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foreign [Music] [Music] [Music] so [Music] [Music] [Music] first generation nuclear thermal propulsion or ntp could enable both faster transit between the earth and mars and a series of advanced space missions nuclear thermal propulsion is powered by nuclear fission which has been used on earth for more than 70 years how it works is conceptually simple energy from fission is used to heat hydrogen to about 4 400 degrees fahrenheit this hydrogen is then accelerated through a nozzle resulting in a propellant deficiency roughly twice that of the best chemical rocket engines [Music] nuclear thermal propulsion was considered for use in the apollo program and significant development and ground testing was accomplished advances in technology since the 1960s may improve its affordability viability and acceptability for example it may be possible to fuel modern ntp systems with low enriched uranium instead of highly enriched uranium in addition it may now be possible to ground test ntp systems at established safe self-contained rocket engine test facilities for human mars missions the physical size of an ntp engine is largely determined by the rate at which fission energy can be transferred to the hydrogen propellant however the equivalent volume of the uranium that would be split as actually quite small roughly that of a toy marble that energy is used to get astronauts to mars faster ntp can take months off the trip compared to using traditional chemical systems reducing risks associated with exposure to galactic cosmic radiation microgravity and other hazards of deep space travel the maturation of nuclear thermal propulsion will also facilitate the development of fission surface power systems enabling a power rich environment at any exploration location abundant power could also be used for in-situ resource utilization life support communication and other diverse applications first generation ntp systems are our first step towards advanced nuclear propulsion systems capable of travel throughout the solar system [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] done [Music] [Music] a new era of exploration is beginning nasa is building on its experience in low earth orbit and preparing to go farther setting up a base camp in orbit around the moon known as the gateway exploring the surface of the moon like never before and preparing to one day go to mars to accomplish all this nasa will need a new spacesuit for its astronauts one that's more flexible versatile and durable than any made before engineers are now hard at work designing building and testing the new suit making sure it's up to the task for future exploration [Music] some of the greatest moments in exploration have taken place with a human in a space suit whether it was a first journey outside the spacecraft or traversing mountainous moonscapes the spacesuit made it possible the act of sending a suited human outside the spacecraft is called eva what is an eva ebay is an acronym that stands for extravehicular activity which is what most people know is a spacewalk it's whenever we take astronauts and we let them go outside to do useful work in the vacuum of space the spacesuits currently in use for nasa eda's were designed in the 1970s for space shuttle missions they have been upgraded over the years for work on the international space station and have served nasa well those ebas took place in microgravity where astronauts float and need to use their hands to move from place to place but moonwalkers working in one-sixth earth's gravity will need spacesuits that let them use their hands and feet walking to destinations and bending and reaching as they explore for this new type of work nasa has been testing prototype planetary suits culminating in a new suit design the xemu vaccine u is exploration extra-vehicular activity mobility unit so it's an exploration spacesuit so it's a spacesuit that you're going to use as we move forward in on gateway missions and on the lunar missions with artemis and then we're using all that to test the suits you would want to use to go to mars in so eventually you're gonna have to be very independent and very confident in your hardware when you go and do a mission that far away one of the most obvious changes in the new space suit is the way astronauts get in and out of it donning the current suit is a multi-step process of wriggling into the upper torso and then getting help attaching a pair of space pants the new generation spacesuit features a hatchback where astronauts simply slide in and out of the one-piece body of the suit another big feature of the suit is the way the astronauts are able to move while wearing it the improved design for the next generation spacesuit will allow astronauts to walk on the moon not hop additionally astronauts will experience an improved range of motion improved mobility is not the only feature engineers have been working on the astronauts will also be carrying a special backpack known as the pliss the plus is the portable light support system it's the backpack on the spacing and it has all of the interesting parts to keep the crew member alive while they're on their spacewalk so it has oxygen stored as pressurized gas for breathing pressure regulators that regulate the oxygen pressure inside the spacesuit and then a ventilation loop and a water loop that we call the thermal loop that provide trace contaminant and carbon dioxide removal from the breathing environment and also cooling for the crew member and the suit on board avionics and electronic systems while the pliss has been on previous spacesuits this improved version will offer new technology greater control of its systems for the astronaut and longer life for each eva allowing more exploration so i want you to perform some isolated joint movement to understand how the suit moves and the nvl testing for the new spacesuit continues underwater in the neutral buoyancy lab here the weightless environment of space can be simulated to put the suit through its paces spacesuits are also tested in the active response gravity offload system or argos spacesuit hardware is not the only thing being tested on earth nasa is looking at human performance as an important factor in designing evas and space suits the nasa team uses virtual reality technology motion capture and other tools to study what it takes for a human to conduct an eva all the work on the spacesuit here on earth is building up to the ultimate test to fly it in space the eva on the space station will set the stage for the future when the suit