws, Jurassic Park, Superman); Hans Zimmer (Gladiator, The Rock); Harold Faltermeyer (Beverly Hills Cop, Fletch, Top Gun)New Age; the music you listen to during your hard day of yoga classes and meditation. - Andreas Wollenweider, Jordan Rudess, Turin Brakes, Yanni, Gordon HemptonVocal; the vocal instrument applied to the rigors of Classical instrumentation - Andrea Bocelli, Josh Groban, Sarah Brightman, Luciano Pavarotti, Il Divo, Brooklyn Tabernacle ChoirPop:Adult Contemporary; a fancy name for the lame music your parents probably listened to. Mostly maudlin tunes about the lives and thoughts of privileged, white, middle-aged hipsters. - Anne Murray, Barry Manilow, Wilson Phillips, Neil Diamond, Carly SimonBeat Pop; the British invasion of back-beat driven pop icons of the late 50s and early 60s. Most bands are "The" something. - The Beatles, The Lovin' Spoonful, The Kingsmen, The Turtles, The Byrds, The Cuff Links, The Hollies, The Newbeats, The Left Banke, The Zombies, Gunhill RoadDance Pop; the popular music to dance to. Not as counter-culture as EDM, but slightly heavier than Bubble Gum Pop; which I didn't list as a category. - Bananarama, Billy Ocean, Katy Perry, Lady Gaga, Debbie Gibson, EMF, Will to Power, TiffanyDisco; formed from funk, psychedelic and soul; this style rebelled against the rock music of the day in a more visceral, primal way. All about body movement, dancing and the human spectacle, it stole colorful clothing and drugs from the Hippies, up-beat driven rhythms from the Beatniks and combined them in a sexy, seductive libido-based production praising dance and expressive human life. It is currently "dead". - ABBA, The Bee Gees, The Village People, KC & The Sunshine Band, Gloria Gaynor, Lipps Inc.Doo Wop; yet another mainstream derivative of African-American music, doo wop uses more nonsensical phrases and sounds to emphasize harmony and melody over lyrical substance. These names also are often "The" something. - The Dominoes, The Platters, The Tune-Weavers, The Casinos, The Dreamlovers, The Passions, The Penguins, The Rivieras, The Esquires, Bob & Earl.Indie Pop; somewhat contradictory, the emphasis on self-reliance and the whole DIY perspective is exploited to assure popularity and mainstream success. But somehow it works. - The Ting Tings, Fine Young Cannibals, Nil Lara, Karry Walker, Sundays, Hang UpsLatin Pop; exactly that. Pop with better beats and more complex rhythms that actually force you to dance even if you are unwilling. - Ricky Martin, Enrique Iglesias, Pit Bull, Shakira, Miami Sound Machine, Lou BegaPop Rock; slightly edgier pop. Or slightly more commercialized rock. Take your pick. - Fiona Apple, Jewel, Avril Lavigne, Natalie Imbruglia, Eric Carmen, Maroon 5Power Pop; high production music for the sake of performance. - Journey, Rick Springfield, Survivor, Duran Duran, Huey Lewis & The News, Go-Gos, Cutting Crew, The B52sSurf Pop; the music you listen to while watching people surf. Somehow this style became separate from other closely related similar styles and is audibly evident in every group it houses. - The Ventures, The Beach Boys, The Surfaris, Jan and Dean, The Rip-Chords, Dick DaleSynthpop; like power pop, but with the emphasis on synthesizers. - Tears For Fears, OMD, Herbie Hancock, When In Rome, Falco, Dead or Alive, Thomas DolbyTraditional Pop; the crooners. The original pop vocalists whose reputations continue to dazzle and impress. The Rat Pack. The Vegas Lounge Lizards. No, those aren't band names. - Perry Como, Wayne Newton, Tom Jones, Bobby Vinton, Frank Sinatra, Mel TormeR&B:Alternative Hip Hop; Hip Hop that doesn't quite fit the mold of standard R&B. Somewhat left of center and progressive by R&B standards. - Outkast, Black Eyed Peas, Jurassic 5, Wu-Tang Clan, Jadakiss, N.E.R.D., Insane Clown PosseFunk; emphasis on rhythm and groove rather than melody and harmony. Chords aren't as important as the bass line underneath them or the drum beat behind them. - The Brothers Johnson, Commodores, Kool & The Gang, George Clinton & the P-Funk All Stars, Curtis MayfieldNeo Soul; Soul, but newer. Neo is just a cool word for "new". Though not as cool as "acid". OOH!!! Acid Soul! Is that a genre?! If it isn't then it should be. - Jamiroquai, Amy Winehouse, Beyonce, Bruno Mars, Christina Aguilera, Terence Trent d'ArbyNew Jack Swing; "Neo Jack Swing" would sound pretentious and the R&B genre is anything but pretentious. And "Acid Jack Swing" would sound like drug or sex slang. These guys combined Urban Contemporary beats and Dance Pop composition to create a very catchy sound that showcased a lot of soulful melodies and harmonies. This was "The bomb" in the late '80s and early '90s. - Boyz II Men, Bel Biv DeVoe, En Vogue, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, New Edition, Kid 'n' Play, MC Hammer, Paula AbdulRap; talking. mostly. Though talking very well and rhyming with complex rhythms and rhyme schemes on top of looped beats and melody lines. - Eminem, Cypress Hill, Timbaland, Snoop Dogg, Grandmaster Flash, Digital Underground, Ludacris, Beastie BoysSoul; the s%*t that makes you wanna f%*k. - Teddy Pendergrass, The Righteous Brothers, Lionel Richie, Aaron Neville, Hall & Oates, Luther Vandross, John LegendUrban Contemporary; a combination of EDM, Reggae, Dance Pop, Soul and Rap that creates a very broad range of styles and expressions. - Usher, Nikki Minaj, Justin Timberlake, Missy Elliott, Trey Songz, Rihanna, Ne-Yo, Flo-Rida, DrakeReggae:Dancehall; Jamaican pop that strips down Reggae to the most crucial dance vibes necessary, though it added more digital instrumentation and faster rhythms. - Leonard Dillon, Toots Hibbert, Wailing Souls, Ebony Steelband, Aswad, Big MountainDub; mostly instrumental remixes of existing Reggae recordings. - Third World, Black Uhuru, Yellowman, Sly & Robbie, Freddie McGregorRagga; primarily electronic Reggae. Slower and more laid back than Dancehall, but more produced and digitized than Roots. - Steel Pulse, Trinidad Steel Drum Band, Inner Circle, Desmond Williams, Lasana Bandelé, Joe HiggsRoots; spiritual Rastafarian expression of life and experiences. Primal, raw and unmistakably catchy. - Bob Marley & The Wailers, Greyhound, Dhaima, Crucial Vibes, Kojak & Liza, Shorty the PresidentRock:Alternative; not quite squeezed into the "Rock" definition, but not quite squeezed out of it either. - Soul Asylum, U2, The Wallflowers, Jesus Jones, Beck, Toad the Wet SprocketAmericana; the music about the working class. The hopes and dreams of the free American people. Driving rock that you can hear in bars and stadiums alike. - Bruce Springsteen, Bryan Adams, The Traveling Wilburys, John Mellencamp, Tom Petty, John FogertyClassic Rock; the original rockers. If you haven't heard of these guys you haven't heard of Rock. - Led Zeppelin, The Who, Steve Miller Band, Queen, Eagles, Fleetwood Mac, The Rolling Stones, The TroggsCollege Rock; rock for the sake of getting laid in college. These guys pandered to the more sensitive female audience, thereby creating the necessity for the male audience to like them as well. Typically pretty stupid and nonsensical sounding names. - Vertical Horizon, Iffy, Counting Crows, Hoobastank, Goo Goo Dolls, Fastball, Dishwalla, Hootie & The Blowfish, Matchbox 20, Emmet SwimmingDark Wave; slightly more despondent and depressed. More morose and well......dark. - The Church, The Cure, Blue October, Depeche Mode, The Stone Roses, Joy DivisionFunk Rock; pretty self-explanatory. - Primus, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Spin Doctors, 311, Mother's Finest, Tina & The B-side MovementGrunge; these guys killed Glam Metal. But it was already beginning to show signs of weakness.
