eSignature Presentation for Procurement Later

Doubtless, Russia’s new weapons are formidable and currently represent the gravest threat to the US missile defence system - in fact, THAAD, Aegis and alike are useless. But I still doubt the fact that Moscow possesses such weapons. Of course, there are videos of how it is being launched, but how Avangard acts high above the Earth is obscure - Putin still shows us the video editing, which looks far from ideal one.Sources with direct knowledge of U.S. intelligence reports on the issue told CNBC that Russia had successfully tested Avangard twice in 2016, while an October 2017 test ended in failure when the platform crashed seconds before striking its target.But I think sooner or later this weapon will be ready. And here is another problem that Moscow has to face: money. The Russians are grappling with buying their weapons, though they often make great inventions. Russia’s 5th generation stealth fighter, Su-57, is far from being a production-ready - the Kremlin has ordered only about 10 units compared to the US 200 F-22 and over 300 F-35, and in the 2020s there will be over a 1000 F-35.The US has the peerless fleet of aircraft carriers with hundreds of F/A-18 Hornets and son will be equipped with F-35s. Russia has only 1 aircraft carrier which is under repair now. The US has 19, which is several times more than all other nations combined.I have even once heard a joke: Who has the largest air force? The US. Who has the second largest? The US Navy. Sorry, it is not a joke - it is unvarnished truth.Russia’s Stealth Su-57:Russia's Su-57 Stealth Fighter Is No Game ChangerThe same has happened to Armata, cutting-edge tank. For years it has been shown on the Red Square, and the Kremlin has been boasting about its capabilities and calling it the killer of American Abrams and German Leopard, but its test operations will only begin in 2019.The US is Accelerating Development of Its Own 'Invincible' Hypersonic WeaponsPentagon is working on the creation of its own hypersonic weapons, as well as measures to counter Russia’s new missiles.US awards $1bn contract for hypersonic missile as it falls behind Russia and China in new arms raceBut we should admit that in spite of the fact that there are doubts pertaining to Russia's hypersonic weapons, the US seems to lag behind.In my opinion, in the near future the US will outcompete other powers. Pentagon now realizes how important missile defences are, and therefore will shift focus from fighter jets and fleet to other types weapons.President Trump has recently announced the creation of the US space forces, which will drastically expand the capabilities of the US. Space forces are necessary to protect the US military satellites and exterminate intercontinental ballistic missiles and hypersonic weapons like Avangard.Lockheed Martin is also working on the all-new SR-72 Blackbird, the inheritor o the legendary SR-71 Blackbird, whose characteristics still excite people interested in the military, which will have a speed over 5 Mach and will be invincible to all available A2/ADs.Despite being used in the s, the design of the Blackbird is very exciting and his max speed is over 3.2 Mach (3500 km/h), cruising speed is stupendous 3.17 Mach(3300 km/h)! During the Vietnam War, it was a nightmare for the Soviets. They fired over 800 missiles at it, but the Blackbird was not shot down! Very impressive. No one has ever done something even close to that. However, due to the high costs of maintenance and fast-wearing engine (plus the lack of targets to be destroyed), in 1998 it was withdrawn from use.The forthcoming will be even more dramatic. There are talks that the SR-72 will two versions: one conventional and one unmanned.In the 2020s, Northrop Grumman will begin the production of the B-21, a stealth bomber with unrivalled capabilities that will remain undetected (or almost undetected) for an enemy’s missile defence.Russia and China have nothing close to the characteristic of B-2 and forthcoming B-21.Information about B-2 stealth bomber.It is a unique heavy penetration bomber. It is the most expensive aircraft in history, with total program cost averaged $2.1 billion!Each taxpayer has paid around $700 for the entire program.For a single B-2, you can buy 10 F-22 Raptors, 70 F-15 Eagles, or over 100 A-10 Warthogs.Each aircraft has a crew of two, a pilot in the left seat and mission commander in the right, and has provisions for a third crew member if needed. For comparison, the B-1B has a crew of four and the B-52 has a crew of five.The B-2 is highly automated, and one crew member can sleep in a camp bed, use a toilet, or prepare a hot meal while the other monitors the aircraft, unlike most two-seat aircraft.The B-2 is capable of carrying 40,000 lb (18,000 kg) of ordnance.The B-2 is considered the most capable and formidable bomber in the world.Source: Wikipedia.Moreover, soon the F-35 will get certain packages that will allow him to become a 6th gen fighter, such as laser-guided bombs, advanced radars and sensors, etc.This will make the F-35 even more powerful. In addition, there are almost 200 air superiority fighters F-22. Thousands of F-16s, F-18s, F-15s(it has zero losses).Beyond the F-22 or F-35: What Will the Sixth-Generation Jet Fighter Look Like?USS Gerald Ford and other aircraft carriers are testing laser weapons, which will effectively counter Russia's Zircon & Avangard missiles, both on the land and sea.However, there are certain realms in which Russia does supplant the US, such as A2-AD systems (anti-access, area-denial missiles) and missile defence. In fact, unique technologies of Russia in this sphere are the inheritance from the USSR and Russia’s current capabilities in this field are very formidable. S-300, S-400 and upcoming S-500, Pantsir S-1, Buk, Tor are really the best in their classes.Here arises the difference in military strategy of the US and Russia. The US counts on its military as primarily offensive weapons (to spread democracy across the world), though Pentagon could also use its aircrafts as interceptors of incoming missiles, while Moscow believes more in the defense and therefore has the best A2/ADs.Even though with less remarkable characteristics than S-400, the US has Patriot.