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FAQs
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What's the procedure to obtain a class 2 medical certificate in India?
I had my class 2 medical assessment done in Kolkata last year-which I cleared with ease-and I would love to share my experience.The entire process takes a lot of time, which ensures a very long answer, but with that being said I can promise you with all the minor details, be patient and have a good read. But first some common questions which most people may ask in the comments and I won't be available to reply for another 1 year.When to apply?The best time is to apply a year before you plan to start flying. That means you must apply for it during your summer vacations if you plan to start f...
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What are the sources to learn about blockchain?
There are some really great online resources to help you learn blockchain. The best way to learn blockchain is by starting with the fundamentals. Once you have a good understanding, then you can start broadening your scope. My team at Scalable Path recently discussed this topic in our blog, “What is Blockchain and Why it Matters.” I’ll cover the basics in my answer, but feel free to check out our more in-depth article on it here.WHAT IS BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY?A fairly typical definition of blockchain you will find on the internet is:“A blockchain is software protocol for a distributed ledger, managed by a consensus algorithm, that is designed to maintain a permanent and tamper-proof record of transactional data.”Let’s unpack this…Software Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules. The software aspect means every blockchain is governed by a digital set of rules. These rules are built into the code and so, are both binding and automatic.Distributed Ledger: Ledgers have been used to store transactional data as far back as the Phoenicians. All these ledgers had something in common, they were managed by an authority figure (like a bank, for example). What makes distributed ledgers so revolutionary, is that they do not rely on a central authority to manage themselves.To better understand this concept, let’s take a look at 3 database systems: centralized, decentralized and distributed.Traditional databases are centralized. All their data is stored and processed on one server. In order to access information, individuals (or nodes) have to connect directly to the server. This control over information makes it a central point of authority. Our current financial system is an example of a centralized system. To transfer money we have to use a bank’s server and abide by whatever rules and costs they put in place. We have to ‘trust’ they are operating with our best interests in mind.A database becomes decentralized when the storing and processing of data is shared across multiple servers. This means that users (or nodes as they are called) can access information from multiple servers. If one server goes down the information is not lost and remains available. In the case of our ledger, this means it is no longer in one place where it could be lost or deleted. It becomes permanent.A distributed database goes a step further. Not only is storage shared, but the concept of a server is dissolved. And with it, the idea of central authority. Each node in the database has equal authority. So, by virtue of being distributed, our ledger is permanent and no longer controlled by a central authority.Let’s take a look at how decisions are made without central authority.Consensus:Consensus is another word for an agreement. In this case, it’s an agreement between a majority of the nodes on the network that information being added to the network is valid. Consensus is vital to the blockchain model because it replaces the ‘trusted’ third parties in our current financial model. In the case of the Bitcoin Blockchain, if all nodes agree that a transaction occurred – it occurred. In other words, you’re putting your trust in math – not companies or people.WHY SHOULD I TRUST BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY?Blockchain is aptly named. At its core, it’s composed of a chain of blocks that contain transaction data. The question I now want to answer is: “how is this distributed public ledger actually safer than a centralized one where only ‘trusted’ users have access”?It’s Anonymous: Well, for one, it’s anonymous. A transaction on the Bitcoin blockchain, for example, does not collect any personal information (email, name, address, ID, etc.). If no one knows who you are on the blockchain your privacy is assured. Many other coins, such as Monero, take anonymity even more seriously by building much more security into their technology. Today’s centralized transactions, as I keep reminding you, are far from private. You are required to provide large amounts of personal data as part of every transaction. This means you don’t just risk the funds specific to a transaction, but also of that data being captured and used maliciously.It’s Secure: To understand how blockchain technology is so secure, let’s start with a simple blockchain diagram:Each block in a blockchain is summarised by a ‘hash’. A hash is a one-way mathematical formula. It is irreversible, so a hash can never be decoded. A good way to understand hashing is to consider an online banking scenario. If you forget your password, your bank won’t tell you what it is. The reason may surprise you: it’s because they don’t know it; nobody does. The bank only knows you are entering the correct password because the first time you created that password, the system ran a hashing