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FAQs
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What are the best features of Microsoft Office 365?
Here’s a breakdown of some awesome Features Office 3651. Work Smarter, EverywhereAfter buying Office 365, you also gain access to its accompanying mobile apps and browser apps. This allows you to access their cloud service from any up to date web browser on your desktop or mobile device. Even better yet, you don’t have to install Office software on your computer to do this.The mobile app allows you to access all of your Office 365 subscriptions and Office products right from your smartphone or tablet; this includes Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Onenote, and more. Cut the cord and stop working on your PC only — download the Microsoft Office 365 mobile app to stay productive, even while on the go.2. Enjoy 50 GB of StorageEach Office 365 user receives a whopping 50 GB of storage with Exchange Online; this can be used to save emails, calendar events, task lists, meeting notes, contact information, and email attachments.You can save some more space in your mailbox by utilizing the OneDrive cloud storage feature to share attachments.Your OneDrive storage is also synced to your device, enabling you to work offline on files. As soon as you reconnect to the web, the newest versions of your documents will be automatically uploaded to your cloud storage. The new versions of your documents will also be sent to any other connected device, including your phone or tablet — nifty!3. Edit Documents with Real-Time Co-AuthoringCollaborate online and see changes your team makes to shared documents within your Office apps as they happen with the real-time co-authoring feature in Word. Save your file to OneDrive cloud storage or SharePoint so your team can access the document and make any necessary edits or updates. You can also share it directly from Word by utilizing a handily integrated sidebar. As the publisher and access-giver, you can edit accessibility settings at any time.With the improved version control that was rolled out with Office 2016 co-authoring, you can see which changes to the document were made by which contributor and when the update was made. You can also easily revert back to a previous version of the file whenever you need to.4. Connect with Co-WorkersYou may not have known this, but Office apps include a Skype in-app integration. You can use this feature to instant message your teammates, share your screen during meetings and have audio or visual conversations — without even exiting the Office apps you’re working in. You can continue Skype conversations even after you close your office apps via your desktop or mobile version of Skype. The best part? Your team will receive unlimited Skype minutes.Source: Microsoft5. Send Links, Not FilesIt’s time to move away from email attachments. It’s never been easier to share documents for co-authoring!Simply upload your file to Office 365’s cloud storage. Then, write your email via Outlook or the Outlook web app. Rather than attaching your document to the email, you can insert a link to the file on your cloud. Outlook will automatically allow email recipients to edit the document you wish to share. You can always change permissions on any document at your convenience.6. Convert OneNote Items into Outlook Calendar EventsEasily configure OneNote items to tasks within your Outlook calendar. You can also assign tasks to colleagues, complete with follow-up reminders and concise due dates. You can also transfer meeting notes taken in OneNote via email to your teammates, and add important details (date, location, and attendees) to their respective meeting.7. Use Your Mouse as a Laser Pointer during PowerPoint PresentationsWith only a simple keyboard shortcut (Ctrl + P), your mouse can be used as a laser pointer during your PowerPoint presentations. You can also use the “presenter mode” commands while using this feature.The laser pointer tool has been a nifty trick within older versions of the office apps for years; however, it was only recently integrated for touch-screen devices. All you have to do is hold down on your device’s screen, and the laser pointer will appear.8. Create a Power Map Using ExcelTurn data into a 3-D interactive map with Power Map, one of the many Power BI-enhanced data visualization features that Excel has to offer. It comes with three different filters: List, Range, or Advanced. The Power Map will help you not only convey your data more effectively, but also support your claims by creating a tangible story from the numbers.
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Many modern digital producers rave about the SSL sound (the Solid State Logic sound) and recommend it for mixing and mastering d
Historical Context of the SSL.A signNow amount of music that has enriched our lives has passed through an SSL console of one type or another. The seriously big boys of mixing, Bob Clearmountain, Chris Lord-Alge, Tom Lord-Alge, Andy Wallace, Mark "Spike" Stent, Will Schillinger and Alan Moulder, engineers who have shaped the way we hear and appreciate modern music, often use SSL technology, specifically the 4000 series.The discographies of each mixer read as a who’s who of modern music. Andy Wallace alone has mixed some of the most seminal rock and heavy metal music in history - ...
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What are the main areas that one should learn during CA articleship?
