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Military aircrafts play a key role during a conflict. All the countries around the world try to build a better aircraft combinations.  Aircraft combinations help in chocking out better combat strategy. Therefore major superpowers have at least 2 aircraft manufacturing aircrafts. The idea behind this is to have a better production line-up of aircrafts.Consider United States, it have both Boeing and Lockheed Martin along with other aircraft manufacturing companies to make fighter jets. So does Russia  has Sukhoi aerospace and Mikoyan Aerospace. Thus a pair of aircrafts with different specifications can be used during conflictLet me explain you with an example, after world war 2 Vietnam war is one of the war that has witnessed a major aircraft resulting in many dogfights. United States Navy at that period had two formidable fighters such as Vought F8 crusader and McDonnell Douglas F4 phantom. Though the war was a loss for U.S.A but these 2 aircrafts have proved their mettle purely through this combinations against the Vietnamese MiGs.F8 CrusaderF4 phantomSimilarly Indian Air-force needs a variety of aircrafts in all category whether it be ground attack, dogfight, bomber etc. But India has always need to depend on Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for making aircraft, it seriously needs a private aircraft manufacturing environment to have a similar situation like that of U.S and Russia. The effort of “Make In India” has proved its worthiness by the establishment of TASL, Mahindra aerospace, Reliance Aerospace etc., but these companies have very little knowledge on designing and manufacturing a fighter jet on its own, the same scenario which HAL had under earlier 70s and 80s. Now coming to the present situation, LCA Tejas is a multirole and single engine aircraft with primary role of ground attack . Though India is replacing the MiG 21 and MiG 27s but by inducting only 123 LCA Tejas will not replace all the ageing aircrafts. Thus India urgently needs another 100–120 single engine aircrafts. This results in Indian government bidding for a global tender for single engine combat ready aircrafts. The final contenders are Lockheed Martin F-16 Falcon and SAAB Gripen E. According to the agreement, these companies have to tie up with  an Indian Firm to make aircraft so that the latter can learn more through ToT or Transfer Of Technology. Thus we actually need aircrafts and not specifically F16 . But since Lockheed Martin took a leap in signing with TASL, it has been making dilemma among the common Indians. But Indian government and IAF are clear with its stand on their requirements. So may be F16 can get an edge over Gripen E, but no wonder if the table changes upside down, since SAAB is in talks with Mahindra Aerospace.LCA TejasF16 FulcrumGripen EThe moral is India needs a better aircraft whether it be F16 or Gripen-E. I believe that this situation will also change in near ten years, may be TASL or Mahindra Aerospace will come with better aircraft that IAF needs at that time.Thank you for reading.

While there are improvements over the Indian Ministry of Defense Request For Information documents I’ve read in the past, there are still major red flags. To make things simple, I’m going to offer a section by section analysis of all specifications featured in Part I of the RFI. I’m ignoring most of Part II since it’s a questionnaire intended to be the response procedure for the RFI which is irrelevant for the purposes of this question. Use the following link if you want to look at the RFI in its entirety: https://indianarmy.nic.in/writer...PART – I : OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS AND BROAD TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS3. Indian Army seeks a CQB Carbine with 5.56mm Calibre with to achieve following broad characteristics:-5.56×45mm NATO is a legitimate and logical chambering choice for a carbine intended for close quarters combat. This is a good start.(a) Effective Range. Minimum 200 meters.This is a specification which any 5.56x45mm carbine should be able to fulfill. It’s also realistic since almost all non-specialized infantry combat happens within 300 meters and a majority of infantry combat happens with 50 - 100 meters. The MoD made a good decision by specifying a minimum effective range of 200 meters.(b) Accuracy. The CQB Carbine should be capable of achieving accuracy better than four Minutes of Angle up to a range of minimum 200 meters.This is another reasonable specification which should be easy for 5.56x45mm carbines to fulfill. Since four minutes of angle at a range of 200 meters is about 20 centimeters of dispersion, that means that the carbines should be mechanically capable of always hitting an adult in the chest at 200 meters. That’s a good expectation.(c) Reliability. The CQB Carbine shall be reliable in its operation as per international standards for reliability and withstand sustained fire.This specification is useless. Countries write and tailor their standards to meet their individual needs. The MoD needs to specify the minimum acceptable mean number of rounds between stoppages and failures. The minimum acceptable barrel life also needs to be specified as does weapon reliability in various orientations.Similarly, saying that the carbine needs to “withstand sustained fire” is unacceptable. All 5.56x45mm weapons eventually fail catastrophically under sustained fire. That’s not the fault of the cartridge, it’s simply recognition of the fact that weapons need to be made of physical materials and those materials will eventually fail from the heat and pressure generated by sustained fire. The MoD needs to specify the minimum number of rounds the carbines should be able to fire within a certain period of time with a certain type of ammunition before something on the carbine catastrophically fails.(d) Weight. The CQB Carbine should be as light as possible, preferably less than 3 Kgs.This is a great specification. 3 kilograms is a good weight limit to impose on a carbine in 5.56x45mm since it makes the carbines easy to carry and handle. By leaving it a little bit open, weight becomes an area where manufacturers can compete with each other.(e) Modular design.Modularity is a good thing. It lets armorers replace damaged components and make incremental improvements easily. This is another area where manufacturers can compete with each other.(f) Sight. The CQB Carbine should have luminous tipped integrated flip up Open Sight, Reflex Sight and Visible and Invisible laser Spot Designator either as an independent system or integrated with the reflex sight.This is another thing the MoD got right. Reflex sights make life easier for soldiers because reflex sights allow for fast target acquisition, put the aiming point and target on the same focal plane, are usable at night, are viewable at almost any angle, and have no eye relief issues. A pair of flip up night sights makes for a good backup if the reflex sight becomes damaged or fails. Though the visible laser sight isn’t of the greatest value, the IR laser will allow for the carbines to be used effectively with night vision equipment.(g) Compatibility with all modern sights and accessories and provision for mounting the same on picatinny rails.I would have tied this in to the modularity requirement, but it’s not really a big deal that the requirement for sight compatibility and Picatinny rails is separate.(h) The CQB Carbine shall be capable of providing the desired performance across all spectrums of employment in the Indian terrain and climatic conditions.This is wholly unacceptable and looks incredibly lazy. The MoD needs to specify the temperature extremes which it wants the carbines to operate in. The MoD also needs to specify whether it wants the carbines to pass blowing dust, drop, ice, mud, rain, salt fog, or water submersion tests. For each of the tests which the MoD wants the carbines to pass, it is imperative for the MoD to specify the exact testing procedures and protocols which will be used.(j) The CQB Carbine shall comply with the laid down MIL Standards and other International Standards in vogue.If the MoD wants to apply United States Military Standards or anything else to Indian weapon procurement, that’s fine. But, like I’ve said up above, the particular standards which the MoD wants to apply need to be named. The failure to do so displays incompetence.4. Tentative date of issue of RFP is August 2017. Total Quantity required is approximately 2,00,000 CQB Carbine out of which the immediate requirement is of approximately 44,000 CQB Carbines. The approximate quantity 44,000 CQB Carbines should be delivered within four (04) months to twenty four months (24) from the day of signing of the contract. The vendors should confirm if they can deliver requisite quantity of CQB Carbine within the stipulated timeframe.I don’t know enough about where equipment is at in its service life cycle to have an opinion on the number of carbines which the MoD has requested. That being said, I think it’s interesting to compare the procurement numbers in this RFI for carbines to the procurement numbers in a previous RFI for “Assault Rifles”. The number of weapons which have to be immediately delivered on the carbine contract are lower than the 65000 on the “Assault Rifle” contract. However, the total quantity of weapons to be delivered on the carbine contract is higher than the 185000 on the “Assault Rifle” contract.Before I say anything else, I would like to say that I haven’t forgotten section (i). Apparently the Indian Ministry of Defense doesn’t use (i) in lettered sections of their documents in order to avoid confusion with numerals.Before I go on, it’s important for me to air some of my thoughts on two other RFIs issued by the Indian Ministry of Defense for context.With the “Assault Rifle” RFI I mentioned up above, I