algorithm which generated a code (a.k.a. the hash). This was then stored in the bank’s database. Now, every time, you type your password, the bank uses a hashing algorithm to generate the hash in memory and compare it to the hash already saved. If they match, you can log in.As I was saying, the transactions in each block are converted into a hash, which is unique to that block. If you’re a hacker reading this, you might be thinking, “I can tamper with this system.” Which is why the hash in ‘Block 1’ is then referenced in ‘Block 2’, and every block after it. This way, a hacker cannot just change the contents of one block, as it’s hash does not change and no longer matches the following block’s hash. For example, if you were to add a $28 transaction to ‘Block 1’, then it’s hash would change to 34868829 and would no longer match the previous hash on ‘Block 2’.The chain would be broken.This is where consensus comes into play. Once a mismatch is spotted, the blockchain will look at all other copies of these blocks on the network and choose the most common chain. So if someone tampers with a version (or many versions) of the blockchain, the network will consider what the majority say is correct. This makes tampering effectively impossible on large blockchains.I say ‘effectively impossible’ because the only way to feasibly change a string of blocks would be to control the majority of the network. When you consider the sheer size of say, the Bitcoin network, you can see how this is essentially impossible. Any attempt would be spotted way ahead of the 51% majority of nodes ownership needed to do any damage.And hashing is not the only security measure in place here. Most blockchains, including Bitcoin, use cryptographic digital signatures to verify transactions. They are called ‘signatures’ because they provide validation and authentication – in the same way a hand-signed document used to.Cryptography is the method of disguising and revealing (or encrypting and decrypting) information through mathematics. And while explaining it is way beyond the word-count of this article, suffice to say that it is safer than scribbling your name on a piece of paper. The encryption method used by most blockchains, AES, has been studied in excruciating detail and, to date, no vulnerabilities have been discovered with it.It’s Cheap:Our financial institutions charge a fee for their services. And those fees add up to $140 billion a year! They also drive up transaction costs, which constrains innovation across the financial industry. Micropayments are a great example of what we’re missing out on. Small payments (transactions of less than 25 cents) are just not economically viable in our current financial system. Yet, it’s precisely this type of innovation that could help sustain investigative journalism. Few people buy newspapers, and paywalls are unpopular. Micropayments, via the blockchain, could be the solution that helps sustain our free press.It’s Fast:Bitcoin’s blockchain has a poor reputation for transaction speeds, something the media loves to dwell on. But this is not an inherent limitation of blockchain technology, it’s more a case of ‘growing pains’… This is new technology, don’t forget. Remember how slow the internet used to be? Blockchain technology is maturing fast. Users of Bitcoin’s lightning network (essentially a plugin for Bitcoin) can take advantage of instant transactions right now. In the words of Alex Bosworth, the creator of this new functionality, “Speed: Instant. Fee: Zero. Future: Almost Here.”Hopefully, blockchains are sounding a little more approachable now. I hope you found this answer helpful!
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How much time will it take me to learn Blockchain, Ethereum, and Web3.JS?
It highly depends on your present level of expertise in programming, especially Javascript. To learn Blockchain, Ethereum and Web3.js, you need to know the following technologies at an intermediate level at the very least:Linux (any distro but Ubuntu is a good option) - this is necessary to set up a running Ethereum node, be it on Parity or Geth. You can do the same on Windows but personally, I believe Linux to be a better and more stable environment to set up.Javascript - NodeJSRemember that this is only one of the options to proceed. There are plenty of PHP libraries, for example, which are available which will allow you to do the same thing possible by Javascript/NodeJS.The following is a kind of a checklist to understand Blockchain and start developing on it:Understanding the concepts behind Blockchains, including trustless environments, consensus algorithms - proof of work, proof of stake - decentralized apps. It is necessary to really understand the implications behind decentralized apps since this is the main reason you would like to develop on Blockchain instead of more traditional means.Setting up an Ethereum node - Geth has been having a lot of problems lately and Parity is currently a very good option to get started. It is also possible to use a ready-made solution like Ganache to get started. You can find a quick start guide here.Setting up a simple web service or local app to connect to the Ethereum node via web3.js.Also, a very important point to note is that many of these libraries mentioned above are still a work in progress and as such there will be plenty of research work and waiting for solutions, or if you are good enough in the respective technology, participate in the projects.So, practically speaking, it can take you between 3 months to 6 months to get to know the basics, set up a running prototype and get to know the main problems associated with developing on Ethereum.
