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FAQs
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How can one be a successful luxury real estate agent?
Ah yes.The lifestyle of the rich and famous. Fast cars. Fancy outfits.Little stone statues at the front of the entryway. The allure is undeniable.And for real estate agents, the chance to eat a slice of the luxury pie is an alluring prospect indeed. ...Especially if that slice comes in the form of a 3% commission off of a multi-million dollar listing. But how does a realtor establish themselves as a luxury agent in the first place?Well, it’s not easy. You can obtain a GREL Certification, for starters.This will walk you down the path of becoming a legitimate, certified luxury real estate agent. But regardless, one thing is certain,To deal with luxury real estate, an agent needs to buckle down.Here are a five powerful tips that could fast track your goals to becoming a Luxury real estate agent.#1 YOU NEED TO KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOINGBefore you even think of moving forward, ask yourself… do I know what I’m doing? There are many newbie real estate agents that jump from taking the test to becoming a luxury real estate agent.Unless you already have the background and experience in real estate, I strongly suggest you get some experience under your belt. That experience could help you avoid lawsuits and save you money.Simply taking 6 months to learn the ropes at a local real estate brokerage, while shadowing another successful luxury real estate agent, could be the difference in your failure or success. That extra experience will help you feel more confident when taking on a luxury listing and the mentor will help you develop the skills needed to be the greatest in your field.#2 YOU NEED TO LOOK THE PARTNormally we encourage real estate agents to relax and be themselves. Your clients will love you and appreciate your authenticity.Are you the laid back but trusted Realtor who wears jeans and flip flops every day? Show that in your marketing. Are you the young and modern Realtor with a focus on minimalism and technology? Show that in your marketing. I encourage agents to use their personality to market their businesses.However, when you are transitioning to luxury real estate, you need to figure out a way to make sure that your marketing and your style represents the luxury industry. Luxury real estate is a visual niche. The house, the car, the owners, the buyers and the agent all look the part.How to look like a luxury real estate agent? Here are some tipsPay for luxury branding – Make sure everything, from your website and business cards to your signs and advertising, is designed and printed to represent your luxury clientele.Dress to impress – Make sure your clothing is clean, pressed and tailored. First impressions go a long way when trying to win a listing. Just starting out? Purchase one or two neutral suits and multiple dress shirts/blouses. Keep them dry cleaned and wear those when meeting new clients or networking. The suits will be so neutral many won’t recognize you’ve worn it before. Switch up the blouses and/or dress shirts and you’ll always look professional and put together.Drive a nice car – It may sound vain, but in the luxury industry it is a necessity to make sure your car is nice, especially if you are driving luxury buyers around to look at homes. Your car should not only look nice but it should be clean and smell good as well. If you can't afford a luxury car, try Uber, a peer to peer taxi service, allows you to taxi luxury cars. Using Uber, you can sit in the back with your clients and they will get that luxury experience while going on walkthroughs.The only thing to look out for when using any taxi service is timing. This is why I don’t suggest using a taxi service when meeting with a seller unless you are paying them to wait for you outside. After presenting an amazing listing presentation you don’t want to be chilling around at a client’s house waiting for your ride.#3 YOU NEED TO UTILIZE THE LATEST IN REAL ESTATE TECHNOLOGYIf you want a luxury buyer to hire you as their agent or if you want to win a luxury listing, you need to show clients that you can provide them with the latest in real estate marketing and technology. Make sure you understand how to utilize the latest technology to find and market homes and that you can effectively combine that knowledge with traditional techniques.Remember, just having flashy tools isn’t enough. You need to know how to use them effectively to increase the client’s ROI.Technology Used by Luxury Real Estate AgentsElectronic signature softwareShowing feedback softwareInteractive yard signsBeautifully designed websites with powerful home search enginesActive social media and blogsCloud document storageVirtual phone numbersThe latest gadgets (Touch screen laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.)#4 YOU NEED A LISTING PRESENTATION THAT WOWSTo win a luxury listing, you need to do more than click through a generic PowerPoint and pass out faded flyers and postcard examples. Instead – tweak your presentation to the property. Imagine the impression you’ll make when the seller sees a postcard with their house on it? And marketing that caters to their neighborhood and their current needs?Making those extra steps to personalize your listing presentation is worth the investment.Here are some key points to help you out.Pay for luxury branding – Make sure your listing presentation, listing package and examples are all professionally designed and printed to represent your luxury brand.Memorize your presentation – Although no two listing presentations will ever be the same, knowing the foundation of your presentation will be valuable. It will allow you to quickly and easily skip sections, answer questions without getting off-track and help you sound professional and knowledgeable about marketing real estate.Encourage participation – Get the sellers involved by allowing them to pretend to be buyers. Show them what happens when they text the number on the yard sign. Take them on a walk-through of their listings from your point of view. Luxury sellers are constantly being “sold” to. To get an edge, show them exactly why they should hire you. Actions speak louder than words.#5 YOU NEED TO SUPERCHARGE YOUR FOLLOW UPPotential clients searching for or selling traditional homes need basic follow-up strategies to convert them into clients. Those strategies include using the information collected in your CRM to send them email marketing, postcards and the occasional phone call.In retrospect, potential clients searching for or selling luxury homes need traditional follow-up combined with action to convert them into clients. Just sending a card that says happy birthday isn’t enough. For wealthy clients, sending gifts on birthdays and invitations to exclusive events in the area are key to establishing a healthy lead flow. Here are few tipsRemember the details – When you run into a potential luxury client, whether by chance or by a scheduled meeting, take notes and/or memorize the small details of their life. These small details include spouses, children, hobbies, vacation spots, etc. Make sure you put these things into your CRM and use these details to come up with innovative follow-up techniques.Use partner resources – Developing a lead funnel for luxury clients can be costly. This is why it is imperative to have partners that can provide discounts and resources to luxury amenities.The decision to buy and/or sell a luxury home isn’t an easy one. The real estate sales and lead cycle is already a long one – add in the luxury component and the lead cycle can be even longer. Don’t be discouraged if a potential client hasn’t responded after following up with them for longer than 3 months. Many times, they are busy, on vacation, or dealing with business. Unless they say “remove me from your list” keep marketing. You’ll be in the front of their minds when they are ready to hire a real estate professional.
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Why hasn't the IAF retired the MiG-21 yet, even though it is extremely old?