This music stripped away all image and pretense and left us with guys who were just good enough at their instrument to still allow every high-school boy in America to be able to play along...... to all their pretty songs......and shoot his gun. - Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Alice In Chains, Garbage, L7, Mudhoney, Stone Temple Pilots, Local H, Love Battery, The MelvinsHard Rock; not Classic. But not Soft. Or Grungy. Just hard. Though not as hard as Metal. So maybe really hard wood or stone. Yeah that's it. Hard Rock. - Velvet Revolver, Audioslave, Midnight Oil, Pat Benatar, Billy Squier, Drivin' 'N' Cryin', LoverboyIndie Rock; rock that does it's own thing despite what the industry tells it to do. - R.E.M., Florence + The Machine, Monks Of Doom, The Connells, Cake, Juliette & The Licks, They Might Be GiantsNew Wave; more frenetic and impulsive than former rock, disco and punk. More guitar licks and rhythms that didn't just sit you down and leave you there. Somewhat electronic and experimental. Some might say, "new". - INXS, The Police, Crowded House, Spandau Ballet, Oingo Boingo, Shiny Toy Guns, Corey HartPost-Grunge; came after grunge, and was slightly more produced than grunge, but still held on to some of that Grunge angst that made it so successful. - Stone Sour, Ugly Kid Joe, Hinder, Collective Soul, Nickelback, Flyleaf, Candlebox, GodsmackProgressive Rock: including…1970s; Progressive Rock artists of the 1970s. Pretty self-explanatory. These guys were near the birth of what is known as Progressive Rock. Some of the earliest pioneers and trailblazers of the genre.- Deep Purple, Emerson Lake & Palmer, Rush, Kansas, Jethro Tull, Frank Zappa, GenesisArt Rock; Slightly skewed but still rock. More experimental and “out there”. Costumes are common. As is make-up and characterization. -David Bowie, Peter Gabriel, David Byrne, Velvet Underground, Radiohead, Incubus, Talking HeadsCanterbury Scene; named after a bunch of improvisational dudes from Canterbury got someone’s attention. These guys shifted into and out of each other’s bands all the time. Constantly changing and altering their lineups. - Caravan, Short Wave, Supersister, In Cahoots, Gong, Egg, GilgameshPost-Progressive; the spawn of and next generation following 1970s Progressive Rock. These guys adapted to the current zeitgeist and pushed the boundaries even more than their predecessors. I mean….that IS the definition of Progressive. - Attention Deficit, Bozzio Levin Stevens, Somnambulist, Transatlantic, Dali’s Dilemma, Chroma Key, BravePsychedelic Rock (Acid Rock); quirky, drugged-out hysterical nonsense rock with a lot of outward expression against normalcy. Fun shows that led to a lot of deaths; by drug and alcohol consumption; and pregnancies......by drug and alcohol consumption. - Big Brother & The Holding Company, The Doors, Quicksilver Messenger Service, Moody Blues, Sopwith Camel, Vanilla Fudge, DonovanRIO (Rock In Opposition); akin to the Canterbury guys I mentioned earlier, these Progressive musicians got pissed that no one was recognizing their talent and banded together against the music industry itself. Surprise: they still didn’t get very popular. - Aksak Maboul, Etron Fou Lelouban, Henry Cow, Art Bears, Stormy Six, Art ZoydPunk; the rebels who hated society and weren't afraid to let it be known. They'd bleed on stage, rip off their clothes and surf the crowd naked, dump buckets of sweat and other bodily fluids on the crowd while screaming and railing against authority and tradition. Oh and they sometimes held instruments too. - Sex Pistols, Bad Religion, Ramones, Iggy & The Stooges, The Clash, American Hi-FiRockabilly; what some call the original Rock & Roll. A combination of hillbilly and rock containing a western swing and a bouncing party vibe. With elements of piano-based Jump Blues and electric boogie woogie, it made it's mark on the music scene indelibly. Almost everyone's named contained a "Y". - Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly, Tommy Sands, Johnny Rivers, Jerry Lee Lewis, Freddy Cannon, Chubby Checker, Little RichardSka; rock with horns. This provided all those high school kids who chose to play brass in the school band a way to be cool... For about 18 months in the late '90s. - No Doubt, Fighting Gravity, Dispatch, Blue Meanies, Toots & The Maytals, Jack FridaySoft Rock; the rock you listen to on the radio when driving to your yoga or meditation class. - Traffic, Glenn Frey, Linda Ronstadt, Don Henley, Kim Carnes, Gerry RaffertySouthern Rock; rock from the south. Lots of twang and rough gravelly vocals mixed with two-step rhythms that keep audiences head-bobbin' and wavin' confederate flags. When "Free Bird" is yelled at one of these shows, it will be played. - Lynyrd Skynyrd, 38 Special, Blackfoot, Pride & Glory, Molly Hatchet, The Georgia SatellitesWorld: (please forgive my American/Euro-Centric categorizations. And please don't be offended if I've misplaced something that you feel should go elsewhere; in all the previous categories or in the following geographic generalizations. These are mostly all regional folk or traditional music of general locations named accordingly, and just those that I am familiar with and like. I know full well that many and various styles and cultures exist within the overall regions I’ve specified here.)African - Zap Mama, Zwabesho Sibisi, Eleja Choir, Turtle Island String Quartet, Habib Koité and Bamada, Coco LeeMiddle Eastern - Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan; Kaila Flexer; Ilhan Ersahin; Ighigou Haile; S-Tone, Inc.Asian - Liu Huan, Yungchen Lhamo, Itsuki No Komoriuta, Bhoora Singh and Party, Hoang Vuy, Imperial Household OrchestraEastern European - Goralska Orkestra, Stephanya G. Penchevya, Nikollë Nikprelaj, Raderman Beckerman Orchestra, Efta Botoca, Petrică PaşcaIrish/Celtic/Gaelic - Loreena McKennitt, Michael O'Suilleabhain, The Pogues, Enya, The Chieftains, The Tannahill Weavers, WolfstoneIsland - Sean Na'auao, Les Tamaru, Israel Kamakawiwo'ole, Andi Thakambau, Lord Composer, Kealoha KonoLatin/Hispanic - Ruben Blades, Tu Abandono, Adam Del Monte, Brian Keane, Elvis Crespo, Los UmbrellosMediterranean - Triki Triki, Stellákis Perpiniádhis, La Nina Del Los Peines, Márkos Vamvakáris, Effisio Melis, Marika KanaropoulouScandinavian - Värttinä, Hållbus Totte Mattson, Arto Järvelä, Gjallarhorn, Angelit, Annbjørg Lien, Sari Kaasinen...and that's all I can think of off the top of my head. So there's some good music. -
Who would win in a battle between the JAS-39 Gripen and the F-16 Fighting Falcon?
Knowledge is a process of piling up facts; wisdom lies in their simplification.*************************************************************************************During combat, any aircraft can be presented with the opportunity to defeat another aircraft in a dogfight. Since cannon firing dogfights are rare nowadays, it leaves aircraft armed with at least short range missiles to be in a position to shoot down another aircraft.There are Several critical factors that affect an outcome of head to head combat ala dogfight.Skill , Training & Flying capabilities of the pilots .How much their body can adjust in manouvers such as Thrust vectoring or cobra and make decisions quickly.Years of flying i.e Experience of the pilot on that particular aircraft as each aircraft is different.Avionics and weapons available ; Range, Accuracy and Reliability .Operational Readiness time (How quickly it can get in Air)Maintainability and Service CielingHuman factors such as calmness, courage to die for your country and mission, and confidence in the air.Lets discuss the subject..___________________________________________________________________________________Depending upon the Skill of the Pilot and the Package its fielded in (AWACS etc) SAB JAS 39 Gripen C / E nick named **SMART FIGHTER…Likely WINs. No dis respect to World’s proven F - 16.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^BASIC DESCRIPTIONSAAB is an Advanced 4.0+ Gen Aircraft a Single-Engine, Single-Seat, Network centric, Shorter range & Lesser Thrust (as comapred to say Rafale / Sukhoi Su 35 Flanker) , Multi - Role , Even Swing Role (meaning it can switch operational role in flight), Combat & Reconnaissance missions. Canard design , with Outstanding Agility , Equipped with sensor-fusion and unique software architecture, Smaller and Easy to maintain. It’s the F-20 Tigershark of contemporary era …The Gripen is the dream come true for a nation (Sweeden) & now an 18 years old platform..SAAB J29 of 1960s was replaced by SAAB DRAKENS , Sweden needed to replace JA-37 Viggen.Before advent of JSF F-35 , it was the JA-37 which had the ‘most powerful engine’ in single engine category fighter, its fuselage became obslete and became exensive to operate. This led to birth of GRIPEN in 1988 - Light , Cost Effective , Maintenance friendly with pioneer in Aerodynamic instability being built-in as concept. Griffin or Gripen is the state of the art fighter incorporating the learnings of its predecessors. The first ‘A version’ was taken into service in 1996 by the Swedish Air Force.“Affordable and the best – the new normal,” is how Håkan Buskhe, CEO and President of Saab, introduced his company’s latest product, the Gripen E, the only modern fighter aircraft that has power, efficiency and flexibility in perfect balance.The JAS 39A, as it emerged, was a true lightweight fighter, with about three-quarters the empty weight of an F-16C and about half the empty weight of the Viggen, the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, or the Dassault Rafale. The Gripen's airframe featured extensive use of composite assemblies to reduce weight. The modest size reduced purchase cost to a degree, and definitely reduced operating cost; made the machine easier to handle on the ground; and gave it a lower radar signature.**********************************************************************************SOME KEY SUB - SYSTEMS :JAS - 39 platform uses US Engine and British Air Frame & Hydraulic / Brake Systems with a German Cannon to Swede Radar & Avionics … A Joint platform with available - off the Shelf systems it seems. Hence the system integration is top of the line.On the other hand its design is based on features of a “Tail - less Delta Wing - Sweep of 45 degree . Front Canard with Wing Tip Pylons config” design , somewhat similar to Typhoon and Rafale family of Jets, with Relaxed Aerodynamic Stability. This design is a Trade - off i.e has pros and cons. It provides Additional Lift, Anti - Stall protection, Less Drag, An instantaneous turn rate, Extreme Agility and Super - Maneuverability ( Say the F-35 couldn't our manoeuvre the JAS-39 Gripen) , at the cost of Stealth and need of very complex Flight Control systems.COCKPIT & DISPLAY SYSTEMThe cockpit has 3 large, full colour, Multi-Function Displays (MFDs) and a wide angle diffractive optics Head-Up Display (HUD) with a holographic combiner. Highly efficient H.M.I integrated to Reduce pilot workload, particularly in combat situations. Hence A Gripen pilot has effective situational awareness, ensuring unrivalled operational success.A word on much fancied term STEALTH -During modern combats , A Fighter jet will probably not enter a Dog fight with its radar ON, Otherwise it will be illuminating screens of SAMs , Early Warning AWACS, EriEyes, Ground Radars, F 35s etc , which means a SAM / AMRAAM would be smelling you for lunch. Stealth will be useful in First strike missions to bomb enemy targets or in a Package formation to remain invisible , remaining at a larger distance from Effective range and feeding info via datalink to forward interceptors and Air Superiority Vehicles.Most 4.0 Generation fighter have Radar Cross Sections of 1.0 to 2.5 m².YET Gripen has a smaller frame with radar cross section R.C.S between 0.5 – 1.0 m² and a frontal RCS of miniature 0.1 m² - A “Sneaky” opponent- because Gripen is a small fighter With the Aerodynamics designed cleverly to avoid sharp corners, fan blades, Contouring pylons with weapons to ‘reflect’ less angle of return & a smaller long-wave radar signature - But without any RAM Coatings. Its NOT Pure Stealth jet - it carries Weapons externally - Yet Gripen's small size makes it harder to see and harder to hit.AESA & EW/ECM (electronic countermeasure) - Its advanced electronic warfare system OR intelligent fighter system, similar