have to put the word assault rifle in quotations because the document started off by calling for rifles chambered for 7.62×51mm NATO. Assault rifles, by definition, do not use 7.62x51mm NATO and other similar cartridges because they generate too much recoil to be useful for automatic fire in the hands of most soldiers. Intermediate cartridges have much gentler recoil and are easier for soldiers to use overall. The 7.62x51mm rifles which the RFI specified would be something of a step backwards for the Indian Army in my opinion. There could be legitimate reasons for making that decision, but those reasons are not remotely close to the reasons cited by the Indian Ministry of Defense.In a different RFI asking for sniper rifles, the specifications this time called for a bolt action rifle chambered for .338 Lapua Magnum. That’s great for a western sniper. Western snipers are highly trained individuals who work in small teams and use specialized rifles which are very effective at long range but don’t necessarily need be capable of rapid fire. But, based on what I’ve read, the RFI was supposed to be procuring replacements the Indian Army’s Russian SVD rifles. In western terminology, the SVD is a designated marksman rifle. Most Indian Army snipers are what the west would categorize as designated marksmen; soldiers armed with accurate, rapid firing rifles who are embedded in a regular infantry unit to extend that unit’s effective range. Right now, Indian Army snipers have the right type of weapon for their role. But the RFI was requesting what would be a long, heavy, slow firing rifle which would be inadequate for the duties performed by Indian Army snipers. In my opinion, this problem arose because the Indian MoD looked at western sniper rifles and wrote an RFI based on that instead of taking the time to understand that there was a critical conceptual difference between western snipers and Indian Army snipers which wouldn’t be immediately clear due to a lack of linguistic distinction.Considering how badly wrong the MoD has started RFIs in the past, this RFI for carbines represents a signNow improvement. Just the fact that the document started with a valid premise actually gave me some measure of hope for this RFI.Unfortunately, the lack of minimum specifications in key areas crushed that hope. When a manufacturer looks at an RFI like this, they want to see an explicitly defined minimum requirement for every single specification. That minimum gives the manufacturer a goal to aim for and exceed. Having a minimum for everything also gives every manufacturer who responds to the RFI the expectation that there will be a level playing field.When there aren’t minimums, that makes manufacturers extremely wary. Historically, when minimum requirements aren’t explicitly defined, it means that the process is going to be unfair and expensive. There have been military weapon trials in the past where the worst quality weapon submitted to the trial was the one which was ultimately adopted because the weapon was indigenously produced and the only way that weapon could make the cut for the trial is if there weren’t minimum requirements to be met. There have also been military weapon trials which start without minimum requirements, but partway through the competition minimum requirements are added and manufacturers have to redesign their weapons to meet the new requirements at signNow additional cost. I guarantee that experienced firearms manufacturers think those are likely possibilities when they see RFIs issued by the Indian Ministry of Defense.Another problem specific to India is indigenous production. Everybody understands that indigenous production of military arms is desirable in case the country become diplomatically isolated for any number of reasons. For some countries, indigenous production works well. For example, the Australians do a fine job manufacturing the Steyr AUG and FN Minimi at Lithgow Small Arms Factory. India’s ability for competent indigenous production is something which many western countries are leery of. Many INSAS rifles show poor workmanship. The problems which have been seen in the development of the Trichy assault rifle suggest that Indian engineers might not have a proper awareness of firearms engineering history since the same problems arose in the development of the German StG 44, a mechanically similar assault rifle from World War II. Manufacturers which would license the production of their firearms to India would be taking a big risk. If the Indian factories screw up and make poor quality weapons under license, there’s a real possibility that firearm manufacturer’s reputation will be tarnished because of a perception that the weapons might have been poorly designed in the first place. Manufacturers don’t like risks like that.The M16 rifle’s reputation was maligned simply because ammunition being loaded with the incorrect type of powder. Image Source: (File:CH-53 landing at Defense Attaché Office compound, Operation Frequent Wind.jpg)If I was in a position to do so, I would make the following recommendations to the Indian Ministry of Defense:Make sure every specification has an explicit minimum requirement so manufacturers take the Indian Ministry of Defense seriously. Current practices are unacceptable and add to a perception that the MoD is incompetent.Remove all mention of indigenous production from the RFI’s response procedure.Drop the RFI for 7.62x51mm “Assault Rifles” entirely in favor of the RFI for 5.56x45mm “CQB Carbines”. 5.56x45mm works just fine for infantry combat use with the correct ammunition.Stop using 5.56x45mm SS109 ammunition. SS109 was never designed to be used in short barrels and suffers from degraded terminal performance in carbines. 55 grain M193 ball has outstanding terminal performance on soft tissue. The United States had great success with the bullet design in Vietnam and the Israeli Defense Force currently uses M193 as the primary ammunition for their Tavor rifles with great success. Although there are other potential candidates for the replacing SS109 ammunition in Indian arsenals, M193 is not only the least expensive replacement option for SS109, but M193 is also cheaper, simpler, and less resource intensive to produce than SS109. M193 is also unrestricted by United States International Traffic in Arms Regulations, unlike some of the other viable candidates.Retain SVD rifles for Indian Army snipers. Procure new ones as needed. The SVD perfectly makes up for any shortcomings found in 5.56x45mm carbines since the SVD is capable of good barrier penetration and effectively suppressing hostile forces with accurate fire at long range.

P.N.Oak is infamous for his revisionist theories about Indian History, which have gained wide support among staunch nationalists.And the most upvoted answer to this question is also based on the “facts” mentioned by P.N.Oak in his book Tajmahal : The True Story.But I don’t understand how someone can even think that a Shiva temple would look like this—[WARNING : Extremely lengthy answer ahead. But you can skip to the TL;DR.]There are many claims that P.N.Oak makes in his book, and provides “evidences” which are not too difficult to debunk.An article titled Reclaim Temples and kick out the fraud in a website called Agniveer (which describes itself as a “Leading site for real Hinduism, untold history, genuine human rights, honest social change, fight against terror, and sincere humanism”) has a compilation of Oak’s “evidences”.It states :Why is the name Mahal added to Mumtaz Mahal, where “Mahal” means “Mansion” in Hindi and “Mahail” in Arabic means “place”? Her actual names recorded in muslim sources is Mumtaz-ul Zamani or Aliya Begum. So where did ‘Mahal’ come from?The answer can be found on Page 212 of The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia.Peter Mundy who visited Agra between 1631 and 1633 writes :This Kinge is now buildinge a Sepulchre for his late deceased Oueene Tage Moholl [TajMahal] (as much to say att the brightnes of the Moholl), whome hee dearely affected,He refers to the deceased Queen as “Taj Mahal”.From a footnote on the same page :So it is clear that Shah Jahan’s wife Arjumand Banu Begum was known as Mumtaz Mahal (“Pride of the Palace”) and Taj Mahal (“Crown of the Palace”).P.N.Oak and others questioning the origin of Taj Mahal mention the discrepancies in the accounts of the European travellers who visited Agra during Shah Jahan’s reign; but almost all of those accounts do mention the Taj Mahal being constructed.There are also official records from Shah Jahan’s time which mention the arragements made for the construction of the Taj Mahal. From E.B.Havell’s book Indian architecture, its psychology, structure, and history from the first Muhammadan invasion to the present day (page 31) :Court historian of Shah Jahan, Abdul Hamid Lahori gives a poetic description of the building of the Taj Mahal’s foundation (which according to him began in January 1632) — “And when the spade-wielders with robust arms and hands strong as steel, had with unceasing effort excavated down to the water table, the ingenious masons and architects of astonishing achievements most firmly built the foundation with stone and mortar up to the level of the ground.”(The Taj Mahal by Lesley A. DuTemple, Page 34)After the foundation, the main plinth (the base on which the Taj Mahal sits) was constructed; and it was probably finished on the first urs (death anniversary) of Mumtaz Mahal in June 1632. Thousands of people— nobles, scholars, holy men, rich and poor alike— attended the event. A lavish feast was served. For several days, the atmosphere around the Taj Mahal resembled that of a festive bazar.