I will give a step-wise explanation on why IAF still uses Jaguar and Mig-21 till date even though they were retired long ago by some of the operators around the world.Mig-21 : It was in early 1980s , when Indian Air Force realised that it needed to replace its Mig-21 since they will be signNowing the end of their service life by 1990s which will be a critical fall for Indian Air Force in terms of numbers. Hence the Tejas programme was started which had its own share of problems and was dragged on for many years. Hence what IAF needed was an interim solution. The solution came when it was decided that IAF Mig-21 will be upgraded and its Total Technical Life (TTL) will be extended. The upgrade involved better avionics , armaments , EW suite and more. This helped the Mig-21 to stay for much longer in Indian Air Force. The sole reason why Mig-21 has persisted in IAF till date was due to the fact that Tejas programme faced initial hiccups and thus failed in its objective to replace the older Mig-21 in IAF service.Recently IAF has retired its Mig-21 Type 96 Aircrafts as Tejas programme has started to bore results with Tejas now being actively inducted in Flying Daggers Squadron of IAF. At present IAF uses only Mig-21 Bison/bis aircrafts which will be retired from service by next decade.SEPECAT Jaguar : Jaguars in IAF service are termed as “Deep Penetration Strike Aircraft” ( DPSA ) meant as a Fighter-Bomber to strike deep in the enemy territory. Indian Air Force has serially upgraded its Jaguars with DARIN programmes the latest being DARIN III which adds an AESA radar to the Jaguar. Future replacement for Jaguar can be AMCA which is an Indian 5th Generation Fighter Aircraft currently under development. The extended life which has been breathed in Indian Jaguars through MLUs can well keep Indian Jaguars in air up till next decade.India has been notoriously known for running the aircrafts in its inventory for a much longer time than warranted by its TTL through MLUs like in case of Mig-21 and Jaguars and even Mig-27 and others. Retiring almost 200+ Mig-21 will bring in a critical void which IAF doesn’t want due to its falling numbers. Also Jaguar is India’s lone DPSA so as long as upgrades are available and quick replacements are unavailable it is better to keep them running as these aircrafts serve quite well in their roles.Many nations still use Mig-21 like Romania with some of the famous Mig-21 knockoffs like F-7 used many nations around the world like Bangladesh , Pakistan and Egypt.
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What do you do everyday to promote your website?
Great question!There are several ways that you can promote your website. Here are a few of my favorites:Schedule social media posts (blog articles, quotes, bit size content from your website) via Hootsuite to post on multiple channels such to get maximum signNow.Channels such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, TwitterLook up hashtags specific to your business on Twitter and engage with others or even better yet provide them a free resource that you’re giving away (preferably one that leads back to your site).Engage with people on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Instagram by asking questions, answering questions, and starting new conversations.Pin new content on Pinterest a couple of times a week.There are many ways you can promote your website and it’s hard to not to get overwhelmed–so pick a few and give them a try. Once you’re ready you can always do more to promote.
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What have real estate agents found to be the best online tools for getting leads?
Facebook & Instagram are excellent tools for real estate companies to use if they want to make the most of their social media strategy. If you want to promote real estate on Instagram, there are a few important things to consider.Using these social networks to collect leads well involves more than simply posting images regularly. You need to be able to plan and run the right, which means you need to know where to find your audience.Now let me give my personal suggestion on this matter, the best way to collect leads using Facebook & Instagram is the Facebook Lead Ads feature.Why the Facebook lead ads is so important for your brand?Here are the 4 core reasons for a business to choose Lead Ads as your advertising platform:1)It’s cheaper than the traditional types of ads. There’s no doubt that by using Lead Ads you can definitely save money of your advertising budget. Based on our experience we can confirm that using Facebook Lead ads reduces the costs per lead to less than a half of usual spend.2)It creates brand awareness. Facebook, currently the biggest social media platform is the right place to start to build your brand awareness, as makes the whole process of creating your audience and converting it into a lead, as easiest as it can be.3)It saves time. When Facebook presented Lead Ads, they announced it as tap tap done feature, and it literally is like that. It saves user’s time but also yours, as make it fast and easy for you, lead creator to prepare and manage your leads.4)It is a fully customizable tool. In fact, it is possible to customize the form with different fields like: size people business, field of study, etc…when creating an ads campaign.Don’t worry if it is your first time in the Lead Ads world I am happy to suggest to you this free guide, that will help you to learn more about this topic ;)Check out our video to discover 4 instagram tips to boos your real estate marketing strategy !
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What is the best PDF reader, annotator, and organizer for academic scholars using a Mac? Is there such an application and/or sof
Even I had the similar problem, my windows 10 upgrade laptop crashed badly and I decided to go for Macbook Air which is all new OS for me. Earlier I had organised my work in Zotero in Mozilla Firefox, and I was using symlink to dropbox to sync my library between my office PC and Laptop (as free 300 MB cloud storage got exhausted early and I had no credit card to buy additional Cloud Storage from Zotero), it was all working good until I went for Window 10 upgrade and finally my hardware crashed. Now in mac I don’t know much where the appdata file stored and not sure even the symlink can be created from Zotero library stored in dropbox or not.I have installed Zotero in Firefox on mac yet I’m looking to find more easy way to do the same. I read a comparison which I hope you’ll find useful http://thesismonkey.com/compare-...Now, I’m going to try Readcube coz it has auto search and highlighted pdf options along with other features like Zotero. Lets hope it works well!
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Which one is better, the Dassault Rafale or the Sukhoi 30MKi?