to an electronic shield, allows disruption of the enemy’s ability to function effectively. Gripen E/F reduces its likelihood of being detected by relying on its passive sensors, or through active jamming.SELEX Galileo - Raven ES-05 AESA RADAR SYSTEM & IFF (Identification Friends or Foe) systemAESA stands for Active Electronically Scanned Array and means that, in contrast to older generation radars, it has not only one antenna but a full array of small antennas, called elements. This means that the radar can simultaneously and independently track different targets, and also track targets independently of search volumes. It comprises of a radar warning receiver (RWR), enabling the equipped fighter with situational awareness of enemy radar tracking activity. Gripen has Selex Italian Raven ES-OS AESA Radar and Skyward G- infra red-Search-and-Track I.R.S.T cued to the radar .New infrared search and tracksystemGripen E features Selex Skyward G - IRST - A passive system which can be used to track and discover enemies in the air and on the ground by heat signatures. This information is cued with the radar picture for a full situational awareness. Its claimed that with this new technique aircrafts equipped with stealth technology will be detectable.An Infra Red Search and Track I.R.S.T bump is located in front of the cockpit in the nose section, as well as the missile warning system on the air intakes, are the primary external differentiators. Gripen E can turn away and still keep the target illuminated (Needed till Missile hits the Target)General: Fire control radarRe - positionable ‘Swashplat’e for Radar to view 110 degree to the sides, giving the Pilot great situational awareness.High-FrequencyExciter Receiver Unit (EXRHFU): Narrowband and wideband receivers, digital pulse compression, state-of-the-art spectral purity and noise figures.Signal and data processorRadar Processing Unit (RPUSDP): Saab airborne Modular Avionic Computer System (MACS) computer system and parallel COTS based multiprocessor cluster, solid state discs for recordinghttps://saab.com/globalassets/gr... (https://saab.com/globalassets/gr...)POWER PLANTSAB is powered by a Volvo-Flygmotor RM12. Volvo Aero Corporation RM12 is a modular, fuel efficient, low bypass ratio afterburning turbofan in the 81.9 KN (18,400lb) thrust class. It is based on the General Electric F-404-400 which has completed several million flight hours in operations worldwide, with several enhancements incorporated by Volvo including increased thrust and bird strike resistance. 60% of the engine's components were built by GE and shipped to Sweden, where they were integrated with the Swedish-built components.Dimensions : Length 14.1 mtrs x 8.4 mtr WingspanGripen C - Airframe Composites : 25%Empty Weight: 14,599 lbs (6622 kg)Speed : Mach 1.8 - 2.0Service Cieling : 65,000 ftMax Take off weight : 31,000 lbsGripen C - Thrust to Weight Ratio 0.91 to 0.94Gripen C: Triplex digital fly-by-wireAESA Radar SELEX RAVEN ES-05 Range 118 miles (190 km)10 Hard Points for WeaponsA 27 mm Caliber Cannon BK-27 MauserBVR Missile M.B.D.A Meteor Radar homing AAM’sPower plant : 1 x 80 KN General Electric’s (GE) F414G Turbofan engineThrust 18,100 lbs with After BunersRange : 1,990 MilesG-Limits: +9/-3Combat turn around air-to-air: 10 minuteshttps://www.diva-portal.org/smas...Existing & NG Gripen will have an edge on most of its competitors in :1. *Swing Role*2. Faster and much more Manoeuvrable than Other jets3. Less Operating Costs4. Less Change over and Maintenace effectiveness5. Gripens are comparatively ‘inexpensive’ and operators leverage this by hunting in packs of 4 / 6 to maximise their data-link capabilities & Meteors.6. Smaller R.C.S7. First Look First shoot Leonardo Raven*8. Sensor suite9. Networking capabilities, Famous Link -16*Gripen’s Arexis jamming pod built with Gallium - Nitride based electronics.10. *Leonardo’s Skyward-G - IRIS-T , Designed to take out Approaching AAMs. Has a proximity fuse with a high-fragmentation warhead that has proven to be Most effective against Incoming Sidewinders.11. *Meteor BVR12. Take off and Land from Roads13. Ability to Upgrade for next 02 decadesIHS Jane's study reported that Gripen is the least expensive fighter jet to operate , based on Costs covering fuel used, Pre-flight preparation, Scheduled Maintenance with associated personnel costs. *( Cost comparison of Flight hours - Renato Henrique Marçal de Oliveira)WEAPONARYGripen C : A 27 mm Caliber Cannon BK-27 Mauser with 4 BVR missiles on underwing stores and 2 on wingtip say a config of 4 X AIM - 120D AMRAAMs or 4 X MICA Meteor and 4 X AIM-9X Side-winders .Gripen E has Expendable, Active decoy SELEX - BRITE CLOUD , to divert radar-guided missiles from the aircraft ,current versions of the Litening targeting pod and Reccelite reconnaissance pod. The IRIS-T is an IR-guided, short-range air-to-air missile, primarily funded by Germany for the Eurofighter. Antiship missiles, such as the SAAB RBS-15 turbojet-powered sea-skimming missile. The Mark 3 version introduced support for precision land attackGripen E can also be integrated with a number of air-to-surface weapons including unguided Mk82, Mk83 and Mk84 bombs, laser-guided bombs such as GBU-12, GBU-16 and GBU-10, and advanced bombs such as GBU-49 and GBU-39. Air-to-surface missiles such as RBS15F ER, TAURUS KEPD 350, AGM-65 Maverick, and MBDA’s dual-mode Brimstone (DMB) can also be integrated into the Gripen E. .** Meteor :German Company MBDA METEOR Beyond Visual Range BVRAAM Air to Air with Active Radar Guidance.The new meteor missile was developed and used Gripen as a test platform. Meteor offers a multi-shot capability against long range manoeuvring targets, jets, UAVs and cruise missiles in a Loaded Electronic Counter Measure environment , called ECM. It has range well in excess of 100 kilometres . Meteor can be launched as a stealth missile. It is equipped with enhanced kinematics features. It is capable of striking different types of targets simultaneously in almost any weather.Since Ramjet is non effective when Missile is at stand still so its assisted by a propulsion and then Ramjet takes over.Ramjet is sort of a jet engine in which external jet consumes ‘super heated air flow’, naturally moving through the missile at super sonic speed, creating a form of passive engine that would still continue to power even when the missile is low on fuel (as long as it remain super sonic). Ramjets make longer-range rockets, since they don't need to store oxygen onboard to combust the fuel; they scoop it in from the air.The result is a missile that continue to fly at signNowly more powerful level than typical jet and create as much as 3 times the kinetic energy of the conventional missile (or so the MBDA marketing has been bragging about).Meteor’s stunning performance is achieved through its unique Ramjet propulsion system – A Ramjet motor that takes it to Mach 4. Its Oxidant - less since it consumes ‘atmospheric oxygen’ to oxidise the propellant (usually 2 / 3 rd two-propellant is An oxidant) , thus allowing it to carry Extra fuel for larger range.Meteor, instead of having a pulse motor, is a longer, continuous burn. Being a Ramjet with a liquid propellant, the meteor can vary the burn rate. It uses that ability to slow down for the terminal kill, providing the largest No-Escape Zone of any air-to-air missile.No -escape zone of over 60 km is largest among air-to-air missiles according to manufacturer. Solid-fueled ramjet motor allows missile to cruise at a speed of over mach 4 and provides the missile with thrust and mid-way acceleration to target interception… It can be visualised below…Gripen has demonstrated its ability that it can acquire Situational Awareness in tight battle fields , even without AWACs support . That is contributed also to The Link 39 P2P system, This enables Gripen E to remain laregly undetected , complete missions and also to defend itself .In a pack of 4 , 1 X Gripen can stay back , assume the role of a data link, allowing one aircraft to act as an AWACS for 3 x Attacker Gripens . Hence the RAF Typhoon pilots were surprise who initially thought Gripen fighters would be ”Cannon fodder” before they met them in exercises, but were forced to change their mind since they found out that Gripens are notoriously hard to detect.…. Nordlander, Saab Gripen E Test Pilot remarked :“ One can understand that an aircraft sitting on the ground is useless and more vulnerable, so your readers may be surprised to know that we regularly train to turn our Gripen around in 10 minutes. That means once we land and park the aircraft we keep the engine running, we refuel, rearm, and takeoff again in 10 minutes, and all of that is done with a very small logistical footprint.”“Similarly, if we need to swap an engine, we can do that in 1 hour with a small team. We’ve designed Gripen E this way because we know that every asset we have must be more efficient than any potential opponent's, maximizing our ability to operate and making Gripen an even more valuable force multiplier. Its not Stealth, however, has a relatively small radar and visual cross section when compared to other fighters, as well as the ability to operate in a purely passive mode when it comes to detecting and engaging opponents. In our view, low observability provided by an inherent stealth design isn’t necessarily a bad thing, but the cost and operational compromises must not outweigh the advantages.”Gripen E | Ready for the future | Saab* (Gripen E | Ready for the future | Saab)Thats why its also dubbed as Flanker Hunter ..{The Gripen E will have access to satellite communication. This improves Gripen E ability during long distance flights.}Current OperatorsSwedish Air Force - 75 Variants C / D + 60 Es.South Africa - 26 Gripen. (The IInd largest operator)Thailand - 18Hungary & Czek Republic - 14 eachBrazilian Air Force - 28 Gripen E and Ordered 8 Gripen F.STATE OF ART - SWEEDEN - EVIDENCEThe concept of ***‘Networked fighter ’*** introduced with F-35 , is reprotedly in practise with Swedish Air Force for nearly two decades. The latest Rafale has a ‘Uni - directional link’ with MBDA Meteor missile ; while Gripen connects with the Meteor with its superior ‘Bi - directional link’.New US Freedom and Indepence class ships have Radars from Sweden.US using Saab BOL chaff - flair dispensers on F/A 18 fighters.A fleet of 300 x JAS 39 E is economical to operate than 200 x F -35 Lightning ii , over the same time period, giving a close to similar service results and No political strings attached as with US Equipment.Meteor is rated superior to Amraam ( Rytheon’s 120 D)Iris-T is equates in performance to US Side winders (AIM 9X block II).Being smaller in size and Single engine has pros and cons - Agility, Maneuverability, Less Radar Cross section and less cost against limited capacity to the Payload which a small airframe can carry . This may in turn limits versatility of roles for which a small fighter can perform compared to a much larger fighter as Sukhoi or Rafael.Similarly interms of Range, The F 16 Advanced versions cover 4,500km without Mid Air refuelling, against Gripen which can achieve 3 200km. Gripens very economical to operate, it requires only 3 - 5 man-hours of maintenance per hour of flight and cost US$ 5,000 per hour to fly. In contrast, the Raptor requires 40 man-hours of maintenance per hour of flight and costs US$ 60,000 per hour to fly.Export numbers will increase for an Under Dog Gripen , as it took many years for F - 15s , Rafale and F - 16s to gain the market attraction , its not allowed to sell to Gulf countries is making its numbers grow slowly. Its E - Variant which came to limelight in 2016 - 17 , Excels in E W - features an Enhanced sensor suite, upgraded Avionics deck, the ability to take off and land on carriers & an ‘Open Architecture’ for upgrading Avionics thus ensuring no obstacle to evolve in next 02 deacdes. Cost is around 90 - 100 M US $ , Gripen earlier variants costs much less say 50%.Hence its a damn good fighter - A real pocket rocket - in equivalent performance range to F - 16 V , Typhoon and Rafale but lesser in cost. Its open for sales and various operators are studying it .“Resources are only half of the equation.Efficiency is the other half…”
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Which is the best IDE for web development using HTML, Java script and Python?
