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FAQs
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How can I apply for a UK visa from a European country when I am in the EU country on a work visa? I am an Indian national.
Unfortunately, many non-EEA nationals living in Germany need a visa to travel to the UK as a Schengen visa or German residency permit doesn’t allow entry to the UK. In this answer, I will try to explain the process of getting a Visa (tourist) for non-EEA nationals living in Germany.SEE ALSO: https://thehonest.blog/uk-visit-...Do I need a UK Visa?Before you visit the UK, the most important question you should ask is: Do I need a Visa? You can check if you need a UK Visa here: https://www.gov.uk/check-uk-visa/yFollow the simple steps:Select your countrySelect the intention for your visit to the UK. For example, if you want to visit the UK as a tourist, select “Tourism”Select if you will be traveling with or visiting either your partner or a family member in the UK. If you are traveling with or visiting either your partner or a family member in the UK, you will be asked to select if you have an article 10 residence card.What is an article 10 residence card? Read HereAfter following the above steps, you will be shown if you need a visa or not. In case if you need a visa, you will also be informed of the exact visa type you will need.UK Standard Visitor visaThis type of visa is valid for:visiting the UK on holidayto see your family and friends,do business (for example, conference, meeting, etc; but you CANNOT do paid or unpaid work),take part in sports or creative events, orreceive private medical treatment.Study for up to 30 days (as far as it is not the main reason for your visit)It is valid for up to 6 months from the date of issue and costs £93 (as of Sept. 2018), excluding User pay fee (£59) and fees for any selected Value added services at TLScontact. The last time I applied for a UK standard visitor visa (July 2018), I paid €176 including User pay fee and an additional €30 for express courier return (value-added service).UK Visa type: Standard VisitorFees (as of Sept 2018): Visa Fee: £93, User pay fee: £59Validity: Up to 6 months (multi-entry)Earliest you can apply: 3 months before the intended date of travelAverage processing time: 2~3 weeks (maybe longer during the rush season)Visa centers in Germany: Düsseldorf, Munich, BerlinHow to apply?Go to https://www.visa4uk.fco.gov.uk/h... and create an account (if you don’t have one already; otherwise log in to your existing account).Login into your visa4uk account and select: “Apply for myself” – if you are applying for yourself “Apply for someone else” – if you are applying for a family member or a friendFill in the form that appears. Make sure you fill in all the details as mentioned in your passport and other supporting documents. You may see a notification that says “Please note there is an additional fee…”. This refers to the User Pay fee mentioned above.Select the visa type, that was suggested by https://www.gov.uk/check-uk-visa/yNote the reference number starting with “GWF”. It will be needed later on.Now select “Create application”Now select “go to application” and fill in all the details thoroughly.Sign the declaration (Electronic Signature)Book an appointment (You will have to select a location from Düsseldorf, Munich or Berlin). In my experience, Düsseldorf has the fastest processing time. You can check the visa processing times here: https://visa-processingtimes.hom...Pay the visa fee (~ €176 in Aug 2018). There are many options to pay the visa fee like PayPal, Master/Visa cards, Maestro cards, etc. Note: If you want to withdraw your application, you may only get a full refund of visa fee if you cancel the appointment and submit a written request at least 5 days before your scheduled appointment.Once the payment is successful, go to https://uk.tlscontact.com/de/dus...Select the same location from step 8 at TLScontact website.Click register (if you don’t already have an account). Otherwise login into your existing account.Click “Add an applicant” (Blue button at bottom of the page).Enter the GWF number from “step 5”, all other details as mentioned in your passport.If you select the return courier service, it will cost you €30 in addition. If you don’t select this service, you will have to come back to the visa center to pick up your passport after the visa is issued (or rejected). I would highly recommend this service if you don’t live near one of the visa centers.A list of Required Documents is mentioned here: UK visit visa for Non-EEA nationals living in Germany - The Honest BlogVisa appointmentYou and every who is applying with you (friends/family) have to be present in person.Carry all required documents in original (to be on the safer side) and a photocopy (A4 size). In case you forget to get a photocopy, most visa centers have a photocopying machine (but they charge as much as 50 cents per copy).Arrive at the visa appointment location 15 minutes in advance.Don’t carry too much luggage or any dangerous items – your bags will be checked before allowing you to enter in.In case if you have opted for courier return for your passport, you may be asked to fill an additional form confirming the return address.Once your name / GWF number is called, you have to submit all the documents followed by biometrics (fingerprints