Edit eSign Word Computer

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Internet content companies can only operate with business operating licenses. If they lose their license, they cannot operate. (If you go to a Chinese website and you see the little red shield at the bottom of the page, that is their registration information which is filed with local police and the security services. Following it is a police phone number where anyone can immediately report an infraction to the authorities which will be dealt with in real-time.);Every internet content company has an editor-in-chief who is personally responsible for making sure that the site’s content conforms with government regulations. In other words, if he does not follow regulations, he can be tried and put in jail and the company may lose its business operating license;Every morning, the editor-in-chief at about 7AM, receives a phone call (Note: there are no written directives issued) from the relevant Chinese Communist Party department about what can only be reported through official channels and quotes, what can be reported with specific reporting guidelines, and what cannot be reported. The editor-in-chief is then responsible for passing on this information to his editing team, who then insure that all content meets these regulations before they are posted.Every Chinese company, before they get an operating license, must agree to and sign Chinese security regulations. Here is a copy of those security regulations in English:Declaration: This Department will solemnly adhere to all items in this agreement, and be fully responsible for any civic, legal, or criminal repercussions resulting from a failure to do so.This Department agrees to adhere to the Regulation on Telecommunications of the People's Republic of China, the Regulations of the People's Republic of China for Safety Protection of Computer Information Systems, the Measures for Security Protection Administration of the International Networking of Computer Information Networks, and all related laws, policies, and documented regulations.This Department agrees all legal requirements and qualifications needed to provide this service have been obtained.This Department agrees that the telecommunications network will not be used to compromise national security, reveal sensitive state information, or otherwise break any laws or infringe on the legal rights of the People’s Republic of China, the public, any groups, or third parties.This Department agrees to adhere strictly to the national standards and regulations of information security.This Department agrees to comprehensively adhere to the standards and technologies used to protect information security.This Department agrees to any audit or review by the state, to willfully provide accurate information and data regarding information security, and aid the state in any investigation of criminal activity over the computer information network.This Department agrees not to use the telecommunications network to produce, copy, search, or transmit the following:a) Content fundamentally prohibited by the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.b) Content that would be detrimental to national security, destabilize national capacities, reveal sensitive state information, or harm national unity.c) Content that is detrimental to national reputation and interests.d) Content that incites public hostility, prejudice, or division.e) Content that harms national policies regarding religion, aims to start a cult, or spread misinformation.f) Content that spreads false information and incites public unrest or chaos.g) Conduct that promotes obscenity, pornography, gambling, violence, murder, intimidation, or criminal behavior.h) Content that slanders others or violates their legal rights.i) Other content in violation of applicable laws and regulations.8. This Department agrees to not engage in any activity that may harm the security of computer information systems, including but not limited to:a) Unlawfully accessing or using computer information system resources.b) Unlawfully adding to, deleting, or editing resources on the computer information network.c) Unlawfully preserving or transmitting data or software that would add to, delete, or edit resources on the computer information system network.d) Willfully create or transmit computer viruses or similarly harmful software.e) Other activities detrimental to the security of the computer information network.9. In the event of an extensive security failure or bsignNow of the computer information network, this Department agrees to promptly take emergency measures, preserve all relevant original data, inform the state regulatory authorities within 24 hours, and send a written report.10. This Department shall solely be responsible for any legal repercussions arising from the failure to adhere to the rules described in this agreement or any related state regulations. This Department will also be solely responsible for any monetary damage caused by such a failure. In the event of a bsignNow of this agreement, related services may be paused or concluded, and mutual agreements may also be terminated.11. This agreement takes effect from the date of signature.