It is a much heated up question as when India placed an order of 36 Rafales many started complaining that Rafale is too expensive and India can buy more ‘capable’ Su-30 MKIs to beef up its fire power. Here is a rough comparison between Su-30 MKI and Rafale from RBTH Website :-The Sukhoi Su-30MKI is a multirole combat fighter aircraft jointly developed by the Sukhoi Design Bureau and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force (IAF). Based on the Su-30 fighter aircraft, Su-30MKI is equipped with thrust vectoring control and canards.While Dassault Rafale is an omnirole aircraft by design able to execute many missions like :Air-defense / air-superiority,Anti-Access/Area Denial,Reconnaissance,Close air support,Dynamic Targeting,Air-to-ground precision strike / interdiction,Anti-ship attacks,Nuclear deterrence,Buddy-buddy refueling.Rafale also has exhibited a remarkable survivability rate during the latest French Air Force and Navy operations, thanks to an optimized airframe and to a wide range of smart and discrete sensors.Comparison :——————————Radar :-Su-30 MKI is fitted withNIIP NO11M Bars (Panther) which is a powerful integrated PESAradar. The N011M is a digital multi-mode dual frequency band radar. The N011M can function in air-to-air and air-to-land/sea mode simultaneously while being tied into a high-precision laser-inertial or GPS navigation system. It is equipped with a modern digital weapons control system as well as anti-jamming features. N011M has a 400 km search range and a maximum 200 km tracking range, and 60 km in the rear hemisphere. The radar can track 15 air targets and engage 4 simultaneously including cruise missiles and motionless helicopters. The Su-30MKI can function as a mini-AWACS as a director or command post for other aircraft. The target co-ordinates can be transferred automatically to at least four other aircraft. The radar can detect ground targets such as tanks at 40–50 km.Dassault Rafale is fitted with a RBE2-AA radar system which is an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar system derived from the Rafale’s RBE2 radar. It replaces the mechanically steered array antenna by electronically steering exerted by up to several thousand of transmit-receive modules which enable maximum performance and versatility as well as enhanced reliability. The radar is using about 1000 GaAs T/R modules and is reported to deliver a greater detection range of 200 km, improved reliability and reduced maintenance demands over the preceding radar. Active electronic scanning makes it possible to switch radar modes quickly, thereby enabling operational functions to run simultaneously.Su-30 MKI PESA Radar is far less powerful than Rafale AESA Radar. Su-30MKI will receive an AESA Radar only after Super Sukhoi Upgrade where it will be fitted with Zhuk AESA Radar.2. Electronic Warfare Suite :Su-30MKI has electronic counter-measure systems. The RWR system is of Indian design, developed by India's DRDO, called Tarang, (Wave in English). It has direction finding capability and is known to have a programmable threat library. Elta EL/M-8222 a self-protection jammer developed by Israel Aircraft Industries is the MKI's standard EW pod, which the Israeli Air Force uses on its F-15s. The ELTA El/M-8222 Self Protection Pod is a power-managed jammer, air-cooled system with an ESM receiver integrated into the pod. The pod contains an antenna on the forward and aft ends, which receive the hostile RF signal and after processing deliver the appropriate response.While Rafale has ground breaking EW Suite in form of SPECTRA system which carries out reliable long-range detection, identification and localization of threats, allowing the pilot to instantly select the most effective defensive measures based on combinations of radar jamming, infrared or radar decoying and evasive maneuvers. The angular localization performance of the SPECTRA sensors makes it possible to accurately locate ground threats in order to avoid them, or to target them for destruction with precision guided munitions. Additionally, SPECTRA fulfils new functions in a combat aircraft, while signNowly participating in the determination of the aircraft's tactical situation, and providing the crew with operational advantage by performing accurate threat location. By virtue of its fully passive situational awareness capability, SPECTRA are a major contributor to the low observability concept of Rafale. SPECTRA gives Rafale firing solution with 1* precision at 200 km.The outstanding capability of SPECTRA regarding airborne threat localization is one of the keys of the RAFALE’s superior situational awareness. Also instrumental in SPECTRA’s performance is a threat library that can be easily defined, integrated and updated on short notice by users in their own country, and in full autonomy. SPECTRA now include a new generation missile warning system that offers increased detection performance against the latest threats.In this aspect also Rafale edges out Su-30 MKI. This EW Suite helps Rafale with an excellent survivability in hostile airspace which Su-30 MKI can’t offer.3. Dogfighting Skills :Su-30 MKI remains one of the most maneuverable fighter till now with 3D Thrust Vectors and Canards which provides it extra lift and more maneuverability. Rafale has also its own distinctive advantage in dogfights as it is a delta wing fighter can take sharp turns. According to Rafale vs SU-30MKI the dogfighting rating for Rafale and Su-30 MKI are 9.3/10 and 9.7/10 respectively. Though MKI margins a Rafale in this factor , the wing loading and thrust/weight ratios for Su-30 MKI are 401 kg/sq m and 1.00:1 at 56% fuel, respectively. For the Rafale, the figures are 306 kg/sq m and around 1.23:1. In fact, at a full fuel and weapon load, the Rafale still has a 0.988:1 thrust/weight ratio – almost the same ratio as the one achieved by the Su-30MKI at a 56% weapons load. This means that a fully-loaded Rafale is as maneuverable as a half-fully-loaded Su-30MKI, while a half-fully-loaded Rafale can run circles around a Flanker.In this aspect I will give an edge to Su-30 MKI though Rafale can run circles around a Flanker better enough.4. Stealth :The minimal Radar Cross Section of Rafale, according to Dassault engineer (1/10~1/20 of Mirage-2000's frontal RCS), should be 0.05 to 0.1 m2 class.Rafale makes extensive use of radar-absorbent material (RAM) in the form of paints and other materials. RAM forms a saw-toothed pattern on the wing and canard trailing edges, for instance. The aircraft is designed to, so that its untreated radar signature is concentrated in a few strong "spikes," which are then suppressed by the selective use of RAM.75% of Rafale surface structure and 30% of its mass are made of composites. Besides, the high amount of composites and RAM materials, ducted air intakes, Rafale also has a sawtooth design feature all over the airframe and even in the air intakes. These sawtooth are made of RAM materials and meant to scatter and absorb radar waves. IRST surface of rafale is covered in gold shield which reflects very less radar energy and thus has stealth. The internals of the cockpit are RCS shaped as well as the canopy containing gold and RAM coat on the mounts which reflects very less radar reflection.Su-30 MKI due to its larger size lets out a huge RCS of 10 meter square ( unarmed ) and 20 meter square ( armed ). Su-30 MKI also does not make use of RAM or RCS