and photo will be taken). Note: There are no British officials present at the time of document collection. There will be no formal visa interview. You will not be asked any questions (only document collection). The TLScontact representatives will blindly collect the documents you provide them. They will not tell you if something is missing or is extra. It is your duty to make sure you provide all the documents you want to be considered for your visa process (There is no harm in providing an extra document, but failing to provide even a single required document can result in a rejection). Note: Make sure you have don’t have any tattoos (like Henna) on your fingers that will hamper them from obtaining fingerprints.TLScontact will retain your current passport and copy of all the documents. You will be given a TLScontact checklist (Example below) and sent a confirmation email as well.This is the end of the visa application procedure. Note: There are some paid value-added services that allow you to apply and keep hold of your passport during the decision making process. You will have to submit the passport at a later point in time for visa stamping.Normally, after 2-3 weeks you will receive a notification email that your passport is ready for collection. You can track the progress of your visa on TLScontact website.Passport collectionIf you have opted for express courier return, you will receive your passport by courier (Usually it is sent by DHL express. You have to be present at home to collect it as a signature is needed. It is not delivered to neighbors or Packstation).If you have opted for express courier return, you will need to go the visa application center with the following documents to collect your passport (once you receive a confirmation that the passport is ready for collection):TLScontact checklist.Original and photocopy of a Photo-ID (for example: Driving license or Aufenthaltstitel).If collected by someone else, they will need original Authorisation form and representative’s valid photo ID document (copy & original) in addition to the above two documents.If collecting for a minor, a copy of the birth certificate is required.
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Why are railguns often portrayed as a better way to intercept maneuvering hypersonic threats than interceptor missiles?
There are several factors that go into this, there are pros and cons to both systems, to a military planner the pros of the rail gun out weigh it’s cons. Only time will prove if they are right or not but I will try to explain.Defensive Vs Offensive load, There is only limited launcher space on any ship regardless of how many missiles it has in storage. So lets say you have 20 launchers in your ship, vertical launchers are becoming the norm. Even though you have 100 more missiles of whatever mix you want in the hold, your 20 launchers have what they have in them and it will take time to swap them out. (Hopefully some USN personnel on here who have served on a DDG or similar can let us know how long) I’m guessing at least an hour. Some missiles can be dual use like an anti-missile-Missile can be used in the anti aircraft role, but a Tomahawk or any land attack missile simply cannot. Every tube you have filled with a missile to perform your mission is a missile you cannot use for defense, every missile you have loaded for defense, can’t be used for your mission.The rail gun uses a solid mass of metal, you can use it to devastating effect against air, sea, or land targets without worrying about carrying different loads. I imagine a flechette round would be used against missiles and aircraft, but it doesn’t matter, you can switch ammo types in seconds.With railguns as point defense, you are free to have the majority of your missile tubes loaded for the mission and only a minimum with defensive (AA or AM) missiles.Immunity to counter measures: The railgun is a line of sight weapon, if you can see it, you can hit it. Once radar contact is made and the gun aligned, powerful optics will be used to line up the final shot. at 2.4 kilometers+ a second- nothing can really affect or stop the projectile. If the shot is lined up properly, the target is dead, no amount of chaff flares or ecm can do anything once the projectile leaves the rail.Cost. The Major cost of the system is in the gun and the guidance and aiming systems require only maintenance when bought, The Projectile is just a hunk of machined metal, I imagine the ship’s machine shop will have the ability to fabricate more in an emergency. No propellant needed (more on that later) A missile has to have a warhead, a motor, navigation and avionics which is all one time use, the launching and guidance on the ship are not cheap either so while the up front cost of the railgun will be higher, that changes quickly after a few shots.Safety. That warhead and rocket/jet fuel in a missile infinitely more deadly to you before you launch as it is to the enemy. Anything that touches off that magazine (accidents, malfunctions, enemy fire) will likely be catastrophic. The inert projectiles of a railgun are immune to that. The rail-gun itself if charged might pose a small danger if damaged while charged, but that will be like a transformer box blowing up outside during a storm (happened to me when I was a kid during a hurricane) While it was loud and scary to 11 year old me 20 