Some “interesting” facts about Turkish;1- Since Turkish is an agglutinative language, words are quite suffixed; but this is not the interesting part, because there are a quite number of agglutinative languages out there; but as far as I know, none of them have this rule for words; “vowel harmony”. You can spot many loan words in the language, just because they fail to comply with this harmony.Like; “Aksiyon” doesn’t comply with the rule but “eylem” does. They have the same meaning but one of them is easily spotted that it’s a loan. (“Action”)Of course not all of the complying ones are native Turkish, there are exceptions for both sides. There might be loan words complying coincidentally or some native examples which wouldn’t comply. But again, most of the such native exceptions are actually also loans but from centuries ago and they are rooted in the language.Vowel harmony in short is, the vowels in a word should be of the same type with the first vowel. If the first vowel is “thin”, the following ones must be too. If the first vowel is “round” the others must follow too; and as such. This rule applies to the suffixes as well. Hence there are suffixes which have the same functionality but they have different vowels within.Like;-cı, -cu, -ci, -cü are all the same suffixes; the only difference is that they each suffix only the words which they comply the rule with.Duvar is “wall” and duvarcı is “person whose profession is to build walls”Koru is “wood, forest” and korucu is “ranger”.Kale is “goal” and kaleci is “goalkeeper”.Sömürü is “exploitation” and sömürücü is “exploitative”.Oh well, there’s also a harmony between the consonants too, wouldn’t you think? For example;-çı,-çi, -çu, -çü are all the same suffixes with those above. (Yes that makes 8 different suffixes for the same functionality.) The difference is as you guessed, they suffix the words which end in suitable consonants with them. Like;Kitap is “book” and kitapçı is “person who sells books”Cumhuriyet is “republic” and cumhuriyetçi is “republican”Top is “ball” and topçu is “person who plays well with balls or whose profession is football”Süt is milk and sütçü is “person who sells milk”.2- This agglutination also brings another interesting thing; very short or “one-word” sentences or expressions. Like;Yapamayabilirim. (I may not be able to do.)Yes, that whole sentence is only one word in Turkish.Yap- (Verb “to do” in imperative form.)Yap-a (Being able to do.)Yap-a-ma (Being not able to do, in subjunctive mood.)Yap-a-ma-ya-bil (Imperative “do not be able to do”.)Yap-a-ma-ya-bil-ir (He/she/it may not be able to do.)Yap-a-ma-ya-bil-ir-im. (I may not be able to do.)Or another word like;Düşecektim. (I was going to fall.)Düş- (Verb “to fall” in imperative form.)Düş-ecek (He/she/it will fall.)Düş-ecek-ti (He/she/it was going to fall.)Düşe-ecek-ti-m (I was going to fall.)3- There’s no grammatical gender. As you saw in the examples above, you can’t mostly know if it was “he” or “she” in many expressions.4- Turkish is a phonetic language. Each letter represent one sound and it represents always the same sound. We call it “you pronounce as how you spell it” in Turkish. So you will know how to pronounce even if you don’t know the word. There are of course exceptions like “open e” and “closed e” but if you are not a linguist; you won’t notice it in speech. Yes interestingly, even the native speakers are not aware of those exceptions. For example the word “seksen” (eighty) has two “e” letters in it and they both have different sounds but even the native speakers don’t notice unless you tell them the difference with distinctive examples.5- There is another exception in spoken language to its phoneticity. I don’t know how it developed but first person singular and plural and second person singular future tense conjugations are tend to be shortened. Like;Geleceğim. (I will come. Formal. This is the right form of writing. But in spoken language you will be considered as “too kind or too formal to be normal” or “a freaky language fanatic” or just “stereotype”; if you use it this way a lot.)Gelecem. (I will come. Informal. This is the pronunciation of the above word. It’s incorrect spelling and thus considered incorrect in written language; but it’s accepted as the spoken version.)Gelicem. (I will come. Formal of the above. But still incorrect in written language.)Gelcem (I will come. There’s even this, lately. Informal, incorrect, stereotype, but still.. Some people say it.)Interestingly this has developed as I said only for the first person singular and plural and second person singular conjugations of future tense. The other pronouns and tenses just do it fine with phoneticity.There’s also a tend to drop letter “r” from the continuous tense like;Geliyor becomes geliyo just like how coming becomes comin’.