I did my articleship from Khimji Kunverji and Co., one of the top firms in Mumbai; and it was an awesome experience. Let me shed some light on my learnings -Learn to say NO - Random seniors come and give you random work. Learn to say No. Learn to say you are busy. You are not a dustbin.Learn to say YES - You need to have a good rapport with your immediate seniors and your boss. I have filled my boss’s daughter’s BFM admission form because she needed some help. Sometimes, you have to keep your ego aside and look at the larger picture.Whether audit or tax is the one for you - You tend to spend 3 years in articleship, doing either audit or tax. It is good enough time to gauge whether you want to do this for your entire life or not. For me the answer was NO, and I switched to Finance. No point wasting time once you qualify.Domain Knowledge - In your first job interviews after becoming a CA, a lot of stress will be on what you did during these 3 years. You should be upto date with that. Get your basics right.Out time is a myth – As per my firm HR Manual, the official work time was roughly 10-30 to 6–30. Strangely, you used to be penalized for coming late, but no credit for going late. It’s the norm. Get used to it.Make Mistakes - Ask stupid questions. Make mistakes. Experiment. Because you have the license to. You are a fresher. As a CA, people expect more.Do not neglect your Social Life - Its important. Your boss will not come at 12 to your place with a cake in his hand, wishing you a happy birthday.I remember getting into a train during my 1st year articleship. I somehow started chatting with a guy standing near me. He was a CA. I told him I just cleared IPCC and started with articleship. He started laughing and said “Welcome to Hell”.With all the office and study pressure, you might feel life sucks during articleship, but it will be a great experience. You will create memories of a lifetime. Cherish it :)
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What kind of skill set should a CA student develop before starting Articleship?
This hunger for more knowledge is good for a CA Student. It is a very good idea to know what others have learnt and re-assess oneself on the basis of same, so that you become equally competent. This is a good way of improving oneself.Part A - About the core Knowledge:(a) What your firm operates in - you can't do much beyond that.Core Knowledge = Practical Knowledge about areas your firm is operating in.See the firm you have chosen or you got into, basically will provide you with the knowledge of some of the fields in which Chartered Accountants works. You cannot gain knowledge about all fields in which Chartered Accountants work, since the scope is very wide and whether it is a Big Four or a sole proprietor Chartered Accountant, nobody can give you work experience in all fields. So basically these core areas where you get to work - you have to be satisfied with the same. All you can do is - learn from experiences of your friends who are in to different core areas. This is a rigid area, and not much can be done in this.(b) Try to get an assignment in all kinds of activities that your firms do -You can't go out of the box in which your firm operates, but atleast you can learn everything that is in your box. Many articles run away from certain things - saying it is a low category assignment or not so fascinating. It is because they all hear it from their friends about the big industry they worked in and blah blah things. But go and ask those friends, if they know, what is the procedure to obtain a PAN card and a duplicate PAN card? What is the procedure to obtain Shop Act? or atleast if they know what is Shop act?My Insights -In our office they didn't used to allow articles to do that, the administrative people like Bcom people used to do that. But I insisted on the same, to allow me to do them once. The task was easy, but it was something very basic that I learnt. Later when you start your practice or job, these are somethings that give you edge over others. If you become an entrepreneur, you can handle those things yourself. So it is beneficial always.(c) Try to get assignments in all kinds of industries that firm works in -Basically most Chartered Accountants work in some fixed industries since when you do good to one client, similar clients get attracted, so automatically, you will see that most clients are of similar category. As an article you should try to do audit of all kinds of organizations -Based on organization type like Sole proprietor, Private limited companies, Partnership firms, trusts, public limited companies etc.Based on different business forms like Retailers, Wholesalers, Chain stores, Manufacturers, Service providers, Traders, Consultants, Support Services, Maintenance services, Export oriented, etc.Based on different industries like IT, E-commerce, FMCG, Finance, Automobiles, Telecom, etc.Based on Tax benefits or special act companies like religious trusts enjoying benefits u/s 11 or 12, regulated companies like insurance, banking, etc. or may be companies in Special Economic Zones, etc.A Piece of Advice -You won't find all of the above in any one firm. Such firms giving such wide opportunities don't exist. But thing is - you need to explore every corner of your own firm, whatever it is.(d) Try to gain overall knowledge of all types of works -Don't think about specialization in Articleship, it is not that much useful, because if later in life that sector goes down, your career will get a full-stop. As a Chartered Accountant you must first learn all the basics of all types of work, when you become aware about basics, i.e. after articleship, then you should try to develop core competence when you find jobs or do practice.My Insights -If you don't get an assignment of different type - go to your principal and say that "Sir, I want to learn about that kind of work, if next time there is any work related to that xyz client, please give me a chance." I did it in my articleship, and I got those opportunities, Sir was happier indeed, that an article was ready to take up some sort of responsibility. I am pretty sure, 80% of Chartered Accountants would do the same. If you say politely, the teacher inside them will awake, and they will allow you to fly!Part B - Other things that you should learn during articleship - More important than above said things!