meters from my house, it did zero damage to the house and didn’t even knockdown the telephone pole it was on, Had that been a modern AA-or AM missile 20 meters away, I and my house would likely not be here today.Close in defense: You can use the rail gun up to the point an enemy missile hits your ship. A vertically launched missile needs to clear the ship arc towards its target and fly towards it. This all takes time meaning that depending on the speed of the incoming missile, you have a radius where if you haven’t launched yet, there is nothing you can do. So let’s say you have a ship with a rail gun and one with only missiles. Both are engaged by missiles with a 4 second flight time. It takes 2 seconds to identify and track the target and come up with a firing solution(I have no idea how long it really takes but I’m pretty sure the human reaction time to authorize the launch of a $500,000 missile is more than that). the 2 seconds remaining are not enough, the missile will just be clear of it’s tubes and arcing when your ship gets hit. The rail gun ship still has time to get one or two shots off, Even if it hits the Missile right outside the hull, that is preferable to having it go off INSIDE your hull.Like I said before, having the rail gun doesn’t stop you from carrying defensive missiles for BVR/Over the Horizon, engagements.
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How does bitcoin work? Who actually pays for the mining done?
Approximately once every 10 minutes since January 3, 2009 at 18:15:05 UTC, one miner in the world has found/will find a valid Bitcoin block that meets the current difficulty requirements. When that happens, the block reward and the transaction fees will be distributed to the wallet(s) configured by that miner in that block. These two sources make up all of a miner’s income.Block rewards are the only way that new Bitcoins are min[t]ed. The block reward started at 50 BTC/block and halves every 210,000 blocks. This is why the current block reward is 12.5 BTC/block as of Sept 2017.Transaction fees for a block are the sum of the fees paid for all new transactions included in that block. For example, I might send you .5 BTC and specify a fee of .00004 BTC as incentive for miners to include that transaction in their block. The first miner to include that transaction in an accepted block will then earn that .00004 BTC in addition to the block reward and fees from other included transactions.Early on, transaction fees were a negligible source of miner income since there were very few transactions and the block reward was high. However, as the block reward diminishes and the number of transactions grows this trend will reverse and block rewards will become negligible and transaction fees will dominate earnings.Mining pools are another layer on top of this. Instead of the reward and fees going to a single miner, they instead have a number of miners pooling their efforts and splitting the rewards based on that pool's rules. In this way, if it would normally take you 10,000 years on average to find a block by yourself, you can instead join a mining pool and get small fractions of a block reward regularly based on your mining contribution and the pool's rules.Compare that to solo mining without a mining pool, where until you find a valid block you won't get a single Satoshi.
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Which luxury car do you wish to buy?
I’m not big on the idea of favorites in general. I have a very hard time choosing just one to like when so many are great in their own way. However I will concede to your inquiry and give you the luxury car that I am most intrigued by.The Toyota Century.Never heard of it? Unless your into Japanese executive transport or just a car nut, that’s not surprising. It’s essentially Toyota’s take on the Rolls Royce Phantom and was designed specifically for sale to an exclusive group of Japanese hierarchy. You can’t even actually buy a new one if you wanted, you need an invitation, similar to the Lexus LFA or Ford GT.It’s also not particularly glamorous or beautiful. It’s hard and purposeful, as if sculpted from a solid block of obsidian. It’s shape and lines evoke the sense that it was penned for an early 90’s anime crime boss and then accidentally put into production. To me that’s the charm. I’m a bit obsessed with expensive cars that do a great job of looking more plain than cheap cars and pull it off without sweating.The absolute most interesting and cool part? It has cloth seats.The entire interior is practical, purposeful and ergonomic. I almost wish it had a front bench seat too, that would be icing on the cake.You really start to see its purpose as a chauffeured vehicle when you look in the back.How absurd and cool is that?The only disappointing part of the car is that a new V8 has replaced the epic V12 the previous generation had.You may be wondering why my ‘favorite’ luxury car is a Japanese knock off and de-contented Rolls Royce. I would boil it down to the fact that it fits the unicorn status (I will probably never see one in person) and the perfect way it fulfills my strange mental image of Japanese high luxury.I’m also a fan of Grand Seiko watches and I consider the Toyota Century as the automotive version of a GS watch.Given the option I would purchase a Grand Seiko over a Rolex and a Toyota Century over a Rolls Royce.