“Toplatıya sen de geliyo musun” (Are you too comin’ to the meeting?)There are some more minor tendencies like this.6- There is one more exception of phoneticity in Turkish which is caused by a mark called “düzeltme işareti”. (Correction sign. Circumflex. ^) This sign is also known as “hat sign”, because it looks like a hat for the letter. It’s used to lengthen the pronunciation of the vowel or somethimes to “thin” the sound of it. Like turning a to æ.Most people don’t use it while typing or writing but everyone knows when it’s there. Almost none of the native speakers even know how to type a vowel with circumflex on a Turkish keyboard. Some examples;Kar (Snow), Kâr (Profit)Hakim (Wise), Hâkim ((1)Sovereign, (2)Judge)Hala (Aunt), Hâlâ (Still)Resmi (Related to picture), Resmî (Official)As you see, these kinds of words are different words if they are written and pronounced with or without circumflex. But as I said, most people do not prefer or know how to use the sign and they find out the meaning from the context. Sometimes it leads to pretty bad misunderstandings but people are accustomed to understand from the context. Like;Karı seviyorum. (I love snow.)Kârı seviyorum. (I love profit.)If you omit the circumflex altough you want to mean the second one, people would probably make joke of it like you wanted to mean “karı” (Woman, slang.) (Yes kar means “snow” and “kar-ı” means “the snow” (accusative) but “karı” as an alone word also means “woman, slang”. So it would be understood you said “I love slut”.)Or;Hala seni seviyorum. (I love you aunty.)Hâlâ seni seviyorum. (I still love you.)This is why it’s called “correction” sign. Because it “corrects” the pronunciation and thus the meaning so there wouldn’t be misunderstandings. This sign is valid for vowels “u, i and a” only. It’s not used with other vowels, but in old scriptures, you can also find ê and ô in some poems, just to indicate those words are pronounced differently; not it’s because that is a word legit only with a circumflex. When a vowel takes this sign, it’s called like “letter a with hat”.Another interesting fact about this sign is, all of the words which include a vowel “with hat” are certainly loan words. Mostly from Arabic or Persian.Yet another interesting fact about this sign is, people so often use some words without circumflex so that the word made it in the dictionary without it; although it is pronounced with it. Like “katil” is “murder (noun)” and “kâtil” is “murderer” but both are accepted as “katil” right now officialy; while the latter is still pronounced differently as it has the circumflex originally. It’s pronounced like “kaatil” (a is pronounced longer).7- There is a tense in Turkish which doesn’t exist in English and in many languages. It’s called “mişli geçmiş zaman” or “geçmiş zamanın rivayeti” and it means “narrative of the past”. It’s used when you are telling someone that you have heard something that happened in the past but you haven’t seen or witnessed if it really did. Like;Question: Bugün sınav olacak mı? (Will there be an exam today?)Answer 1: Öğretmen olacağını söyledi. (The teacher said there will be.)Answer 2: Öğretmen olacağını söylemiş. (The teacher said there will be.)These two answers are translated into English completely the same way. But in Turkish there’s a huge difference. Because answer 1 is plain past tense, which in Turkish means the speaking person heard the teacher say it directly; while answer 2 is “past narrative”, which means someone told the speaking person that he/she heard the teacher say it; so that the speaker haven’t witnessed directly. It’s called narrative because the speaker is actually narrating what he/she was informed about something that happened in the past.8- Inverted sentences are used a lot in Turkish. Normal word order is usually subject-object-verb (SOV) most of the times but it’s not a must. Changing the word order in a sentence usually changes the emphasis and therefore the meaning. Like;Abim bana anahtarı verdi. (My brother gave me the key.)This is a normal SOV syntax. But let’s play with it a bit. The below examples are all translated to English the same way; but in fact all have nuances which will “add” to the meaning.“Abim bana verdi anahtarı” or “Bana verdi abim anahtarı” or “Abim anahtarı bana verdi”. (My brother gave the key to me, not to anyone else.)“Abim anahtarı verdi bana” or “Anahtarı verdi abim bana”. (My brother gave the key to me, not anything else.)“Abim verdi anahtarı bana” or “Anahtarı abim verdi bana”. (It was my brother who gave the key to me, not anyone else.)Verdi abim anahtarı bana. (My brother gave me the key, there was no problem, he didn’t resist.)Another interesting fact about inverted sentences is, most Turkish linguists mostly said that it’s wrong to use the language this way altough it’s been used like this for centuries. Using inverted sentences was considered wrong for quite some time. They soon realized that we can’t just deny a living thing in the language just because of a “rule” which even didn’t exist. In the last 2 decades, most of the people accepted these as normal and now they teach it in language faculties. But of course, this doesn’t mean we can always change the word order and put the word in anywhere of the sentence we want. It should be suitable.See another question about it; Turab Garib's answer to What is the difference between "Bu Kim" and "Kim Bu" in Turkish?9- Verb conjugation is formed according to the subject and therefore most of the times the subject word itself isn’t needed. It’s called “hidden subject”.Ben eve geldim. (I came home.)Eve geldim. (I came home.)