(The Taj Mahal by Lesley A. DuTemple, Page 37)Peter Mundy mentioned the Taj Mahal to be one of the notable sites in Agra (Page 209) even before it was finished :Places of noate [in and about it] are the Castle, King Ecbars [Akbar's] Tombe, Tage Moholls [TajMahal's] Tombe, Gardens and Bazare.While it can’t be said with certainty how many workers built the Taj Mahal or what was the total expenditure, another discovery supports the fact the Taj Mahal was in fact constructed during Shah Jahan’s reign.In 2004, a list of 671 names was found engraved in a sandstone wall in the complex that surrounds the mausoleum. The list, found on the north side facing the river, is believed to have been inscribed by the same hands that fashioned the extraordinary decorative work of the building. If the archaeologists are right, it is the craftsmen's own attempt to preserve their memory down the centuries.(Image credit : Daniel Berehulak/Getty Images)The chief architect is known to have been Ustad - or Master - Ahmad Lahori. Shah Jahan is said to have had his eyes put out on the Taj's completion so nothing could ever be built to rival it. Amanat Khan Shirazi was in charge of the calligraphy that adorns the Taj. Ismail Khan Afridi was in charge of building the dome, and Mohammed Hanif was superintendent of the masons.The inscriptions reflect the diversity of those who built the Taj Mahal. Most are in Arabic and Persian, which would reflect the Islamic nature of Shah Jahan's court, but some are in the Devanagari script used by Hindi and other Indian languages. There are also traditional Indian symbols, such as swastikas, and geometrical patterns believed to have been used by illiterate artisans.D Dayalan, leader of the team of archaeologists who found the list, told The Asian Age that experts were working to decipher the epigraphs and names engraved in the stones."Since many of them were illiterate, they denoted symbols as a mark of their identity. We call these guilt marks. We already have a team working to decipher the epigraphs and the names.”"The names have been meticulously divided into sections like dome makers, garden development department, furnishing workers and inlay artists.”[1]A letter written by Aurangzeb to Shah Jahan about the Taj Mahal needing repairs, is used as an “evidence” that by the time Shah Jahan “altered” the original structure of the Taj Mahal it was already a few hundred years old, hence it was showing signs of wear.Aurangzeb writes :On Friday [4th] he circumambulated the most luminous shrine (ba tawaf-i-rauza-i-munawwara rafta) and earned the blessings [appropriate to such a] visit, prompted by the purest spirit of submission. The sacred structure (hazlra-i-qudsl asas, "holy hovel") still stands just as firmly as it did when it was completed under Your Majesty's eye.However, the following repairs are required: The dome covering the most sanctified sepulchre (marqad-i-mutahhar) leaks (tarawash mlkunad) in two places, on the northern side, during the rains. The four great arches, most of the balconies on the second storey, the four small domes, the chamber on the northern side [of the tomb] and the basement rooms in the pluith all need attention.The [marble] panels of the outer covering of the great dome (bam-i-jam posh-i-gumbaz-i-kalan [had lifted off] in two or three places, and let the water in (chaklda bud) during these [rains]; (dar in fasl) they have [now] been repaired. One can only guess what will happen in the next rains (dar barishkal-i-ayinda chi rul dahad?)The domes of the mosque and of the Jama'at Khana [opposite] also leaked during the rains, and have also been repaired. The builders claim that if they were to break up (wà karda) the floor above the roof of the second storey, plaster [the roof from above] (rekhta sâzand), and lay over it eighteen inches' thickness of tahkârl work, the pavilions, balconies, and smaller domes might perhaps be made sound.They profess themselves unable to do anything about the main dome.(A Drawing of the Taj Mahal under construction by Kunihiko Aoyama)The above excerpt is from the Letter 45 (pages 171–173) in the English translation Adab-i-Alamgiri, which has the collection of letters written by Aurangzeb to Shah Jahan, translated by Vincent John Adams Flynn.Vincent Flynn explains in the footnotes :The common feature of all these parts of the building is, that they had a flat outer surface permeable by water. The cement originally spread over the vaults of their floors or ceilings must have lacked hydraulic quality. Water will readily penetrate inferior cement, even when covered by thick slabs of stone or marble; but domes and flat roofs all over India have survived many hundreds of years without ever being re-surfaced, and the interiors are not stained by a drop of water.Unfortunately, Aurangzïb has not used exact language; the parts/"dar ham kashïda" (B.M. has dar nlm kashlda, "broken in half", which I, with Ch., reject). He could mean anything between "utterly ruined" and "need to be tidied up". In view of the phenomenal rains of 1652, and the nature of the damage to the principal dome, it is permissible to assert that water penetrated the cement lying above the brick-built vaults.P.N.Oak provided a line-by-line translation of the pages of Badshahnama, which deal with the burial of Mumtaz in his book published in 1966. The following passages are quoted from that source :(On) "Friday--15th Jamadi-ul Awwal, the sacred dead body of the traveller to the kingdom of Holiness, hazrat Mumtaz-ul Zamani--who was buried temporarily.... was brought to the capital Akbarabad (Agra)...The site covered with magnificent lush garden, to the south of that great city and amidst which (garden) the building known as the palace of Raja Mansingh, at present owned by Raja Jaisingh (Pesh az ein Manzil-e Rajan Mansingh bood Wadaree Waqt ba Raja Jaisingh), grandson (of Mansingh) was selected for the burial of the queen whose abode is in heaven.According to this translaton, there was only a palace and not a temple.So, by Oak’s own admission, the Taj Mahal was never a temple.But the question still remains— was the Taj Mahal a Rajput palace, which had a Shiv ling in the place where the cenotaphs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan lie?Eminent historian E.B.Havell in his book A Handbook to Agra and the Taj, Sikandra, Fathepur-Sikri, and the Neighbourhood (page 73) writes :According to the old Tartar custom, a garden was chosen as a site for the tomb—a garden planted with flowers and flowering shrubs, the emblems of life,and solemncy press, the emblem of death and eternity. Such a garden, in the Mogul days, was kept up as a pleasure-ground during the owner's lifetime, and used as his last resting-place after his death. The old tradition laid down that it must be acquired by fair means, and not by force or fraud. So Rajah Jey Singh, to whom the garden belonged, was compensated by the gift of another property from the Emperor's private estate.Taj Mahal: The Illumined Tomb by WE Begley and ZA Desai has a compilation of an anthology of contemporary accounts of Shah Jahan’s reign.Two books give details and a translation of the royal "farman" giving four "havelis" in lieu of Raja Jai Singh’s haveli (mansion).Padshah Nama by Qazwini describes the tract of land on the southern side of Agra that had the qualities needed to be the final resting place of the one whose residence was paradise. Qazwini says it was formerly the word "khana", or house of Raja Jai Singh.He also mentions that though the Raja was willing to give it for free, Shah Jahan gave him a lofty house in lieu of it.Lahori also describes a tract of land south of the city as being suitable for the queen’s resting place, and uses the word "manzil" or mansion of Raja Jai Singh. He also mentions the fact that though Raja Jai Singh was willing to give it for free, Shah Jahan gave a lofty mansion from the crown lands in exchange.Muhammad Salih Kanbo writes that the emperor acquired a "heaven-like tract of land (sarzamin e bihist-ain)" which was situated on the south side of Agra and belonged to Raja Man Singh. Once again, the word manzil is used.Though the mansion was gifted immediately after the decision to bury Mumtaz Mahal in Agra was taken in 1631, the exchange of the additional/replacement four "havelis" took two years to affect, as the royal "farman" is dated December 28, 1633.A certified contemporary copy of the "farman" dated 26 Jumada II 1043 AH, sixth regnal year [corresponding to December 28, 1633], is available in the Kapad Dwara collection in Jaipur City palace. The word used in the "farman" too is "haveli" (mansion).“Be it known through this glorious farman marked by happiness, which has received the honor of issuance and the dignity of proclamation, that the mansions (haveli) detailed in the endorsement, together with their dependencies, which belong to the august crown property, have been offered to that pride of peers and vassal of the monarch of Islam, Raja Jai Singh, and are hereby handed over and transferred to his ownership- in exchange of the mansion (haveli) formerly belonging to Raja Man Singh, which that pride of the grandees willingly and voluntarily donated for the mausoleum of that Queen of the ladies of the world ….. Mumtaz Mahal Begum.”[Translation Begley and Desai][2]To give you an idea of what the haveli must have looked like; here is a photograph of a haveli in the heritage village of Holipura in Agra which has charming havelis and rustic buildings, some dating back 350 years.