will need to perform a variety of missions beyond low earth orbit yeah so a great example is uh nasa's gateway so even though it is in lunar orbit it's still a microgravity platform so astronauts would still be floating in space and so we can use a lot of the lessons we learned from the international space station to do spacewalks on the gateway it's actually really advantageous to use one spacesuit both at gateway and on a lunar surface so the exploration space you can do both of those things [Music] for evas on the moon the new spacesuit will give astronauts unprecedented abilities as they explore the lunar surface really this is the first time we're trying to bring a suit that's optimized for human performance and optimized for lunar exploration so that you can actually bend out interact with the ground so that you're going to have the visibility that you need the mobility that you need to accomplish these tasks this new suit will allow us the flexibility to really do exploration get down on the surface and send geologists to the surface and really let them act like geologists in a spacesuit this is the first time in history that a suit like that will have been created and it's really exciting to be part of that to do what nasa was meant to do and that is to do exploration and this thing will really help enable the agency go do exploration well everyone in my generation wasn't alive the first time we went to the moon and we want to do it again and we want to do it better we want to go do more science we want to stay longer we want to get more out of it and we have the technology to do it now so we're really excited about it with its new technology new design greater mobility and greater versatility in how it can be used nasa's new space walking suit is truly tailored for the next generation of space [Music] explorers right behind the door here is our latest concept vehicle of a mars rover it's it's two pieces front piece is a cockpit and then the app part is where they'll live and sleep and eat and keep all the equipment are you ready here we go [Music] what happens when the when the aliens attack they got weapons in there [Music] it's the qq compound [Music] it's really cool to see the the mars rover but um you have to say i really do wish i could i could drive it myself nasa is advancing an existing technology to enable future space exploration of the solar system with plans to expand human missions to mars and science exploration of the outer planets the need for reliable power becomes essential space qualified nuclear reactors are one technology that can provide for safe and reliable power for many of these missions nuclear power and both is not new these clips from the 1960s provide a window into the past a u.s program was put into place that developed and flew the world's first space reactor [Music] before the reactor is turned on that is prior to fission starting the reactor fuel is very safe and only mildly radioactive [Music] a joint venture between nasa and the department of energy is underway to develop a new space reactor that meets a range of exploration missions the reactor called kilopower can deliver a range of 1 to 10 kilowatts of electricity that is enough to power anything from one toaster to an entire household kilopower has been tested in the nevada desert at the nevada national security site the test had a fissioning reactor deliver heat to sterling converters each converter produced about 100 watts the goal of the test was to confirm the system's predicted performance the reactor core is a cylinder of enriched uranium that is six inches in diameter a beryllium oxide reflector will surround the uranium core a single rod of boron carbide is used to turn on the reactant the reactor uses well-established nuclear physics to self-regulate the fission reactions and this feature eliminates the need for a complicated control system the reactor uses nuclear fission to produce heat which is delivered by heat pipes to power generators known as sterling converters a radiator is used to keep the sterling converters cool a great deal remains to be done but with the successful completion of the nuclear test in nevada nasa is coming ever closer to the reality of a space-qualified nuclear reactor over the coming years the reliability and safety of kilopower will be tested to assure that when the new era of space exploration begins all systems will be a good [Music] [Music] so [Music] remember these laser light made records obsolete nasa is on the verge of doing the same thing with space-based communications before the end of the decade the laser communication relay demonstration mission will revolutionize the way we move tons of data from orbit to ground and all around the solar system the demand for vast transmission capability grows exponentially sensors are gathering more data than ever sophisticated command and control software talks more and asks more conventional radio frequency transmissions can't meet the need that's why engineers at goddard and partners like mit lincoln lab the jet propulsion lab and space systems loral are working on the next generation of high data rate low mass optical systems their goals are nothing short of imagining the future and bringing it to life imagine live high definition video feeds from far away places in the solar system that's the promise of laser com the beauty of laser com is its scalability missions will see profound improvements with speeds increasing from 10 to 100 times over today's rf transmissions and huge bandwidth improvements are just the beginning reductions of hardware mass and power demands will see equivalent savings smaller communication systems mean more efficient power management and more efficient power management unlocks a wealth of potential engineering options for other systems lasercom is just one part of nasa's new initiative to commercialize space this particular demonstration will catch a ride on a larao communications satellite in 2017. once on orbit control of the optical module will be turned over to nasa goddard for testing two-way data transmissions from ground stations in white sands new mexico and nasa's jet propulsion laboratory in california will put the system through its paces but just a few years after a successful demonstration nasa's own telecommunications relay system could be replaced with the more advanced hardware data transmission by laser light that's a bright idea and as a means removing huge amounts of data efficiently and effectively it's the communications backbone of ambitious plans for the nation's future in space [Music] you