“Ben” is “I” here and it’s perfectly omittable unless you explicitly want to emphasize the subject. Many people already omit it for most of the times. Because verb “gelmek” is conjugated like;gel- (to come)gel-di (came) The plain form also represents “third person” (He/she/it)gel-di-m (I came.)Let’s see some other examples;Geldin. (You came.) Representing “sen” (you, singular) in Turkish.Geldiniz. (You came.) Representing “siz” (you, plural).Geldi. (He/she/it came.) Representing “o”.Geldiler.( They came.) Represenging “onlar” (they).As you see, none of the expressions have a visible subject and in fact, in some of the cases, it will even be awkward to add it.10- There is such a rule called “ulama” which is very interesting and that I’ve never heard in any other language. It’s even not a “rule” in fact. It’s just “an information” out there no one knows why existed. It’s explained like; if the former of the two consecutive words ends with a consonant and the latter starts with a vowel, then they can be pronounced like the latter borrowed the former’s last letter. I hear you say, “what??”. Here go some examples with Turkish actor names;Fikret Hakan. (There’s no “ulama”.)Tarık Akan. (There’s ulama. The first word ends with a consonant and the second word starts with a vowel. Therefore these two words sound like “Tarı Kakan” together. Interesting isn’t it? By the way “tarık” as a word has a circumflex originally, but as you see it’s not typed but yet it’s still pronounced as if it’s there.Cüneyt Arkın. (There’s ulama. It sounds like Cüney Tarkın.)It’s not actually a rule and no one knows, then why it’s a grammar subject standing there for decades. In the books it says “you may pronounce this way”. And in some poems, there are some “syllable rhythms” which require you to pronounce with ulama.Edit: There’s a discussion below about this. In fact ulama helps easing pronunciation. Because in such cases, if you don’t use ulama, you need to give a break between the words so that they wouldn’t mix up. Ulama makes it easier so you pronounce two words together. Why I find it interesting is, why we needed to define such a thing while it was already the normal way of speaking. It’s like saying “you can call a house as home”. Consider how many “rules” you would have constructed like that.11- One of the most interesting things about Turkish grammar is, noun form of the verbs (verbal nouns) are the same with negative imperative forms of themselves. Like;Gel-mek (To come)Gel- (Come, imperative)Gel-me (Do not come, imperative)Gel-me (The act of coming)The last two are the same. So is it “coming” or “not coming”? That is the question. Another example;Oturum açma (The act of signing in; you will see these two words on the welcoming screen of your computer.)Oturum açma (Do not sign in, imperative.)Now deal with it; will you sign in or will you not?The reason for this confusion is; both imperative negation suffix and verb nouning suffix are the same two letters (-me, -ma) coincidentally.What makes this more interesting is; most of the natives are not aware of this weird coincidence and they find it very normal; just because of the context. For example the computer can not be dictating you “not to sign in”, right? So they never notice the weirdness; they just see it as “sign in”. Even myself as being interested in linguistics, came to be aware of this fact in my 20s.12- In Turkish alphabet, there are some letters which are exclusive to Turkic languages only. Like “ı and ğ”. Altough debatable, I believe “ğ” is invented for “ğayn” letter of Arabic. Because Turkish has thousands of Arabic loan words for centuries and I haven’t seen a native Turkish word which included letter “ğ” from the beginning. There are also other letters in Turkish which are uncommon in most of the languages like “ş, ü, ö, ç”.But the most interesting one is “ı” for sure. Because it’s the small form of “I”, while in Latin alphabets, small form for “I” is “i”; but “i” is another letter in Turkish. Pretty confusing isn’t it? Let’s visualize better;In Latin, “i” becomes “I” for capital. Looses the dot.In Turkish “i” becomes “İ” for capital. Preserves the dot.In Turkish “ı” becomes “I” for capital. Also preserves the shape. That makes “I” in Turkish a different letter than “I” in English.Here is a question about the difference between these two letters and my answer about it: Turab Garib's answer to What is the diffrence between i and ı in Turkish?Besides, Turkish alphabet doesn’t have common Latin letters “q, x and w”. Because their representing sounds are already met by other letters. Like “q” is represented with “k”; “x” is represented with “iks” and in fact we don’t have native words which need this sound. Because it’s consisting of three different sounds which are already represented with three letters. Therefore there’s no need for another letter. And finally “w” is represented with “v”.13- There is an