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What is the best way to learn blockchain technology for an IT student?
There are multiple ways.You can go to a local course where you live (but this option will probably be very expensive and useless. Also, it is a rare event to find a good local course most of the time. If you live close to one of the most reputable universities in the world, you will have higher chances of finding a course)You can read books. There are many on Amazon or other websites. However, Amazon might not be delivering to your country or maybe reading is not your type.You can crawl the web and consume any information you find. Actually, there are many great mini-tutorials on multiple websites but it will take very long to get everything together. I can recommend Bitdegree which releases many great and free tutorials.You can attend local meetings or seminars. However, you probably won’t understand most of the topics discussed so it will take a long time for you to adapt this way.Finally, you can get an online course at e-learning websites such as Udemy, Udacity, Coursera, Skillshare, Linkedin Learning, etc. This option will be the least expensive, least time-consuming and will probably be the best way as you will learn through watching videos.So, I will recommend you option 5: Take an online course.If you find it logical, I would ask you to check out my own online blockchain course called ‘Become a Blockchain Expert’.It is new, and hence it is the most up-to-date course ever made so far. It has been getting many great early reviews. It got 150+ enrollments in just the first week. It is also the most comprehensive course (it is prepared for beginners but it still includes concepts that other people teach in advanced level courses).If it got your attention,Check my Quora profile for a great deal that might help you out.More details about the course are as below:BECOME A BLOCKCHAIN EXPERT | BEGINNER LEVEL (BE I CERTIFIED)At the end of the course, you will:Confidently engage in high-level conversations regarding blockchainEarn BE I (beginner level) certificate and make your expert status officialAccess an exclusive PDF file that contains all lecture summaries of the courseBe able to trade or mine cryptocurrencies to earn moneyGet your Linkedin profile endorsed by the instructorAce the blockchain job interviewWhat will you learn?Bitcoin and how it worksBlockchain and how it worksCryptocurrency, coin, token, altcoinHot wallet vs cold storageSoftware, hardware and paper walletsLedger Nano S and how to use itDesktop, mobile and web walletsPublic key, private key and addressCryptocurrency miningHash rate and hash powerASIC mining devicesMethods of cryptocurrency miningMining pools and how to choose the bestWhat you need to mine cryptocurrenciesProfitability calculation in miningCryptocurrency exchanges and how to choose the bestHow to buy cryptocurrency from BinanceHow to transfer cryptocurrency from BinanceHow to earn money from buying and selling cryptocurrenciesHow to create an Ethereum wallet on MyEtherWalletHow to send and receive Ethereum on MyEtherWalletMarket order, limit order, conditional orderBid and ask, maker and takerBitcoin block and its contentsDigital signature and its useHashing and hash functionHow money evolved into bitcoinFollow me on social media for more stuff:https://twitter.com/gozargunhttps://www.youtube.com/user/goz...https://www.linkedin.com/in/cem-...https://www.facebook.com/blockch...
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Why is the Indian government not doing anything in the field of cybersecurity?