Reduction measures as Rafale.So in a BVR Combat a Rafale will have an advantage of first look-first shot as it will detect a Su-30 MKI first before a Su-30 MKI will detect it.5. Propulsion :The Rafale is fitted with two Snecma M88 engines, each capable of providing up to 50 kN (11,250 lbf) of dry thrust and 75 kN (16,900 lbf) with afterburners. The engines feature several advances, including a non-polluting combustion chamber, single-crystal turbine blades, powder metallurgy disks, and technology to reduce radar and IR signatures. The M88 enables the Rafale to supercruise while carrying four missiles and one drop tank.M88 Engines———————The Su-30MKI is powered by two Lyulka-Saturn AL-31FP turbofans, each rated at 12,500 kgf (27,550 lbf) of full after-burning thrust, which enable speeds of up to Mach 2 in horizontal flight and a rate of climb of 230 m/s. The mean time between overhaul is reportedly 1,000 hours with a full-life span of 3,000 hours; the titanium nozzle has a mean time between overhaul of 500 hours. In early 2015, Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar stated before Parliament that the AL-31FP had suffered numerous failures, between the end of 2012 and early 2015, a total of 69 Su-30MKI engine-related failures had occurred; commons causes were bearing failures due to metal fatigue and low oil pressure, in response several engine modifications were made to improve lubrication, as well as the use of higher quality oil and adjustments to the fitting of bearings.AL-31FP Engines——————-AL-31FP engines provide a greater thrust than Rafale which is not a sign of inferiority but because Su-30 MKI is a Heavy Combat Aircraft rather than Rafale which is a medium combat aircraft. The Su-30MKI’s rate of climb (300 m/s) is inferior to that of the Rafale (305 m/sec) which gives Rafale an edge over Su-30.6. Technology and Avionics :In terms of technology and avionics Rafale is marked 8.5/10 and 8.4/10 respectively while Su-30 MKI is marked 8.2/10 in both which is a pretty edge for Rafale as compared to Sukhoi Su-30 MKI as per ratings by Rafale vs SU-30MKI7. Beyond Visual Range Combat :The primary BVRAAM employed by Rafale is MBDA Meteor, presently the most advanced BVRAAM at present. Meteor is the next generation of Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM) system designed to revolutionize air-to-air combat in the 21st Century. Guided by an advanced active radar seeker, Meteor provides all weather capability to engage a wide variety of targets from agile fast jets to small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and cruise missiles. It is designed to meet the most stringent of requirements and is capable of operating in the most severe of clutter and countermeasure environments.The weapon is also equipped with data link communication. Aimed at meeting the needs of a network centric environment, Meteor can be operated using third party data, enabling the Meteor user – the pilot – to have the most flexible weapon system. Using the data link means that target information updates while the missile is already streaking towards its quarry. Re-targeting data can even come from a third party—i.e., from a platform other than the launch aircraft. The datalink is capable of transmitting information such as kinematic status. It also notifies target acquisition by the seeker.The Meteor is installed with an active radar target seeker, offering high reliability in detection, tracking and classification of targets. The missile also integrates inertial measurement system (IMS). It uses AD4A (Active Anti-Air Seeker) family of seekers.Meteor’s stunning performance is achieved through its unique ramjet propulsion system – solid fuel, variable flow, ducted rocket. This ‘ramjet’ motor provides the missile with thrust all the way to target intercept, providing the largest No-Escape Zone of any air-to-air missile.The weapon’s electronics and propulsion control unit (ECPU) calculates the appropriate cruise speed depending on the launch condition and the target’s altitude, and adjusts the ramjet’s air intake and duct covers accordingly. The distance that the Meteor has to fly is unknown as yet–the target may be maneuvering, for instance. The ECPU monitors that distance and the missile’s remaining fuel. When the range to go indicates that the missile won’t run out of fuel if it accelerates, the throttle is fully opened to maximize the intercept speed. If the target is at maximum range, there will be little if any acceleration.The missile has a range in excess of 100km. Meteor is estimated to have a range of 250-300 km with ballistic flight path. It is designed for a speed greater than Mach 4. The missile has a large no escape zone (almost 60 Km). The missile trajectory is controlled aerodynamically using four rear-mounted fins. Meteor's control principles are intended to allow high turn rates while maintaining intake and propulsion performance.The missile, being designed as a complete unit, requires no assembly and maintenance immediately before loading. This arrangement reduces its overall life logistic support cost.Meteor can be launched as a stealth missile. It is equipped with enhanced kinematics features. It is capable of striking different types of targets simultaneously in almost any weather. To ensure total target destruction, the missile is equipped with both impact and proximity fuses and a fragmentation warhead that detonates on impact or at the optimum point of intercept to maximize lethality.Su-30 MKI is equipped with Vympel NPO R-77 BVRAAM which is a Russian medium range, active radar homing air-to-air missile system. The R-77 has the ability to engage multiple airborne threats simultaneously thanks to its fire and forget capability. There are other versions fitted with infrared and passive radar seekers instead of active radar homing. Future plans call for increasing the missile range well beyond 150 kilometers. Currently it has 80Km range. It has speed of 4 mach and can operate at altitudes as 25000 m high.The R-77 has been designed with innovative control surfaces which are one of the keys of its impressive performance. Once launched, the R-77 depends on an inertial navigation system with optional in-flight target position updates from the aircraft sensors. When the R-77 missile is at a distance of about 20 km its radar homing head activates leading the missile to its target. The R-77's multi-purpose target engagement capabilities and resistance against countermeasures are among the best in the world. It is launched from AKU-170E launch unit aboard the aircraft.The R-77 carries a 22.5kg multi-shaped charge rod type warhead. An inertial/radio-corrected navigation system guides the missile during the initial flight phase, while a multi-function doppler-monopulse active radar seeker is employed in the terminal phase.R77 uses large strakes for lift enhancement, and unique lattice tail controls. The R-77P uses the 9B-1032 X-band anti-radiation seeker. A rocket-ramjet variant of the missile has been in development since the 1990s, as a counter to the EU Meteor. Designated the RVV-AE-PD, and often labeled the R-77M.R-77 BVRAAM—————Su-30 MKI will aslo be fitted with Astra BVRAAM which is designed to be capable of engaging targets at varying range and altitudes allowing for engagement of both short-range targets (up to 20 km) and long-range targets (up to 80 km).It uses smokeless propulsion system to