You have plenty of choices for IDE(Integrated Development Environment) when it comes to Web Development. To edit any HTML, CSS and JavaScript file, any simple plain text editor will work. However using a better IDE allows you to enhance your work flows and reduce the efforts of writing every single line of codes.There are many paid IDEs for web developers which have lots of features that can ease the efforts of writing and debugging codes for developers. Some popular paid IDEs are signNow Dreamweaver, UltraEdit, CoffeeCup, and many more. However, not everyone can afford to pay for such IDEs. Thanks to Open Source that are many free IDEs and code editors available that you can use to develop a website or web apps.Since there are lots of free IDE’s available, you might be confused to choose one. In this article, I will discuss 10 best and free IDE for web development in my opinion. These IDE’s will allow you to write code more efficiently with less time, easily debug your codes, preview and test your website and website.Below is the list of 10 best IDE for Web Development:1. Notepad++Flatform: WindowsNotepad++ is a free source code editor and Notepad replacement that supports several languages. Running in the MS Windows environment, its use is governed by GPL License.Based on the powerful editing component Scintilla, Notepad++ is written in C++ and uses pure Win32 API and STL which ensures a higher execution speed and smaller program size. By optimizing as many routines as possible without losing user friendliness, Notepad++ is trying to reduce the world carbon dioxide emissions. When using less CPU power, the PC can throttle down and reduce power consumption, resulting in a greener environment.Some Features of Notepad++ are:Syntax Highlighting and Syntax FoldingUser Defined Syntax Highlighting and FoldingPCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expression) Search/ReplaceGUI entirely customizable: minimalist, tab with close button, multi-line tab, vertical tab and vertical document listDocument MapAuto-completion: Word completion, Function completion and Function parameters hintMulti-Document (Tab interface)Multi-ViewWYSIWYG (Printing)Zoom in and zoom outMulti-Language environment supportedBookmarkMacro recording and playbackLaunch with different argumentsVisit Official Site | Download Notepad++2. BracketsFlatform: Windows/ OS X/ LinuxBrackets is another free and open source editor from signNow. Brackets is a modern open-source code editor for HTML, CSS and JavaScript that’s built in HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It also includes Live Preview features and Preprocessor supports due to which it’s more popular nowadays.You get a real-time connection to your browser. When you make changes to CSS and HTML and you’ll instantly see those changes on screen. Also see where your CSS selector is being applied in the browser by simply putting your cursor on it. It’s the power of a code editor with the convenience of in-browser dev tools.Visit Official Site | Download Brackets3. Sublime TextFlatform: Windows/ Linux / OS XSublime Text is a proprietary cross-platform source code editor with a Python application programming interface (API). It natively supports many programming languages and markup languages, and its functionality can be extended by users with plugins, typically community-built and maintained under free-software licenses.Some of the features of Sublime Text are:Column selection and multi-select editingAuto completionSyntax highlight and high contrast displayIn-editor code buildingSnippetsAuto-save, which attempts to prevents users from losing their workCustomizable key bindings, a navigational tool which allows users to assign hotkeys to their choice of options in both the menus and the toolbar.Spell check function corrects as you type.A wide selection of editing commands, including indenting and unindenting, paragraph reformatting and line joining.Visit Official Site | Download Sublime Text4. RJ TextEdFlatform: WindowsRJ TextEd is a full featured text and source editor with Unicode support. It is also a very powerful web (PHP, ASP, JavaScript, HTML and CSS) development editor. The functionality extends beyond text files and includes support for CSS/HTML editing with integrated CSS/HTML preview, spell checking, auto completion, HTML validation, templates and more. The program also has a dual pane file commander, as well as a (S)FTP client to upload your files.Some of the features of this IDE are:Auto-completionCode folding.Column modeMulti edit and multi selectDocument mapAnnotation barAdvanced sortingHandles both ASCII and binary filesCSS and HTML wizardsHighlighting of colors in CSS/SASS/LESSAdvanced color hints that can convert between color formatsDockable panelsFTP and SFTP client with synchronizationFile explorer, text clips, code explorer, project manager…Convert between code pages, Unicode formats and text formatsUnicode and ANSI code page detectionOpen/Save UTF-8 encoded files without a signature (BOM)Unicode file paths and file namesHTML validation, format, and repairTools available like syntax editor, color picker, char mapVisit Official Site | Download RJ TextEd5. AtomFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxAtom is a text editor that’s modern, approachable, yet hackable to the core, that means that you can customize to do anything but also use productively without ever touching a config file. Download, install and start using it !Atom has a built-in package manager, search for and install new packages or start creating your own all from within Atom. Atom comes pre-installed with four UI and eight syntax themes in both dark and light colors. If you can’t find what you’re looking for, you can also install themes created by the Atom community or create your own.Atom is a desktop application built with HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and Node.js integration. It runs on Electron, a framework for building cross platform apps using web technologies.Some of the features of Atom are:Cross-platform editingBuilt-in package managerSmart autocompletionFile system browserMultiple panesEasy to find and replaceVisit Official Website | Download Atom6. Light TableFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxLight Table claims it to be the next generation code editor. It is an integrated development environment for software engineering developed by Chris Granger and Robert Attorri. It features real-time feedback allowing instant execution, debugging and access to documentation.The instant feedback provides an unusual execution environment intended to help developing abstractions.The development team attempted to create a program which shows the programmer what the effects of their additions are in real-time, rather than requiring them to work out the effects as they write the code. Though the program began by only supporting Clojure, it has since aimed to support Python and JavaScript due to their popularity.The developers claim that the software can reduce programming time by up to 20%.It was financed by a Kickstarter fundraising campaign and subsequently backed by Y Combinator.The Kickstarter campaign aimed to raise $200,000 USD and finished with $316,720 USD.Some of the features of Light Table are:Connects you to your creation with instant feedback and showing data values flow through your codeEasily customizable from keybinds to extensions to be completely tailored to your specific projectEmbed anything you want, from graphs to games to running visualizationsAn elegant, lightweight, beautifully designed layout so your IDE is no longer clutteredEverything from eval and debugging to a fuzzy finder for files and commands to fit seamlessly into your workflowVisit Official Website | Download Light Table7. Visual Studio CodeFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxVisual Studio Code is a lightweight but powerful source code editor which runs on your desktop and is available for Windows, Mac and Linux. It comes with built-in support for JavaScript, TypeScript and Node.js and has a rich ecosystem of extensions for other languages (such as C++, C#, Python, PHP) and runtimes. Visual Studio includes support for debugging, embedded Git control, syntax highlighting, intelligent code completion, snippets, and code refactoring. It is also customizable, so users can change the editor’s theme, keyboard shortcuts, and preferences. It is free and open-source, although the official download is under a proprietary license.Visual Studio Beyond goes beyond syntax highlighting and autocomplete with IntelliSense, which provides smart completions based on variable types, function definitions, and imported modules. You can even debug code right from the editor. Launch or attach to your running apps and debug with break points, call stacks, and an interactive console.Visual Studio Code is based on Electron, a framework which is used to deploy Node.js applications for the desktop running on the Blink layout engine. Although it uses the Electron framework, the software is not a fork of Atom, it is actually based on Visual Studio Online’s editor (codename “Monaco”).Some of the features of Visual Studio Code are:Intellisense, an auto complete featureBuilt-in GitBuilt in Task-RunnerEquipped with CLI named codeVisit Official Website | Download Visual Studio Code8. BluefishFlatform: Windows /OS X / LinuxBluefish is a powerful editor targeted towards programmers and webdevelopers, with many options to write websites, scripts and programming code. Bluefish supports many programming and markup languages. See features for an extensive overview, take a look at the screenshots, or download it right away. Bluefish is an open source development project, released under the GNU GPL licence.Lightweight – Bluefish tries to be lean and clean, as far as possible given it is a GUI editor.Fast – Bluefish starts really quick (even on a netbook) and loads hundreds of files within seconds.Multiple document interface, easily opens 500+ documents (tested >10000 documents simultaneously)Project support, enables you to work efficiently on multiple projects, and automatically restores settings for each project.Multi-threaded support for remote files using gvfs, supporting FTP, SFTP, HTTP, HTTPS, WebDAV, CIFS and more1Very powerful search and replace, with support for Perl Compatible regular expressions, sub-pattern replacing, and search and replace in files on disk.Open files recursively based on filename patterns and/or content patternsSnippets sidebar – specify custom dialogs, search and replace patterns or insert patterns and bind them to a shortkut key combination of your liking to speed up your development processIntegrate external programs such as make, lint, weblint, xmllint, tidy, javac, or your own program or script to handle advanced text processing or error detectionIntegrate external filters of your liking, pipe your document (or just the current selected text) through sort, sed, awk or any custom scriptUnlimited undo/redo functionalityIn-line spell checker which is programing language aware (spell check comments and strings, but not code), requires libenchant during compilation2Auto-recovery of changes in modified documents after a crash, kill or shutdownCharacter map of all unicode characters (requires libgucharmap during compilation)3Site upload / download1Full screen editingMany tools such as tabs to spaces, join lines, lines to columns, strip whitespace, etc. etc.Visit Official Website | Download Bluefish9. Aptana StudioFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxAptana Studio is an open source integrated development environment (IDE) for building web applications. Based on Eclipse, it supports JavaScript, HTML, DOM and CSS with code-completion, outlining, JavaScript debugging, error and warning notifications and integrated documentation. Additional plugins allow Aptana Studio to support Ruby on Rails, PHP, Python, Perl, signNow AIR, Apple iPhone and Nokia WRT (Web Runtime). Aptana Studio is available as a standalone on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux, or as a plugin for Eclipse.Aptana, Inc. is a company that makes web application development tools for Web 2.0 and Ajax for use with a variety of programming languages (such as JavaScript, Ruby, PHP and Python). Aptana’s main products include Aptana Studio, Aptana Cloud and Aptana Jaxer.Some of the features of Apatana Studio are:Deployment WizardIntegrated DebuggerGit IntegrationBuilt-in TerminalIDE CustomizationVisit Official Website | Download Aptana Studio10. Komodo EditFlatform: Windows / OS X / LinuxKomodo Edit is a free text editor for dynamic programming languages. Komodo Edit is built atop the Open Komodo project. Many of Komodo’s features are derived from an embedded Python interpreter. Komodo is faster and easier-to-use. New integrations with build systems let you stay in-the-zone and get more done.Some of the features of Komodo Edit are:Integrated debugger supportDocument Object Model (DOM) viewerInteractive shellsSource Code control integrationAbility to select the engine used to run regular expressionsVisit Official Website | Download Komodo EditSource: Written on my Blog Technowing 10 Best IDE for Web Development for Free - Technowing
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What is the birthday gift I can give to my best friend who is a bibliophile?