It would be incorrect to say Indian government is not doing anything in field of Cyber Security. The actual question is :Why is Indian government working at snail’s pace in the field of Cyber Security?To begin with the government has enacted IT Act 2008, to provide legal frame work to solve cyber crimes related issues(Needs a lot of amendment to cover all the issues)In 2013 , the government drafted the National Cyber Security Policy to improve Indian cyber space. Let see the current achievements of this policyEnabling legal framework: Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 has been enacted and rules of important sections have been notified.Security Policy, Compliance and Assurance: Computer Security Guidelines have been circulated to all Departments and Ministries. Cyber security drills are being conducted to assess preparedness of critical organizations. 54 Auditors have been empaneled for audit of IT infrastructure from cyber security point of viewCapacity Development/Training:Training Centers have been set up at CBI Ghaziabad and Kerala Police to facilitate advanced training in cyber crime investigation. Computer forensic labs and training facilities are being set up in J&K state, North Eastern states. Forensic Centres have been set up with the help of NASSCOM at Mumbai, Bangalore, Bhopal and Kolkata.A workforce of cyber security professional is being created by short term courses at C-DAC, NIELIT and long term courses are being conducted through DIAT, IIIT’s and NIT’sCollaboration: Cyber security awareness programs were organized in cooperation with industry associations CII, NASSCOM-DSCI. International level Cyber security drills were held with Asia –Pacific CERTs. Specific cyber security cooperation agreements were signed with US, Japan and South Korea. India participated in cyber security drills of US (Cyber Storm III). CERT-In experts helped in establishment of CERT-Mauritius. India is participating in Internet traffic scanning in Asia-pacific region. India is a member of UN committee of Group of Experts as well as in the Council of Security cooperation in Asia-Pacific (CSCAP) for enhancing cooperation in the area of Cyber Security.PKI infrastructure: Set up to support implementation of Information Technology Act and promote use of Digital Signatures,has enabled the growth and application of digital signature certificates in a number of areas.National Crisis Management Plan: For countering cyber attacks and cyber terrorism has been prepared and is being updated annually. Central Govt. Ministries/Departments and States and UTs as well as organizations in critical sectors are making efforts to prepare and implement their own sectoral Crisis Management Plans.Information Security Management System (ISMS) : ISMS was established in kolkata for compliance and security testing of Indian software products.Cyber Appellate Tribunal (CyAT): This was set up for the purposes of discharging its functions under the I.T. ActController Of signNowing Authorities(CCA): The Controller of signNowing Authorities (CCA) has established the Root signNowing Authority of India (RCAI) under section 18(b) of the IT Act to digitally sign the public keys of signNowing Authorities (CA) in the country.Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (ICERT):Collection, analysis and dissemination of information on cyber incidentsForecast and alerts of cyber security incidentsEmergency measures for handling cyber security incidentsCoordination of cyber incident response activitiesIssue guidelines, advisories, vulnerability notes and white papers relating to information security practices, procedures, prevention, response and reporting of cyber incidents11. Central Monitoring System: Government has set up the Centralized Monitoring System (CMS) to automate the process of Lawful Interception & Monitoring of telecommunications.12. National Intelligence Grid: NATGRID is the integrated intelligence grid connecting databases of core security agencies of the Government of India to collect comprehensive patterns of intelligence that can be readily accessed by intelligence agencies.13. National Technical Research Organisation: NTRO is technical intelligence agency under the National Security Advisor in the Prime Minister's Office, India.The agency develops technology capabilities in aviation and remote sensing, data gathering and processing, cyber security, cryptology systems, strategic hardware and software development and strategic monitoring.14. NETRA (NEtwork TRaffic Analysis): software network developed by India's Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR), a Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) laboratory, and is used by the Intelligence Bureau, India's domestic intelligence agency, and the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW).NETRA can analyse voice traffic passing through software such as Skype and Google Talk, and intercept messages with keywords such as 'attack', 'bomb', 'blast' or 'kill' in real-time from the enormous number of tweets, status updates, emails, instant