[3]Now obviously, the Taj Mahal is not a haveli; so the structure that existed on the land owned by Raja Jai Singh, and which was probably built by Raja Man Singh, could not have been the Taj Mahal.P.N.Oak also claims about the existance of a Sanskrit inscription called the “Bateshwar inscription” (or as Oak calls it, the “Tejo Mahalaya inscription”) which allegedly refers to the raising of a "crystal white Shiva temple so alluring that Lord Shiva once enshrined in it decided never to return to Mount Kailash his usual abode". According to Oak, the inscription dated 1155 A.D. and was removed from the Taj Mahal garden at Shah Jahan's orders.But the part of the Archaeological Survey of India’s Report for the year 1871–1872 (which was published in 1874) which talks about the archaeological findings in Agra, which was written by A.C.L.Carlleyle under the superintendence of Alexander Cunningham,Director General of ASI , does not mention any such inscription.The report also talks about the etymology of Agra (pages 94–95) and Bhateswar (or Bateshwar) (pages 221–239) and then mentions the remains discovered near Bhateswar (pages 240–247) but there’s no mention of “Agreshwar Dham” (the holy shrine that Oak claims the Taj Mahal to be); even though it mentions the Hindu, Jain and Buddhist sites in and around Agra.(Bateshwar Temples; Uttar Pradesh Tourism | India Tourism Guide)In an article titled The Question of the Taj Mahal written by P. S. Bhat and A. L. Athawale which was published in the Itihas Patrika, Vol. 5, pp 98-111, 1985; they mention Marvin Mills of New York who allegedly reported about the Carbon-14 dating of the Taj Mahal : "Another item of evidence concerning the alleged date of the Taj is adduced from a radiocarbon date from a piece of wood from a door on the north facade of the Jumuna River's bank. The sample was tested by Dr. Even Williams, director of the Brooklyn College Radiocarbon Laboratory. The date came to 1359 AD with a spread of 89 years on either side and 67% probability, Masca corrected."Marvin Mills, now a faculty at Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at Ringling College, was a professor at Pratt Institute in New York when he wrote a document titled ‘AN ARCHITECT LOOKS AT THE TAJ MAHAL LEGEND’ (which is available on his website — Marvin H. Mills, AIA History of Islamic Architecture).In his article, he mentioned some “key problems” with the Taj Mahal :1. Consider the identical character of the two buildings on either side of the Taj main building. If they had different functions-one a mosque, the other a guest residence-then, they should have been designed differently to reflect their individual functions.(Image source : Aerial Shots From Around The World)But the Mihman Khana (the guest house) which is the second building on the terrace and east of the mausoleum, does differ from the mosque in small details. It is devoid of Mihrab and Minbar, and the floor is made of simple slabs of red sandstone. Moreover, it does not have the small room that welcomed the remains of Mumtaz Mahal, as on the mosque. But it has the same basin for ablutions, although in its case it is only decorative. [4]Also, the floors of the jawab (another name of the Mihman Khana, which is a “jawab” i.e. “answer” to the mosque; as a form of architectural balance) have a geometric design, while the mosque floor was laid out the outlines of 569 prayer rugs in black marble. [5]2. Why does the perimeter wall of the complex have a Medieval, pre-artillery, defense character when artillery (cannons) was already in use in the Mughal invasions of India? [Why does a mausoleum need a protective wall in the first place? For a palace it is understandable.]Probably because the Taj Mahal was decorated with gold, silver and gems.3. Why are there some twenty rooms below the terrace level on the north side of the Taj facing the Jumna River? Why does a mausoleum need these rooms? A palace could put them to good use. The authors do not even mention their existence.4. What is in the sealed-up rooms on the south side of the long corridor opposite the twenty contiguous rooms? Who filled in the doorway with masonry? Why are scholars not allowed to enter and study whatever objects or decor are within?A website dedicated to the Taj Mahal [6]has an interesting theory about it :If we go by the Turkish Mughal tradition of providing a mausoleum with three set of graves, a tradition that has been followed in the tomb of Akbar, tomb of Itmad-ud-Daulah, and Chini-ka-rauza at Agra, Taj Mahal too should have a third set of graves, with the actual bodies of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan inside them. This is the myth of the "third graves" of Taj Mahal.[…]It is believed that these real set of graves must be somewhere inside the underground vaults that exist below the red sandstone platform of the Taj Mahal. And on the northern side of this red sandstone platform, lies two staircases that lead straight to the basement chambers which are seventeen in number and have been laid out in a line on the riverside. However, the doors on the extreme points on both the sides have been permanently blocked for some calculated purpose. A purpose that many believe is to conceal the presence of real graves of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan. According to the Muslim tradition, the real graves are always placed underground so that they remain undisturbed and the dead person could wait till the Day of Judgment and the graves that are visited by people are made in the likeness of the real graves.Another website also supports this theory and says :It is only in these underground vaults that the third set could have been placed. The doors in the basement corridor no doubt exist and must have originally given entry to some underground arrangement of chambers and corridors. Though they are now blocked, their existence lends weights to the legendary version. At least, we have figures,in the Persian manuscripts which contain the account of `third grave, expenditure on the Taj Mahal, of costs of three sets of tombstones. While the two are open to us, the third one is still a mystery. It is possible that the crypt and the passages were closed down in 1652 by Aurangzeb to give additional strength to the base which supported such a huge load above.[7]But of course, this is only just a speculation.Returning to Mills’ list of “key problems” :5. Why does the "mosque" face due west instead of facing Meccah? Certainly, by the seventeenth century there was no problem in orienting a building precisely!I don’t think this proves that the mosque was meant to be something else.6. Why has the Archaeological Survey of India blocked any dating of the Taj by means of Carbon-14 or thermo-luminiscnece? Any controversy over which century the Taj was built could easily be resolved. [Radiocarbon dating of a piece of wood surreptiously taken from one of the doors gave 13th century as a possible date. But more data is needed.]In a presentation (Taj Mahal: Not a Muslim Masterpiece (2007)) about his arguments and findings, he showed a document signed by Evan T. Williams which allegedly states that a sample of wood that Mills procured from the Taj Mahal is about 300 years older than the Taj Mahal itself.But he neither mentions those findings in his article on his website, nor in a letter he wrote to the editor of The New York Times on December 20, 1991 in which he objected to them calling the Taj Mahal "one of the most remarkable monuments of Mogul architecture" and "the tomb of Shah Jahan's beloved Mumtaz Mahal." [8]In his book, History's Mysteries: People, Places and Oddities Lost in the Sands of Time (page 75), Brian Haughton writes :The results of the radiocarbon dating of the wood were allegedly published in the academic journal Radiocarbon (Volume 19; 1977). However, although an examination of back issues of Radiocarbon for 1977 (available at www.radiocarbon.org) does indeed show an article by Dr. Evan Williams (“Brooklyn College Radiocarbon Dates I,” Volume 19, Number 1, 1977), nowhere in this article is there a mention of the dating of a piece of wood from the Taj Mahal.Some people say that the Taj Mahal could not have been constructed by a Muslim emperor, since its very existence is unislamic, (it is more or less a matter of debate whether constructing a tomb is permitted in Islam or not). But it is also a fact that the Mughal emperors before Aurangzeb weren’t staunchly religious in their personal lives.And Aurangzeb, on grounds of both economy and fidelity to the Islamic law criticized the Taj Mahal,the tomb of his mother, remarking: "The lawfulness of a solid construction over a grave is doubtful, and there can be no doubt about the extravagance involved." [9](Although Aurangzeb too commissioned a tomb for his first and chief wife Dilras Banu Begum, posthumously known as Rabia-ud-Daurani; in Aurangabad, which is known as Bibi Ka Maqbara and bears a striking resemblance to the Taj Mahal.)P.N.Oak claims that the interior of the dome rising over Mumtaz's centotaph has a representation of Sun and cobras drawn in gold; and Hindu warriors trace their origin to the Sun while cobras are always associated with Lord Shiva.This is the design he was talking about.While a solar motif is definitely there, there are no cobras— just an artistic representation of the rays of the sun. It’s another example of the brain seeing what it wants to see.[10]Oak also claims that the pinnacle of the Taj Mahal depicts a "Kalash" (sacred pot) holding two bent mango leaves and a coconut, which is a sacred Hindu motif.It is likely that the the architectural design of the Tamga of the Mughal Empire (see above) on the finial of the Taj Mahal, which by the way has “Allah” inscribed on it (see below) was inspired by the kalash on top of Hindu temples.But it is reasonable to assume that if the Taj Mahal were actually a temple, it would have a proper kalash and not a flattened one.Something like these —Image source : Hindu temple architectureAn argument is also made that since the Taj Mahal seems to have a lot of Hindu symbols, it cannot be an Islamic mausoleum; and it must have been a temple or a structure constructed by Hindu rulers.What they seem to forget is that Mughal architecture is an amalgam of Persian, Turkish, and Indian architecture — the former two being “Islamic” and the latter being “Hindu”. So it is not surprising that Mughal structures have Hindu symbols on them too, such as the lotus canopy on the central dome of the Taj Mahal.The Taj Mahal is the culmination of Mughal architecture. It draws inspiration from previous Mughal monuments and perfects their art.Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi seems to be the prototype, from which the central structure of the Taj Mahal was inspired.(Image source : Tourist places | 21th Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology)Akbar’s Tomb in Sikandra was the source of inspiration for the design of the minars of the Taj Mahal.(Image source : Agra 83 - Akbar's tomb)And Tomb of Jahangir in Lahore seems to have inspired the idea of minars surrounding the central structure.(Image source : Jahangir's Tomb Located In Shahdara, Punjab Pakistan)(Image source : Interesting Facts About the Tomb of Itmad-ud-Daulah Agra)Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah (I'timād-ud-Daulah Maqbara), described as a "jewel box", and sometimes called the "Bachcha Taj" (“Baby Taj”), is often regarded as a draft of the Taj Mahal.The tomb, built between 1622 and 1628 represents a transition between the first phase of monumental Mughal architecture – primarily built from red sandstone with marble decorations, as in Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi and Akbar’s tomb in Sikandra – to its second phase, based on white marble and pietra dura (floral design made up of semiprecious stone) inlay, most elegantly realized in the Taj Mahal.The mausoleum was commissioned by Nur Jahan, the wife of Jahangir, for her father Mirza Ghiyas Beg, who had been given the title of I'timād-ud-Daulah, “pillar of the state”; and was also the grandfather of Mumtaz Mahal. Nur Jahan was also responsible for the construction of Tomb of Jahangir in Lahore.The tomb situated on the eastern banks of the river Yamuna, is planned in the centre of a Char-Bagh(Four quartered garden), with the usual enclosing walls and side buildings. The main tomb of white marble is marvelously set in the centre of the garden. It stands on a plinth of red stone having in the middle of each side, facing the central arch, a lotus tank with fountain.The tomb is square in plan with octagonal towers, surmounted by chhatris, attached to its corners.There is no dome ; instead the building is roofed by a square 'Barahdari' having three arched openings on each side which are closed by jalis except in the middle of the north and south sides. It is protected by a chhajja above which is the chaukhandi(pyramidal) roof, crowned by lotus petals and kalash finials.The only asymmetrical element of the entire complex is that the cenotaphs of Nur Jahan’s father and mother have been set side-by-side, a formation replicated in the Taj Mahal.[11]With all these similarities in design, there remains little doubt that the Taj Mahal is a product of Mughal architecture— which is an amalgamation of Hindu and Islamic architecture.But since P.N.Oak was in denial, he claimed that that “all dead muslim courtiers and royalty including Humayun, Akbar, Mumtaz, Etmad-ud-Daula and Safdarjang have been buried in capture Hindu mansions and temples” (as mentioned in Stephen Knapp’s website).The myth that the Taj Mahal was a Hindu temple probably originated from E.B.Havell’s book Indian architecture, its psychology, structure, and history from the first Muhammadan invasion to the present day (pages 21–24) where he wrote that Chandi Sewa at Prambanam inJava, which has an arrangement of domes strikingly similar to that of the Taj, supplies the true prototype of the Taj mausoleum; and not Humayun’s tomb.(Image source : Candi Sewu, Part Of Prambanan Hindu Temple, Indonesia)On page 27, Havell further writes :But (on pages 29–30) he also makes it clear that he is not trying to “erase” the legacy of Mughal architecture (Oak should’ve read this part) :[12]It is a fact that the Taj Mahal was heavily influenced by Humayun’s Tomb, and the Quincunx ( a geometric pattern consisting of five points arranged in a cross, with four of them forming a square or rectangle and a fifth at its center) design which the Taj Mahal employs with the central dome and four smaller domes surrounding it, is not only reminiscent of the Candi Sewu temple and of a Panchayatana (when in a temple the main shrine is surrounded by four subsidiary shrines— a similar design is the quincunx of Angkor Wat), but also of Roman, Byzantine and Persian architecture.(St. Mark’s, Venice : Photo by Dave Curtis)(St. Michael’s Monastery in Kiev. Domes over side chapels are here added to the quincunx which defines the central mass of the church. [Image Source])In pagan antiquity, the quincunx pattern was understood to be a geometric emblem of an ordered world. And after the Christian revelation, a summary of a sanctified universe.[13]The design proposed for St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican by Donato Bramante was a quincunx as well (below). The dome even had a Fleur-de-lis on top.So the Taj Mahal (like other monuments built by the Mughals) is a product of the architectural traditions from different parts of the world.One of the structures which directly influenced the Taj Mahal (and Humayun’s Tomb too) is the Gur-e-Amir (“Tomb of the King”) in Uzbekistan; where an ancestor of the Mughals, Timur (or Tamerlane) is buried.Gur-e-Amir is a one-cupola building, which is famous for its simplicity of construction and for its solemn monumentality of appearance. It is an octahedral building crowned by an azure fluted dome. The exterior decoration of the walls consists of the blue, light-blue and white tiles organized into geometrical and epigraphic ornaments against a background of terracotta bricks. [14](Image source : Gur-e-Amir - Mausoleum in Samarkand - Thousand Wonders)Mughal architecture is a synthesis of of Persian, Turkic, Timurid Iranian, Central Asian, and Indian Hindu and Muslim styles. [15]E.B.Havell in his book A Handbook of Indian Art (page 142) writes how the Taj Mahal is an Islamic structure built in the Hindu and Buddhist traditions :E.B.Havell quotes a line from W.R.Lethaby’s Architecture (page 207) in his book Indian architecture, its psychology, structure, and history from the first Muhammadan invasion to the present day (page 31) to describe Mughal architecture. He says that like all true architeture, it was “not a thing of will, of design,or of scholarship, but a discovery of the nature of things in building, a continuous development along the same line of direction imposed by needs, desires, and traditions”.And that Mughal architecture is “Indian in body and soul” :Up until the 20th century, the Taj Mahal was considered a “symbol of love”, that the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan constructed for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal.But after it was finished, Shah Jahan visited the Taj only twice.There is a letter from Aurangzeb to him after a visit, reporting that the dome was leaking and needed to be fixed (mentioned in this answer previously). Shah Jahan wasn't bothered: He had moved on to designing his next project, Shahjahanabad, shifting the Mughal capital from Agra.That is why Aakar Patel in an article writes that Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in gratitude :Shah Jahan became emperor because of his wife. Her relatives used the uncertainty around Jahangir's illness and death, to secure power for him.By the time he arrived in Agra, his brothers had all been blinded. This left the throne open for Khurram (as Shah Jahan was named) and without his wife, he would not have been emperor.[…]Absent the quick actions of his wife, Khurram would likely have been blinded or executed by one of his brothers, instead of going on to become a name famous in history.And so the Taj was likely an act of Shah Jahan showing gratitude and it explains why, having done this, he moved on without a qualm.[16]Recent studies have found out that the Taj Mahal is a representation of Paradise associated with the notion of Last Judgment.This vision is due to Wayne Ernest Begley, who published a comprehensive study on the subject. If contemporary texts of the creation of the Taj Mahal specify it, it is essentially the works of Begley which confirms it: The plans of the monument were made compared to the "Plain of the Assembly" (Ard al-Hashr), the eschatological place of the Last Judgment.The layout of the buildings is similar to the plan which is described in the manuscripts of the Illuminations of Mecca by Ibn Arabi :Hence, the Taj Mahal represents a spiritual journey. The complex is divided into 4 parts, all aligned from South to North. Each passage from one to the other corresponds to a symbolic passage, from the most terrestrial to the most celestial.The inner courtyard, named Jilaukhana, is a place of preparation for spiritual life. Symbolically this is the place where people from outside prepare to enter the holiest places of the monument, a place where are the graves of the first two wives of Emperor Shah Jahan and where the officiant resided religious, at the time.The garden (“charbagh”) is a representation of Paradise; and the 4 channels symbolize the 4 rivers of Paradise according to Muslims, namely the river of water, that of milk, that of wine and that of honey.The mausoleum, octagonal, is on a square base, a geometric form associated with the earth. We must know that according to Muslims, we speak not of one but of 8 paradises. It is easy to get between these 8 paradises and the octagon of the mausoleum, and we have a chain: Square to octagon to dome, which symbolically represents the passage from the earth to Paradise. And the 4 minarets are a direct reference to the ascension of souls to the sky.