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What is it like to have ADD or ADHD?
Wow. So many awesome answers. I share much of what has already been described:* Brighter than almost everyone around me* Learn new things incredibly fast when engaged* See deeply into problems--develop an abstract understanding of a new area so much faster than others* Very, very good at anticipating problems and making a plan. Very, very bad at executing against it.* Terribly easily distracted, always starting and abandoning projects* Information junky LOVE to learn new things* Incredibly verbal and charming when I want to be. Witty and funny.* Viciously self-critical and sometimes viciously critical of others* Hate to wait, always late, procrastinate.* Finish people's sentences for them* Only care about getting the information I need. Please don't tell me why that task isn't done. I don't care. I asked a yes or no question: Is it done? * Being mistaken for a dick because my irritation over delay and distraction is mistaken for judgment about another's behavior or their output.* C student in high school, didn't graduate college. Sometimes spent more time helping others with their homework than doing my own.* Hated to attend lecture. The information came too slowly. Detested listening to others ask questions of the teacher. Why are they so stupid? This is a waste of my time. Learned on my own time in my own way.* Undisciplined about health. Don't take care of my health for years at a time. Then flip-flop to hyperfocused. Eat carefully, exercise every day, drop 40 pounds or more, then peter out and back to sloth.* No self-control around foods. Can't eat one cookie. The only way I can eat better is to not have the cookies around.* Tried drugs as a teenager but didn't like them. I literally didn't get what others thought was exciting about being drunk or stoned. Would 100X rather waste time reading a fascinating history book or playing a strategy game than feel impaired.* TV calms me if it is engaging. Enrages me when it isn't. Commercials usually make me want to tear my eyes out. Poorly written comedy makes me want to kill somebody. I can more-or-less only watch PBS and cable TV because the programs are commercial free. Documentaries are the BOMB. Who knew earth worms were so fascinating? And I feel so much calmer while I watch...* Radio calms me if it is engaging, Enrages me when it isn't. The increased volume of radio commercials and makes me want to firebomb car dealers and other radio advertisers. I am engaged only when I get a constant stream of just the right music or engaging information from people I respect. I can pretty much only listen to PBS and internet radio today.* Movies often bore me, unless they hit the right psychological note. Can't stand to watch shoot-em-ups, blow-em-ups, superpower-them-ups, hack-em-ups. Have to watch movies that show me nuance and psychological realities. When I do have to watch silly movies with my children, have to analyze the symbolism to death. * Always felt different. Always knew there was something wrong with me. Always felt lonely. Couldn't put my finger on the problem with me.* Couldn't achieve my potential. Couldn't even come close.* Verbally Impulsive. Have great trouble concealing a negative emotional reaction.* Will freely express a negative opinion of an idea. Can't understand why that would bother the other person. After all, I was only trying to help improve the idea... * Am not strongly attached to my own ideas. They come and go fast anyways. If you shoot it down, I'll go back to the drawing board and comeback with another.* Consistently underestimate the time I need to complete tasks.The only real thing I can add to what others have written is the depression and self-doubt. If you allow it to get to you, it can be so demoralizing to lose your wallet, phone or keys every morning. To once again leave the house without remembering that form you were supposed to return to the kids school. It sucks to constantly feel you are disappointing others. It sucks to feel you don't know how to love other people because your attention wanders the moment their needs don't require your focused attention. It sucks to know you set a bad example for your children. It sucks to know in the moment you are becoming obsessed over something inconsequential and have pursued it far beyond the point of behaving productively. It sucks to feel that you are self-centered because your need to have your anxiety reassured is so important you often can't suspend it when you should.ADD is the best of times and the worst of times. Sometimes I feel so powerful because it is so easy to put that blowhard in his place by pointing out the myriad flaws in his argument. Sometimes I feel so self-confident because I don't give a fuck what people think of me so I can say what I want. Sometimes I feel so awesome because I can do things with my brain others find incredible. Sometimes I feel hopeless because I can't get up off the couch to do the simple things that must get done today.