messaging transcripts, internet calls, blogs, forums and even images generated on the internet to obtain the desired intelligence.15. National Cyber Coordination Centre: It is a proposed cyber security and e-surveillance agency in India. It is intended to screen communication metadata and co-ordinate the intelligence gathering activities of other agencies.16. Tri Service Cyber Command for Armed Forces of India: Tri-Service commands to handle the critical arenas of space, cyberspace and clandestine warfare in the form of Special Forces.17. R&D: Indian government is working with various university like IIIT-H , DIAT, IIT’s and NIT’s on various cyber security projects.The cyber security wing of C-DAC has develop following security products:According to Perry4Law Organisation (P4LO) below are the current cyber security issues that may emerge in India in 2017(1) Digital India Security: Security of digital India project is of utmost importance as many online services are based upon it. The year 2016 did not see much work in this regard and digital India remained an insecure project that lacked cyber security capabilities. It has now become indispensable for the Indian government to ensure cyber security for digital India in 2017 as without cyber security most of government’s projects would create more trouble than solution.(2) Digital Payments: The thrust upon digital payments without adequate cyber security is a really troublesome notion. The entire digital payment and online banking system of India is vulnerable to cyber attacks and cyber thefts. Whether it is debit/credit cards, mobile wallets, online banking or any other proposed e-banking option; they are very much vulnerable to sophisticated cyber attacks. Indian banks and digital payment providers are clearly not equipped to deal with the cases of cyber attacks and cyber crimes that are going to increase in 2017.(3) Ransomware: Ransomware emerged as one of the top nuisances in the year 2016. Ransomware attacks would further increase in 2017 in India. As India is moving towards a data nation, locking of the same would be catastrophic. We have little defense against ransomware in India as on date and businesses may feel helpless and prone to litigations once they are hit by it.(4) Smart Cities Security: Indian government is all set to establish smart cities in India. Many smart cities were approved in the year 2016 and work upon them may start in 2017. Indian government has considered all aspects of smart cities managements and PTLB hopes that cyber security of smart cities in India must also have been considered along with possible legal issues that may arise.(5) IoT Security: Internet of things (IoT) received positive response in India in 2016. Many national and international stakeholders have shown interest in IoT driven services. Of course, at this stage most of them are just exploring as techno legal issues are still not clear. However, what is clear is that IoT services require strong cyber security and civil liberties protection that was missing in 2017. That may be natural as well as IoT is still evolving in India and PTLB hopes that IoT would be able to manage cyber security, civil liberties and data security aspects in the year 2017.(6) Cloud Computing Security: Cloud computing is comparatively well received concept in India. In fact, companies and individuals have been investing in cloud computing ventures even before 2016. However, many of our clients were apprehensive in launching a full fledged cloud computing business. This is largely due to the fact regulatory and technological aspects are still not clear to them. In the absence of clarity about these aspects, cloud computing witnessed a limited growth in 2016. The year 2017 may see better growth for cloud computing businesses.(7) Aadhaar: Aadhaar project was pushed very rigorously by Indian government in the year 2016 even by indulging in contempt of court. However, little efforts were undertaken by Indian government to protect civil liberties and cyber security issues of Aadhaar. For projects like digital India and Aadhaar, cyber security laws are urgently needed but they remained missing in 2016. The year 2017 may see some positive development in this regard.(8) Critical Infrastructure Protection: Indian government has hinted towards launch of botnet and malware cleaning centers in the year 2017. This is a positive development as it would help in critical infrastructure protection (Pdf) in India. Indian government has also been formulating guidelines and regulations ensuring protection of protected systems and critical infrastructures from time to time. The National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) has also been working in the direction of protecting Indian critical infrastructures. PTLB strongly recommend that NCIIPC must be formally launched by Indian government with clear cut functions and responsibilities. This did not happen in 2016 and 2017 may see some development in this regard.