… and THAAD, which is the competitor of Russian S-500(they are both for missile defence, whereas the above described are generally against fighter jets and drones). For now, THAAD is deemed as the most effective system in its class, but the Russians will soon acquire formidable S-500 - doubtless, it will be a state-of-the-art A2/AD.As for China, they are good at the appropriation of intellectual property. For instance, Chinese J-31 uses technologies adapted from F-35. Here's what China plans to do with the J-31 stealth fighter — its copy of the F-35J-15 is literally the copy of Russian Su-33.However, it seems like the Chinese can’t even implement the stolen property properly - China Copied This Russian Jet Fighter (And It Has All Sorts of Problems)Doubtless, the Chinese fighter jets are no competitors to that of the US or Russia. Sorry, China: J-20 Stealth Fighters are No Match for an F-22 or F-35Nonetheless, there is one area in which China is very strong (as Russia) - missile defence, in particular, the so-called aircraft-carriers killer missiles, such as DF-21D, which are allegedly capable of destroying the US carriers (and actually were created with this primary objective). Let us hope that collisions of USS carriers and Chinese/Russian missiles will not occur.China's New Carrier-Killer Missile Could Mean Big Trouble for the Navy…The USA has the largest Navy in the world, equipped with the most advanced technologies. Russia and China are light years behind the US in this field. The USS Nimitz Class Aircraft carrier used to be the most powerful and the largest in its class. The US has nine of them. China and Russia have none of this size. Their carriers are smaller than Nimitz. But recently one country has beat Nimitz. Do you know which? USS Gerald Ford!Above all, the US has absolutely unrivaled fleet of destroyers, cruisers, submarines, corvettes.The USS Zumwalt - the first ever stealth destroyer. Zumwalt has stealth capabilities, having a radar cross-section similar to a fishing boat despite her large size.It costs around $4 billion. Max speed is 62km/h(39 m/h). The destroyer can carry up to 80 missiles, including Tomahawks.I have only named a few examples. I haven’t mentioned the A-10 Warthog, the legendary B-52, B-1 Lancer, and many other state-of-the-art inventions of the US.We do not know the real capabilities of the US army - in the last century, no one knew that the US was developing stealthy F-117 and B-2 and other sophisticated technologies. Therefore, it is highly likely that the US already has weapons that no one has even though of. The US has the largest military budget. It has the best universities (Stanford, Harvard, MIT, Caltech, Columbia) that produce the best engineers and inventors.To elucidate, the US has the most powerful military in the world, though China and Russia challenge and even outcompete it in some areas. And the main obstacle of the Russian military is appropriate funding - they have great engineers and inventions, but, as usual, money determines the course of events.I think that in the long run, China will be able to make truly impressive weapons - Beijing has a steadily increasing military budget and does its best to evolve its R&D capabilities. However, for now, their weapons are mostly based on Soviet, Russian and American technologies.

Anonymous OP= Sadist w/o enough proof and evidence a.k.a TROLL.So here it is for Ya’all sadists fanboys.LOOK AT IT. UNDERSTAND IT. DIGEST IT. RESPECT IT!The answer is very long, but I assure you that it is to the point and will answer both questions in detail.The LCA-Tejas is the replacement for the soviet origin Mig-21 fighter aircrafts, which have been in air for around 70 years with various air-forces across the globe, Indian Air Force being a major customer with considerable numbers still in service. The LCA has hit the production lines and 123 are on order.But it is still a question if LCA is a worthy successor to the Mig-21? and if the country has gained anything from this or is it just another piece of junk?This answer shall dig into the above questions.Content:1.Role2.Aerodynamics3.Stealth4.Safety5.How it has helped the country?ROLE:Mig-21: It was primarily designed and inducted as an Interceptor, Later it was modified as CAS and a airsuperiority fighter.LCA: Point defense, multi-role fighter.Inference: The primary job of an interceptor is to gain speed and height quickly and to intercept incoming threats. They are not primarily designed to undertake CAS and Air-superiority fighter roles whereas LCA from the first day was supposed to be a multirole fighter. The design of Mig allows it to travel at very high speeds with degraded performance at low speed where as LCA has a balanced performance in all speed regimes.Little knowledge before going further:Aspect Ratio(AR): Ratio of total lenth of wing(wing span) to ChordWing loading(WL): It is ratio of gross weight to be carried by wing to area of wingLeading edge/Trailing edge :Anhedral/Dihedral:Chord: Line joining Leading edge to trailing edgeAOA: Angle between chord and Wind.Critical AOA: AOA for which lift is maximum or angle after which lift starts decreasing rapidly.Relation of AR with lift:Lift Vs AOA for various AR:Inference :Higher AR will have higher LiftMore the AR less will be the Critical AOA.Higher the AR, higher the induced dragAerodynamics of Delta Wings:Lift generated by delta wing has two components: Vortex lift+Potential Flow lift (read Lift on a flat plate)At lower angle of attack the lift is only the Potential flow component.(AOA=0*-5*)At higher angle of attacks Vortex are generated by the leading edge, which flow over wing and creates a low pressure region over wing and hence lift is generated.(AOA=5*-20*)At higher AOA the vortex starts getting disturbed and lift is decreased but can be controlled by certain measures.(AOA=20*-30*)Delta wing shows low lift at low A.O.A because of following reasons:More surface area for given amount of lift causes more viscous drag which decreases Lift/Drag ratio. More the ratio is better the lift.At low AOA the formation of vortex is not uniform or flow separation or due to vortex burst(I oversimplified way too much).Relation of WL with Maneuverability: The less the WL the better and faster will be the roll maneuver.AERODYNAMICS:Wing Type:Mig-21: Pure Cropped Delta with tail.LCA: Cropped Compound tailless delta.Inference: Mig had an extra control surface that added to the drag at high speed regime. Being pure cropped delta has it’s fair share of disadvantages as i mentioned above. Also due to the design the take off speed and distance is more for Mig-21 than Tejas.AR:Mig-21: 2.2LCA: ~1.75(Wing span^2 / wing area)Inference: Mig-21 focuses on more lift whereas LCA for less drag, no one wins in this department all matter of priorities. Trade-offs can’t be avoided.WL:Mig-21: 452LCA: 247Inference: LCA is a clear winner, this makes LCA more maneuverable in combat.Thrust to Weight Ratio:Mig-21: 0.7LCA: 1.07Inference: LCA wins, this gives LCA a better climb rate than Mig-21.Wing Position:Mig-21: -2* dihedralIts 2 deg annhedral sirLCA: Anhedral:Inference: Anhedral position of delta wings generates extra lift. LCA wins.AOA: This part is tricky.Mig-21:30*LCA:28*Inference: Despite using dihedral swept back cranks LCA has AOA 2* less than Mig-21, but at the same time it is good in terms of existing 4.5 gen aircrafts. The reason for the following can be the pure delta of Mig-21 which are best suited in for high AOA but poor lift at low AOA where as LCA tries to keep the lift enact even at low AOA and low speed, so the reduction of 2* AOA in LCA is a trade-off for a wider flight envelope.STEALTH:Inlet:Mig-21: Inlet cone with Inlet at front of the plane.LCA: Supersonic, Y-duct below and behind the wing.Inference: Mig doesnot gives stealth due to the protruding cone and compressor RCS just visible at the front whre as LCA has two advantage:Stealth by covering the Compressor RCS.Continious suppply of air at high AOA.Material Used:Mig-21: Mostly metal or alluminium alloyLCA: 44% is Carbon composite.Inference: LCA is more lighter, stronger and stealthier.Wing Blending: The Blending of wing with fuselage in LCA does two things:Lower down the RCS.Make fuselage a Lift generating object. This feature is not present in Mig-21.RAM: Extensive use of RAM(Radar Absorbing Materials) decrease the RCS both of body and the Cockpit through canopy.SAFETY:Needless to say from the day LCA was first flown it had never ever met with an accident, Mig-21 doesnot have a appreciable safety record which has earned it the name of “Flying Coffin”.IS LCA PROJECT A SCAM ON TAXPAYERS MONEY?Well, probably what’s your say on these?We paid $2B for INS vikramaditya when it was projected to be several millions.We are paying more than $3B for FGFA but the work share and ToT is still questionable.We are major share holder in Mig-29 and SU-30 MKI developement and still the supplier doesn't share spare parts of the same, result being more than 40% fighters being grounded at any given time and frequent crashes.We bought T-90S but it's FCS, Armour and Air condition, RCWS all run on that developed by DRDO for Arjun MBT, same stands for T-72 CIA. Reason Russia didn’t share the ToT as per agreement.Add up all these and the total financial figure can easily cross $10B. But still the media never shys away from calling this utterly over expensive, frequent maintainance and accident prone Russian equipments some sort of “Brahmastra” and the LCA which hasn’t met with an accident so far and an availability of 73% all the time a DUD. This is a bigger scam. Isn’t it?Coming to Tejas:1. It was meant to replace Mig-21 which was not a key fighter either.2.LCA remains the cheapest programme with just $1B on it’s R&D. Atleast one-fourteenth of the budget of nearest contemporary and still comparable.Can the OP produce any official reports to quantify the fact that an aircraft which is developed by an R&D organisation whose Total R&D budget is one-sixth of an E-retailing company’s R&D and having underpaid scientists as compared to it’s international peers is a SCAM.IS IT A CHEAP MIRAGE COPY?Perhaps NO. Why?Here is it :WING POSITION W.R.T FUSELAGE:Mirage: Flat i.e 0* w.r.t to horizontol axis.LCA: AnhedralInference: For Delta Wings Anhedral placement creates more lift, which further help to counter the lack of lift during slow speeds in tejas but thats not the case with Mirage, suffers lack of lift during slow speeds.Extra LIFT AND PERFORMANCE INCREMENT DEVICES(Canards/LERX/Chine etc):Mirage: Small strake on the intakes above wing.LCA: Crank (Marked in pink and dihedrally placed)Inference: Mirage doesnot have any Lift increment device, the strakes it uses it gives a littlehelp in maintaining airflow at high AOA but not very effective , unlike tejas whose dihedrally positioned forward swept crank helps it a lot to maintain lift at high angle of attack(AOA) by delaying flow separation above wings.BLENDING WING : Look at wing- fuselage for junction both :Mirage: The junction is clearly visible.LCA: There is blending of juction between wing-fuselage.Inference: Now this feature does two things-Makes the fuselage self lift creating object.Helps to reduce the RCS and add stealth to aircraft.Mirage is in disadvantage in this one.WING-LOADING : The lower the better. Lower wing loading is a key deciding factor about the maneuverability of aircraft. Lower wing-loading helps in better dogfight.Mirage:337 kg/m²LCA: 247 kg/m²Now comes the most complex of all but rather ignored topic the INTAKES. The topic is scientifically very critical in deciding the performance of aircraft.The position of inlet:Mirage: Beside the fuselage.LCA: Under and Behind wing.Inference: Putting the inlet sidewise, creates airflow moving over the surface of the fuselage develops a turbulent boundary layer, and ingesting this turbulent boundary layer into the engines may causes problems in the compressors if not it adds to drag. Also at high AOA this position of inlets does not ensure a good performance but in case of tejas the position of inlet behind wind ensures a considerable of amount of air supply to engine at high AOA which is not in case of Mirage.Type of Intake:Further the intakes of Mirage are old gen intake comprising inlet cone but which doesnot helps to guard the compressor RCS, but Tejas uses Y-Duct intake that curtails the compressor RCS and gives a big RCS reduction to tejas and adds to tejas’s stealth which is not the case with Mirage.Above: Inlet cone of Mirage; Below: Y-duct inlet design.Conclusion: Where Mirage was primarily developed to replace Mirage III it was supposed to be a interceptor and good ground attack capability which are the strong points of mirage but lacks little bit in Air to Air and Stealth capability whereas the LCA was always supposed to be point defense fighter to replace Mig-21 , hence it was supposed to have a well balance of ground attack, Air to Air combat and Stealth. Though LCA lacks in terms of range but thats a trade off between aerodynamics, stealth and attack capability just like the Mirage which does just the reverse. It’s all matter of priorities. The following points proves that LCA is not copy of Mirage-2000 either!A SHEAR WASTE OF TAXPAYERS MONEY?Hell No, I don’t believe so!TEJAS IS NOT A FIFITH GENERATION AIRCRAFT. IT WAS NOT SUPPOSED TO BE ONE. IT IS REPLACEMENT FOR MIG-21. IT DOES JOB QUITE WELL. LETS KEEP IT THAT WAY. TELLING TEJAS IS FIFTH GENRATION AIRCRAFT WHEN IT IS NOT IS UNDERMINING THE AIRCRAFT DELIBERATELY. WE HAVE FGFA AND AMCA PROGRAMMES TO TAKE CARE OF FIFTH GENERATION AIRCRAFT NEEDS.Rest of the answer i am reposting one of my earlier ones:IAF is at least of its air squadron power ever, this answer shall also look into this point if this situation was sudden