auxiliary verb in Turkish, which is taught in every language class; but it’s literally never ever used. “Yazmak” as a verb, it means “to write” but it is also a helper verb which we call “yaklaşma fiili” (closing verb). Closing by means of “getting close to doing something”, “near miss”, “be almost”, “was just about to .... something”; blank is the verb which our helping verb “helps”. Like;Düş-e-yazmak. Düş-mek is verb “to fall” and “düşeyazmak” is another verb “to almost fall”. You can use it with any other verbs like;Çocuk kazada öleyazdı. (The kid almost died in the accident.)Soğukta donayazdık. (We almost froze in the cold.)But as I said, it’s never, never ever used neither in written language nor colloquially. I haven’t looked up for its history as a grammar subject, but it wasn’t used in the past either for sure. You will find very very rare examples if you ever can. I don’t think it was ever publicly accepted and used but interestingly it survives yet and it’s still being taught, all the time. Natives only enjoy talking “about” it rather using it. Because funny combinations can be formed with it. For example “donayazmak” as in my second example consists of;“don-mak” (verb to freeze)“yaz-mak” (closing verb, auxiliary)Donayazmak (to almost freeze)But you know, Turkish is an agglutinative language. Therefore sometimes plain words coincide with suffixed other words. So if you split up “donayazmak” as “dona yazmak”; it will mean “to write on the underpants” because while “don-mak” is “to freeze”, don standalone is “underpants” (informal). So the sentence in whole makes; “we wrote on our panties in the cold”. Remember “yazmak” also meant “to write”? Now you can make a lot of jokes on it with other verbs as well;Düş-e-yazmak (To almost fall) (-e- is coalescing letter)Düşe yazmak (To write on the dream)Düşey azmak (To get horny vertically (????))There’s also a quite number of natives who don’t know about this auxiliary verb, as they have forgotten they took the lesson years ago. So what are we using to imply the same meaning if we are not using this one? There are other words or verbs to give the same meaning. Like;Neredeyse (almost). Like “Çocuk kazada neredeyse ölüyordu”. (The kid almost died in the accident.) or “Soğukta neredeyse donuyorduk”. (We were just about to freeze in the cold.) Notice that also the tense has changed in the translation. It’s a past continuos expression in Turkish like saying “the kid was almost dying in the accident”; but proper translation into English is plain past tense.Az kalmak (a little left to …). Like “Az kalsın soğukta donuyorduk”. (It was a little (time) left for us to freeze in the cold.) So it’s still “almost”.Ramak kalmak. (No English equivalent.) Now that’s an interesting one stand alone. Because “ramak” is NOT an alone word by itself; never used in any other place and it doesn’t have a place in the dictionary as a word. It’s ONLY appearence in the whole language is in this phrasal verb; “ramak kalmak”. Can be translated like “being very close to doing something” or “something being very close to happen”. With or without a verb. It’s origin is a loan from Arabic and in Arabic it means “the last spark of life or the last look just before death”. In Turkish we use it in this phrase like; “Soğuktan donmamıza ramak kaldı/kalmıştı”. (We are/were very close to freezing in the cold.)

That depends on how you want to measure “dumbed down”. Until the 1960s and 1970s colleges and universities in America were somewhat elitist, and relatively few Americans went to college and not many even finished high school. Only really good students got into a college or university. Besides, in those days one could earn more driving a semi-truck than getting a college degree.Then the baby boom generation hit the scene and there simply were not enough schools, colleges, teachers or professors to service the demand. The solution? Make it easier and more attractive to become a teacher and make it easier to get into college. Plus create more colleges, like the inexpensive community college system.As a result, on the one hand many, many more Americans now have at least some college education. At the top end they are being educated as well as ever, at some of the best schools, colleges and universities in the world. At the lower end they are also being educated, but often not to the highest level.So, many more Americans are educated, but not necessarily to the highest level. On the one hand that’s good: more educated people. On the other hand those at the lower end pull down the average and make it appear that a “dumbing down” has occurred.One additional observation: American schools hold classes only 180 days of the year. And the time per day actually spent in a classroom learning something is minimal. Americans end up with signNowly LESS time learning in school than students in any of the competing countries. No matter how good the teaching might be, the fact remains that American primary and secondary students get less education. As an example, look to see how many hours per year the typical Japanese student spends in a classroom.