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What are the consequences of writing out business checks that you suspect will not clear? Done by the office manager at the dire
This subject is covered — as with all things legally speaking: mostly/in part — by Article 3 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). The UCC is a federal law that many, but not all, state and local jurisdictions have adopted. While I’m going to rely on this, I’m also going to rely on my extensive experience; and, for the record, I am in Texas.Let’s deal with some ambiguities in the question, first.Is the business incorporated (this includes nonprofits)?Is the office manager an officer or director of the corporation? — Here, director refers to having a seat on the board of directors (BOD) of the corporation, not that managing director, e.g., (of some division) is your job title.A managing director or other director, where that is a job title, may be an officer of the corporation. That would matter. For instance, a managing director might also hold the title of Vice President.A corporate charter, usually registered with the Secretary of State of some State (e.g., Delaware), will ask for a listing of important people: the President, usually at least one Vice President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, though it’s not uncommon for those last two roles to be united as Secretary-Treasurer. — These are your corporate officers. At least, the most basic ones.Notice: CEO and CFO, etc. — these are not listed.A corporation’s (and really, any business’s) bylaws will set out how directors of the Board will be chosen; how many; etc. And, in here, you may find the C-suite titles, like Chief Executive Officer and Chief Information Officer.A limited liability company (LLC) has members and managers. The various types of partnerships have partners, of course (and partners can be corporations or LLCs).It appears that the office manager should how the business he or she works at was formed. — Don’t trust the way the business’s name is styled on the sign outside; that tells you nothing about what is really going on.However, if you don’t even know if you’re an officer of the company, it might not matter. Unless it does. — So, if you’re going to be endorsing bad checks, you should figure this out.One thing that may help you, in any situation, is to sign the check in a way that indicates your representative capacity. For instance:Jared Maloney, CFOXYZ 123, INC.—You are making it known thatThis is a business, so put your job title after your signature. — You are signing in a representative capacity only.Don’t rely on the preprinted information at the top of the check. — You are signing on behalf of (OBO) something or someone else. Write that thing or person’s name on the check near where you signed your name and indicated your title with respect to that thing or that person.A sole proprietorship may have a name like Maloney’s Computers. It may also have a name like Computer Depot. — What’s missing is that the second version is a sole proprietorship operating under an assumed name, and the full title of the business might be Jared Maloney doing business as Computer Depot.The is a presumption, almost, that the owner of the sole proprietorship is the officer-equivalent. In fact, he or she may say that he’s the President of the company, or Owner of the company, interchangeably.Be careful, though. Most anything can have an assumed name.→ XYZ 123, INC. DBA Computer Depot is probably a valid business name. That means it’s a corporation even though it doesn’t have to say INC. on the end of its business signs!—And, this can get even more complex. LLCs can choose to be taxed like a sole proprietorship, or like an S-Corp., or like a C-Corp.Yes. — More than one type of corporation exists.—I’ve likely already lost 75% of my readership by now, so I won’t even talk about hybrid business structures where a general partnership has a corporation as the general partner and an LLC as the limited partner, and each has the same or different officers. — Attorneys and bright businesspeople (or conmen) can do some very interesting things if they have the internet and money for the filing fees.Let’s explore the sole proprietorship situation and assume you, the office manager, don’t know if the business is really structured as a sole proprietorship or if you’re an officer or director of the company yourself.You know you are an authorized signer on the bank account. Now, I’m bringing in the banking aspect of this.The other authorized signer on the business’s bank account is the President.You have a choice now. You’re not sure if the bank account will have enough funds in it to clear the check when it is received and presented by the recipient to his/its bank (and then by that bank to your business’s bank).How do I sign?