[17](Image source : Taj Mahal from the sky — Wikimedia Commons)In his answer to this question, Puneetchandra Sharma mentions a portion of the English translation of Ain-i-Akbari by Henry Blochmann (Ain-i-Akbari by Abul Fazl, tr by H. Blochmann, Vol I, page 341, No. 30), which reads :Man Singh died a natural death in the 9th year of Jahangir's reign whilst in the Dak'hin. Sixty of his fifteen hundred wives burned themselves on the funeral pile. At the time of his death, only one of his numerous sons was alive, Bhao Singh, regarding whose succession to the title vide Tuzuk i Jahinngiri,“The ground on which the Taj at A'grah stands, belonged to Man Singh.”Mr Sharma argues that “very fact that the Taj Mahal was there before Mumtaz died, falsifies the the present historians claim that it was built by Shah Jahan.”Except it doesn’t.In the beginning of A’i’n 30, which is titled Grandees of the Empire (where the aforementioned excerpt is from); Abul Fazl, referring to the Grandees of the Court, writes that he shall “merely record, in form of a table, their names and the titles which have been conferred upon them” (page 308) :But we find that in the Blochmann translation, there isn’t a mere table but a list of 415 Grandees of the Mughal Empire along with their biographies (from page 308 to page 526).In the footnote on page 308, the translator has written :The fact that these biographies are not there in Francis Gladwin’s translation of Ain-i-Akbari proves that they were not there in the original text, and were only included by Henry Blochmann in his translation.That is why Blochmann has written “The ground on which the Taj at A'grah stands, belonged to Man Singh.”; because he was aware of the history of the Taj.Abul Fazl could not have written this, because he died in 1602 and the construction of the Taj Mahal did not even begin till 1632.TL;DR — NO.The Taj Mahal is not a temple of Lord Shiva.It was commissioned by Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his deceased wife Mumtaz Mahal. And while it can be argued if it is actually a “symbol of love”, it was certainly never a temple.Also read : What are your views of P.N. Oak’s theory that the Taj Mahal was not built by Shah Jahan and 'Tejo Mahalaya'? by Mayur KanaiyaReferencesThe True Story of the Taj Mahal by Stephen Knapp (a summary of P.N. Oak’s book Tajmahal : The True Story)The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and AsiaIndian architecture, its psychology, structure, and history from the first Muhammadan invasion to the present day by E. B. HavellArchaeological Survey of India’s Report for the year 1871–1872The Taj Mahal by Lesley A. DuTempleAn English Translation of the Adab-i-'Alamgiri : The Period Before the War of Succession being The Letters of Prince Muhammad Aurangzib Bahadur to Muhammad Shihabu'd-din Shah Jahan Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani, Emperor of Hindustan by Vincent John Adams FlynnA Handbook to Agra and the Taj, Sikandra, Fathepur-Sikri, and the Neighbourhood by E. B. HavellThe Question of the Taj Mahal by P. S. Bhat and A. L. AthawaleAN ARCHITECT LOOKS AT THE TAJ MAHAL LEGEND by Marvin H. MillsHistory's Mysteries: People, Places and Oddities Lost in the Sands of Time by Brian HaughtonRadiocarbon, 1977 ; BROOKLYN COLLEGE RADIOCARBON DATES I by Evan T. WilliamsA Handbook of Indian Art by E. B. HavellThe Ain i Akbari by Abul Fazl ‘Allami, translated from the original Persian, by H. BlochmannAyeen Akbery; or, The Institutes of the Emperor Akber. Translated from the Original Persian by Francis GladwinFootnotes[1] Craftsmen who built Taj Mahal preserved their names in stone[2] The real story of how Taj Mahal was built[3] Discovering the soul of Agra … not at the Taj Mahal - Breathedreamgo[4] Mosque of the Taj Mahal[5] Taj Mahal[6] Is There a Third Set of Graves in Taj[7] Information About Third Grave at Taj[8] Opinion | Separating the Taj Mahal From Legend[9] part2_15[10] The Interior of the Main Dome[11] Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah - Wikipedia[12] Taj Mahal Architecture: Origins in Humayun's Tomb (Video) • Approach Guides[13] The Quincunx: Queen of Symbols[14] Gur-e-Amir - Wikipedia[15] Boundless Art History[16] Shah Jahan built the Taj in gratitude[17] Symbolism of the Taj Mahal

Let me go straight to the point on your question. To be honest and in my personal opinion, the number of jets in the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) is not enough. The Gripen-E would basically meet the exact needs of the RMAF..What it would cover is the cost of operation which is related to the fuel and parts, the other is the skill sets. The Swedes designed their aircraft to be support by 6–7 ground crew which includes a crew chief and 5–6 conscripts. There is less required in terms of support equipment as the aircraft seats very low. The engine is a proven and reliable. It is a similar engine that currently powers the C/D Hornet models. You don't need a statement for big and powerful jet to say to your enemies. What you need is a smart strategy that could give your enemies headaches. A Gripen would give an enemy a lot of headache. A large number would give some serious thoughts to an enemy of how much they could get hurt.The Gripen's small size eases maintenance, as many access panels are signNowable from ground level. Source: Hush Kits: URL: Saab J 29 Tunnan and JAS 39 Gripen compared: Part 1, The barrel and the griffonLets look at another picture. If we are in a perfect world and Malaysia has no money and political will issues, then the JAS-39 GRIPEN-E would be one of the ideal jets Malaysia should have. In my view the jet is very capable and incorporate technologies and weapon systems which is on par with bigger jets! Furthermore its a lot cheaper to operate than many on the market today. The jet was design for ease of maintenance, something ideally suited to the Malaysian air force. I mean i would like to have a jet that is damn easy to maintain and use, and less of a stress for my ground crew. I would also need a jet that has a good turnaround time so that i can launch 3–5 sorties a day. Apart from that, i can armed my Gripen with high tech weapons that could attack and defend itself. It would be a jet the pilot would be confident in, when they go into battle.The Gripen specification was very demanding in the multi-role requirement alone and the setting of a strict weight limit increased the challenge. All other things being equal (and they rarely are in aviation) aircraft cost is broadly proportional to weight; a shrinking defence budget dictated a firm price limit for the new fighter. Saab responded with its usual innovative approach, and bucked the trend of fighter weight increasing with each generation. Where the Viggen had an empty weight of around 23,100 lb (10,500 kg), the Gripen A tipped the scales at only 14,300 lb (6,500 kg), a reduction of 38%. This is actually extremely light for a modern combat aircraft. To put it in context, the Lockheed F-16A, which was specifically designed for the USAF’s Lightweight Fighter project of the early 1970s, weighed 16,234 lb (7,364 kg) empty, some 13% more. The fighter closest in weight and concept to the JAS 39 was the now defunct Northrop F-20 Tigershark. It had an empty weight of 15,060 lb (6,831 kg) and used a variant of the same engine used by the Gripen. Despite its high performance, the F-20 was not procured by any of the American forces and thereby lost in the export marketplace to the ubiquitous F-16. The JAS 39 is of a later generation than the Tigershark and is achieving impressive export success. Information source: Hush Kits: URL: Saab J 29 Tunnan and JAS 39 Gripen compared: Part 1, The barrel and the griffonThe GRIPEN-E would have been an ideal choice for many nations looking for a smaller and effective fighter that cost less to operate and easy to maintain. However it came with some catch as some of the items on the Gripen will require US approval. Source of the Picture: by Anders Lejczak, 3D Models for download / freebiesBut in reality, this is not the case. The RMAF faces enough hurdles and the intervention of the Ministry of Defence in the selection bid as well as the intervention of politicians. Basically, they don't really get what they wanted in the first place. If the RMAF got their way, i don't think we have the jets that we are operating now.The Gripen should be the most ideal solution for Malaysia. Skill set, and maintenance demand are critical to the air force operations. The nation needs to be smart in their strategy. Gripen and the other is the FA-50 would be the perfect choice for a Hi-Lo combat strength. Picture source: Pinterest: URL: Saab jas 39 gripen on Pinterest | Air force fighter jets, Fighter jet rides and JetsWhat do Malaysia have now is 8 x F/A-18D Night Strike Hornets, about 15 BAE Hawk 100 an 200 and 18 x Su-30MKM Flankers. A total of 41 jets is currently on hand to defend a nation which is separate in 2 land mass with a distance of about 1000km. They certainly need more than 41. Even so the Royal Malaysia Air Force will need field the entire 41 jets given some will go into service or maintenance. So lets say 50% is on maintenance and servicing. Then your talking about 20 jets to protect the air space! Source: Wikipedia: URL: Royal Malaysian Air Force - WikipediaHawk 200 light weight fighters. I was thrilled to hear when Malaysia ordered 28 Hawk 100 and 200. 