EDIT: the question has changed since I started answering it. It originally asked whether there are other numbers that “don't have a pattern”. The current wording of the question (“other equations that yield the same result”) doesn't make any sense to me, I'm afraid. I'll leave my answer here for now, in case the questions changes again.Let's first clarify, as usual, that “not having a pattern” is a terribly misleading term. The numbers [math]\pi[/math] and [math]\sqrt{2}[/math] are irrational numbers, and irrational numbers have decimal expansions that are not repeating. This is not the same thing as “not having a pattern”, and it's not the numbers themselves that “aren't repeating”.Are there other irrational numbers? Of course. If you throw a dart at the real number line, the chances that you hit an irrational number are 100%. There are uncountably many irrational numbers, but only countably many rational ones. In other words, the rational numbers are ridiculously rare; the irrationals make up the overwhelming majority.Most irrational numbers cannot be explicitly described, but many can be. Here are some examples and infinite families of irrational numbers:[math]e[/math] is irrational, and so are [math]e^2[/math], [math]17e^5[/math] and [math]9e^9-432e^7+85e^2-100e+5[/math].[math]\pi[/math] is irrational, and so are [math]\pi^2[/math], [math]17\pi^5[/math] and [math]9\pi^9-432\pi^7+85\pi^2-100\pi+5[/math]. Of course those are just examples: any expression like this is irrational.[math]\sqrt{3}[/math], [math]\sqrt{5}[/math], [math]\sqrt{6}[/math] and so on are all irrational. In fact [math]\sqrt{n}[/math] is irrational except when [math]n[/math] is a perfect square.The same goes for [math]\sqrt[7]{23}[/math], [math]\sqrt{2+\sqrt{3}}[/math], and the three real solutions of [math]x^5-8x+2=0[/math] which cannot be expressed with [math]\sqrt{\,}[/math] signs but are still perfectly ordinary real numbers. All algebraic integers (roots of polynomial equations integer coefficients and leading coefficient 1) are irrational if they are not themselves integers.The numbers [math]\zeta(2)[/math], [math]\zeta(4)[/math], [math]\zeta(6)[/math] and so on are irrational, where [math]\zeta[/math] is the Riemann zeta function. We also know that [math]\zeta(3)[/math] is irrrational though the situation for other odd values is still an open problem.The numbers [math]\sin(\pi/3)[/math], [math]\sin(\pi/5)[/math], [math]\sin(\pi/7)[/math], [math]\sin(\pi/8)[/math], [math]\sin(\pi/9)[/math] and so on are all irrational (the denominators are all of the positive integers except [math]1, 2, 4[/math] and [math]6[/math]).The numbers [math]\sum \frac{1}{2^n}[/math], [math]\sum \frac{1}{3^n}[/math], [math]\sum \frac{1}{n!}[/math], [math]\sum \frac{1}{2^nn!}[/math] and so on with infinitely many other variations are all irrational. Here the sums are always taken over all natural numbers [math]n[/math].Add any rational number to any irrational number and you'll get an irrational number. Same with “multiply”.The probability that a randomly chosen computer program will stop is an irrational number, in whichever reasonable way we choose to formalize “randomly chosen computer program”. In fact this number really “doesn't have a pattern”, in a very specific and strong sense of the word.The Euler-Mascheroni constant [math]\gamma[/math] is almost certainly irrational but nobody knows for sure.