or it was predictable.HAL tejas a failure or Success?Well its time to find out…Content:History of developement: HAL Marut, MCA(Most of us won’t have even heard of it), LCA-tejasTechnologies developed: Fly-by wire, engine, radar, aerodynamics, avionicscontribution to the industry/ country .comparison of budgets with other fighter jets?Let’s start with:HISTORY:HAL MARUT:The first supersonic fighter jets in Asia.Served efficiently from 1960–1991 without any severe problems.Also IAF was enjoying aerial supremacy in the region with the newly developed and bought 1200 Mig-21, during this time the PLAAF was not as strong as IAF. But Chinese realised “SOMETHING” that we (excluding navy) didn’t and are still denying from realising it.It was first fighter jet developed, designed and manufactured in India.It got some engine problems, GTRE did developed engine for it, it worked with complete efficiency but was incompatible with aircraft. Had there been foresightedness in airforce, governement and beuraucracy a little more funds would have given us a new engine for Marut. But Marut died a slow death given by beuraucracy, poor R&D funding(which still is poor), and lack of foresightedness.HAL MCA(Medium Combat Aircraft): Say Hello to this Guy!!It was the twin engined, vertical stabilizer less, 360 Thrust vectoring nozzle aircraft a.k.a twin engined MCA(big brother of MCA)It was proposed in early 2000s.But We did the same mistake again, IAF showed little interest in the program and the plan was shelved back in 2000s and the IAF insisted on the LCA and insisted for 126 MCA from foreign and hence started the saga of 126 MMRCA with tender being issued in 2001. The deal was signed for just 36 in 2016. We wasted 16 years again, had there been foresightedness and less corruption in the system , with proper absorption of public and private industry, this thing would have been already into the sky.But, it never saw the daylight and remained a proposal.HAL TEJAS:The so called 1980 is just a media propaganda, it was the year IAF mentioned this matter, 1984 ADA was formed and 1990 finally funds were released so actual commencement was 1990 and not alleged 1980.At last there was some ray of hope though tarnished by 1999 nuclear test embargos, Tejas took to the sky in 2001.LCA was named tejas by then PM.Shri Atal Bihari Bajpayee. The programme went well till 2004, it slowed down after 2004 due to slack nature of then government, corruption throughout the reign rocked the entire country during this period, Let alone tejas it was just a small Fighter jet under developement.2014 BJP governement came back again with absolute majority and Defense Minister being Manohar parrikar, clearly stating that Tejas is his dream project.Tejas programme in this two year period i.e 2014–16 saw a faster speed of developement with 123 strong tejas being ordered by DAC and in early 2017 it’s FOC started with successfull firing of Derby guided missile in guided missile mode.TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED:Airframe and Aerodynamics(including stealth):The exact RCS of tejas is unknown. But it is said that it is “1/3 of mirage”, considerably low as compared to other 4th generation aircrafts because ofHigh usage of carbon composites.Being small in size adds to the lowering the RCS.Y-shape inlets that reduces the heat signature of the engine..Use of RAM(Radar Absorbent material) paints.Addition of AESA radar in mk1a and mk2 will ensure that tejas locks on to the target before target sees it which adds to the LO feature.Radar waves normally enter the cockpit reflects of objects & possibly return to the radar and even the HMD of pilot itself contributes to RCS. To avoid this Tejas canopy is coated with a thin film transparent conductor of Indium Tin Oxide. The coating is thin enough that it has no adverse effect on pilot vision and can reflect the radar waves away from the radar antenna.quadraplex digital fly-by-wire control system.ENGINE:A little bit history about the kaveri engine:The GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri is a turbofan project developed by the (GTRE), a lab under the DRDOT the Kaveri was originally intended to power production models of the Tejas LCA fighter.This was approx 202 mn $ project.Later on the project was divided into two category: K9 and K 10K9: Will be completely indigenous with only foreign consultation and certification.K10: Will be a joint venture with a foreign partner.Problems that occured:Kaveri engine in its present form uses directionally solidified blade technology which is rather an old tech and it couldn’t tolerate the high temperature in its combustion chamber called “Kabini”. The solution was “single crystal blades”The thrust generated was nearly 65 to 70% of what was needed.Performance decay at high altitude.A peculiar noise when in after burning mode..Here comes the MMRCA deal which many think was a bad decision by the current leadership as it just bought 36 rafales. But if we look closely to the offset, it was boon to us as under the offset:Snecma which manufacture the Rafales M-88 core agreed to help and signNow the engine in 18 months.DRDO has been given a virtual carte blanche to channelise offsets from the Indian Rafale deal to resurrect the Kaveri.Snecma, a partner in the Rafale programme, builds the Rafale’s twin M88 turbofan engines. Under the terms of the partnership , Snecma is working to modify, signNow and integrate the Kaveri on a Light Combat Aircraft airframe before 2020.A later phase in the partnership will involve modifications on the Kaveri for a twin configuration on India’s AMCA fifth generation fighter concept and an altered non-reheat version for the Ghatak UCAV.According to DRDO chief the kaveri engine will be ready by next aero india.Another good new is that altitude test and flying test bed trials have been completed. Official statement of MoD in Parliament” In a written reply to the Lok Sabha in December 2016, Minister of State for Defence Subhash Bhamre had called the effort of the GTRE in developing the engine as “an attempt to mastering one of the most complex technologies”. The minister said the altitude test and flying test bed trials for the engine had been completed and other developmental problems were being addressed to make the engine flight-worthy through in-house efforts as well with assistance from abroad”.The engine will be first used on Tejas PV-1.Other uses will beGhatak UCAV(Dry variant or w/o afterburner)AMCATejas Mk2Also, Rolls royce has collaborated with DRDO on developing the K10 engine. This engine’s first prototype is to be expected in 12 month. The news was broken out in Aero-india 2017 in