(a) Office Ethics -You should learn about the office culture, how people dress, talk, meet and greet colleagues, seniors and clients. It is very important to observe how people form groups, how they make their juniors to work and seniors to help/guide. It is very important to notice, how others are keeping good relations with administrative staff i.e. HR, Clerks, etc. - something that is very helpful at times of problems. There are many more things - basically you have to learn how people operate in office and especially how your boss stays in office - since someday you too will be a boss.A Piece of advice -Learn good things only. Although I assume most Chartered Accountants are well cultured and natured, but exceptions may exist. But remember, may be your boss was good or bad, you have to become a good boss in future.At many times you feel that your boss did wrong, and he/she should have allowed you to do xyz thing. Remember such incidents or make a note of it. When you become a boss, you do them correctly. If you are able to do, you are a good boss, else you will realize had a wrong idea about your boss.(b) Printing, Scanning, Documenting, Letter typing, Organizing Office, Using appropriate Stationery -Your reaction - "Oh God! Really?"Consider this situation - you are in a corporate office, a high ranked employee. You tell the clerk to scan a document, but your clerk is new. He is not acquainted with the printer. What would you do, if you yourself don't know how to use a printer or scanner? In early days of your job or in many companies, you don't have clerks who do it for you, you have a printer next to you and you have to do it yourself. In case you don't know these, what a shame! A Chartered Accountant, but does know how to use a printer or how to unpin a staple! God! Dummies on earth.My Insights -One of the expert HR was sharing his experiences with interviewing Chartered Accountant, at a conference that I was listening to. He said, we tried an experiment successfully. We told every candidate entering into the interview room to arrange certain documents and properly organize them into a file. Now on the basis of how file was organized, they discovered candidates who had done dummy articleship or articleship of low grade, because those candidates never knew how to arrange a file, since they never did it in their lifetime.So basically the best thing about a good leader, boss, a senior or an entrepreneur is that he/she knows the work of all persons junior to him/her very well. That's why they can handle them well.So basically learn the following things and many more which I can't list out -How to properly document an Audit file?How to properly keep a permanent client record - both electronic & physicalHow printers, scanners, servers of your office, internet network, LAN systems, routers, biometrics, connections etc. work in your office.How to use correct stationery correctly? Like properly unpinning documents, or may be how to create sets for clients, income tax officers, registrars etc.How to draft covering letters, envelopes, request letters, etc.(c) Drafting Email Communications & Email Ethics -The most important part indeed of articleship. The fact is we never get opportunity to learn this anywhere else. This is a good ground to learn. Initially you can see how your boss writes email, how your senior does it. Then you can innovate it yourself. The thing is in business world, everything today goes on Email. Emails don't have a tone, they don't have smileys (means they are not used). Writing a good email, is an art. It is very important to learn how to write such kinds of emails.Emails asking client to provide information, with accurate requirement list.Polite Emails for making client realize the wrong they have done.Emails providing consultancy services. See email consultancy is a big time opportunity and costless service, in future a good means of earning.Writing intra-office emails.Whom to keep in CC, Never to use BCC, how should be the subject line, how should be the signature etc.When email shouldn't be used & telephonic conversations should be preferred, sending reminders, how to use meeting feature, etc.(d) Oral Communications - F2F or telephonic or over internetThis is again a great area to learn. It very necessary to learn how to interact with clients. The interaction can be face to face, or telephonic or over internet services like skype, etc. It very important to learn to learn how to deal with such situations. A conversation over telephone, has to be polite and discussing documents over telephone is also an art. Similarly communication over Skype is also an interesting thing to learn, one should know how to have business conversations over Skype and how to share documents, discuss & present over it.(e) Formatting documents - Something that stupids call stupidity!I have seen documents and emails from fellow Chartered Accountants, so pathetically formatted, that I sometimes wish to hit them with a stone, maybe their sense would come back then. But basically the idea is Chartered Accountants are professionals, and therefore, a professional behaviour is expected from them. The behaviour is expected highest in the documents and reports. Thus, it is very important to learn:Appropriate font sizes, font stylesHow to add tables in emails, how to structure an email, maximum size of emails, minimum size of emailsWhen to use and when not to use - bold, italics, underlines, shades, coloursHow to structure paragraphs, appropriate line spacingHow to convert documents into different formatsHow much margins to keep, how to make document print readyHow to make document secureHow to make documents self-explanatory by adding commentsHow to use various functions like footnotes, document review, freeze panes, grouping - sub-grouping, page numbers, author details etcCover page for report, report size, number of maximum pages, drafting executive summary, adding disclaimers, etc.Conclusion:The Part A makes you an intelligent Chartered Accountant.The Part B makes you an intelligent Human Being.And let me tell you, Part B is more important, because even if you don't become a CA, an intelligent human being can definitely live a good career!Ignoring the part B is very common amongst CA, and that's why MBAs getting an edge over CAs is also very common.Many people say 'Articleship is nothing but labour work', well it is because you think it that way, and that's why you are doing it that way. If you try, you will realize articleship period is life changing!"You will have hundreds of opportunities to learn the bigger things once you become CA, but not these small things. Once you become CA, people don't expect you to know everything, they understand it is quite impossible, but they definitely do expect that you know these basic things rightly."
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What are some must have Android apps?