At the time, I was teaching high school. A student, normally rambunctious to the point of obnoxious, spent the class staring right ahead. She did not participate, did not reply to me, and clearly did not have her work done.At the end of class, I talked to her, more concerned than angry, which surprised her. It took some time, but eventually she confessed that she was terrified because her stepfather (who had shot and killed her dad) was coming out of jail.The worst part? I really don’t think it was an excuse. Her story is long, but the point is that since that day I changed my homework policy.The hardest part of being a teenager or young adult is to not have control over your own life. Unfortunately, adults don’t always “know better.”I now tell students they can turn in homework any time, but every day of delay is a 10% penalty. I never penalize below 60% (a 40% loss). Also, I never take anything personally anymore. After many years of teaching I have learnt that teaching is NOT about ME.Who am I to say that a cold is a legitimate reason to skip homework and heartbreak is not? Or a bad day? Or a great day? Depression? Puberty? Hangover?Let students learn to take responsibility and weigh consequences.I have used this method for years and it has worked really well, taking a lot of stress away from my students and allowing them to shine at their own pace.PS I take no penalty whatsoever for certified sickness and/or deaths of course.

I usually say 8+ because people have varying definitions of what it means to speak a language. Here are all languages I have ever studied for more than a few hours, in chronological order. I have marked the ones that I'm intermediate or higher in with an asterisk. * German (language) - 0 years old - my native language. Obviously fluent in it now, I have created 500+ language lessons for it as the host of GermanPod101 and I sometimes teach students over Skype.* English (language) - 10 years old - learned it as my first foreign language at school in grades 5-13. For the first few years I was really bad at it, but then I got English-speaking penpals, I hung out on political discussion forums online and I started voice-chatting, so that it started to feel like another native language around age 17 or so.* Latin (language) - 12 years old - my second foreign language at school, grades 7-11. Started studying Latin because it was a mandatory choice between either Latin or French and I thought Latin would help me with other languages in the future. After three years, my teachers recommended me as a tutor for weaker students and eventually I started teaching Latin online on Myngle and Edufire. Udemy course to appear soon.* French (language) - 14 years old - my third foreign language at school, grades 9-10. I really struggled with this language and quit after grade 10, but I had online friends who wouldn't let me forget it completely. I visited Montréal for a month immediately after graduating from high school and stayed with a French-speaking family, from where I picked up my passion for the Québécois variant. When I needed a linguistic-oriented university major to go with my study of computational linguistics, and I was too late to inscribe for English Studies, it was easy to decide on French Studies instead and my trusty online friends helped me re-activate my French in time for the initial evaluation exam. I speak French fluently now and I enjoy reading some classic French literature.* Esperanto (language) - 14 years old - the first language I studied outside school. I had read a popular science book about linguistics, which dedicated a few pages to Esperanto and mentioned that it was the most successful of all constructed languages, and designed to be super-simple. I thought to myself "If it's so simple, I should be able to pick it up without effort, as another notch in the belt. If it gets too hard or annoying, I'll just drop it, no regrets". So I signed up for the German Esperanto Youth's free e-mail-based course and got a mentor who was a student at Berlin Technical University. Learning Esperanto was exhilarating, the only language before or after that was intrinsically motivating to study. I finished the course in 5 months, then attended a weekend course for intermediate students in Berlin that my tutor invited me to, and by the end I was comfortable in Esperanto. Read also how Esperanto changed my life: http://www.quora.com/esperanto-best-of/How-Esperanto-changed-my-life* Italian (language) - 16 years old - my fourth foreign language at school, grades 11-13. Started studying this because of the vacuum left by quitting French class. By the end of grade 13, when I chose Italian for my oral baccalaureate exam, I was able to talk fluently about technical matters I had studied before, for example the causes of Venice's frequent flooding problem. Then I didn't use Italian at all for the next 5 years or so and I'm afraid it's not as fluent as it used to be, though I have started to use it a bit more regularly. I still regularly read books in Italian.* Modern Greek (language) - not sure exactly when I started studying it, because a Greek friend kept teaching me a few things here and there and eventually I decided to pursue it more seriously. I learned the basics in self-study and from my friend, then to signNow intermediate level I used the Assimil method Greek course and an online tutor. Right now I'm conversational but not fluent and I have read four non-simplified books in Greek without the help of a dictionary.