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hello my name is David Malan I'm from the California Institute of Technology and I'd like to talk to you for a few minutes about as fairly frequently which is what is the difference between a grant and a contract and there are really two ways of approaching this the answer to this question one is the legal definition and the other one is the federal definition and they aren't mutually exclusive and in some cases they overlap but really you need to figure out what what are you looking for before you can answer the question so for example from a legal point of view if you have a document that includes an exchange of something of value an agreement that exchanges something of value the parties are competent several other characteristics that are based in law then you have a legally enforceable contract that has nothing to do with whether it's a grant or a contract it has to do with whether it's legally enforceable and legally considered a contract so it get that has those characteristics for example a gift it may be called a gift but it has an exchange of promises there are obligations imposed on the parties that is legally a contract regardless of what it says at the top same thing if it says grant it's still a contract but if you're really talking about the federal government's perspective on is it a grant or a contract the difference has to do with which federal pot of money the funding comes out of does it come out of the financial assistance pot of money or does it come out of the procurement pot of money financial assistance the transactions the government uses are grants and cooperative agreements when the government is buying something via procurement funds then it issues a contract so to give you some more characteristics about those distinctions the government uses financial assistance money in order to support a public program or a public need the government uses a contract where its procurement money in order to buy something that the government needs in order to operate or fulfill part of its mission so it can use two different pots of money another aspect of this when the government pays for research whether it pays for through a brand proper agreement or a contract it is doing it from two different points of view so if you take take the route of financial assistance via a grant or cooperative agreement the government has decided to put make a pot of money available to support a particular program a particular area of research whatever it might be and it's looking for individuals institutions whoever to submit proposals so that it can get the best science done or the best project it's looking at the at the value of what the likely result is going to be to further that public need on the other hand in a contract situation the government or Dean knows what it wants done it's not looking for good ideas necessarily it's looking for it it's created the idea itself it's not looking for who can do it at the best price as quickly as possible I mean there are other characteristics come into play but that's what it's looking for so the government in one sense is buying research that it's determined it needs to fulfill its mission in the other case the government is supporting research and that is basically the difference from a federal point of view of a between a grant and a contract thank you