Edit: I wrote this answer for “must have Android apps” but these are same apps which have changed the way I used to live my life. Each and every App has helped me in one or the other way. I hope you will also find them helpful and a bit life changing. So here is the list: 10. Psiphon For those who use WiFi with proxy settings. So Psiphon bypasses and tunnel the websites or app through a different IP Address. 9. Mirror It's a simple app to record your mobile screen. Based on the concept of CamStudio in PC where you can record your screen, Mirror offers recording of your Mobile screen. 8. NTES- National Train Enquiry System If you are from India and you want to know the running status, cancelled train (partial or fully), Live Station and other features, this App is a must have. 7. VOLT Simple but effective for those who want to learn new vocabulary. That's too obvious, then why not others? Coz here you get the “memory key” which helps you relate the words and easier to remember them. 6. Parchi It a note making app. But here’s a catch. You can view, review, edit and add right from your lockscreen without need to open the app. Isn't that amazing! I personally find this app very useful. 5. edX If you are student or a learner who wants learn something new everyday, and cannot afford to go in the prestigious institutions like MIT, Harvard University, Cambridge, IITM, etc ten it is a must have app. Enroll yourself in any course and Bazinga!! You are ready to learn from the most amazing professors. Similar to edX, we have Coursera. 4. Walnut Manage your expenses on your finger tips. Its easier then that. It shows you your monthly expenditure, ATM locations, bill remainders and many more features. Its a must have app. 3. CamScanner Everyone doesn’t own a scanner but most of us have camera. So click the pic, upload to CamScanner and voila you are done. You have the scanned copy of your documents, notes, Marksheet and upload them on your DigiLocker. 2. inshorts Till now you all must be knowing this app. The tagline is also simple “News in 60 words” and trust me it is worth having. In this “I don't have time” world, you need news to be fast and accurate so here it is. 1. DigiLocker If you have this app then you don’t need to carry your personal documents like driving license, Adhar card, voter ID card, or even your Marksheets. Keep them safe in actual locker and leave the rest to your DigiLocker. And the best part is that it is acceptable as the original ones at every governmental or non governmental institution because it is developed under Digital India initiative. That's it for the day. Thank you and Enjoy !!! Update 1: Today I came across two new apps which I found useful. Hope it would help you all. 1.Forest : Stay focused Features • A self-motivated and interesting way to help you beat phone addiction • Stay focused and get more things done • Share your forest and compete with friends • Track your history in a simple and pleasant way • Earn reward and unlock more tree species • Customize your whitelist : Leaving Forest and using apps in whitelist won’t kill your tree. 2. Swachh Bharat Toilet Locator Swachh Bharat Toilet Locator is specifically useful for Indians who're committed for Swachh Bharat. Update 2: So I am back with yet another interesting app for you all. And trust me it is worth hanving. You are bored just go through it and kaboooom !!! You are into a black hole. Enjoy the ride. 3. Curiosity It is the latest app I installed but got addicted to it. It’s exactly works like its name, generates a curiosity which inturn increases your knowledge. It covers a large field of scope from Humanity to science to faith and many more. This app deserves more snapshots but why to increase the length of my answer. Comment below if you think the list should be updated? Thank you.
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How would you explain radioactivity to a child?
I think reading about how something was discovered helps us understand it much easier. After all when we discovered it, we knew about it much less than a 9 year old knows now.(Blue Cherenkov radiation around a nuclear reactor)Everything is made of tiny atoms. Atoms are always jiggling and moving around and colliding each other.Atom means indivisible. But as turned out in late 19th century atoms were made of smaller particles called subatomic particles.In the late 19th century, powerful vacuum pumps were invented. They were powerful enough to lower a gas's pressure to the point that high voltage electricity could pass through it.This would make the gas glow and the color just depended on what gas you have chosen, not the voltage and not the pressure. You have seen the Neon lamps everywhere. You can find Xenon lamp in many photographing flashlights.The pattern, count and position of the small disks at the ends (specially visible in [math]D_2[/math] lamp here) depended on the voltage and the pressure. This looked like pretty much like a flame. But we didn't know what a fire's flame was either back then.When the vacuum pumps improved, they could get to even lower pressures. When the pressure was lower than a certain point, the lamp would go dark and didn't glow anymore. These tubes were called Crookes tube.Something very weird was going on inside the Crookes tubes. An invisible stream was radiating straight from the cathode (the electrode connected to the negative pole of the battery), So this stream was called cathode ray.Cathode rays were invisible, but if they hit a fluorescent screen, they'd light it up.From the position and the shape of the shadow, it was obvious that cathode rays moved in straight lines. If you put a magnet close to the tube, it would deflect the cathode rays and the shadow would move.So, the cathode rays were electrically charged, from the direction which they deflected, it was concluded that they were negatively charged.Another cool thing that Crookes himself showed was that if you put a wheel in front of them, they could move it. So they have mass.Both William Crookes (in the 1880s) and German physicist Johann Hittorf, a co-inventor and early researcher of the Crookes tube, found that photographic plates placed near the tube became unaccountably fogged or flawed by shadows. Neither found the cause nor investigated this effect.German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen was the first to systematically study them and is usually credited as the discoverer of X-rays in 1895 (He later won the first ever Noble prize in physics for it).The X-rays were not effected by electricity or magnetism at all. The exact nature of cathode rays and X-rays was not understood yet.(First medical X-ray image, Röntgen's wife's left hand with her ring).Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by the French scientist Henri Becquerel. He suspected that the glow produced in cathode ray tubes by X-rays might be associated with phosphorescence.He wrapped a photographic plate in black paper and placed various phosphorescent salts on it. All results were negative until he used uranium salts. The uranium salts caused a blackening of the plate in spite of the plate being wrapped in black paper. These radiations were given the name "Becquerel Rays".At first, it seemed as though the new radiation was similar to the then recently discovered X-rays. Further research by Becquerel, Ernest Rutherford, Paul Villard, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and others showed that this form of radioactivity was signNowly more complicated.There were different kinds of radioactive radiations being emitted from different materials. They were named after how they reacted to an electrical field.The beam that was deflected towards the negatively charged plated (so was positively charged itself) was called [math]\alpha[/math]. The one that was deflected towards the positively charged plated (so was negatively charged itself) was called [math]\beta[/math]. And the one that was not affected was called [math]\gamma[/math].You can see that [math]\alpha[/math] particles are less deflected by the electric field so we can say [math]\alpha[/math] particles are more massive than [math]\beta[/math] particles.In 1897, Thomson showed that cathode rays were composed of previously unknown negatively charged particles, which he calculated must have bodies much smaller than atoms and a very large value for their charge-to-mass ratio.[3] Thus he is credited with the discovery and identification of the electron; and with the discovery of the first subatomic particle.(from Wikipedia)Turned out that [math]\beta[/math] particles are electrons too. The mass of an electron is 10,000 times less than the smallest atoms.And [math]\alpha[/math] particles have twice the charge (+2) and four times the mass of a [math]H^+[/math] ion, and actually it is the nucleus of a Helium atom ([math]He^{2+}[/math]). And [math]\gamma[/math] is similar to X-rays.Atoms are neutral (electrically) so existence of a negatively charged sub-atomic particles meant there should be some positive charge inside the atom. Thomson proposed that atom is composed of electrons surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electrons' negative charges, like negatively charged "raisins" surrounded by positively charged "pudding" (1904).Atoms and molecules had long been theorized as the constituents of matter but not accepted widely by the scientists. It was not until Albert Einstein published a paper in 1905 that explained in precise detail how the motion that Brown had observed (random motion of the smoke particles in the air) was a result of the pollen being moved by individual water molecules. This explanation of Brownian motion served as definitive confirmation that atoms and molecules actually exist, and was further verified experimentally by Jean Perrin in 1908. Perrin was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1926 "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter" (Einstein had received the award five years earlier "for his services to theoretical physics" with specific citation of different research).Which tool better to investigate positive charges than bombarding them with tiny small positively charged particles. The positive charge would deflect the tiny particles and make shadows, so if you shined [math]\alpha[/math] rays on thin layer of atoms, you would see the shadows of how the positive charge's distribution looked on a fluorescent screen.Ernest Rutherford (the father of nuclear physics, the one who discovered and named [math]\alpha[/math] and [math]\beta[/math] particles) did this experiment., He used an alpha source to bombard a thin golden foil (it was known that Gold should have big atoms). To his amazement, almost all the alpha particles passed right through. A few were deflected and a tiny number were bounced back. He concluded that almost all of the mass and the positive charge inside an atom is concentrated in a tiny lump in the center. He discovered the atom's nucleus. And the Thomson's model was disproved.Rutherford proposed the planetary model for the atom (1911). Almost all the mass of the atom was in a tiny nucleus in the center (100,000 times smaller than the atom's size) and the negatively charged much smaller electrons were orbiting it just like the planets orbit the Sun. Electrons had to be moving, otherwise they'd be attracted by the positively charged nucleus.Following the discovery of the atomic nucleus by Ernest Rutherford in 1911, Antonius van den Broek proposed that the place of each element in the periodic table (its atomic number) is equal to its nuclear charge. This was confirmed experimentally by Henry Moseley in 1913 using X-ray spectra.In 1917, Rutherford proved that the hydrogen nucleus is present in other nuclei, a result usually described as the discovery of the proton (the positively charged sub-atomic particle inside the nucleus). Rutherford had earlier learned to produce hydrogen nuclei as a type of radiation produced as a product of the impact of alpha particles on nitrogen gas, and recognize them by their unique penetration signature in air and their appearance in scintillation detectors.In 1920 Rutherford suggested the nucleus consisted of positive protons and neutrally-charged particles, suggested to be a proton and an electron bound in some way. Electrons were assumed to reside within the nucleus because it was known that beta radiation consisted of electrons emitted from the nucleus. Rutherford called these uncharged particles neutrons.The story of radioactivity is not complete without mentioning Marie Curie.Marie Skłodowska-Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win twice in multiple sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes.She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel. She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.Her achievements included a theory of radioactivity (a term that she coined), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes.This was the theory of radioactivity until 100 years ago.In 1931, Walther Bothe and Herbert Becker found that if alpha particle radiation from polonium fell on beryllium, boron, or lithium, an unusually penetrating radiation was produced. The radiation was not influenced by an electric field, so Bothe and Becker assumed it was gamma radiation. Neither Rutherford nor James Chadwick at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge were convinced by the gamma ray interpretation. Chadwick quickly performed a series of experiments that showed that the new radiation consisted of uncharged particles with about the same mass as the proton. These particles were neutrons. Chadwick won the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery in 1935.It turned out that the smaller atoms have about the same number of neutrons and protons in their nuclei, but heavier elements have more neutrons than protons.It turned out that the bigger the atom was and the more the ratio of neutrons to protons were (more than 1.5), the more unstable that atom was. And it went through a radioactive decay and converted to lighter elements (which were more stable).It's not that hard to see why the heavier elements are less stable. Imagine you are making atom nuclei using legos. If it is very small (for example made of two pieces) if you let it fall to the ground from 1 meter height, it won't break. But if it's large (say 100 pieces), it will break into smaller (and more stable) pieces.As we know it now, the nature was not ready to reveal all her secrets quite yet. Soon it was discovered that electrons (and all other sub-atomic particle) were not simply particles, they could behave like waves and they could be at multiple places at the same time (the famous double-slit experiment). But that is another story and we will get very far from our original question, so I will end it here.[All other images are from Wikipedia, unless mentioned on them].All the best.