18 units was for the single seat version. At the time, this Hawk 200 was featured in Air Force Monthly. I was thinking about them as little pocket fighters. Equipped with the same radar as on the early model F-16A so i imagine these jets could carry a powerful punch as they could be equipped with Sky Flash and Sparrow missiles. Until now i really love these jets. It would have been ashamed if Malaysia was to scrap them! Information Source of the Hawk 200 is: Wikipedia, URL: British Aerospace Hawk 200 - Wikipedia…Picture source: Malaysian Defence: http://www.malaysiandefence.com/...To make it worthwhile and hurt the enemy badly even though we will lose, Malaysia will need at least 120–150 jet fighters to protect the country. That is the most minimal against an enemy who posses a much higher number of fighters. If Malaysia was facing an enemy that had 5 times the number of high quality fighter, then its probable to lose base on today’s numbers. Malaysia could deal a heavy blow to the enemy in my opinion so enemy defence planners will need to look at the reality of it. It is worth the risk will depend on what the enemy is after. Source: Opinion of Danial Shazly. This opinion is not related to others, but it is the opinion and views this author has expressed. The views here is not reflective of the views of Malaysia Defence Ministry and those of the Royal Malaysia Air Force or the Armed Forces of Malaysia.Here, the F-5E in RMAF services sporting modern colour. The Tiger II could have been upgraded with BVR missiles and new radar, enhancing the jets lethality. Source: Key publishing: URL: Strange Air Forces: Royal Malaysian Air ForceMalaysia with its strange economic standings should focus on building its light weight fighter pool. They had a great jet fighter in the 80s, which was the Northrop F-5E Tiger II, a jet that is still in service among many nations who uses it as a frontline fighter. The F-5E was a great light fighter in its day when serving with the RMAF. So in my opinion, Malaysia should go back to that approach of using light fighters that could operated cheaply and is deadly in a multi range of missions that could surprise even the most sophisticated enemy.The F-5E would have been an ideal jet if Malaysia kept them longer as the jet was low cost to operate and easy to maintain. It is an agile lightweight fighter, well suited for Malaysia. Malaysia operates the F-5E, F-5F and the RF-5E. Source:Picture Source: TUDM RF-5E Tigereye - Royal Malaysian Air Force • Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia (TUDM) - GalleryIn my own opinion and as frustrated as i am with the current state of the Royal Malaysian Air Force and those political nature of their planning, strategy and decision making, the RMAF and the Malaysian Government need to really buckle up. Like the entire Malaysian Armed Forces, the air force plays one of the most signNow role in protecting the 30 million resident of Malaysia. What i might add is the puny 41 jets available to defend the entire nation and this could be a laughing stock to a potential enemy and a nod in the head as to the current state of affairs. Basically, lack of decision making and planning also emphasis the lack of decision making and planning in a potential war. There is no time to play budget game, middle man game and political game. The RMAF and the Government understands there is going to be great issues in the South China Sea in about 10 years once all the chess pieces are in place, the game is on…If the RMAF have skill issues with regards to maintenance and the number of personal it needs, then in my personal opinion, the JAS-39 Gripen-E is a fool proof jet with such a low maintenance demand and requires a smaller team to maintain it. Don't kid yourself on the pretext of so called buying the Rafale and Typhoon when the air force have some serious problems of maintaining and managing a rugged machine like the MIG-29..The Rafale and Typhoon is equipped with the technologies that will take a entire maintenance team to learn in many years and even so, they will lose people to the private sector. The JAS Gripen is small but bloody lethal and solid built like the SAAB cars! A big fella can pick on a smaller kid but when they grab your balls and squeeze then your going to have a pretty tough day with pain!…The Gripen is a jet to meet the similar purpose of Sweden. They want something that is easy to maintain, have quick turnaround time and be maintain with minimal skills within the team. They should have a solid support base as well as sufficient spare parts affordable enough to stack against a a superior force. That stacks of parts is enough to cover what could be an entire duration of fighting. A Gripen could be used as much as 2–5 sorties per day, enough to punch a nose on the enemy. Malaysia should seriously look at buying not 18….please not 18…at least for that size nation, possibly as much as 72 or even more, to be serious enough for an enemy to consider would it be worth the fight! Standardise would be sufficient for the maintenance and support teams to be more efficient and focus on supporting the jets in real time combat. Having 3 or 4 different jets is just shitty planning for the air force and also a big risk for a small nation. No matter how much the government puts on its table the power of diplomacy, when an enemy puts on table they want war…i sure hope by then Malaysia is able to defend herself until or if her allies comes to her rescue!…or else without the support of air power, losing an air battle would be the biggest and costliest mistake for a country who holds the record for having the largest Twin Tower in the world. Can anyone defend on that? Gripen should be viable enough!….I say sorry in advance to my readers here for the words i use but such an air force like the RMAF and Malaysian defence needs to really buckle up…a good example the signing to upgrades the Fulcrum and then retire them straight away…Quick decision to make but lousy planning they have…I am sure the Russians are not happy about such a quick turn of events when it comes to the undecided and unknown thoughts and thinking of Malaysian Defence Planners!

I have a slightly different interpretation of this verse, in my limited experience and understanding. Rather than attempting a straight translation, I would like to articulate my thought process. Here it is:a. Something does not add up here...Prima facie, Sri Krishna seems to be saying that work must be done with no expectation of results. This flies in the face of common-sense, doesn't it? We all act out of some expectation - motivation is always a result of either desire or fear. For instance, If Gandhi had no expectation of India's freedom, would he have found the conviction and the determination to lead the life he did? Seems unlikely. Humans need an end point, a closure, a goal to work towards. Something tells us this can't be all. b. A clue to something deeperIn my opinion, the key to this verse lies in the word 'phala-hetu' in the second line. I owe this insight to Rajiv Malhotra who says, "Indian logic is retrospective. The effect comes first; then, subsequently, the cause is inferred and stated. This is called 'phala-hetu' which means 'effect and cause'" (Source: Being Different, Rajiv Malhotra, Page 120). This leads us to the next conclusion...c. Karma is interconnected and web-like, not linearThe concept of 'phala-hetu' is the opposite of the Newtonian / Western view of 'Cause and Effect'. In inverting the phrase to 'Effect and their causes', the Indian worldview recognizes that every action, every event and every result has multiple influences. To take a literal example, suppose I plant some seeds and nurture a tree to life. Did the tree grow just by my Karma? No, it depended on the minerals in the soil, the earthworms, the ground water, the sunlight. The seeds themselves were a result of a bunch of Karma, coming as they did from the fruits of an earlier tree, sown by an earlier gardener. Every effect is a result of a web of inter-related karmas, done by multiple karmis at various points in time, none of which are the only cause to the effect. d.The concept of adhikaraNow, when a succulent fruit grows on the tree,  if I exclaim, "I am the only one who has the ownership (adhikara) of this fruit, because I grew it", it is an inaccurate statement. It is a sign of my 'ahamkara', my inability to see the contribution of the whole. This is not to say that I cannot desire it or enjoy it. This merely means that I am not the sole adhikari of the fruit. I must acknowledge the various Karmas and Karmis that helped me achieve the fruits I desired. e. But you are not irrelevantI still needed to do my bit. My contribution to the Karmic web is not irrelevant. The effect would be compromised to the extent that I withhold my Karma. I had to sow the seeds and water the sapling every day. This act came from my desire and my motivation, which is the only thing over which I have complete Adhikara. f. My inaction does not protect me from the effect of KarmaThe Karmic web has infinite momentum, and it will keep spinning effects whether or not I act. My inaction would not stop Karma, it would just lead to a different Phala. Even if I do not water the tree, there will be a consequence, in this case, the pre-mature death of the tree. I will have to reap the consequence of it - the waste of money in procuring the seeds, the disappointment etc. Knowing that the Karmic web will keep spinning, it is naive to think that there will be no consequence if I do not act. There will be a different consequence, and I as part of the web will be obliged to experience it. So it is not advisable for me to be attached to in-action. g. Relevance to the Context. Arjuna thinks by not acting, he would avert the killing of his loved ones. But given the momentum of the Karmic web, the war would occur, and they all would die one way or the other. He need not take complete ownership one way or the other because everyone - Yudhishtira, Karna, Duryodhana, Bishma, Shakuni, Krishna himself and virtually everyone else- were Karmis that led to this war.He must not be naive, therefore, and act. His inaction prevents nothing. His guilt is misplaced if he takes all of it upon himself. h. Attempting a translation of the verse from this perspectiveKnowing that the wheel of Karma will keep spinning and producing effects, do your bit, Arjuna. Don't refrain from action. When the fruits come, do not claim sole adhikara of it; since you were not the only cause of them. Acknowledge all who contributed to it. You have adhikara over your actions alone, Arjuna. That is your own decision, choose it wisely.