evade enemy radars and has the capacity to engage in multi-target scenario. Astra can signNow up to 110 km when fired from an altitude of 15 km, 44 km when launched from an altitude of 8 km and 21 km when fired from sea level. A smokelessThe highly agile, accurate and reliable missile features high single-shot kill probability (SSKP) and is capable of operating under all weather conditions. It also has the capacity to engage in multi-target scenario. The ECCM (electronic counter-counter measure) features of the missile make it able to overcome almost any kind of jamming.Su-30 MKI launching an Astra BVRAAM—————Su-30 MKI also has a 200 km ranged- K-100 Novator Missile which is used to target AWACS aircraft and oil tankers ( not fighter jets ).In BVR Combat aspect due to Meteor we can assume that Rafale can edge out Su-30 MKI although Su-30 MKI has more diverse BVRAAM in form of R-77 and Astra as well as K-100. According to Rafale vs SU-30MKI Rafale has 85% rating in BVR Tech. while Su-30 MKI has 87% rating.8. Within Visual Range Combat :In WVR Combat Rafale has MBDA MICA and Magic II AAM while Su-30 MKI has AA-11 Archer and AA-8 Aphid. Rafale vs SU-30MKI gives Rafale a dogfighting rating of 76 % while Su-30 MKI has an edge with 94 %. Rafale has the biggest gun on the market (ex aequo with Sukhoi aircraft): a hefty 30mm GIAT gun firing incendiary rounds.Based on all these analysis I will comment that Rafale is actually ‘better’ than Su-30 MKI. Su-30 MKI has 12 hardpoints (2 × wing-tip AAM launch rails, 6 × pylons under-wing, 2 × pylon under-engine nacelles, and 2 × pylons in tandem in the "arch" between the engines. It can be increased to 14 using multiple ejector racks.) with a capacity of up to 8,130 kg . Rafale on the other hand has 14 hard points (13 on the RAFALE M). Five of them are capable of drop tanks and heavy ordnance. Total external load capacity is more than nine tonnes (20,000 lbs.).To prevail in air combat, one must:Be capable of defending one’s own airspace anytime, on call, at a moment’s notice if need be;Be harder to detect than the enemy and detect him faster so that he’ll be shot down unaware of his attacker (as 80% of all fighters shot down throughout aviation history were);If possible, be more numerous than the enemy;Provide one’s own pilots with more flight hours than the enemy to practice flying skills;Be more maneuverable than the enemy;Be more capable of transitioning from one maneuver to another than the enemy.Some of the objectives are filled by Rafale while some others are filled by Su-30 MKI.Rafale's awesome speciality is it's faster 5th gen system core processor which integrates data & information at much faster rate than it's Russian-Indian competitor.Su-30 MKI can employ many varieties of anti-ship missiles like3 × Kh-59MK4 × Kh-356 × Kh-31AWhile Rafale on other hand has only MBDA AM 39-Exocet anti-ship missile. Su-30 MKI also employs varieties of Anti-Radiation Missiles like KH-31P and DRDO Anti-Radiation Missile.If you look from Indian case Russia has agreed to fit KH-31P with Indian Rafales.Rafales also have "Hammer" which is a Precision-Guided Munitions developed by Sagem Défense Sécurité. AASM comprises a frontal guidance kit and a rear-mounted range extension kit matched to a dumb bomb. The weapon is modular because it can integrate different types of guidance units and different types of bombs. The basic version features a 250-kilogram (550 lb) bomb plus hybrid inertial navigation system (INS) / Global Positioning System (GPS) guidance. Other variants add infrared homing or laser guidance to increase accuracy; there are also versions with 125-kilogram (276 lb), 500-kilogram (1,100 lb) or 1,000-kilogram (2,200 lb) bomb bodies. It has range capability of more than 32nm from high altitude, or 8nm from low level. Launches can also be made from an off-axis angle of up to 90°, while up to six weapons can be fired against individual targets in a single pass and with just one trigger press."Meanwhile the russian KAB 500 /1000/ have inferior CEP (7m) & Range compare to Hammer.Rafale also has MBDA Storm Shadow/SCALP-EG Cruise Missile which is is based on the earlier MBDA Apache anti-runway missile, and differs in that it carries a warhead, rather than submunitions. Range 300+nm (560+km) Lo-Lo profile Speed 1,000 km/h Mach 0.8 Guidance Inertial, GPS and TERPROM. Terminal guidance using imaging infrared DSMAC.Su-30 MKI and Rafale both will use BrahMos-NG in IAF Service.Rafale with a twin BrahMos-NG ConfigurationSu-30 MKI OLS-30 laser-optical Infra-red search and track includes a day and night FLIR capability and is used in conjunction with the helmet mounted sighting system. The OLS-30 is a combined IRST/LR device using a cooled, broad waveband sensor. Detection range is up to 90 km, while the laser ranger is effective to 3.5 km. While Rafale’s FSO provides better range than OLS-30 at 100 kilometers.Combat-Proven :From 2006 to 2011, French Air Force and Navy Rafale fighters were engaged in countless combat missions in Afghanistan where they demonstrated a very high proficiency and a tangible military value. The AASM/HAMMER precision-guided modular air-to-surface armament, Paveway laser-guided bombs, and the 30 mm cannon were employed on many occasions, scoring direct hits with remarkable precision. In 2011, French Air Force and French Navy RAFALE fighters were successfully engaged in coalition operations over Libya. They were the first fighters to operate over Benghazi and Tripoli, and they carried out the whole spectrum of missions the Rafale was designed for: air-superiority, precision strikes with Hammers and laser-guided bombs, deep strike with SCALP cruise missiles, Intelligence, Surveillance, Tactical Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) and Strike Coordination And Reconnaissance (SCAR). During the Libyan conflict, hundreds of targets – tanks, armored vehicles, artillery emplacements, storage dumps, command centres and air-defense systems (SA-3 Goa and SA-8 Gecko fixed and mobile SAM launchers) – were hit with devastating accuracy by Rafale aircrews.French Air Force Rafales have taken a leading role in Mali, helping destroy enemy infrastructure and support friendly troops in contact. Four RAFALES undertook the longest raid in French Air Force history, taking off from Saint-Dizier, in eastern France, and landing in N’Djamena, in Chad, after hitting 21 targets and spending no less than 9 h 35 min airborne. The French Air Force quickly set up a forward operating base in Chad, and the RAFALE detachment later grew to eight aircraft. This represented the first time the RAFALE had operated from a FOB in Africa.While on other hand Su-30 MKI has never seen real combat and is not combat-proven. Well this is not a criteria to judge an aircraft =)So in my view Rafale is better than Su-30 MKI whereas Su-30 MKI edges Rafale in some factors like dogfighting and WVR Combat. Also Su-30 MKI is cheaper than Rafales. Seeing the excellent record of Mirage 2000 in IAF Service I can assume that Rafale coupled with Su-30 MKIs and India’s own Tejas can put up IAF Supremacy for upto 2045 till 5th generation fighters come into scene.Fact is I love both the planes =)Hope my answer serves the purpose =)References :Sukhoi Su-30MKI - WikipediaDassault Rafale - WikipediaRafale vs SU-30MKIGoogle Images
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What is the best free PDF reader for large documents?