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When is the JF 17 Version 3 getting in the field?
SHORT ANSWER :Super Thunder Block III - FOC in 2020 ; Operational Squadron by end of 2021.________________________________________________________________“ The Art of War teaches usTo rely not on the likelihood of the enemy's not coming,But on our own readiness to receive him;Not on the chance of his not attacking,But rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable.”—Sun Tzu^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^CURRENT FLEET OF THUNDER MID 2019PAC has reportedly been producing 58 percent of the JF-17s airframe and subsystems — the wings, horizontal tail, vertical tail, and forward fuselage — while CAC produces 42 percent of it including the mid- and rear- fuselages. Amongst the major sub components - Radar employed was KLJ-7 Pulse Doppler X Band Radar by NRIET. It has a ‘Mechanically Steered planar array antenna’ (Design based on Russian PHAZOTRON). It was a smaller version of the radar used by the J-10A. The ZERO ZERO Ejection seat was supplied by Martin-Baker Mk-16LE. Power plant used is Russian Klimov RD-93 which offers 49.4kN of dry thrust / 85.3kN of thrust with Afterburner & a top speed of Mach 1.6, The aircraft parts arrive from China in kit form for local assembly. PAC has an annual production capability of about 25 JF-17 aircraft. The total cost of the joint programme is US$ 500 million.The first PAF JF-17 squadron, consisting of 14 JF-17 Block I fighter aircraft, was established in 2010. PAF currently has six operational squadrons, with seventh one slated to become operational within 2019. Till now a total of 103+ comprising of Block 1 and block 2 (on production line) have been produced , about 50 block 1 ( All upgraded to block 2 ) and the rest block 2.Upgraded Block II already in serviceIt has Composites percentage added to Air Frame to make it Lighter , Complete Fly By Wire FBW System equipped. Mid Air Refuel, Turkish ASEL Target pods with Range Extension Kits REKs + LGB Laser Guided Bombs , Upgraded Radar , Anti Ship Missiles YJ-12 Added, BVR AIM 120 & DARTER, Day / Night Mission capability and Capability to carry Tactical Smart weapons Ra’ad…PAF managed to make 01 Aerial kill of IAF MiG 21 Bison variants in recent LOC Conflict Feb March 2019…. reportedly With JF 17. Suddenly the lesser discussed and under estimated Thunder (Lowly rated by Adversaries) became talk of the town for industry experts and common people ; Delay in Indian AF acquiring French Dassault Rafale was discussed ; The kills even resulted in stock prices immediately going up for Chengdu CAC Sister industry….Block III with Engine upgrades , AESA Radar and HDM/S Production starts end of 2019. JF 17 Block III - the advanced version will be the greatest Engineering product of a country which, was forced by circumstances, and diverted its limited resources towards keeping its existence.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^JF 17 “ ADVANCED 4TH GENERATION VERSION” BLOCK III VARIANT UNDER FINAL DEVELOPMENT - PRODUCTION COMMENCES IN 2019Zeeshan Syed's answer to Which is more advance, JF17 Block 3 or F16?Vastly under rated , Co-produced by Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) and the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC), The JF-17 latest variant 4.0 generation Block III is the most lethal.The addition of Block 2 fighter planes will be completed by 2020 & there after PAF Plans to induct 28 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft within the next 2 -3 years.In super Thunder Block III, PAF is transplanting mostly mature technology from Chinese Multi Role J - 10C. The subsystems on the Block-III are of the same technological equivalence as found on the F-16s Bloc 52 / 60, Gripen C / D and other 4.0 Gen single engine jets . The Block-III will not be a “cheap”, but in comparison to many of the alternatives, it will still be among the most cost-effective, especially given the capabilities that are expected to be on offer.Just as a refrence The Eurofighter Typhoon program took 20 years to have the first operational Typhoon and for UK alone the Cost of program for UK inflated by 25%…!New Block III is a Light Weight Mutli Role , Advanced version. Estimated Starting production in 2019 - 20. With the introduction of the major upgrading , Block 3 is ;More deadly’ than the F-16 Block 52 or Su-30MKI.It has 'Composite Airframe' (graphene-titanium) which has low readar signature and to signNow speeds Mach > 2.0New Block III in its second Stage - Uses Upgraded Engine.A higher thrust engine RD-93MA . or A WS Variant with Thrust Vectoring Guizhou WS-13E Taishen Engine with 22,450 lb thrust with After burner.The WS13 engine is 4.14 meters long, 1.02 meters in diameter, weighing 1,135 kg. The engine will have a major repair interval of roughly 810 hrs, service life span 2200 hrs, both far exceed the RD-33 engine.AVIONICS , SENSORS AND NETWORKING CAPABILITYUtilises All - Axis FBW Technology ( Fly - By - Wire) Digital Flight control systems.Tactical data-links (TDL) are networks that enable secure and jam-resistant voice and data exchanges between connected assets.. “Link-17” is the PAF’s indigenous data-link system.Link-17 has given the PAF a