february.http://www.thehindu.com/news/nat...UK’s Rolls Royce, India’s DRDO working together on engine for fighter jetsWIND TUNNEL FACILITIES:Perhaps you have made this 74 Wind tunnel facilities across the country and other aerospace testing centres.LCA was the principle project that compelled India to develope all this centres of excellence indigenously after being kicked out from Buffalo, USA after ’99 nuclear test.AVIONICS:Indigenous HUD.EW suite for Tejas is under developement for LCA but since it is small it has to be compact other than that Tusker EW suite is the bigger derivative of the suite Mayavi EW for LCA and is used for Mig-29, jaguar and Su-30. Samyukta is also another EW suite that has used the experience from past developement of Mayavi and tusker EW.Early version of tejas (PVs) had analog display now they fly on Digital display designed by DARE(DRDO).Also DARE has developed the litening targetting pod for effective targetting of air version of brahmos.It’s HMD is ELBIT designed, but its friend and foe detection is designed by DRDO.UTTAM AESA (Further updates:Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to Is India developing/working on AESA radars?)radar has given rise to many other forms of AESA radar such as that used on swordfish radar, AEW&C, recently successfully launched QRSAM.CONTRIBUTION TO COUNTRY/INDUSTRY:Private sector giants especially TATA SED and L&T have gained a lot of experience in electronics and manufacturing respectively.It has created a chain of MSMEs.Almost entire fuselage which includes wings, center of fuselage is made by private companies and HAL is only a integrator.AMOUNT OF RESOURCE:Tejas is the most economical 4.5 gen aircraft programme ever with $1 bn spent on programme, whereas Gripen is 14 bn$ programme and F-16 even more.Tejas has never ever faced an accident whereas its competitor Grippen has faced Two accidents.Given the amount of experience by spending the least amount of money compared to any fighter jet programme as shown by above facts and two failed attempts to develope or continue to develope a fighter jets, TEJAS LCA IS A SUCCESS.The “SOMETHING” that i mentioned earlier is the thing that complete indigenisation is the only way you can survive for long and you can see how strong and thriving the chinese aerospace industry is now(you can abuse me as traitor, porkistani and whatever you may like).But it’s time to accept that only R&D can give us what we call as self reliance and not so called ToT that we keep asking from other nations.No nation will give critical technologies that have made them pioneers of their respective field. By giving critical tech to another company, no parent company in sane mind would create their own competitor. But w/o critical tech we can’t modify the weapon platforms according to needs as all IPR are reserved with the parent company, forget about creating a new one.Hence LCA TEJAS is a success and the present squadron crisis was predictable and also preventable had there been foresightedness in IAF, beuraucracy to develope complete R&D infrastructure by consuming potential of both private and public sector also academic institutions to the fullest.Hope this is sufficient for you, or else I can serve more but that will be on further requests. LOLz.Footnotes:1.Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to After the failure of Kaveri GTX jet engine is India still developing an indigenous jet engine?2.https://www.quora.com/Why-cant-India-develop-its-own-AESA-radar/answer/Soikot-Banerjee?srid=RKYr3.Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to Why can't India develop its own AESA radar?4.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-RCS-of-Tejas/answer/Soikot-Banerjee?srid=RKYrPic credits: Google and Respective ownerPic credits: GooglePic credits:respective owners and google.Data: Wikipedia

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I expect he’ll win, though there is a risk he’ll wind up with a minority government, which isn’t necessarily a bad thing as he has a lot of common ground the NDP and Green parties to build a coalition and govern. The more the Conservatives campaign, the more clear it becomes that they don’t really have anything better to offer. Indeed, Canada’s doing quite well in a challenging period of history and often feels like the last bastion of sanity in the world. Andrew Scheer isn’t making much headway following the same tired negative campaigning tactics his predecessor used to lose to Trudeau in the first place, and they can’t really put much of a dent in Trudeau’s record. They’re running a “100 Days of…” smear campaign that’s falling flat and even being quite openly mocked.The key to elections in Canada is Ontario, because it’s the most populous province, and it just elected a Conservative Premier closely aligned with Scheer who is seen as nothing short of a disaster. Ontario’s provincial legislature actually shut down for some five months until after the federal election and it is widely opined in Ontario that the decision to do so is largely tied to a desire not to keep embarrassing conservative politicians with their nearly unceasing gaffes and mistakes.Indeed, to see how hollow Scheer’s chances are, look at the answer from Patrick McCoy below, a supposedly educated man. He rattles off a list of “issues” which are mostly nonsense. I’ve added my comments below.Claims “Trudeau has a spotty record:”Stated that budgets balance themselvesWell, yes, but in the context of “a good economy and a thriving country makes that easier”.Has increased spending more than any prime minister outside of times of war and recessions, leading to deficits year after year despite a promise to balance the deficit by 2019–2020. There is also no end in sight to the deficits.Given that this has largely been tied to trying to rebuild the middle class in Canada, few people actually seem to care about this. Indeed, what he’s done that a lot of people like is tax the wealthy a little more and remove a lot of boutique tax credits for them.Has had a number of scandals that have consumed much of his team’s time, the major one being SNC Lavalin (exerting undue political influence)This was a non-scandal though, as nothing that happened was wrong.Soured business relations with Saudia ArabiaNo one really cares about this that I’m aware of.Isn’t getting enough of our oil to world markets, which is costing Canada more than $20 billion per year (Canada could use an extra $20B or $40B)This isn’t the job of the federal government, and it’s richly ironic that claims like this are being made by people who simultaneously whine about “big government”. The source of this complaint is that provincial