How about one of these?An Annotated Bibliography of Typography, Letterpress Printing and Other Arts of the Bookby David S. Rose • Five Roses PressThe explosion of desktop-based, digital pre-press technology at the end of the twentieth century brought to a wide audience the previously specialized world of typography. Modern type design applications give users the ability to create new digital typefaces from the imagination, to recreate classic faces that are otherwise unavailable in digital form, and to adapt existing faces for specific needs.For those artisans who still hand-set and print with traditional letterpress technology, a dozen type foundries continue to provide a constant stream of classic metal faces. And for designers who combine the two worlds by printing letterpress from photopolymer plates, the options are unlimited.As with any powerful tools, the more one knows of the history behind them, the better able one will be to utilize them. The books listed here are just a few of hundreds that have been written on the subject of typography over three centuries, but they will provide a solid start for reading in this area.While many of the works listed are classics in the field, not all of them are currently in print. Those that are not available from the publisher (or from reprint houses such as Dover Publications) may often be found at antiquarian dealers who specialize in the field of Books about Books. A number of such dealers are listed at the end of this bibliography, and the rapid adoption of the Internet by antiquarian book dealers now means that most of these books are a simple click away. Overviews of Printing TypesPrinting Types: An Introduction by Alexander Lawson with Dwight Agner [Boston: Beacon Press, 1990] is a short (120 pages) easy-to-read overview that is exactly as advertised: an introduction. For over thirty years, Lawson has taught a course in the history of printing types at the Rochester Institute of Technology School of Printing, and this book grew out of his need for a simple handbook on the subject for his students. It is a well designed and illustrated inexpensive paperback, and would probably be your best bet if you have a casual interest in the subject and only want to read one book. The latest edition, brought current through 1990, covers electronic typography as well.Printing Types: Their History, Forms, and Use by Daniel Berkeley Updike (1860-1941) [New York: Dover, 1980 reprint of the second (1937) edition]. This is the classic work in the field of typographic history. Updike was a leader in the revival of traditional printing typefaces in the United States, and was the founder of the Merrymount Press (1893). A series of lectures he gave at Harvard from 1910-1917 served as the basis for Printing Types, which was first published in 1922. This Dover reprint is in two volumes, 618 pages of text plus 300 unnumbered illustrations. As Dover says in the jacket notes, "Printing Types presents the standards, the landmarks in typography that anyone connected with printing must know. In its mammoth, illustrated coverage, it is without a doubt the definitive guide to the subject.Letters of Credit: A View of Type Design by Walter Tracy [Boston: David Godine, 1986. 224 p, ill.] A beautiful and profusely illustrated step-by-step demonstration of type-design aesthetics that traces the beginnings and the path of modern-day typesetting.Fine print on type; the best of Fine print magazine on type and typography by Charles A. Bigelow, Paul Hayden Duensing, Linnea Gentry [San Francisco: Fine Print: Bedford Arts, 1988] is an excellent selection of articles from Fine Print magazine, the late indispensable periodical with which anyone concerned with type should be familiar. Each issue was designed by a different typographer, printed by letterpress and included scholarly articles, typographic overviews, reviews, and notices of new books on typography. Fine Print was published quarterly through about 1990, after which the publication led cliff-hanging existence as various groups and institutions tried to save it. While long gone, a final retrospective index is currently nearing production, and will also be a must-get.Typographical periodicals between the wars; a critique of the Fleuron, Signature, and Typography by Grant Shipcott [Oxford: Oxford Polytechnic Press, 1980. xiv, 111 p. :ill.]. These classic periodicals (particularly the Fleuron) were to their time what Fine Print was to typography and book design today, but because of the ferment in the world of design during the 20s and 30s and because of their illustrious contributors, they had a much greater effect on the typography of the time.Type and Typefaces by J. Ben Lieberman [New Rochelle: The Myriade Press, 1978] is an alternative to the Lawson book, but rather less accurate, bigger (142 pages, 8 1/2 x 11, hardcover) and harder to find. Ben Lieberman was an enthusiastic amateur printer and the father of the American Chappel movement of hobby printers. This book is an exuberant look at the history, classification, identification, and personalities of typography. It includes examples of over 1,000 type faces, and is well illustrated. Lieberman was not a scholar, but if you like unabashed 'boosterism,' you might find this book fun to read, despite its errors of both omission and commission.History and Development of Lettering and Letter formsThe 26 Letters by Oscar Ogg [New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1948]. A nicely done book by a well known American calligrapher, tracing the evolution of the alphabet from prehistoric times to the invention of printing. 250 pages, well illustrated.Letters by James Hutchinson [New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983]. A stylishly designed, very readable history of alphabets, writing, and printing types.The History and Technique of Lettering by Alexander Nesbitt [New York: Dover Publications, 1957]. A thorough history of type design from its origin through the mid-twentieth century, this book covers some of the same material as the Ogg book, but includes much more information on the development of letter forms since the invention of printing. It is written from an artist's perspective, and has a how-to section on lettering.The Alphabet and Elements of Lettering by Frederic W. Goudy [New York: Dover Publications, 1963. Reprint of 1952 University of California edition]. This falls somewhere between the Ogg and Nesbitt books, from Goudy's unique perspective as the most prolific type designer of the twentieth century.Roman Lettering by L.C. Evetts [New York: Taplinger, 1979] includes a character-by-character analysis of the letters on Trajans Column in Rome, which have served for centuries as one of the foundations of roman (serif) letter design. Evetts also includes charts showing the evolution of the roman alphabet through the centuries. Handsome lettering, with little text to clutter the presentation.An ABC Book: ABC of Lettering and Printing Types by Erik Lindegren [New York: Pentalic, nd ca. 1976]. A survey of type, calligraphy, and design, with examples of work from all periods, with an especially strong representation of lettering by Swedish, English, German, and American scribes and designers. A lively, well-designed introduction to letters.Writing, Illuminating and Lettering by Edward Johnston [New York: Taplinger, 1980]. The comprehensive calligraphy manual by the man who led the twentieth century revival of calligraphy. Johnston's influence on English, American and German lettering and design was immense.History of Lettering by Nicolete Gray [Boston: David Godine, 1987. 256 p].Type Designs from Various PeriodsArt of the Printed Book, 1455-1955; masterpieces of typography through five centuries from the collections of the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York by Joseph Blumenthal, (1897- ) [New York: Pierpont Morgan Library; 1984. Boston, MA: D.R. Godine, xiv, 192 p. : ill.]. Available both in hardcover and paperback, this collection by one of the great printer/scholars of the century is a must have for anyone interested in original source material. More than a hundred full pages facsimiles from the Morgan Library provide an instant overview of the development of typographic design from Gutenberg to the mid-twentieth century.Anatomy of a Typeface by Alexander Lawson [Boston: David R. Godine, 1990, 428 pages] A great book from one of the leading typographic experts of the late twentieth century, this substantial work examines a wide variety of typefaces in great detail, and explains why they look the way they do. An excellent reference work for the designer and printer that will both improve your eye for the detail of font design and inform the choices you will make in specifying and setting type yourself.Selected Essays on Books and Printing by A. F. Johnson [Amsterdam: Van Gendt, 1970]. Johnson was a scholar at the British Museum, and along with Daniel Berkeley Updike and Stanley Morrison was considered one of the experts in the field of typographic history. This lovely, massive (500 pages), and very expensive collection of some of his writings from 1927-1957 concentrates primarily on the typographic work of sixteenth century calligraphers and printers.A view of early typography up to about 1600 by Harry Carter [(The Lyell lectures 1968) Oxford, Clarendon P., 1969. xii, 137 p. 45 plates. illus., facsims., col. map].A history of the old English letter foundries; with notes, historical and bibliographical, on the rise and fall of English typography by Talbot Baines Reed, 1852-1893 and A. F. Johnson [Folkestone: Dawsons, Reissued 1974 xiv, 400 p., fold. leaf : ill., facsims].Notes on a Century of Typography at the University Press, Oxford, 1693-1794 by Horace Hart [Oxford, Clarendon Press, Reissued 1970 (1st ed. of 1900 reprinted) with an introduction and additional notes by Harry Carter. ix, 16, xvi, 203 p., plate. illus. facsims]. History of the types and typography of the Oxford University Press, generally regarded as the preeminent scholarly press in the western world.Nineteenth Century Ornamented Type Faces by Nicolete Gray [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976]. Reprint of a classic from 1938, this large format 240 page work is the definitive book on its subject.American Wood Type, 1828-1900 by Rob Roy Kelly [New York: Da Capo Press]. Notes on the evolution of decorated and large wood types, and comments on related trades. As with the Nicolete Gray book, this is the definitive work in its field. The book was issued in several editions, of which this (paperback) is the least expensive.The Typographic Book 1450-1935 by Stanley Morrison and Kenneth Day [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963]. A lush, expensive, visual treasury of almost 500 years of typography, including 357 plates.American typography today by Rob Carter [(New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1989. 159 p. : ill. (some col.)].The Liberated Page Edited by Herbert Spencer [San Francisco: Bedford Arts, 1987]. An anthology of the major typographic experiments of the 20th century, as recorded in Typographica magazine.TypographyA Typographic Workbook: A Primer to History, Techniques, and Artistry by Kate Clair. A good place to start for a basic grounding in typographic design.The Elements of Typographic Style by Robert Bringhurst. A highly acclaimed, although somewhat more advanced, standard work in the field.The Crystal Goblet; sixteen essays on typography by Beatrice Warde [Cleveland and New York: World Publishing Company, 1956]. From a major woman in the field of typography come some thought-provoking pieces, including the famous analogy that gave the collection its name. Mandatory reading for would-be typographers.The Case for Legibility by John Ryder [London: The Bodley Head, 1979] "Not a typographer's manual nor a 'do-it-yourself' guide to book design, it is a personal statement of great sincerity and conviction by a distinguished practitioner of the art." Ryder also wrote “Printing For Pleasure”, one of the touchstones of the avocational letterpress printing movement.Better Type by Betty Binns [New York: Watson-Guptill, 1989. 