[1] PDF format is popularly known as print document format. This creates a virtual printer within operating system to print the document. For offline scanning of document, the PDF format is popular. The importance attached with these program is that you need to have PDFsoftware installed to run these files. If someone sends you PDF file and your computer do not have such software installed then that file is not to be read from there.There are so many PDF softwires available and this article aims to find out the mostly free software or freeware to help readers to choose from variety of options. More and more operating systems are providing built-in facilities for such products. Now-a-days everything comes with PDF formats beginning from circulars, bank statement, insurance statement, tax statement and e-books.That is why there immense important to have the free PDF software installed on computer but the thousand question is which one is to choose from the variety of resources available.Sumatra PDF:Sumatra PDF is available for download to Windows since the times of Windows XP. This program has very low foot print, light on system resources and fast. It is going to perform simple task as well as it is going to perform complex task depending upon you choose from PDFfiles. It is available with installed version as well as standalone portable version in which it does not write to registry.It is available in 64 bit version on Windows. It is available for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 and 10. It is available for Windows operating system only.signNow Reader DC:It is from signNow and signNow is available for free for users. While installing this software do check for installation of MCAfee security and safe connect.it is a big download of nearing to 120 MB. Yours antivirus software might stop this installation so allow to install it. This software for high=end computing processes.Many features are included with it and for some features you might need it and if you want to have these features then it is better to choose this software. It has mobile version of android and apple operating system. With it you are going to synchronize documents with clouds and yours signature too and everything is going to stay with cloud to access from each and every device.When you first download signNow on Windows, a download manager first downloads and it is small in size and then by opening that download manager signNow software is installed and this is nearer to 120 MB.PDF-Xchange Editor:PDF-Xchange Editor is a smart PDF tools and most functions are free except some complex ones. It is a PDF reader, pdf editor and pdf tools. It can print PDFs, fill the forms created with signNow and can extract images from PDF files. There are some advanced features included in this free version but most of these are not free one is that watermarking of PDFsoftware which is not free.Foxit Reader:Foxit Reader is fast, simple and is there for years. It is available for Windows, Apple and android versions. It can fill forms and save data. Can include and validate electronic signatures. During installation user need to be cautioned not to install so many verities of other software. In order to keep the size of download minimal, the user manual is available for separate download.It is faster than PDF-Xchange Editor. If you are not interested in OCR facilities then Foxit reader is best suited for yours work. Multiple PDF documents when opened all these are opened in tab format and shifting from one tab to the other is easier. From time to time it introduces some new features in order to provide dynamic software development.It allows adding up of multimedia files easier. Collaboration with social media accounts becomes easier with Fixit Reader because of the ease to synchronize with Twitter, Facebook, Evernote and SharePoint. One caution is that Foxit Reader comes bundled with so many other software and toolbar and it is important to not to allow installations of such software during its installation.MuPDF Reader:It is very lightweight PDF Reader. On its first launch it will ask you about to choose from files instead of showing its interface and when the PDF is opened then it shows the exact documents and no toolbar and other interfaces are present. In order to see the interface of MuPDF reader you are going to click on the top left of the visible windows to find it. It provides a cleaner interface and superior look for PDF files.Google Chrome PDF viewer:While browsing for internet whenever you see any PDF and click on it and it will slowly open in another tab of Chrome and you can read it from there or download by clicking the downloadsymbol available there. This setting can be turned and changed out there easily, go to settings of chrome and then advanced and then content settings and then pdf documents, Scroll down and click on PDF documents and from there switch on ‘Download PDF files instead of opening automatically opening them in Chrome’ and this will download PDF files from net to computer.If you want to read PDF files that are stored inside computer, then right click on that files and then open with chrome and your chrome reader will automatically, open pdf files and for this you will not have to install pdf viewers. Similarly, with android if you install Google Drive then you will not need any other third-party PDF apps as Google Drive act as PDF viewer and make it default while opening the first PDF and that is going to make it default.TinyPDF:TinyPDF as the name suggests has very small foot print of PDF reader and it has no string attached. It is only 586k as it is less than one MB. It does not contain no malware, adware, watermarks and no pop Global Home: UPS is completely free. JPEG compression is supported. No ghost script and third-party software included with the installer version. The downside is that it is partially supported on 64-bit computer. Automatic font management is there.There are so many alternatives to use for PDF viewer and if your computer is 64 bit then you can download the 64 bit version of Sumatra PDF and if you want to insert electronic signature then opt for Foxit PDF reader and if you want to have the old and classic PDF reader which is heavier in file composition and not for low end computing purposes then go for signNow and lastly if you do not want to install PDF readers at all then it is better to open it with Google Chrome built in PDF viewer.So, there are many large numbers of option to choose from and if you want to have some complex PDF functions besides the presence of PDF reader you need pdf tools and others then it is best to have PDF-Xchange viewer and so many other option listed here you can choose it from. There are some other alternatives are available which are there to search ad find in internet.This entry was posted in Android Apps on Google Play, Apple Inc., Computer Information Technology, Google, Google Chrome, Information Technology, Internet, Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows XP and tagged signNow, Apple, doPDF, FOXIT READER, free PDF converter, google chrome, image to pdf converter, PDF Password Remover, pdf printer, pdf-xchange, Sumatra PDF A PDF Viewer for Windows, WINDOWS, Windows 8, WINDOWS VISTA, WINDOWS XP, Windows XP SP3 onFootnotes[1] Best Free PDF Writer and Reader
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What's an explanation of dark matter in details, with very high accuracy?