governments and First Nations have objected to pipeline construction on their territories. The federal government has no power to override them.Canada’s stock market as reflected by the TSX has been doing dismally compared to other markets such as the U.S.’s as reflected by the DOW or the S& P 500 (reflects investors’ collective views and confidence)This is simply false.Has made a number of questionable payments (e.g., $10.5 million to Omar Kadhr)To anyone who knows the facts, this isn’t questionable. Khadr sued the Government of Canada for $20 million and was bound to win, and the Government settled for half.Brought a person convicted of attempted murder on a trip to India, thereby souring relations with a potentially important trading partnerThis doesn’t seem to have had any impact, and the trip to India yielded a billion dollars worth of trade deals.Made statements that have antagonized the leader of our largest trading partner, the U.S.That leader is despised by Canadians and not taken seriously on many issues. Trudeau’s handled him about as well as anyone could have.Has added to “tribalization” or divisiveness in Canada via “identity politics” rather than unifying policies targeted to improving the circumstances of all CanadiansThis is a matter of opinion, but the “tribalization” nonsense has been stoked mostly by conservatives.Implemented a carbon tax that will damage our national competitiveness but that will have little effect on reducing carbon emissions. It likely would have to be ten times or so its current level to reduce emissions appreciably.The claim that it will damage “national competitiveness” is false. The claim that it will have little effect on emissions is dubious since it’s new and can’t be tested yet, but British Columbia seems to show how successful it can be. Economists seem to favour carbon pricing as the best way to change our behaviour.Has done little to promote more affordable telecom in Canada, which has among the highest telecom prices in the world due to oligopoly/monopoly like conditionsI don’t really have a comment on this.Taxes are high considering the level of services providedThis is simply an opinion, and a silly one at that. Indeed, Trudeau’s government cut the middle income tax bracket rate.Made statements that have increased the number of persons trying to enter Canada illegallyA dubious claim that suggests that a tweet, and not a massive change in policy in the United States, caused people to seek asylum in Canada, which is not in any way illegal under Canadian or international law.Is not implementing policies that attract businesses or major employers or that keeps them from wanting to leave the country.This is again a meaningless statement.Meanwhile, what I’ve seen is that my income taxes are a little lower, a lot of working families are better off due to a massive redesign of the Child Tax Benefit, the Canada Pension Plan is being augmented to make it more of a part of younger Canadians’ retirement, which is great since employer pensions are disappearing, that populism isn’t taking hold here, and that overall things are good. I don’t see any reason I’d want a different government, especially a more right-leaning one.

With all due respect to Mr Subramanian's extensive discussion of the Guggenheim contribution to aeronautics, much happened earlier that convinced the Guggenheim's that aeronautics was a worthwhile activity.In 1909, Jerome C Hunsaker, a Naval Academy Graduate, enrolled at MIT's Graduate School to work on a Masters and perhaps a Doctorate in Naval Architecture. Part way through this, he became fascinated with Aeronautical magazines in the MIT Library. By 1913, he was pressuring the Navy to support Aeronautical Engineering at MIT.The first building completed on MIT's new campus in Cambridge, MA was a wind tunnel.Hunsaker's assistant in all this was DONALD W DOUGLAS -- the founder of Douglas Aircraft. Douglas had earned an MIT Engineering degree in 1914.MIT granted the world's first Degree in Aeronautical Engineering in 1916. That was also the year that the first Air Service ROTC program was established -- also at MIT.At some time in these developments, the Navy Department issued a letter to MIT arranging for Jerome C Hunsaker to stay at MIT until he established a “Course in Aeronautical Engineering.” To most persons that may sound like a lecture series or a single subject on Aeronautical Engineering. They would be seriously incorrect.At MIT, the word Course (note initial capital letter) means a degree-oriented program of study leading to a university degree in a particular science or engineering discipline. It normally designates the founding of a new academic department.Hunsker's orders, therefore, were to found the first Aero Eng Dept in the US and possibly in the world.I have bios of a number of these persons, including, Hunsaker, but I am lecturing at a Convention over 2000 miles from my references.Anyhow, the MIT Aero Dept celebrates 3 birthdays. One is in 1914 when the first Aero Eng degree was awarded. Another is in the 1920's as recorded in Mr Subramanian's posting, and the third was in 1939 when the Dept finally separated from the ME Dept —- which had served as its “nursery" in the development of the academic teaching area.From Hunsaker's first efforts at getting the Navy to pressure and finance Aero Eng as a science -- period 1909 to 1913 --- to the mid 1920s, the entire story is MIT, ALMOST SINGLEHANDEDLY pushing for Science to replace guesses in aviation. BUT PLEASE REMEMBER THAT WILBUR WRIGHT GAVE AN ENGINEERING LECTURE AND CONSIDERED HIMSELF AN ENGINEER ABOUT 1900; Langley was a scientist; Glenn Curtiss TESTED his theories and used a scientific approach. The trial-and-error processes of the early pioneers died out early.And this discussion ignores James H Doolittle, WW I fighter pilot, WW II bomber raid commander and later multi-starred General. He was the man who forced USAF into R&D, the man who developed High Octane Gasoline for aviation, and the man who invented Instrument Flying. He was a Grad Student at MIT (where he developed much of this) and earned one of the first Doctorates ever granted in Aero Eng.On top of that, the world's first degrees in Astronautics (Space Flight Engineering) were granted by MIT in 1960. I know --- I have one.Retur0ning to Hunsaker. He returned to Naval Duty for the US participation in WW I, and then returned to being the Aero Dept head at MIT. He was an important figure in aviation from before WW I until well into WW II, and as Dept head Emeritus had an office at MIT well into the Space Age. I met him. And by the way, his Naval Career was well respected and successful as well.