—Jared Maloney, Office ManagerComputer Depot—Jared Maloney, OBO John Doe, President of Computer DepotIn today’s time, if you sign the second way, I doubt the check will have any trouble getting cashed by its recipient, so long as that recipient doesn’t present it directly to a teller of your bank.Years ago, I worked in new accounts at a retail bank, and I never saw such a signature on the signature card of any form of deposit bank account. — I wouldn’t have allowed that to be the signature of record on one, and I would have been very wary to authorize a teller to cash a check that was signed that way.This is how that works!The term relationship banker exists, and that gives you the idea that you have a specific person you deal with at your local bank. He or she is your banker. So, if you started your relationship with me on the deposit side of the bank, then your account would have my initials on it for bank employees to see. — Should there be an issue with you in the future, there was a good chance someone would call me about you for analysis or decision-making.If, however, you got a loan, and even sometimes when you were just a relatively big business customer, the officer assigned to you would be your lender. — Lenders tend to have titles like AVP, VP, SVP, and EVP. President, too, of course.At that point, your account, on its profile that bank employees could see, would see the initials of your officer as primary and then mine as secondary.For routine matters — for instance, you have a problem with a teller — and, that’s what we’re talking about now — a funny check is trying to be cashed issued from that account — the teller would call me first. If I couldn’t solve the problem within what I considered my relevant risk profile, or if it dealt with credit issues (e.g., “Does the loan officer want to honor your bad check or let it bounce?”), then I’d call up your lender, or his or her boss — if your lender was busy — to get an answer.Repeating, the issue is with the signature line sayingJared Maloney, OBO John Doe, President of Computer Depot—If a teller called me up, I’d check to see who the authorized signers were on the account. If Jared and John were both signers, then I don’t know if I would’ve cared.It just reads “An Authorized Signer on behalf of Another Authorized Signer, (who’s) President of The Company Named on the Account.”While that’s not the signature exactly found on the signature card (or the list of authorized signatures addendum), it contains the signature of one of the signers.If that was all in print, then that’s not a valid signature on the check. Obviously, you’d signed your name and print the President’s name. Don’t sign his name too!In either of the cases (whether Jared signed with his title [Office Manager], or if he signed in the OBO way), what if Jared Maloney is not an authorized signer on the check?—If that check is presented directly to a teller or other officer of your bank, and that person takes the time to figure out you aren’t an authorized signer, then the check won’t be honored. — The person (e.g., your employer or vendor or whoever) will be turned away.That’s not just bank policy. It’s a bank’s policy because banking regulations demand that it be bank policy. At least for banks that are FDIC-insured.And, on the flipside, as I said before, no matter how you sign the check (to create some idea of relinquishing all personal liability related to understanding of probable NSF situations in the future of that check!) — if you’re an authorized signer on the account — it’ll likely be cashed if the check is presented directly to your bank.And, if the person or the representative of the business, to whom the check was written, presents the check electronically to their own bank, or in a night deposit bag, or in a big ol’ bag with other checks and monies, — and, even if it’s presented alone to a teller of his or its bank — the likelihood that it will be cashed is high.So. You can attempt to mitigate your personal liability for understanding beforehand that the check you are writing will not be cashable, in the future, immediate or otherwise, due to insufficient funds, by changing the way you sign the check.So long as you’re not an officer (or, perhaps, just a director) of the business or nonprofit. — Maybe.Let’s compare a few situations. We will assume that all people are signers on the bank accounts.Janet is the Chief Executive Officer and President of a corporation. She is also the office manager, but she’s not the bookkeeper. She writes a check without asking the bookkeeper if the check will be any good.You can forget the CEO title, here. That’s not the type of officer we care about. President is, though!Signing as the Office Manager doesn’t mean squat, here. You can’t reasonably expect to use a lesser title to get out of personal liability.The notion that there is a bookkeeper doesn’t mitigate anything. Prior to writing the check, Janet could’ve called the bookkeeper; called the bank and checked the account balance; or, waited to write and deliver the check until such things could be done to make her certain she would not be committing check fraud.Janet has a risk, here, of being personally liable, because the President of the company, in most situations, has the ultimate authority to view any financial statements of the company. The President usually signs tax returns for a corporation; or, at least, that’s a possibility. The IRS would accept it.That risk is less, but not theoretically impossible to realize, if she signs the check as Janet, President of XYZ 123, INC.Sam is the husband of the 100% shareholder/owner of XYZ 123, INC. His wife, Janet, is the President, and he holds the somewhat ceremonial title of Treasurer, because he has his own job and doesn’t really do much