192 p]. A trade book from the early days of the desktop publishing revolution that shows by copious examples the subtle differences in relationships between typefaces, letters, and spaces. From the preface: "This book systematically trains designers to make these fine discriminations, with the aim of specifying text type that is not only readable, but also beautiful and expressive." Only released in this one edition, and not readily available, but a nice book nevertheless.Introduction to Typography by Oliver Simon [London: Faber & Faber, 1945]. Not a bad place to start. This edition is out of print, but there has been at least one reprint in recent years. Simon's introduction is designed for the layman, and discusses many of the basic principles and theories of designing with type.First Principles of Typography by Stanley Morrison [Cambridge: at the University Press, 1951]. An important book from the man who designed Times Roman for the London Times.Asymmetric typography by Jan Tschichold [(Translated by Ruari McLean) New York, Reinhold Pub. Corp. 1967. 94 p. illus. (part col.) facsims]. Jan Tschichold (1902-1974), a well-known typographer, caused many people to rethink 'conventional' theories of typography when this seminal work was published in the mid-60s. Whether or not you agree with his approach, this book is required reading and will widen your typographic horizons.An essay on typography by Eric Gill [1st U.S. ed. Boston: D.R. Godine, 1988]. A classic typographic manifesto on the art and craft of letterforms from the designer of Gill Sans and the famous typography of London Underground.Typography, A Manual of Design by Emil Ruder [Niederteufen, Switzerland: Arthur Niggli Ltd, 1977. 3rd Edition]. A fascinating, disciplined, and very Swiss analysis of typography and letterforms. Ruder's discussion and illustration of the importance of white space in letter forms and graphic designs is excellent background reading.Report on the typography of the Cambridge University Press by Bruce Rogers [Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Printer, 1950. viii, 32, (3) p. : ill.]. Bruce Rogers (1870-1957) is regarded by many as having been the greatest typographer and book designer of the twentieth century. After World War II he was commissioned by the Cambridge University Press to undertake a thorough review of all of the Press' publications and standards. The resulting Report had a major impact not only on the C.U.P., but also on the general typographic theory in both Britain and the U.S.Designing with type; a basic course in typography by James Craig and Susan E. Meyer [Fourth. ed. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1999. 176 p]. A modern 'how-to' book, often used as the primary textbook in college design courses, that is available at many large bookstores and graphic arts dealers.Finer Points in the spacing & arrangement of Type by Geoffrey Dowding.Book DesignMethods of Book Design: The Practice of an Industrial Craft by Hugh Williamson. An excellent book, not only for the author's typographical observations, but also as a comprehensive survey of printing at the height of letterpress.The Design of Books by Adrian Wilson. A classic on the design, layout, and typography of traditional pages and books, written by a great letterpress printer in 1967. Bookmaking: Editing, Design and Production by Marshall Lee Originally written primarily about letterpress in 1965, this 500+ page work has recently been re-issued in a greatly updated third edition for the computer era.Printing Poetry: A workbook in typographic reification by Clifford Burke. A very informative work on this subject that also applies to other letterpress printing. Issued in an edition of only 1000.Type DesignersTwentieth Century Type Designers by Sebastian Carter [New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1987]. An excellent look at the people behind the type faces, with in-depth profiles of designers such as Goudy, Morrison, Zapf, etc.Typologia; studies in type design & type making, with comments on the invention of typography, the first types, legibility, and fine printing by Frederic W. Goudy (1865-1947). [Reissued 1977. Berkeley: University of California Press, xviii, 170 p.: ill.; 24 cm.]. Written by the most prolific type designer of the 20th century [creator of, among others, the eponymous Goudy Oldstyle], this reprint of the 1940 edition discusses the history, function, and meaning of type, and gives some very good insights into how a type designer works.Jan Tschichold: typographer by Ruari McLean [Boston: David R. Godine, 1975]. This puts Tschichold's career and writings in the context of developments in society around him. It is informative and thought-provoking on its own, and serves as useful background to his writings on the subject.Manuale Typographicum; 100 typographical arrangements with considerations about types, typography and the art of printing selected from past and present, printed in eighteen languages by Herman Zapf [Frankfurt, New York: Z-Presse, 1968]. Herman Zapf is known to most desktop typographers primarily for giving his name to the Zapf Dingbat font. He is, in addition, one of the most respected and creative typographers and type designers of the century, who created not only the Dingbat and Zapf Chancery fonts, but also Optima and many other faces. Manuale Typographicum is a breathtaking 'tour de force,' consisting of 100 broadsides about type design in a wide variety of faces and styles. Superb as a source of inspiration and example.Herman Zapf and His Design Philosophy by Herman Zapf, Introduction by Carl Zahn [New Haven: Yale University Press, 90 color plates]. While the Manuale shows the master at work, this volume is a discourse on Zapf's insights into type design. An excellent book.Edward Johnston by Priscilla Johnston [New York: Pentallic, 1976]. This biography of the twentieth century's most important calligrapher, written by his daughter, traces his career and influence. Unlike many printing books, this one is a delightful read.Of the Just Shaping of Letters by Albrecht Dürer [New York: Dover Publications, 1965. (reprint of the Grolier Club translation of 1917)]. Originally part of Dürer's theoretical treatise on applied geometry, here is the source for those famous capital letters set against a gridded background.Champ Fleury by Geoffrey Tory, translated into English and annotated by George B. Ives [New York: Dover Publications, 1967. (reprint of the Grolier Club translation of 1927)]. The other famous humanistic alphabet similar to the one discussed in the Dürer book, but this is the one with the letters shown against naked human bodies in addition to the grid system.Pioneers of modern typography by Herbert Spencer [Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1983. Rev. ed. 160 p. : ill.].Typeface Reference WorksAmerican Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century by Mac McGrew [New Castle, Delaware: Oak Knoll Books, 1994, 2nd rev, ed. 376 p. : ill]. The definitive work on the subject, and an essential reference for both graphic designers and current letterpress printers. Currently in print from the publisher.The Encyclopedia of Type Faces, 4th Edition by W. Pincus Jaspert, W. Turner Berry, and A. F. Johnson [Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press, 1983]. A standard, comprehensive reference in the field, this work is a detailed listing of over 1,000 faces, arranged by name, with full information on their history, designers, etc. Although even after several editions it has numerous uncorrected errors (dates, foundries, names, even occasionally an incorrect specimen shown) it is still a required reference work on the subject.A.T.A. Type Comparison Book by Frank Merriman [Advertising Typographers Association of America, 1965]. An indispensable handbook for identifying typefaces. Hundreds of faces are grouped together by design, making it easy to find the one you want. Still in print, possibly in a more recent edition.Graphics Master 7: Workbook of reference guides & Graphic Tools for the Design, Preparation & Production Print and Internet Publishing by Dean Phillip Lem [Los Angeles, Calif.: D. Lem Associates, 2000. 7th ed. 158 p. : ill. (some col.)]. Although it covers much more than just type design, and is fairly expensive, this is one of the most important and continually useful reference work that a desktop designer and/or publisher should have.Font & Function [Mountain View, California: signNow Systems] was signNow's biennial catalog of their latest font offerings. But this tabloid size, four-color publication was also quite a bit more. It included articles on typographic history, the background to many signNow PostScript fonts, technical information and a graphic listing of over 1500 signNow fonts. While it is no longer being published, back issues are available from a number of sources.The typEncyclopedia; a user's guide to better typography by Frank J Romano [New York: R.R. Bowker Co., 1984. xii, 188 p. : ill.].Type and typography; the designer's type book by Ben Rosen [New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1976 Rev. ed. 406 p. : ill.].History of PrintingA Short History of the Printed Word by Warren Chappell [Boston: Nonpareil Books (David Godine), 1980]. A once-over-very-lightly in 240 pages of large type, hitting the highlights in the development of type, printing and bookmaking.Five Hundred Years of Printing by S. H. Steinberg [Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1974]. A 400-page small-print paperback which is still in print, this covers Gutenberg through the early 20th century. Steinberg's style is a little dry. Since his death, the book (starting with the third edition) has been edited by James Moran.A Dictionary of Book History by John Feather [New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, 278 pp] is a concise one-stop reference, in alphabetical order, to topics including bibliography and bibliographical terminology, the history of printing, the physical history of the book (including typography, binding, etc.) and book collecting. It has over 650 articles ranging from a few lines to several pages, and covers the ground pretty thoroughly. Although not a classic work (and, indeed, poorly designed itself as a book), it serves as a very handy reference to the history of books. An expensive purchase at the original price of $45, it is often available on remainder for about $10.The Making of Books by Seán Jennett [New York and Washington: Frederick A. Preager, 1967]. A good overview of the entire art and craft of the book, including a little history and a fairly detailed examination of every stage of the process. If you are interested in books in general, this is a good place to start. Out of print, but rather ubiquitous at second-hand and antiquarian dealers.The Book: The Story of Printing & Bookmaking by Douglas C. McMurtrie [New York: Oxford University Press, 1943]. Almost 700 pages of large type devoted to the history of the book, by one of the most prolific writers in the field. Easy to read, anecdotal, and illustrated. Although out of print, it is not particularly scarce and, if you can find it, probably the quickest way to get up to speed on printing history.Letterpress Printing InstructionIntroduction to Letterpress Printing by David S. Rose.: [New York: Five Roses Press, 2003, 32pp.] The complete 21st century Getting Started Guide to everything you need to know about acquiring a press, finding supplies, learning to print, and setting up your very own letterpress shop. (Note: this indispensable little reference gets first place on the list because it was written by [ahem] the author of this very bibliography. A fully hyperlinked electronic version with up to date sources can be downloaded from www.fiveroses.org/intro.htm)General Printing by Glen U. Cleeton and Charles W. Pitkin.: [Bloomington, Ill: McKnight & McKnight Publishing Company, 1941-1963, 195pp.] Probably the best all-around introductory book for traditional letterpress printing, this manual is profusely illustrated with detailed and useful photographs. It is the one most recommended on the Letpress list, and several members personally knew the authors. Copies of the book are readily available in both paperback and hardcover.The Practice of Printing by Ralph W. Polk (in later editions, together with Edwin W. Polk) [Peoria, Illinois: The Manual Arts Press, 1937-1945; later editions Charles A. Bennett & Co., 1952-1964, 300+ pp]. The most ubiquitous letterpress printing manual of the twentieth century. This is the standard, in print for over 40 years, from which many current letterpress printers first learned in school print shop classes, and is a good basic reference for the letterpress printer. Although out of print, it is readily available, in one or another of its many editions, from most book arts dealers and online sources. In later years, it was distributed by the Kelsey Co. as the advanced printing manual for their mass-market presses. By 1971 it was updated to de-emphasize handset type, and was re-issued as "The Practice of Printing: Letterpress & Offset". If you are primarily interested in letterpress printing, try to get one of the earlier editions.Platen Press Operation by George J. Mills [Pittsburgh, Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1953, 150 p. illus.] This manual is the first choice of letterpress cognoscenti who are printing on platen presses, and serves as the missing "owner’s manual" for traditional platen presses such as Chandler & Price, Gordon, Pearl and other floor-mounted job presses. It should be read in conjunction with one of the above books, which provide more thorough coverage of hand type-setting and composition. This invaluable book is still available, in a reprint of the 1959 edition, from NA Graphics.Printing Digital Type on the Hand-Operated Flatbed Cylinder Press by Gerald Lange (Second Edition). California: Bieler Press, 2001 This is one of the few letterpress manuals currently in print, and the only one specifically addressing both Vandercook proof presses (the gold standard for current fine letterpress printers) and photopolymer plates. This book is the authority on the technologies of "modern" limited edition letterpress printing. Subjects covered include digital type and computer practices; letterpress configuration; photopolymer plates, flat-bases, and processing equipment; photopolymer plate-making; plate registration and travel; impression; cylinder packing and makeready; presswork; ink and inking; press operation and maintenance, as well as an updated listing of manufacturers and distributors. Newly included with this edition are troubleshooting guides to problems encountered during the processing and printing of photopolymer plates.Printing on the Iron Handpress by Richard-Gabriel Rummonds is the most comprehensive book ever published on the subject, and is still in print from Oak Knoll Press. (Note that "handpress" here means something specific when it comes to letterpress printing, and doesn't refer to ordinary hand-operated presses such as a Kelsey or a Pilot.) Precise techniques for printing on the handpress are presented in lucid, step-by-step procedures that Rummonds perfected over a period of almost twenty-five years at his celebrated Plain Wrapper Press and Ex Ophidia. In tandem with more than 400 detailed diagrams by George Laws, Rummonds describes every procedure a printer needs to know from setting up a handpress studio to preparing books for the binder. The author also maintains a constantly updated web-site to accompany the book.Printing for Pleasure, A Practical Guide for Amateurs by John Ryder [published in multiple editions from 1955-1977, in England and the US, by publishers including Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., (1977) and London: The Bodley Head (1976) This is still in print from The Bodley Head in the UK or Oak Knoll Books in North America]. A lovely, classy, little (12 mo) book, both pleasing to look at and inspirational for the novice amateur printer. This introductory work gives a light overview of the hobby of letterpress printing on both sides of the Atlantic, covering how to choose a press, type, paper and ink, as well as planning, design and production. A good place to start if you are just considering taking up this avocation, and a nice place to come back to every now and then to remind you why you are still printing.A Composition Manual: PIA Tools of Industry Series by Ralph W. Polk, Harry L. Gage et al. [Printing Industries of America 1953, 4to, 311 pp., index, biblio., 433 pps] A really excellent tutorial and reference work, sponsored by the printing industry trade association as the definitive manual for apprentices. It is a thorough overview of the entire typesetting and proofing end of the business that took four years and several experts to write. Because it was published in 1953, it came out just at the inflection point between hot and cold type, and is a fascinating final masterwork from an industry that feels the winds of change approaching. In addition to very detailed and well-illustrated tutorials on hand-setting and proofing metal type, it includes surprisingly useful overviews and illustrations of all the other composition-related tools of the shop, including Elrod, Ludlow and Monotype casters. To quote from the Forward, "The industry recognized the need for a manual containing basic principles of good typography that are fundamental to the presentation of the printed word, irrespective of whether that word is composed by hand, by machine, by photo-typesetting or by some yet unnamed method of the future…"I.T.U. Lessons in Printing [Indianapolis: International Typographical Union, 1927-1972, Various paginations] Published in many editions across half a century, these ten volumes were created by the printing unions as the standardized training course for American printers. While not as elegantly written or produced as many of the other letterpress manuals, these thousands of pages cover just about everything the journeyman printer was supposed to know, eventually encompassing Unit One (Elements of [Letterpress] Composition) through Unit Ten (Photocomposition, Ruling and Pasteup). Along the way is detailed information on topics including Display Composition, Imposition and Lockup, Trade Unionism, Linotype Operation, Design, and even English ("because English is a 'reasoning' subject which may have caused the student difficulty in school."). The first volume, covering the history of printing through typesetting and a proofing, is probably the most useful one for the modern letterpress printer. The original edition of 1927, written by John H. Chambers, was replaced by a much better text in the 50's that was almost certainly ghost-written by Ralph W. Polk, who also wrote the even better manual on behalf of the employers, as well as his own manuals (see above).Printing For School And Shop by Frank S. Henry [New York: John Wiley & Sons 1917, B&W photos and drwgs 318pp] Subtitled "A Textbook for Printers' Apprentices, Continuation classes, and for General Use in Schools" and updated with another edition in 1944, this was the original vocational course textbook which was eventually supplanted for the most part by Polk. Nevertheless, it provides detailed technical instruction and illustrations and—particularly in the later edition—can still serve as a useful learning tool for today's printer.The Essentials of Printing by Frank S. Henry [New York: John Wiley & Sons 1924, B&W drwgs 187pp + index] Subtitled "A Text-book for Beginners" and half the length of the preceding book. "It develops that there is an insistent demand for a shorter text, one that shall cover only the absolute essentials of printing...this volume attempts to present to the novice, in sequence, the operations necessary to the production of a piece of printed matter." Useful and relatively short, but somewhat outdated (even for letterpress!)Printing as a Hobby. By J. Ben.Lieberman [New York: Sterling Publishing Co. & London: Oak Tree Press, 1963. 128 p. Index.] is the brash, bigger, and less restrained American counterpart to the quintessentially British book by Ryder. Lieberman was an enthusiastic amateur printer, and this book is an exuberant well-illustrated pitch for his hobby. The author was not a scholar (nor particularly an aesthete), but if you like unabashed 'boosterism,' you might find this book fun to read, despite its errors of both omission and commission (not unlike his later book, Type and Typefaces, described above.)Printing, A Practical Introduction to the Graphic Arts by Hartley E. Jackson [New York; McGraw-Hill, 1957, 8vo., 286 pages]. Organization and use of the type case, hand setting, use of the platen press, and basic binding, with short sections on linoleum blocks, silk screen and photography in this industrial arts text. Not as good as Polk, but more than acceptable as an apprentice course book.Graphic Arts by Frederick D. Kagy [Chicago: The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc., 1961, 8vo, 112 pps.] Another (and probably the last) of the high-school vocational textbooks designed for once-over-lightly printing classes included as part of a longer graphic arts program, this short book gives a simple but well-illustrated quickie introduction to hand type-setting and platen press printing in about twenty pages. Nowhere near as comprehensive as many of the others, but certainly better than learning through pure trial and error.Introduction to Printing, The Craft of Letterpress by Herbert Simon, [London: Faber and Faber, 1968]Getting Started in Hand Printing & Binding by Van Waterford, [TAB Books, Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania, 1981]Other Book ArtsHand Bookbinding: A Manual of Instruction by Aldren A. Watson. A clear, thorough, inexpensive introduction to hand binding.The Papermaker's Companion: The Ultimate Guide to Making And Using Handmade Paper by Helen Hiebert. Extensive step by step instructions.How to Marbleize Paper: Step-By-Step Instructions for 12 Traditional Patterns by Gabriele Grunebaum. A slim, inexpensive, but useful paperback.Practical Typecasting by Theo Rehak. The ultimate and definitive book on the subject, by the dean of American typefounders.Miller's Collecting Books by Catherine Porter. A modern, illustrated guide to all aspects of book collecting.BibliographiesA Typological Tally compiled by Tony Appleton [Brighton, (T. Appleton, 28 Florence Rd., Brighton, Sussex BN1 6DJ), 1973. 94 p. ill.]. Thirteen hundred writings in English on printing history, typography, bookbinding, and papermaking, compiled by one of the world's top dealers in the field.A Bibliography of Printing with Notes and Illustrations by F. C. Bigmore and C. W. H. Wyman [London: Oak Knoll Books, 1978]. Universally known as "Bigmore and Wyman," this is to printing bibliographies what Updike is to books about printing types. Published in 1880 (editions since then have been reprints) B&W provides excellent commentaries on just about every book that had been written on the subject as of the year it was published.Book Dealers/Publishers Specializing in Typography and the Book ArtsOak Knoll Books, ABAA 310 Delaware St. New Castle, DE 19720 USA tel:302-328-7232fax:302-328-7274 www.oakknoll.com email: oakknoll@oakknoll.comThe Veatches Art of the Book P.O. Box 328 140 Crescent Street Northampton, MA 01061 tel: 1-413-584-1867 fax: 1-413-584-2751 www.veatches.com email: Veatchs@veatchs.comFrances Wakeman Books 2 Manor Way, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 2BD, UK tel: +44 (0)1865 378316 fax: +44 (0)1865 378934 www.fwbooks.com email: info@fwbooks.comThe Bookpress Ltd. 1304 Jamestown Road Williamsburg, Virginia 23185 USA tel:(757) 229-1260 fax:(757) 229-0498 email: bookpress@widomaker.comTimothy Hawley Books 915 S. Third St. Louisville, KY 40203 U.S.A. tel: 502-451-3021email: hawleybk@home.comFrits Knuf Antiquarian Books P.O.Box 780, Oss NB, Netherlands, 5340 AT. tel: +31 412 626072. fax: +31 412 638755 email: info@books-on-books.comColophon Book Shop 117 Water Street Exeter, NH, 03833 tel: 603-772-8443www.colophonbooks.com email: colophon@nh.ultranet.comNA Graphics Attn: Fritz Klinke P.O. Box 467 Silverton, Colorado 81433 tel: 970-387-0212fax: 970-387-0127 email: nagraph@frontier.netDavid R. Godine, Publisher 9 Hamilton Place Boston, MA 02108-4715 tel: (617) 451-9600fax: (617) 350-0250 www.godine.com email: info@godine.comPeachpit Press 1249 Eighth Street Berkeley, CA 94710 tel (800) 283-9444 tel (510) 548-5991www.peachpit.comDawson's Book Shop 535 North Larchmont Blvd. Los Angeles, CA, 90004 tel: (213) 469-2186Many thanks to Howard Gralla, Alvin Eisenman, Robert Fleck, Kathy Schinhofen, Chuck Rowe, Earl Allen, Susan Lesch, Kathleen Tinkel, Michael J. Boyle, John Horn, Chris Simonds, Fritz Klinke, Roberta Lavadour, David Norton, Tom Parson, David Goodrich and the many members of the Letpress Internet mailing list for their suggestions before and during the compilation of this bibliography.An earlier version of this bibliography was originally published by Aldus Corporation in conjunction with their release of the Fontographer type design application. That version was, in turn, adapted and expanded from an earlier annotated checklist by the same author prepared for members of the MAUG Forums on Compuserve.Copyright © 1988-2014 by David S. Rose david@fiveroses.org The current version of this bibliography is always available online athttp://www.fiveroses.org/bibliog... and hyper-linking to it is encouraged. For any other publication inquiries, please contact the author. Revision: August 20, 2003 / December 18, 2014
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What is it like to have ADD or ADHD?