Let me start with some insurgent incidents in Jammu and Kashmir.Under the cover of heavy mortar fire, a Pakistani special forces team sneaked 250 metres across the Line of Control (LoC) into the Poonch sector of Jammu and Kashmir and beheaded two Indian security personnel on 1st May 2017. The Indian army patrol, whose two members were killed, Naib Subedar Paramjeet Singh of Army and Head Constable Prem Sagar from BSF, might just have walked into a death trap laid by the enemy. The incident occurred when a joint team of the army and BSF had gone to check the veracity of an intelligence report that landmines had been planted by Pakistani troops on the Indian side. As they were looking for landmines, the patrol was taken by surprise by Pakistan's Border Action Team (BAT) that had laid an ambush over 250 metres deep inside the Indian territory. The Indian Army has vowed an "appropriate" response to the "despicable act", which signNowly took place a day after Pakistan army chief Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa visited some areas along the LoC and promised support to the Kashmiris.On 22nd November 2016, in a cross-Line of Control (LoC) attack by suspected Pakistani terrorists, three Indian soldiers were killed, with the body of one of them being mutilated in second such incident in less than a month, triggering outrage in this country. Earlier a jawan's body was mutilated in the same sector since 28 October 2017. On that day, terrorists, aided by the cover fire by Pakistani Army, had crossed the LoC and killed an Indian army jawan and mutilated his body in the Macchil sector. One attacker was killed in that incident.There are many previous instances of killing and mutilation of body of Indian soldier inside India by Pakistani terrorists. Why these barbaric incidents repeat on regular intervals? Country like Israel solved these type of border attacks long back using technology and determination to chase enemy by entering enemy territory. India started this only recently. This cross border infiltration of terrorists can be minimized with barbed wire fence (which is partly deployed in J&K), surveillance drones (not yet used), night vision and thermal cameras (partly used), long distance sniffer rifles (started using recently). The 1.1 million strong Indian Army lost one brave heart every third day in last 13-years. The data of Indian army, between the period of January 2005 to December 2017, revealed that total 1,684 men lost their lives in ceasefire violation by Pakistan, anti-terrorist operations, counter-insurgency, offensive tactical missions and peacekeeping missions.In a major decision, only after a major multiple location joint terrorist act by LeT and JeM (Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad) on mid Febuary 2018 at Shrinagar, Sunjwan Army Camp inJammu coupled with border firing, the defence ministry at last on 14th February 2018 approved capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 15,935 crore which included purchase of 7.40 lakh assault rifles, 5,719 sniper rifles and light machine guns to bolster the strength of the armed forces. The long-pending proposals were cleared at a meeting of the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), the defence ministry's highest decision making body on procurement. The rifles will be produced in in India under the 'Buy and Make (Indian)' category through both state-run Ordnance Factory Board and private sector. Some "essential quantity" of Light Machine Guns (LMGs) will be purchased through the "fast track" route at an estimated cost of over Rs 1,819 crore, primarily to meet the operational requirement of the troops deployed on the borders. "A concurrent proposal is being processed for the balance quantity to be procured under the 'Buy and Make (Indian)' categorisation," the ministry said. The DAC also approved procurement of 5,719 sniper rifles for the Indian Army and Indian Air Force at an estimated cost of Rs 982 crore, the ministry said. The sniper rifles will be bought under the 'Buy Global' category, the ammunition for these weapons will be initially procured and subsequently manufactured in India. Final order for sniper and assault rifles were finaly placed just before the elections and after Balakot strike.From India's first private small arms manufacturing unit based at Malanpur, M.P., India, and Israel will manufacture lethal Israeli guns for the Indian armed forces and the world. This has been made possible through a joint venture between Indian defence conglomerate, Punj Lloyd, and Israel Weapon Industries. As clearly stated by Army Chief General Bipin Rawat there is a need to invest more in the military, in view of emerging security threats. And these are the guns that will add to the capabilities of the armed forces. Tavor assault rifle, an alternative to INSAS rifle. It uses 5.56mm cartridges and capacity to fire 30 rounds. It has compact body, corrosion resistant metal parts and stable at all firing positions. This weapon is used by NATO and was also used during the surgical strikes in POK. Negev Light Machine gun, can be mounted on inside helicopters, over vehicles and naval vessels. It has different variants and uses 5.56 mm and 7.65 mm cartridges. It has a automatic & semi-automatic mode. Galil Sniper, can hit targets up to 1 km away and even at this range will fire accurately at targets, which are small and mobile. Its 7.65mm calibre and has a capacity of 10 to 25 rounds and semi-automatic feature ensures it is stable while firing. Indian Navy's MARCOS also using the sniper rifle. Tavor X95 is the only three calibre weapon in the world. It be used as an assault rifle, carbine or sub-machine gun and can be used by single hand which is ideal for VIP security conducted by NSG, SPG.Obsolete guns (INSAS rifles), lack of bullet proof jacket and obsolete head (patta) protection gear for Indian Army soldiers is the primary reason of loss of one soldier every third day.On July 8 2016, when security forces gunned down Kashmiri terrorist Burhan Wani, poster-boy of the banned terror group Hizbul Mujahideen, they tried to get him, they couldn’t locate any terrorist in the house in a village in Kokernag in south Kashmir despite precise intelligence tip-offs. The commanding officer and his men, it is learnt, entered the house twice but were unable to find any terrorists who were hiding in a false ceiling. During the third round of searches, the hiding militants gave themselves away when they fired at the Army men. It was only after that that three men, including Wani, were killed, leading to unrest in the entire Valley.Often, troops face hostile crowds when they are unable to locate a terrorist at a house notified by human intelligence as well as technically generated intelligence. Given the many hits and misses, need was felt for ‘through-the-wall’ radars which would help troops function better during counter-insurgency operations especially in densely populated areas. Aiming to detect terrorists who might be hiding in wall