but bookkeeping for the business at night. He is the night bookkeeper and the titular office manager. — When he arrives to start his work, his wife, Janet, calls him and tells him to prepare a check for $10,000 made payable to one of her vendors.Is the amount of that check high, in his experience, for the corporation to make on the spur of the moment?The bank is closed and he has no access to online banking for this account.He will know the actual book balance of that account when he’s done with his night work, but he hasn’t even started.Sam has risk, here, of being personally liable. He is the Treasurer of the corporation. Despite being ordered to prepare a check and deliver it to a vendor on demand, he could choose to ignore that. — The President can’t fire the Treasurer. Only the Board of Directors can fire the Treasurer. — If the President, his wife, doesn’t want to wait for him to do his work, so that he is comfortable with writing the check himself, then she can come in and sign the check herself.Signing as Sam, Treasurer, XYZ 123, INC. may shield him, but this set of facts may not bear that out.Oscar started out at a corporation as the office manager. Over the years, he was promoted to hold the position, also, of Chief Financial Officer, but he was still the titular office manager. He no longer held a primary bookkeeping function at the company, but he did review all of the corporation’s financial statements. He had been elevated to CFO by a meeting of the BOD, but no change had been made to the corporate charter. If you checked with the Secretary of State (SOS), his name would not be found listed with the SOS. A Vice President of the corporation just called him and told him to authorize payment for all invoices currently owed to a particular vendor, because the VP was upset with it and intended to switch to a new vendor. Once he is off the phone, he calls down to an accounts payable clerk and orders him to prepare a check, to the vendor, for all outstanding invoices. While the A/P clerk was working, he checked the bank account balance and his cash flow data; and, determined that the check would likely be returned NSF. Pretty soon, the A/P clerk knocks on his office door and brings in the check for him to sign.Is the VP who called him listed on the corporate charter? — Oscar checks, and he is. Despite Oscar’s in-house title of CFO, the VP is his boss. (We’ll assume that the bylaws don’t say otherwise, but that is really an internal matter.)Oscar checks the authorized signers list for the bank account and sees that he is an authorized signer but the VP in question is not.In order to verify that the VP understood what he was asking Oscar to do, he called the VP back, but he didn’t answer. — What do the corporate bylaws and associated memoranda, if any, say should be done in this situation? — He looks, and the bylaws are nonspecific.He places a call to his boss, the President, who is also the boss of the VP. — The President, also, does not answer.Based on this, he signs the check and asks his assistant to make sure it got in the day’s outgoing mail.It is unlikely that Oscar will face any personal liability if this check bounces when the vendor deposits it.This is when, absolutely, the CFO should sign as Oscar, Chief Financial Officer, XYZ 123, INC.However, that doesn’t mean that the corporation won’t be held criminally liable. Oscar may avoid personal liability for this decision, but he may face it (i.e., the corporation may face it); and, it might be a criminal charge, not just a civil one.His job may be in jeopardy! Of course, it may have been in jeopardy if he refused to sign the check and send it on. — Without any help from bylaws or other corporate policies related to this event, he’s in a pickle.He may be screwed either way. — If anything, if he’s fired for his decision, either way, he has a good case for unemployment benefits.Finally, let’s run the simplest scenario.Sarah is the office manager for Johnny B. Goode dba Goode’s Goods. Johnny is the owner of the company, and he rules it with an iron fist. He’s in control of everything. She knows the company is a sole proprietorship; they’ve talked about it before. Johnny calls her up and says a subcontractor is expecting a $2,500 payment. He’d forgotten to tell her; she needed to write the check and go to the post office and overnight it to the subcontractor. She does as she’s told. She has no access to any financial information. On no check she’s ever written has she known whether it would clear or come back NSF. — That was above her pay grade.Sarah opens herself up, with each check she writes, to civil liability. → She can be sued.If she has the ability to sign checks, as an authorized signer on the account, she really should have the ability to make sure those checks will be good on arrival.However, there’s no way (seemingly) that she can form the intent to defraud requisite for criminal liability.She still should sign Sarah, Office Manager, Goode’s Goods.