* Mandarin Chinese (language) - 18 years old - I've always been fascinated by Chinese characters, so when I heard about a federal competition for high schoolers starting to learn Chinese, and I was in my last year of high school, that was all the motivation to start it then. I studied it by myself for half a year, then won the competition (prize: scholarship for 6 weeks language school in Beijing), sat in 1 1/2 semesters of Chinese at my university, then those 6 weeks in China (2004), then some more self-study, which tapered off... in 2009 I decided to get serious about it, studied 2500 characters in that one year, then have been steadily improving since. Last week I had a 2 1/2 hour conversation all in Mandarin about all kinds of topics, but I still search for words occasionally. I have also read almost a dozen books in Chinese by now.Thai - 19 years old - learned maybe 100 words and phrases just for fun. Been re-discovering it recently, but still not sure where I want to go with it.Czech (language) - 22 years old - I got the opportunity to attend a seminar in the Czech Republic, so I studied some Czech, maybe 500 words, even though the seminar itself would be in Esperanto. I haven't done anything about Czech since this trip, so I forgot it all.Swedish (language) - 24 years old - exact same as for CzechLithuanian (language) - 24 years old - exact same as for Czech. I'm happy I learned it, because otherwise I would have missed my flight back. After the seminar, the bus stop to get to the airport had changed and none of the passer-bys were able to speak English or another of my languages.* Kiswahili (Swahili) - 26 years old - I want to study some languages that are truly different from the ones I studied so far, and Swahili sounds really cool. I learned it from the Assimil course. I haven't had a chance to speak it much, but I can read and write it well enough to keep a diary in it for example.* Dutch (language) - 27 years old - As Dutch is so similar to German, low-hanging fruit so to speak, it would be stupid not to pick it. Some language geek friends and I made a challenge to learn Dutch in 6 weeks of self-study. For proper motivation, I signed up to give a 45-minute presentation of the German language, in Dutch, at a language festival in Leeuwen exactly 7 weeks after we started. I managed, though only a Dutch attendee could tell you how many mistakes I made. These days I'm keeping my Dutch active by reading books and listening to the political radio program "Met de oog op morgen".* Spanish (language) - 27 years old - Spanish is similar to Italian. I wanted to study it but found the course too boring, so I jumped straight into reading "A Space Odyssey" in Spanish. Spanish and Italian keep conflicting in my mind though, whenever I want to speak one, I keep thinking of words in the other language, so it requires concentration. Reading Spanish or understanding TV is no problem at all.Arabic (language) - 28 years old - I studied it non-seriously before but always got discouraged quickly. In 2011, I finally managed to bring Arabic up to A2 level, but then I lost interest because the people I was planning to talk Arabic to moved and there's not much to read in Arabic even if my level was better.Finnish (language) - 28 years old - This language never really interested me, but some language geeks made it a challenge to spend 35 hours on Finnish in one month and see how far we'd get. I used Assimil, Teach Yourself and a word frequency list supplemented by sound files from Forvo. At the end, my level was evaluated as A2, but I didn't continue to study Finnish. The challenge thread: http://how-to-learn-any-language...Japanese (language) - 29 years old - I spent 50 hours on it for the August/September 6 Week Challenges in 2012 (those challenges occur 4x a year now). My main goal is to understand the anime series "Hikaru no Go" and Japanese Go (board game) lectures and I don't care about much else for now, so I tried a new method that involved flashcards made from Hikaru no Go episodes (try Subs2Srs, it's awesome). After just 50 hours in this challenge, I was able to understand two thirds of a new Hikaru no Go episode without subtitles, and my Japanese was useless for anything else. I have started to take conversational classes. EDIT: I just posted a description of how I signNowed this level so quickly as a step-by-step guide on my blog: http://temp.learnlangs.com/step-...* Indonesian - 29 years old - My most recent addition. I started to learn Indonesian because the Indonesian embassy in Berlin offered a free beginner's course in April 2013. Then they announced a speaking competition for June 2013 and I challenged myself to participate in it, so that I suddenly had to learn Indonesian quite quickly during the May 6 Week Challenge. You learn more about my method and results here. I'm happy to say that I'm currently almost B2 in Indonesian.I recently collected the most useful Language-Learning Advice I gave on Quora. Also check out my blog about language-learning, which includes personal updates as well as advice on methods etc., at http://www.learnlangs.com , and my Quora board about languages: http://www.quora.com/selected_language_postsIf you're looking for language geeks like the crazy ones who started the challenges with me, http://how-to-learn-any-language... is your best bet. And if you want to experience intense language self-study, why not sign up for a 6 Week Challenge? http://6wc.learnlangs.com/howto