Wow. So many awesome answers. I share much of what has already been described:* Brighter than almost everyone around me* Learn new things incredibly fast when engaged* See deeply into problems--develop an abstract understanding of a new area so much faster than others* Very, very good at anticipating problems and making a plan. Very, very bad at executing against it.* Terribly easily distracted, always starting and abandoning projects* Information junky LOVE to learn new things* Incredibly verbal and charming when I want to be. Witty and funny.* Viciously self-critical and sometimes viciously critical of others* Hate to wait, always late, procrastinate.* Finish people's sentences for them* Only care about getting the information I need. Please don't tell me why that task isn't done. I don't care. I asked a yes or no question: Is it done? * Being mistaken for a dick because my irritation over delay and distraction is mistaken for judgment about another's behavior or their output.* C student in high school, didn't graduate college. Sometimes spent more time helping others with their homework than doing my own.* Hated to attend lecture. The information came too slowly. Detested listening to others ask questions of the teacher. Why are they so stupid? This is a waste of my time. Learned on my own time in my own way.* Undisciplined about health. Don't take care of my health for years at a time. Then flip-flop to hyperfocused. Eat carefully, exercise every day, drop 40 pounds or more, then peter out and back to sloth.* No self-control around foods. Can't eat one cookie. The only way I can eat better is to not have the cookies around.* Tried drugs as a teenager but didn't like them. I literally didn't get what others thought was exciting about being drunk or stoned. Would 100X rather waste time reading a fascinating history book or playing a strategy game than feel impaired.* TV calms me if it is engaging. Enrages me when it isn't. Commercials usually make me want to tear my eyes out. Poorly written comedy makes me want to kill somebody. I can more-or-less only watch PBS and cable TV because the programs are commercial free. Documentaries are the BOMB. Who knew earth worms were so fascinating? And I feel so much calmer while I watch...* Radio calms me if it is engaging, Enrages me when it isn't. The increased volume of radio commercials and makes me want to firebomb car dealers and other radio advertisers. I am engaged only when I get a constant stream of just the right music or engaging information from people I respect. I can pretty much only listen to PBS and internet radio today.* Movies often bore me, unless they hit the right psychological note. Can't stand to watch shoot-em-ups, blow-em-ups, superpower-them-ups, hack-em-ups. Have to watch movies that show me nuance and psychological realities. When I do have to watch silly movies with my children, have to analyze the symbolism to death. * Always felt different. Always knew there was something wrong with me. Always felt lonely. Couldn't put my finger on the problem with me.* Couldn't achieve my potential. Couldn't even come close.* Verbally Impulsive. Have great trouble concealing a negative emotional reaction.* Will freely express a negative opinion of an idea. Can't understand why that would bother the other person. After all, I was only trying to help improve the idea... * Am not strongly attached to my own ideas. They come and go fast anyways. If you shoot it down, I'll go back to the drawing board and comeback with another.* Consistently underestimate the time I need to complete tasks.The only real thing I can add to what others have written is the depression and self-doubt. If you allow it to get to you, it can be so demoralizing to lose your wallet, phone or keys every morning. To once again leave the house without remembering that form you were supposed to return to the kids school. It sucks to constantly feel you are disappointing others. It sucks to feel you don't know how to love other people because your attention wanders the moment their needs don't require your focused attention. It sucks to know you set a bad example for your children. It sucks to know in the moment you are becoming obsessed over something inconsequential and have pursued it far beyond the point of behaving productively. It sucks to feel that you are self-centered because your need to have your anxiety reassured is so important you often can't suspend it when you should.ADD is the best of times and the worst of times. Sometimes I feel so powerful because it is so easy to put that blowhard in his place by pointing out the myriad flaws in his argument. Sometimes I feel so self-confident because I don't give a fuck what people think of me so I can say what I want. Sometimes I feel so awesome because I can do things with my brain others find incredible. Sometimes I feel hopeless because I can't get up off the couch to do the simple things that must get done today.
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What is best IDE for web design?
RJ TextEdRJ TextEd is a full featured text and source editor with Unicode support. It is also a very powerful web (PHP, ASP, JavaScript, HTML and CSS) development editor. The functionality extends beyond text files and includes support for CSS/HTML editing with integrated CSS/HTML preview, spell checking, auto completion, HTML validation, templates and more. The program also has a dual pane file commander, as well as a (S)FTP client to upload your files.RJ TextEd is developed in Delphi XE6 from Embarcadero and is released as Freeware.It supports the following features (and more):Auto completion.Code folding.Column mode.Multi edit and multi selectDocument mapAnnotation barAdvanced sorting.Handles both ASCII and binary files.CSS and HTML wizards.Highlighting of colors in CSS/SASS/LESS.Advanced color hint that can convert between color formats.Dockable panels.FTP and SFTP client with synchronization.File explorer, text clips, code explorer, project manager...Convert between code pages, Unicode formats and text formats.Unicode and ANSI code page detection.Open/Save UTF-8 encoded files without a signature (BOM).Unicode file paths and file names.HTML validation, format and repair.Tools available like syntax editor, color picker, charmap6. Light TableLight Table is a "new" kind of IDE, it is a reactive work surface for the creation and exploration of a program.Despite the dramatic shift toward simplification in software interfaces, the world of development tools continues to shrink our workspace with feature after feature in every release. Light Table is based on a very simple idea: we need a real work surface to code on, not just an editor and a project explorer. We need to be able to move things around, keep clutter down, and bring information to the foreground in the places we need it most. Here's what the default mode looks like.It is a standalone app, the fact that there's an instance of webkit as the UI layer is completely an implementation detail. It will be packaged like a normal app and it will run locally just like any other editor you're used to. This means that it can run on virtually any platform and will support the big three (linux/mac/windows) out of the gate.Light table is based on a few guiding principles:You should never have to look for documentationFiles are not the best representation of code, just a convenient serialization.Editors can be anywhere and show you anything - not just text.Trying is encouraged - changes produce instantaneous resultsWe can shine some light on related bits of codeLet's take a look at how these things manifest themselves in Light Table.5. NetbeansQuickly and easily develop desktop, mobile and web applications with Java, JavaScript, HTML5, PHP, C/C++ and more. NetBeans IDE is FREE, open source, and has a worldwide community of users and developers.NetBeans IDE 8.1 provides out-of-the-box code analyzers and editors for working with the latest Java 8 technologies--Java SE 8, Java SE Embedded 8, and Java ME Embedded 8. The IDE also has a range of new tools for HTML5/JavaScript, in particular for Node.js, KnockoutJS, and AngularJS; enhancements that further improve its support for Maven and Java EE with PrimeFaces; and improvements to PHP and C/C++ support.NetBeans IDE 8.1 is available in English, Brazilian Portuguese, Japanese, Russian, and Simplified Chinese.An IDE is much more than a text editor. The NetBeans Editor indents lines, matches words and brackets, and highlights source code syntactically and semantically. It lets you easily refactor code, with a range of handy and powerful tools, while it also provides code templates, coding tips, and code generators.The editor supports many languages from Java, C/C++, XML and HTML, to PHP, Groovy, Javadoc, JavaScript and JSP. Because the editor is extensible, you can plug in support for many other languages.Remember that netbeans support many programming languages, but you as a web developer, we recommend you to download only the HTML5/Javascript built installation from the download page.4. BracketsBrackets is a modern, open source text editor that understands web design.With focused visual tools and preprocessor support, Brackets is a modern text editor that makes it easy to design in the browser. It's crafted from the ground up for web designers and front-end developers. Brackets is an open-source project, supported by an active and passionate community. It's made by other web developers like you!Instead of jumping between file tabs, Brackets lets you open a window into the code you care about most. Want to work on the CSS that applies to a specific ID? Put your mouse cursor on that ID, pushCommand/Ctrl+Eand Brackets will show you all the CSS selectors with that ID in an inline window so you can work on your code side-by-side without any popups.Get a real-time connection to your browser. Make changes to CSS and HTML and you'll instantly see those changes on screen. Also see where your CSS selector is being applied in the browser by simply putting your cursor on it. It's the power of a code editor with the convenience of in-browser dev tools.Preprocessor SupportWork with preprocessors in a whole new way. A developer know how important preprocessors are to a quick workflow. That’s why the circunstances make Brackets the best code editor for preprocessors out there. With Brackets you can use Quick Edit and Live Highlight with your LESS and SCSS files which will make working with them easier than ever.3. Komodo EditKomodo Edit is the free and Open-Source counterpart of Komodo IDE (paid software). Komodo is faster and easier-to-use. New integrations with build systems let you stay in-the-zone and get more done. Get your favorite frameworks, languages, and tools in one cross-platform mini IDE (with the free version).Komodo Edit has a lot of positive reviews and qualifications. Everybody recommends this IDE and you should start using Komodo Edit if you don't want to pay for the full IDE version.2. Atom by GithubAtom is a text editor that's modern, approachable, yet hackable to the core, that means that you can customize to do anything but also use productively without ever touching a config file. Download, install and start using it !Atom has a built-in package manager, search for and install new packages or start creating your own all from within Atom. Atom comes pre-installed with four UI and eight syntax themes in both dark and light colors. If you can't find what you're looking for, you can also install themes created by the Atom community or create your own.Atom works across operating systems. You can use it on OS X, Windows, or Linux.Find, preview, and replace text as you type in a file or across all your projects.Easily browse and open a single file, a whole project, or multiple projects in one window.Atom is a desktop application built with HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and Node.js integration. It runs on Electron, a framework for building cross platform apps using web technologies.1. Visual Studio CodeVisual Studio Code is a lightweight but powerful source code editor which runs on your desktop and is available for Windows, Mac and Linux. It comes with built-in support for JavaScript, TypeScript and Node.js and has a rich ecosystem of extensions for other languages (such as C++, C#, Python, PHP) and runtimes.Visual Studio Beyond goes beyond syntax highlighting and autocomplete with IntelliSense, which provides smart completions based on variable types, function definitions, and imported modules. You can even debug code right from the editor. Launch or attach to your running apps and debug with break points, call stacks, and an interactive console.Honorable mentionsAptana StudioBuild web applications quickly and easily using the industry’s leading web application IDE. Aptana Studio harnesses the flexibility of Eclipse and focuses it into a powerful web development engine.Aptana Studio 3 expands on the core capabilities of Aptana Studio 2 for building, editing, previewing and debugging HTML, CSS and JavaScript websites with PHP and Ruby on Rails web development.If you have problems on the installation of windows due to the error message "_jsnode_windows.msi CRC error", use the solution that works like a charm here.CodeLobsterCodeLobster PHP Edition is a free (it requires free registration in the official website after 30 days) portable handy and easy-in-use code editor for Windows that is primarily intended for quick and easy creation and editing of PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript files. IT houses a large range of support for Drupal CMS, Joomla CMS, Smarty template engine, Twig, JQuery library, CodeIgniter framework, CakePHP framework, Laravel framework, Phalcon framework, Symfony framework and the WordPress blogging platform.CodeLobster PHP Edition streamlines and simplifies the PHP development process. You don't need to keep in mind the names of functions, arguments, tags or their attributes, as all of these are implemented for you with autocomplete features for PHP, HTML, JavaScript and even CSS.The key features of this IDE that make it reliable for the web development are:PHP, HTML, JavaScript, CSS code highlighting.HTML autocomplete.CSS autocomplete.JavaScript Advanced autocomplete.PHP Advanced autocomplete.PHP Debugger.Context and Dynamic Help with search for work with PHP, MySQL, HTML.CodeLobster PHP Edition comes with stacks of tools including an internal free PHP Debugger that allows you to validate your code locally. It automatically detects your current server settings and configures corresponding files in order to let you use the debugger. Also included in CodeLobster PHP Edition are tools such as dynamic help, advanced autocomplete, HTML inspector (similar to FireBug), Class View window for comfortable work with mixed code. It also supports Drupal automatically installing, autocomplete Drupal's hooks, tooltips for Drupal's function theme Completion list, Help on Drupal API.If you know another awesome free (or maybe paid) web development[1] IDE, please share it with the community in the comment box down below. Have fun !Footnotes[1] Tecnovaters ~ Web, Mobile App, Software Development India
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