—As for the owner? → No luck for him. He is not operating in a corporate/fiduciary capacity. He has criminal and civil liability for this action and all others like it.This is why people incorporate their businesses.The last aspect to cover in this answer involves facsimile signature stamps.You can sign your name, which is the signature that is found on the business’s business bank account signature card, and turn it into an ink stamp.Your secretary or assistant or office manager or VP — anybody — can use that to stamp your signature onto a check.Some banks don’t allow facsimile signature stamps on bank account signature cards, but — for reasons similar to those I said before — they likely will be accepted at other banks, and even if your bank doesn’t accept such checks, they will likely process them if they come from another bank, because no one looks at them.I’ve never had any problems with them.A pretty big businessman I did business with had his mother law as his office manager. — She had a facsimile signature stamp which had her signature as the stamped signature!So, even though she could sign the checks, per the bank, she chose to stamp the checks with the ink stamp instead. Same signature! — Different ink.I believe she did that for liability reasons, not laziness. — By definition, the facsimile signature can be stamped by anyone, so you can never really pin down who did it.I know a bank that prints, on most checks, the facsimile signature of the bank President, and then whatever officer (or teller) has issued the check initials next to the computer printed facsimile of the President’s signature.This is a clever, de facto way of saying, “Jane Doe on behalf of Jack Dooley, Bank President”.When I’ve headed departments that use facsimile signature stamps, I have people, including myself, initial next to the signature stamps on the checks. — It’s more for a risk management/ease-of-verification purpose.Donald Trump always signs documents with a special pen. — That’s not unique to him. — I have a special pen I use to sign my signature.If you don’t have that marker or pen, respectively, then you can’t recreate the signature, no matter how talented you are.The same thing goes with that facsimile signature stamp, or printed signature. — Even if you’ve expertly copied how someone signs his or her name, you’ll never get it right because you lack the correct ink (and sometimes, paper).United States currency is signed by facsimile.If you are an office manager, and you don’t want to be responsible, use a facsimile signature stamp for whatever someone else has authorized you to be issuing checks.Maybe that person is the President of the company.If you have the authority to sign documents or checks (→ the facsimile signature stamp can be used on more than just checks!), then sign them if you feel comfortable with them.If you don’t know what you’re signing, or you’re not comfortable with it, pull out that stamp and use it!I would, and I do.When I worked at the retail bank, I could sign checks only up to a certain amount, even though I processed transactions that required me to produce checks in the millions of dollars. In order to make sure those checks would be honored by the bank, I had to make sure that I found someone else, with a higher signing limit, to co-sign with me.I had a friend who was one of the Executive Vice Presidents of the bank, and I tended to go to her. — Don’t think she signed things just because I asked!I brought her my supporting documentation and showed why I was sending so much money out of the bank. — Only once it made sense to her would she affix her signature.If you want to be the safest you can be, never sign anything you can’t confirm won’t come back as fraudulent.If you aren’t seeming to be able to achieve that, as the office manager of a business, then get your boss to sign on the order form for a facsimile signature stamp, and then, everything that comes out of the office, which he authorized you to produce when he hired you, will have his name on it.And, that will serve de facto to say: “Me OBO My Boss”.Given you have no choice in the matter, as these are orders you’re being given, you should be fine. But, to be safest — if you know (as President Trump’s White House attorney might have said) crazy shit is going on — you might just wait until someone else can sign the checks or documents, so that you have no record on them, legally; you just produced them on demand or order.If you get fired for being that careful, then you are likely to win your unemployment appeal, if everything else is satisfied, because requiring you to take on personal criminal or civil liability is not a valid power of a business manager, executive, or owner. — An order to break the law, including to be part of a conspiracy to defraud, is not a valid order.
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What is the best cryptocurrency to invest in right now?
What are some cryptocurrencies in which I should invest? After several months of trading cryptocurrencies and watching the market become saturated with “hype” coins, I started to concentrate on platform coins with working products. Platform coins are blockchains that other blockchains can be built off of— like Ethereum. Nearly every utility token was built off Ethereum’s blockchain. In addition, they often have smart contract and ICO capabilities.Platform coins are also great to hold because they often have “proof of stake” consensus, or variants like Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DBFT) in Neo’s case. Long story short, holding these type o...
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