cavities or false ceilings, the Indian Army will now use ‘through the wall’ radar imaging during counter-insurgency operations in Kashmir Valley. A few such radar systems have already been imported by the Army, the technology would help in more precise – and effective –anti-militancy operations. It would enable forces to get the pinpointed location of terrorists hiding inside homes in congested areas and also avoid civilian casualties. The radar is based on short electromagnetic waves generated by the ‘signatures’ of people hidden behind the wall or other concrete barriers. It is useful for detecting small changes in electromagnetic waves induced by humans; this includes even micro-movements caused by breathing. The images on the radar will give army an upper hand in determining the position of hiding terrorists and their movements on real-time basis.On more than one occasion, the Army and the Special Operations Group of Jammu and Kashmir Police have had to return without engaging with militants despite specific intelligence inputs. Local informers later conveyed that the terrorists were hiding in a specially created false ceiling or an underground cavity in the same house that had been raided, said a senior official involved in the anti-militancy drive.Though the Army has imported only a few such radars, Army is hopeful that the number would go up once their utility was put to test. Interestingly, the Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE), a wing of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), has been making attempts to build the radar indigenously. However, the product has not moved to the trial stage yet. Named Divyachakshu (divine eye), the radar is designed to scan 25-30 cm wall. The project was started after 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks when commandos of the elite NSG unit were injured while clearing the Taj Mahal hotel.Another important protection for Indian Army fighting insurgency is bullet proof jacket. India spends Rs 1.5 lakh on a single jacket used by the military and para-military forces which are imported from USA. This is going to change under Modi governments ‘Make in India’ plan. Professor Shantanu Bhowmick of Amrita University, Coimbatore has developed a bullet proof jacket will cost only Rs 50,000 per jacket as compared to USA imported one of Rs. 1.5 lakhs. That means India will save Rs 20,000 crores every year. The present bullet proof jackets being used by our jawans in the Army, BSF, CRPF, and Police are heavy, weighing anywhere between 15-18 kgs. These new lightweight jackets weigh 6-8 times less at just 1.5 kg. Indiginous jacket who got approval from MOD (ministry of Defence), which is made from indigenous ultra modern lightweight thermoplastic technology, has 20 layers and the carbon fiber in it will enable the jacket to work in 57 degrees Celsius also.Despite frequent joint patrolling / anti terrorism drill with Russia, USA etc. and exposure to latest technology being used by other countries, Indian front line soldiers are being forced to use outdated technology like INSAS rifles and iron ‘patta’ as headgear.The file photo of 1959 shows airborne soldiers of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) attending a parade to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in Beijing, captial of China. This proves that even in 1950s when Chinese were fighting Korean war, they were well armed (see helmet, gloves, gun quality). Leg pulling exercise at Wagah India-Pak border going on for 50 years. China successfully boxed India inside South Asia.The government is testing 'air-conditioned' jackets to be worn by special force soldiers who operate for long hours in hot areas. Though the government has not said what material the jackets would be made of and the kind of technology used, former Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar has confirmed that trials for such jackets are on. "In a special forces operation, there is extensive exercise. The body heats up. He [soldier] feels very uncomfortable. At that time if he has an air-conditioned jacket, he is more comfortable. The US Army is already using jackets, worn underneath body armour, which provide cooling to soldiers. A small battery that fits inside the armour powers the system, according to the US Department of Defence.No lessons learnt from 1962 war: Indian soldiers with cotton clothes during November 1962 at high altitude Himalayas. Chinese provincial police is also well armed and protected with helmetsThe government recently had empowered the Vice Chief of Army to directly procure ammunition and spares to maintain readiness for short duration "intense wars". The full financial powers was given to the Army after an internal review found that optimum level of "war stores" were not being maintained. Ninety-six contracts involving Rs 85,733 crore have been signed with Indian vendors for capital procurement of defence equipment for the armed forces in the last three financial years of Modi government, the government said in October 2017.The Army is looking for an Individual Protection System, comprising ballistic helmet, bodysuit and shoes, for soldiers who face terrorists in Jammu and Kashmir. It will hold a meeting soon with potential manufacturers who would make presentations. The Army intends to procure about 60,000 of the Individual Protection System, the first of its kind in India.  The Army wants that the system to be light to ensure easy mobility and reduce fatigue. It also wants the suit to have the ability to protect soldiers against blasts and also monitor vital health parameters of the soldiers wearing them. The protection system should also have devices to help jawans fight modern warfare. Earlier this month, the Army had released a questionnaire to identify probable Indian vendors who can undertake the project under the ‘make’ category of the Defence Procurement Procedure, 2016. The questionnaire said that the system should protect soldiers wearing it from 7.62x39mm bullets, used in AK-47 rifles, besides other types of ammunition. A primary weapon of terrorists in J&K is the AK-47.  A key component of the system will have to be the ballistic helmet, which should weigh about 1.2 kg. “The helmet will protect the head, face, neck and ears. It will consist of goggles for protection for the eyes,” reads the questionnaire. The system’s ballistic body suit should be able to protect at least 80% of the body from ballistic impact, says the questionnaire. The ballistic shoes should protect the lower part of the body from bullet splinters and mine shrapnel. Furthermore, the system should be able to monitor health parameters such as heartbeat, blood pressure and body temperature. The Army has been focussing on providing its soldiers in combat with components such as more lethality, protection, situational awareness, survivability and mobility. This is important in view of the terrorist strikes on military stations and the fatal casualties caused in such attacks and in countering them.