To fulfill your stated requirements would require (1) a post the length of a book, and (2) a deeper understanding than I personally have. However, given that Quora is not the right place to write a book anyway, I may know enough to take a reasonable crack at this. With that said, though, if you're an actual expert on one of these areas and catch something I've explained incorrectly, please let me know in the comments so that I can fix it!Yes, it's still quite long, but keep in mind that this is the short version.What is Dark Matter (DM)?Dark Matter is just matter that doesn't interact via the Electromagnetic (EM) or Strong Nuclear forces. No EM interactions means that it can't give off light, or absorb light, or reflect, refract, or scatter light in any way. This, naturally, makes it rather difficult to see (thus "dark" matter, although I suppose it's more "transparent" than "dark"). Our current best measurements indicate that something like 85% of the matter in our observable Universe (about a quarter of the total mass-energy content) is Dark Matter.Isn't Dark Matter weird/spooky?Not at all. Neutrinos, for example, satisfy the definition of Dark Matter, they just represent such a tiny fraction of the total DM in the Universe that people tend to neglect them when they ask, "what is Dark Matter made of?"There is nothing at all strange or unusual about certain particles not interacting in certain ways. Neutrons have no electric charge (although they do have EM properties, but that's neither here nor there), and electrons don't interact via the Strong Force, so why shouldn't there be particles that interact with neither, like the neutrinos? Saying that interacting with light is "normal" is purely human bias, because we rely so much on sight. Having lots of DM in the Universe is in no way "weird"; it just means that the Universe doesn't revolve around what humanity finds convenient!Why are we confident that DM exists?This is by no means a complete list, but it should give a sense of the kinds of evidence we have. Each of these would take at least a chapter of a book to explain properly, but hopefully this will give the general idea.Galactic rotation curves.When one object orbits another, the orbiting object has to be constantly accelerating towards the central object (or, more precisely, they both accelerate towards their combined center of mass). Without that acceleration, the orbiting body would just fly off. The faster the orbiting body is moving, the more acceleration is needed to keep it in its orbit. Since in this case the acceleration is due to gravity, this means that the central mass has to be bigger. For a circular orbit of a small object [math]m[/math] at distance [math]r[/math] and velocity [math]v[/math] around a large (and assumed stationary) object [math]M[/math], the acceleration requirement gives[math]\frac{v^2}{r} = \frac{GM}{r^2}[/math]which in turn gives us the relation[math]v = \sqrt{\frac{GM}{r}}[/math].(I'm doing this with Newtonian gravity for simplicity; to do it with full rigor would require General Relativity. In this situation, the Newtonian approximation is actually generally pretty good.)For a more complicated object than just two point particles, as long as there's enough symmetry, the gravitational version of Gauss's law says that the relevant [math]M[/math] is the total mass of everything in the galaxy that's at a distance less than [math]r[/math] from the center. [Edited to note: For this to be exactly right, the matter distribution would have to be spherically symmetric, which galaxies aren't. As a result, actual calculations are a bit more complicated than shown here.]This allows us to "weigh" different parts of the galaxy, by measuring the relationship between [math]r[/math] and [math]v[/math]. (We can measure the rotational velocities by comparing redshifts on the approaching and receding sides of the galaxy.) This image from Wiki shows the result of this measurement:The "expected from visible disk" line is determined by adding up the masses of all the parts of the galaxy that we can see. (How we measure that mass is a whole different discussion.)Gravitational Lensing.In General Relativity, whenever light passes through a gravitational field, that field bends its path slightly. This acts like a Gravitational lens, and can produce, for example, "Einstein Rings", like this image from Wiki:The "ring" is a distorted image of a single blue galaxy located behind the red galaxy at the center. Light from the blue galaxy goes out in all directions, but is bent by the red galaxy's gravity. This means that the light that starting out on a "direct path" to us never signNowes us, but light that was originally missing us by a specific amount (in any direction) gets bent back towards us, which makes it look like it's coming from a bunch of different directions, resulting in the ring image seen here.This is a highly dramatic example of gravitational lensing, but there are much more subtle effects that can still be useful. In Weak gravitational lensing, statistical analysis of distortions in the light we receive allows us to "map out" the gravitational field between us and distant galaxies. Often, this just shows more mass than we know how to account for, but that could be explained away by just assuming that our understanding of gravity is off. There's something else, however, that's a lot harder to explain away in that manner: the Bullet Cluster.(Image from A Matter of Fact on nasa.gov)What's going on here? Well, two galaxy clusters collided with each other, and this is the aftermath. The red coloring represents where the visible matter is, while the blue coloring represents where the dark matter is, as inferred by gravitational lensing. Why are they separated so much? Well, most of the luminous matter in a galaxy cluster is in the Intracluster medium, a hot, dense, plasma. When these plasmas collide with each other, a signNow amount of the matter slows down. However, since Dark Matter interacts only very weakly, the DM components of the two clusters were free to pass through each other unimpeded, resulting in a separation (as seen here). Not only is there "not enough" luminous matter... it's in the wrong place! A small number of scientists remain committed to finding ways to explain this without DM, and they have had partial success, but only by including as-of-yet-unmeasured things that are far stranger than DM (for example, a rank-3 tensor field, which, while possible, would be the first tensor field of such a high rank ever found).Effect on the Cosmic Microwave Background.For the first few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang, The Universe was hot enough that it was highly ionized, which made it more or less opaque to light; photons were pinballing around just like any other particle. However, once things cooled down enough, signNow amounts of the protons and electrons combined into neutral Hydrogen, which is (more or less) transparent to most of the light that was around at the time. This happened fairly quickly (in terms of cosmological time), and so it was as if all of the light pinballing around all over the Universe were suddenly released all at once, effectively capturing a snapshot of the Universe at that moment in its evolution. Since this light was released everywhere in the Universe, we can point our radio telescopes in any direction we like, and there it is: the Cosmic microwave background (CMB). It's almost the same temperature in every direction, but there are small differences (generally around one part in [math]10^5[/math]), and we have measured these tiny variations with extraordinary accuracy: first via the COBE satellite, which was then replaced by the more advanced WMAP, which was then replaced by the more advanced Planck (spacecraft), which is currently in operation.These tiny variations can tell us a lot about the early universe. For example, statistical analyses of these variations show the distinct signature of pressure waves propagating through that early plasma, and the nature of these Baryon acoustic oscillations can tell us a lot about what kinds of things were around. Specifically, the protons and electrons would be dragged along by the (dominant) photons, becoming part of the wave, but Dark Matter wouldn't, and would only be indirectly affected by the resulting small changes in gravity. The presence and abundance of Dark Matter therefore affects how these waves impact the temperature variations in the CMB.The formation of large-scale structure.The standard story given in popular science explanations goes like this: the Universe started out hot and dense and more or less uniform, then it expanded and cooled and clumped into stars and galaxies. However, this story is incomplete, in a way that means that galaxies wouldn't exist without dark matter.At a surface level, the story makes sense; heck, I got almost half-way through a Ph.D. in Physics without noticing any problem with it! It sounds so plausible because of how gravity works: if matter is distributed more or less evenly, but some places are a tiny bit more dense than others, gravity will tend to make those overdensities bigger and bigger. Why? Well, even if a region is just a little denser than its neighbors, it's still going to win the gravitational tug-of-war and gradually accumulate more and more mass. Of course, once it has more mass, it wins the tug-of-war by even more, and so it's a run-away process that ends in big gravitationally-bound clumps.So, what's