network protocol that it can use with a wide range of aerial assets, especially JF-17 Thunder. The tactical operational benefits are certainly present. As of now JF-17 (as well as the Mirage ROSE) can utilize the extended range air surveillance coverage offered by the Powerful AESA Radars on board SAAB ERIEYE AEW&C Plus Karakoram Eagle AWACS , which in turn opens up a number of advantageous tactical scenarios.The JF-17 has a Defensive aids system (DAS) made up of various integrated sub-systems. A radar warning receiver (RWR) gives data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars to the pilot and electronic warfare (EW) suite, housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin for greater coverage that interferes with enemy radars.The EW suite is also linked to a Missile Approach Warning (MAW) system to help it defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors mounted on the airframe (two of which can be seen at the base of the vertical stabilizer) that detect the rocket motors of missiles and gives 360 degree coverage.Data collected by the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is also shown on the cockpit displays and HUD to warn the pilot.A counter-measures dispensing system releases decoy flares and chaff to help the aircraft evade enemy radars and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar jamming pod which will be carried externally on one of the aircraft's hard points.Equipped with Active Electronically Scanned Array LKF601E (AESA) radar . AESA Radar system is the latest in Military Aviation. Most of the Modern aircraft such as F-22 ,Su-35 ,F-35 Etc use this Radar. It can detect targets for greater ranges than previous versions and it is very hard to Block by Enemy Radars . In addition , these radars also have high resolution ground and sea Mapping technologies that provides it with Precise , ‘All’ Weather, Day / Night Mission capability against Ground or Sea based targets.Just as a refrence The Eurofighter Typhoon AESA Captor-E undergoing flight testing since 2016, today It’s supposed to be operational IN 2019In a video released by LETRI in early November, we also learn that the new AESA radar has already made its first tests on one of the prototypes of FC-1, the famous "06". The AVIC Radarist highlights two flagship features of its LKF601E, the first being full air cooling, which signNowly reduces system weight and the need for rewiring, and the second is to replace the existing radar on the device without major modification, what LETRI calls "In-Situ replacement".It is an AESA radar with more than 1000 transmitters and receivers, with at least 11 operating modes and a range of 170 km on targets of 5 m² SER, and capable of tracking 15 different targets and engage 4 simultaneously.As per former PAF Chief there will no FLEET with in FLEET of JF-17 which mean PAF will implement fleet wide upgrades, but this fleet wide upgrades will obviously take some time as most of JF-17 fleet specially blk-II are new jets as their production was started in Dec-2013 so pulse doppler KLJ-7 (V2) radars of bk-II may remain operational at least for next 3-5 years.Zeeshan Syed's answer to How good is KLJ 7A aesa radar for JF17?Pakistan Air Force (PAF) acquired Advanced Targeting Pods – ASELPODS – for integration with the JF-17 Thunder III. These advanced targeting pods has equipped Pakistan’s JF-17s with the ability to deploy laser-guided air-to-ground missiles (AGMs) and laser-guided bombs (LGBs) along with ground attack capabilities with precision strike.I read so called experts slammiing Jf 17 Thunder II for lack of ‘Helmet Mounted Cueing System’, yet they’re unaware of the fact that Rafale in service with French Air Force doesn’t have a HMCS either till 2019 !Jf-17 Block 3 will also be equipped with :DEEC electronic warfare suite,KG-300G self-protection radar jamming podA HMS . Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS)Paired with a MBU-5/P oxygen mask.Infrared Search and Track (IRST)Reportedly the HMS system for Thunder III is an upgrade to second generation optically sensed HMS which was attached to the ZSh-5 series Russian helmet for Su 27 / 30. The upgrades are copied from French helmet mounted sight Sextant Avionique version & Elbit Systems TARGO-II helmet-mounted target designation system for the Rafale fighter.The fundamental idea behind all HMD/HMS designs is that of using the pilot's Eyeball Mk.1 as a cueing device to direct a missile seeker at a target, to facilitate a rapid lock and missile shot with fourth generation missiles & very large off boresight angles,.With HMS ,Pilot can track and lock on target without Having to use it instruments.Pilot just have to move its head towards the target and the Missile will lock on target.This enables pilot to view around its cockpit to lock on target instead of turning to that direction.Pakistan Air Force (PAF) F-16B Block-15 Mid-Life Update pilots with Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing Systems. Image credit: PAF Directorate of Media RelationsThe Actuators , Chaff & Falres Counter measures system, Ejection Seat system, of Super Thunder III, reportedly are all based on Chinese copies of Authentic Eueopean / Western technology acquired by China during upgrading