(9) Healthcare Security: With increasing use of ICT for healthcare, India needs a robust healthcare cyber security. This must be supplemented with adequate privacy safeguards and effective data protection. In 2016 Indian government failed to ensure cyber security, data protection and privacy protection for healthcare industry. They year 2017 may also see little efforts in this direction from government’s side.(10) Banking Security: Banking cyber security is an area where Indian government must work a lot. Financial transactions and digital payments in India are vulnerable to diverse cyber attacks and cyber crimes. Banks are ill equipped to deal with sophisticate cyber crimes and cyber attacks. Bank customers have little recourse against the guilty banks and digital payment service providers who have neglected in ensuring cyber security. This is happening even after a cyber security framework has been prescribed by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) that is mandatory to follow by Indian banks. However, despite the passing of the September 2016 deadline, banks have not made their systems cyber secure. Indian government may force banks to follow cyber bsignNow disclosure norms and put in place adequate cyber security in 2017.(11) Cyber Litigations: Cyber litigations are going to increase in the year 2017 in India. Increase in cyber crimes and cyber attacks in 2016 are a hint of the same. Till now cyber awareness among people is not high. Once they are aware of their cyber rights, they would enforce the same. However, law enforcement agencies of India must be modernised and they must develop good cyber crime investigation and cyber forensics capabilities.(12) Cyber Insurance: Cyber insurance business would see a big growth in the year 2017 due to increased cyber crimes and cyber attacks. Already many businesses have opted for cyber liability insurance in the year 2016. However, there are certain techno legal issues of cyber liability insurance that must be kept in mind by both insurance companies and insured. The year 2017 may also see entry of new players, startups, entrepreneurs, etc in the field of cyber insurance.(13) Blockchain: Many stakeholders explored use of blockchain and bitcoin in the year 2016. Indian government and Reserve Bank of India (RBI) are also analysing blockchain and bitcoin and its possible usages. However, no clear picture emerged in the year 2016 in this regard. Also issues of techno legal regulatory compliances and legality of bitcoin in India are still unresolved. The year 2017 may see some positive developments built around blockchain and bitcoin.Conclusion:Work has been done by govt to improve the cyber space but more is the need of hour becauseThe increase in online transaction due to demonetization can be derailed by cyber thefts if people loose the trust in online services then we will be back on cash transactions.The state sponsored attacks are increasing(APT). When your neighbors like china has military unit to conduct cyber warfare PLA Unit 61398 , you can’t delay in securing you cyber space. With America being the largest buyer of malwares you can’t wait to prepare cyber security arsenal building capacity.
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Can I use my CBSE 10th class mark sheet for an identity card issued by a recognized educational institution for a PAN card?
Digital Documents Now Valid. Here's All You Need To Know About DigiLockerDigiLocker is a platform for issuance and verification of documents and certificates in a digital format, thereby eliminating the use of physical documents. Indian citizens who sign up for a DigiLocker account get a dedicated cloud storage space that is linked to their Aadhaar or UIDAI number.DigiLocker is a cloud-based digital locker to save documents online. They are now be officially acceptedNew Delhi:The government, on Thursday, issued an advisory to all states to accept documents in electronic form. With the idea of paperless governance, and an aim to make life simpler for citizens, the government announced that documents such as driving license, car registration, voter ID, PAN card, school and college certificates, and many other documents issued by the government will now be accepted, when presented in digital form. These documents can even be used for photo ID purposes at airports and railway stations.DigiLocker, as the name suggests, is a 'digital locker' for citizens to securely save copies of all their documents.DigiLocker is a platform for issuance and verification of documents and certificates in a digital format, thereby eliminating the use of physical documents. Indian citizens who sign up for a DigiLocker account get a dedicated cloud storage space that is linked to their Aadhaar or UIDAI number.Government departments and organisations which are registered with DigiLocker can push electronic copies of documents and certificates issued by them, directly into the citizens lockers. Citizens can also upload scanned copies of their documents in their accounts. These documents can be electronically signed as well, using the eSign facility.Here is all you need to know about DigiLocker, and how