the problem? Well, consider the air in the room with you right now. Are there tiny density variations? Of course, since perfect uniformity is impossible. But, is it forming into exponentially denser clumps? Certainly not! The reason for this is that, under these kinds of conditions, when the density of a gas goes up, so does its pressure. That pressure makes the over-dense region expand outwards again, returning the density back to average!Now, of course, the scales and temperatures involved are totally different. A huge region of gas will have more gravitational attraction than a tiny pocket of denser air in your room, and gas in space has no need to be at room temperature, either. So, if the gas can cool down enough, that can reduce the pressure enough for gravity to win. But, the more it compresses, the more it heats up, because it's converting gravitational energy into thermal energy, and so the pressure goes up again. This means that forming a galaxy is a very gradual process, during which it has to constantly be getting rid of tremendous amounts of energy. If it were just a cloud of gas, without any outside interference, this process wouldn't be nearly fast enough, and we wouldn't have galaxies today.But, as you know, hot things give off heat much faster than cold things. So, if we want galaxies to form by the present day (or, indeed, before the expansion of space makes matter too dilute to form galaxies at all), something has to be forcing the gas to compress and become denser and hotter than it would be able to under its own gravity. Enter: Dark Matter. Because it interacts only weakly, Dark Matter doesn't have pressure like gas does. So, the argument about the run-away gravitational process actually works for Dark Matter. DM can't get rid of energy very easily, and so conservation of energy and angular momentum mean that it can only collapse to about 200 times the background density, but the resulting Dark matter halo provides enough of a gravity well to "seed" the formation of visible galaxies. So, it's not a coincidence that the galactic rotational curves showed large amounts of dark matter... the galaxies wouldn't have formed there without it!As a result of this DM "seeding" process, theoretical models and computer simulations of the formation of DM structures have been fairly successful in describing the statistical properties of how galaxies are distributed now, as well as how they were distributed earlier in the history of the Universe (which we can measure by looking at very distant galaxies).Okay, so that's why we think Dark Matter exists. But, the next obvious question is... well... what is it? What's it actually made of? What are its properties? Here, we have only very partial knowledge, and multiple different theories, any combination of which could be correct (or, perhaps, none of them). This leads us to:What do we know about the properties of Dark Matter?Again, this is in no way exhaustive, but it should give you a decent idea.It's "cold".This is why the current dominant model of cosmology is called the Lambda-CDM model: "Lambda" ([math]\Lambda[/math]) stands for the Cosmological constant, and "CDM" stands for "Cold Dark Matter".When an astrophysicist describes something as "cold", they generally mean that the associated thermal velocity is much less than the speed of light. By this standard, the air in Death Valley is "cold". But, then again, to cosmologists, galaxies are basically point-particles, so everything's a matter of scale and perspective!So, why does DM need to be "cold"? Well, remember that DM clumping together was integral to the formation of structures like galaxies. However, if DM were very hot (and therefore the particles were moving very fast), this would prevent it from clumping properly. I have explained it in very vague terms, but the effects are actually well-understood mathematically. In fact, it's similar to something that does happen, with photons: Diffusion damping (or "Silk damping"). However, in the case of Dark Matter, the result would be a signNow delay (or even outright prevention) of the formation of galaxies, to the extent that "warm" Dark Matter can be observationally ruled out.Incidentally, this is how we know that it's not all just neutrinos: given what we know about the early Universe, they would be far too hot!It interacts only very weakly.This is somewhat part of the definition of Dark Matter, but it's good to see observational confirmation. I know fewer of the details on this, but I do know that there are observational bounds in the "interaction cross-section" of Dark Matter, both in terms of its interactions with luminous matter and for its theorized self-annihilation processes (in which two DM particles could interact and annihilate each other). Also, as discussed before, the Bullet Cluster shows giant dark matter halos more or less just passing through each other, which suggests very weak interactions.So... given those properties,What might Dark Matter be made of?There are two leading theories (as far as I'm aware) that suggest the existence of specific types of new particles. Both are well-motivated theoretically (as in, we have good reasons for suspecting that particles with those particular properties might exist), but neither has been experimentally confirmed yet. Interestingly, the two predicted particles are totally different from one another, not slight variations on the same theme.At the end of the day, either of these theories could be right, or both (given the existence of neutrinos, there's no need for all the rest of the DM to be a single type of particle), or, of course, neither.So, what are the theories?Axions.I feel morally obliged to put this one first, even though the other one is more popular at the moment, because my university is heavily involved in the Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX), and so of course I'm rooting for my colleagues!The existence of Axions has been theorized since the 1970s, but we only recently have the technology to even properly start to try to measure them in the lab. Axions are extremely tiny particles (unlike WIMPs, the other leading option), and so they would have to exist in truly huge quantities. Still, because they interact so weakly, it's hard to detect them, even with billions of them passing through your detector in a tiny fraction of a second. The linked wiki articles do a better job of explaining the theoretical motivation and experimental search than I could. It's really quite elegant, and would solve a lot of outstanding mysteries in particle physics (like the Strong CP Problem), but I can't do it justice.Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs)(Wiki reference: Weakly interacting massive particles)To explain why WIMPs are theoretically attractive, I have to take a little detour into "relic abundance", i.e., how many particles of a given type were left over after the Universe cooled down and generally became a more stable place.In the early universe, everything was very dense, and many different kinds of particles were "tightly coupled" (i.e., they interacted with each other frequently). However, as the universe got larger and cooler, these interaction rates slowed down, more or less to a stop, a phenomenon known as "freezing out". The time at which something "freezes out" depends on a number of things, including its mass and how strongly it interacts with other things. This "freezing out" has a huge effect on the abundances of various particles in the Universe. For example, consider the process[math]n \Leftrightarrow p + e^- + \overline{\nu_e}[/math],in which a neutron can turn into a proton, electron, and electron anti-neutrino (or vice versa). If you go back far enough, this reaction will be in thermodynamic equilibrium, just like with any chemical reaction that can go either direction. However, once the neutrinos "freeze out", equilibrium can't be maintained anymore (although other processes, like beta decay, can still happen). The relative abundance of protons and neutrons at the moment of freeze-out is determined by two factors: the mass difference [math]\Delta m[/math] between the two particles, and the temperature of the Universe when freeze-out occurred. These factors combine to determine by how much the lighter particle is thermodynamically favored, with an exponential dependence:[math] \frac{N_n}{N_p} \propto e^{-\Delta m c^2 / k T}[/math]where [math]k[/math] is Boltzmann's constant.This clearly impacts the "relic abundance" of the particles involved (here, protons and neutrons). So, in general, the abundance of a given particle in the Universe today is signNowly influenced by the mass of that particle and how strongly it interacts (since that affects freeze-out time and thus freeze-out temperature). This brings us to the so-called "WIMP miracle": a particle that interacts predominantly via the Weak Nuclear Force, and that has a mass near the mass scale associated with Weak interactions ([math]\sim 100 \text{ GeV}/c^2[/math]), would have a relic abundance that would match the measured abundance of Dark Matter in the Universe. Given that such a particle was already speculated to exist (in the context of Supersymmetry), this was very theoretically attractive to a lot of people, although our inability to find it so far has damped some of their spirits.So, there you have it: my summary of Dark Matter. Hope it was worth the time it took to read! (Let alone write...)
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