Any industry involving a large amount of paperwork make use electronic signatures. In other words, all industries make use of electronic signatures because all of them have piles of paperwork to handle. Some examples of such industries include financial, life science, healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.Industries such as the pharmaceutical industry, have a number of licenses and other paperwork that they have to handle and keep track of. It can be a tedious task to perform such cumbersome paper processes. Therefore, e-signatures can facilitate an organisation in keeping a track of all this paperwork, by signing electronically.Healthcare industries usually involve time-sensitive documents, which need to be urgently completed. But, it can take days in case of the traditional wet ink paper signatures for the documents to signNow the signer and back, if the parties are geographically scattered. But with electronic signatures, that is not the case. Geographical barriers do not play a role. Documents which earlier needed days to be completed, can now be signed and sent back within minutes, in the click of a button. Furthermore, it takes a long time to bring assets under management. The time taken by the signing process, if wet ink paper signatures are used, may even further delay the process. But by using electronic signatures, the whole process can speed up.Apart from these, there are many paper prone industries which require huge amount of paperwork and with the use of electronic signatures they can make their everyday processes smoother and more efficient.

The gospels were written within living memory of Jesus. It is entirely possible that they were written by men who knew him personally, or who at least knew his disciples or other eye-witnesses to his life. There is better evidence that the Apostle Matthew wrote the gospel of Matthew than there is that Tacitus wrote the Annals.The quote from Matthew Ferguson, provided by Mike Winslade, sells the source material short by a wide margin. Again, the gospels were written within living memory of Jesus, within a close-knit community that was frequently in communication with one another. By comparison, the biographies of Julius Caesar missed living memory by a century or more. The biographies of Alexander the Great missed his life by more than three hundred years. That is the rule, not the exception. And in the case of Caesar and Alexander, there are just as many miraculous events and just as many inconsistencies between sources.To claim that we don’t know anything about the historical Jesus from the gospels is both disingenuous and misleading. These claims are just as valid for any other figure of ancient history, but you never see that sort of disclaimer added to a biography of Plato, Hannibal, Socrates, Aristotle, or Alexander. Or, for that matter, Charlemagne or William Shakespeare, the lives of both of whom are less well documented than that of Jesus of Nazareth. When you read the biography of Julius Caesar on Wikipedia, you see a prolonged and detailed account that gets deep into the weeds on intimate aspects of Caesars life. At no point is there a disclaimer pointing out that there is not a single contemporary biography of Julius Caesar, that the earliest primary source on the life of Caesar (outside of writings purported to be by Caesar himself) was written nearly 200 years after his death, that the primary sources offer conflicting, erroneous, and blatantly supernatural material, or that the authors of the primary sources worshiped Caesar as a god. All of those things are true, not just for Julius Caesar, but for virtually every other figure of ancient history. But for some reason, only Jesus of Nazareth warrants giant warning labels informing readers that the sources are “unreliable” for these same kinds of reasons.So pervasive is this hyper-skepticism that a good portion of the laity believe that Jesus never existed at all, a proposition that is so incredibly uninformed, from an academic perspective, that it ranks right up there with flat earthism and moon landing deniers.It is high time this misleading pretext is retired, and Jesus is actually considered and described under the same conditions that are applied to every other figure of history. If historians can claim that Alexander the Great was bisexual based on sources written half a millennium after his death, there is no reason whatsoever that we should question whether Jesus was born in Bethlehem, a claim that is supported by two primary sources within half a century of his life, and for which there is not a single shred of contrary evidence.

Wanna get more leads…? If yes, then I would likely suggest,Infodataplace -Best ProviderEmaildatabase Marketing -Cost EffectiveWhat is lead? What is lead generation? Why is it important? How it works?... Well, you can get all the info to develop your business today.What is Lead?A lead is a person who has indicated interest in your company’s product or service.What is Lead Generation?Lead generation refers to the process of generating prospective consumer interest or inquiring into a company’s products or services. In other words, it is the building up of interest in businesses products or services. The lead generation process is achieved when the visitor either signs up for the service or requests more information, usually by entering their contact details on the website. Managing the effectiveness and efficiency of lead generation marketing requires clearly defines objectives, better insight with the sales organization. However, a lead generation campaign is used to create interest around a certain product or service with the aim of maintaining a healthy relationship with your target audience. Once a customer shows an interest in your business in some way, you can then start to target them as a lead.How it works…?Lead generation is a win-win for both the buyer and seller and it can be an easy and cost-effective way to increase your return on investment. When a stranger initiates a relationship with you by showing an organic interest in your business, the transition from stranger to a customer is much more natural. However, generating leads is a fundamental point in an individual’s journey to become an engaging customer. Within the scope of direct marketing strategy, lead generation describes the process of stimulating and capturing interest in a product or service for the purpose of increasing sales. For most businesses, finding target customers and successfully signNowing them is a long and difficult process. With the possibility of lead generation companies, you can generate more leads quickly and effectively.So, the next obvious question for any marketer would be… How do I get Leads? Where it comes from?Based on my research and experience, I have found the successful ways to generate leads, regardless of your industry.Buy a high-quality lead from good B2B Lead Generation Company.Send personalized emails to your customers about the arrival of a new product/serviceMake use of Social Media to find prospects and guide them to take action.Create an attractive call-to-action that takes your visitor to a landing page.Optimize your landing page in such a way that deserves attention.Make sure that you offer value to your visitors.Use blog posts to promote an offer for your product or service.Make your website mobile-friendlyUse Search Engine Optimization (SEO) to maximize the traffic of your website.Create high-quality blog/newsletters that readers actually wanna read.Use Webinars to meet your audience and launch your product in front of them.Use a press release to drive traffic to your website.Set up a referral program to generate more leads.Make sure to generate online reviews to build a trust of your customers and to make them buy your particular product/service.Speak or attend trade shows/events to meet new customers for your product/service.Have a look at your competitors and their unsatisfied customer, the reason behind dissatisfactionHowever, out of these efforts, buying leads is easier and efficient way than organically generating your own list. Hopefully, I think you are feeling more confident about buying leads. Is it so? If yes, now go forth and generate more leads for your business…!Convert your online traffic like never before and start collecting lead in minutes with the best lead generation company…! Get ready…!Hope this helps….Wish you a good luck…!

Want to start a business?ei?I, by no means, an experienced businessman or have any knowledge on business, but I have plans to do in near future that I'd like to do. So here's my answer that I'd probably do.First, you must realize that successful business exist mainly to make money, not solely your social device or political vehichle(but these things can be your side objective). It exist to makes you more money. Although you can use the profit however you like, keep that in mind.Firstly, since I have no knowledge of what kind of business you have in mind, I'll assume you would use one of the oldest job in history,TradingEspecially if you don't have productive capacity, trading can be beneficial to you. By trading, I don't mean peddlers and garage sale, but big trade, like industry to industry trade (I don't know the word for it, but it exist) or international trade. I've been working in a int. Trading company and oh boy, money In and out everyday in big volumes. But there's catch, if you want to do this type of business, you must know at least either one, the buyer or the seller(customer or supplier). It'll save you much hassle, time, and economy.You might want to learn more about this type of business. Just go to your usual search engine and find trading business, find the one that is not about stocks and crypto (that a good alt. If you want to invest).Where to open stores?If you really want to open a physical store, that's fine. But you need to know that we live in the age when a message can cross thousands of miles within seconds. E-commerce is a good friend for any business for its potential of global-wide signNow. Remember that.You might want to consider what type of product you're going to sell at certain places. In other word, market research. You need to know what the populace wants and how much they're willing to pay. If it's not much for you, then you better drop it. I know that there's some people who run succesfull business because they want to help people. But that's why they're succesfull,they're filling the demands, therefore giving the good business.To open a store in a city? You're gonna have to ask your local city. you may want to open in crowded place(i.e. Mall and shopping center), or a building down the streets with large enough sign to let people know what you're doing there. Here, advertisement plays a big role in your business.Where do I get a loan?Easy thing is you can get a loan from anywhere, your family, friends, relatives, banks, loan company, investors, and more.The hard part is to make sure that you can pay it back. That's why I stress the potential for business everytime I have an idea.The easiest way to get a loan is from a loan company or similar. They will give you loans without much questions asked. But this gives you a disadvantage of high interest. So if you really know how to run business, this type of loan might be the fastest procurement, but avoided for novices.Next are banks, they will evaluate your business chances and have a higher possibility of rejecting a proposal if it's seems to have no worth. But they'll give a relatively lower interest rates than loan company do.Family, friends, and relatives? Talk to them yourself. Set a comforting deal if they are to loan you something. Sometimes, families are more straight forward toward your and their decision.So that's probably the big line of business that I have in mind, there are more, but that's of my own capacity to do that.Hope you have a good business to run and hope this answer helps.P.S. there's a fine thin line between a professional and a jerk. You'll know.