of J - 10C. Hence its not 100% Chinese tech as claimed by so called experts.All hardpoints are MIL-STD-1760 data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System, compliant which allows them to integrate with weaponry of any origin.ADVANCE WEAPONARY Fitted with 11 Hard Points and more advanced Beyond Visual Range B.V.R Systems. The build up of Weapon systems to augment the next generation of Fighters is part pf JF 17 and Azm programs. The Ra’ad is capable of delivering miniature nuclear warheads. RAAD (HATAF VIII) is a Air launched Cruise Missile, with Stealth technology, with reported ranges of 550 kms.In the long-term, there are other ALCM-related possibilities. For example, precision-guided sub-munitions such as the BLU-105 enable the AGM-158 Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile (JASSM) to engage multiple targets in an area, such as armoured formations, air fields, air defence sites, and dockyards, among others.Thunder has acquired Y J - 12 or CM - 302 Anti Ship Missiles - which are comparable but in many ways superior to the Indian BrahMos with a speed of Mach 4, a 500kg warhead and a 400km range. While the missile was initially developed to replace the Russian Kh-31A, and was deployed by Chinese H-6 bombers and JH-6 strike fighters, the missile was later adapted for use by J-11B and Su-30 fighters. As Pakistan lacked any of these aircraft, Sino-Pakistani JF-17 fighters were later adapted to carry the YJ-12 in pairs."the highlight of the YJ-12 is not its range but speed. It can signNow 'Double Three' or 'Double Four,' namely a range of 300 kilometres at Mach 3 (three times the speed of sound) or a range of 400 kilometres at Mach 4."These missiles are extremely difficult to intercept due to considerable speeds and low trajectories, are capable of disabling even larger combat vessels with a single direct hit - with even the slower Mach 3 BrahMos tearing warships in half during testing. As the Indian Navy commissions ever more advanced surface vessles, including the stealthy Kirvak III Class Upgraded frigates and the Visakhapatnam Class destroyers, the need for asymmetric means of countering them continues to grow.Also integrated for Air to Surface Role are Mk-82 (General-purpose bomb) with REK LT-2, LS-3 and LS-6 satellite-based PGB kits . REK converts GPB’s into Guided weapons. It includes a Tail unit integrated with Body of bomb which provides Guidance and Navigation both Plus an adiitional wing unit with deployable wings for range extension. Its range is approx 100 kms when launched below 9,000 mtrs altitude with speed Mach 0.8 interfaced with Databus MIL STD -1760.POTENTIAL INTEGRATION OF ULTRA LONG RANGE BVR THE PL - 15The PL-15 is a beyond visual range air-to-air missiles (BVRAAM). Chinese media said the PL-15 can signNow out to over 300 km at a speed greater than Mach 4 (4,900 km/h). They are the best BVRs with higher range and No escape Zones that most BVRs of today.The PL-15 is developed by the 607 Institute. It is the replacement for China's current BVRAAM, the radar guided, PL-12.Compared to the PL-12, the PL-15 has an improved active radar seeker and jam-resistant datalinks, along with a dual pulse rocket motor to extend its range.PL 15 has a belly intake and a rocket boost motor along with a ramjet sustainer motor, making it one of the longest-ranged AAMs in the world at present.PL 15 is comparable to American AIM-120D. It features stabilizing fins and tailfins with reduced wingspans. PL-15 also features an improved guidance system including duplex data link and new active/passive dual mode seeker with enhanced ECCM capability.The sizeable missile is four meters long, and its dual thrust rocket motors allow it to engage targets up to 150km away - with some estimates placing its range considerably longer at around 200km. The missile deploys an active electronically scanned array radar, and is designed with high manoeuvrability and an extended ‘no escape range’ allowing it to reliably strike even highly manoeuvrable enemy combat aircraft at very long ranges.It is propelled by a new dual pulse rocket motor in favor of a ramjet engine, giving it not only a longer range (~160 - 180 km) but also a relatively small body size.TRULY WORLD CLASS NAVIGATION OF THUNDER BLOCK - IIIINFORMATISED WARFARECNSS (Compass/BeiDou Navigation Satellite System)A constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites and 30 medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites, that will offer complete coverage of the globe.************************************************************************************TIME LINE FOR SUPER THUNDER - BLOCK III - The Best to comeThe development and production of the JF-17 Block 3 are simultaneously underway, said Yang Wei, ACE designer of the China-Pakistan co-developed fighter jets as he aims to enhance the jet's warfare capability and weapons.Pakistan’s JF-17 Block III Fighter Jet to Make Maiden Flight by the End of 2019Design work for Block III Completed .Test and Trials expected to be completed in 2019.Production of 54 Jets or 3 x Squadrons completion planned between2021 - 2023.*********************************************************************************
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