to use it:Q) What is DigiLocker, and how does it work?A) DigiLocker is a digital locker facility provided by the government. It allows all Indian citizens to store scanned or digital formats of their documents. The technology used by DigiLocker is Cloud computing, where all citizens are given 1 GB (gigabyte) of storage space on a secure and private cloud account. DigiLocker is part of the government's Digital India initiative.The project was launched by PM Modi in 2015, when it had a beta version. It is now completely ready, with the government telling all states to start officially recognising it. It is aimed at reducing the need to carry physical documents, while also aiding in paperless governance.How the DigiLocker system worksQ) What are the benefits of DigiLocker?A) Some of the benefits offered by DigiLocker include:Citizens can access their digital documents anytime, anywhere and share it online for their ease and convenience. This helps in saving time, paperwork, and helps people get their work done on the move.It reduces the administrative overhead of government departments by minimising the use of paper, thereby making it a hassle-free and more environment-friendly way of getting things done.DigiLocker makes it easier to validate the authenticity of documents as they are issued directly by the registered issuers. Since documents are verified by the concerned departments, it helps a user get many other tasks done, for eg: documents required for various banking purposes, or at airports and railway stations, where IDs are needed.Self-uploaded documents can be digitally signed using the eSign facility (which is similar to the process of self-attestation of documents). Documents can thereby be shared as and when required, without it having to be manually delivered or collected.All physical documents can then be kept in the safety of ones home, minimising the chance of ever losing them, or damaging them.Here is a video showing how DigiLocker helps in our daily lives:Q) How can I open a DigiLocker account? What do I need?A) The DigiLocker facility is available only for Indian citizens. To open a DigiLocker account, you must have an Aadhaar card (Aadhaar number). To activate the account, it is mandatory to link your DigiLocker account to your Aadhaar (UIDAI) number.Q) Is my data (certificates and documents) safe in DigiLocker?A) The government assures that DigiLocker is completely safe, with some of the best security features available on date. DigiLocker allows only the user to access their data and documents. The user gets a secure and private cloud account, which is password-protected. Security measures also include a 256 Bit SSL encryption and mobile authentication based sign up process (with OTP facility). DigiLocker also comes with a 'timed logout', which means it logs the user out if the individual leaves it open and idle.DigiLocker follows the best industry practices, and keeps data 100 per cent private, allowing only the user to share details and documents with others. DigiLocker is ISO certified, and has an ISO-27001 certified data centre.Some of the main security features include:Standard Practices: DigiLocker follows standard software development practices of uniform coding standards, guidelines and reviews. Every release is reviewed and tested internally for security and penetration vulnerabilities before getting deployed on our servers.256 Bit SSL Encryption: DigiLocker uses 256 bit secure socket layer (SSL) Encryption for information transmitted during any activity.Mobile Authentication based Sign Up: DigiLocker uses mobile authentication based signup via OTP (one time password) for authenticating users and allowing access to the platform.Aadhaar Authentication based Issued Document Access: To receive issued documents from registered issuers, citizens need to authenticate themselves using Aadhaar's Biometric or Mobile OTP authentication service.ISO 27001 certified Data Centre: The application is hosted in a ISO 27001 security certified data centre.Data Redundancy: Data is backed up in secure environment with proper redundancy.Timed Log Out: To protect citizen's account from unauthorized access, our system is designed to terminate session automatically if extended inactivity is detected.Security Audit: The DigiLocker application has been security audited by a recognized audit agency and the application security audit certificate has been obtained.User Consent Based System: The data from DigiLocker is shared only with the citizen's explicit consent. All sharing and access activities are logged and conveyed to the citizen. Organizations that need access to citizens' certificates need to register on DigiLocker and seek explicit consent from the citizen.To know full details about the technical specifications of DigiLocker, please click here.Q) Who are the key stakeholders in the DigiLocker system?A) DigiLocker has three stakeholders. They are:Issuer: Entity issuing e-documents to individuals in a standard format and making them electronically available eg: CBSE, Registrar Office, Income Tax department, RTO (transport office), etc.Requester: Entity requesting secure access to a particular e-document stored within a repository (eg: University, Passport Office, Regional Transport Office, etc.)Resident: An individual who uses the Digital Locker service based on their Aadhaar number.Q) What are the main technology components of the DigiLocker system?A) The main technology components of the DigiLocker system include:Repository: Collection of e-documents that is exposed via standard APIs for secure, real-time access.Access Gateway: Secure online mechanism for requesters to access e-documents from various repositories in real-time using URI (Uniform Resource Indicator).DigiLocker Portal: Dedicated cloud based personal storage space, linked to each resident's Aadhaar for storing e-documents, or URIs of e-documents.To know full details about the technical specifications of DigiLocker, please click here.Q) What is the sign-up and sign-in procedure for DigiLocker? Can I link my Google or Facebook to DigiLocker?A) While signing up for a DigiLocker account, it is mandatory for a user to have an Aadhaar (UIDAI) number. A one-time password or OTP is sent to the users Aadhaar-linked mobile number, which they need to sign-up.For log-ins thereafter, a user can set a password of their choice, or link the account to their Facebook or Google logins. The choice of linking DigiLocker with Google or Facebook is given to every user, and is left to their discretion. It is not necessary to link them.Here is video explaining the sign-in and sign-up processes:Q) Can an NRI (Non Resident Indian) sign up using a foreign mobile number?A) No, it is not possible. You can register in DigiLocker using an Indian mobile number only.Q) Once I sign-up for DigiLocker, How can I get my eAadhaar linked with my account?A) Here are the steps to get eAadhaar in DigiLocker:Login to DigiLocker with your credentials.After logging into DigiLocker, you will see a dialog box with a message to get your eAadhaar.Click on "Click here" link.An OTP box will appear in the dialog.You will receive an OTP on your mobile number linked to Aadhaar.Enter this OTP in the OTP box and click "Verify OTP" button.On successful validation of the OTP you will be redirected to "Issued Document" page where URI for eAadhaar will be listed.Click on "Save" icon next to Aadhaar Card on "Issued Document" page. Your eAadhaar will be saved to "Uploaded Document" section.Q) Is DigiLocker only accessible through a web browser? Does DigiLocker have a Mobile App? What platforms is it available on?A) DigiLocker is available both for the web, as well as mobile. This means, a user can access their DigiLocker account both, from a web or mobile browser, as well as the DigiLocker Mobile App.The DigiLocker Mobile App (mobile application) is available on Google Play Store and iOS App Store. Click on the links in this answer, while on your mobile phone, to download the DigiLocker App.Q) What are the rules and amendments to use DigiLocker?A) To know all about the rules and amendments of DigiLocker, please click here. The first 8 pages are in Hindi. For English, please go straight to page 9.Q) How do I upload and e-sign documents on DigiLocker?A) Here is a video explaining the entire process of uploading and e-signing documents on DigiLocker:Q) How do I get documents issued on DigiLocker?A) Here is a video explaining the entire process of getting documents issued on DigiLocker:Q) What is DigiLocker integration with Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH). What are the benefits of this integration for citizens?A) DigiLocker has partnered with the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways for making available digital driving license and vehicle registration certificates to Indian citizens. Under this partnership, DigiLocker is now directly integrated with the National Register, which is the national database of driving license and vehicle registration data across the country. Henceforth, DigiLocker users will be able to access their digital RC and DL both on desktop computers and on mobile devices.Here are the benefits of this integration:Paperless Services: Digital driving license and vehicle registration will minimize the use of physical documents.Authentic Records: Citizens can share the authentic digital certificates directly from the data source with other departments as identity and address proof resulting in reduction of administrative overhead.Spot Verification: The digital RC and DL in a DigiLocker account can be spot verified for authenticity either by validating the Digital Signature of MoRTH on the PDF copy of the document or by scanning the QR code on digital documents by using the QR scan facility on DigiLocker mobile app.Q) What is the process of getting my digital DL (driving license) and RC (registration certificate) in DigiLocker?A) For getting the digital RC and DL, users should ensure their Aadhaar number is linked with their DigiLocker account. Once this is done, they can go to the "Pull Partner Documents" section, select the issuer and document type and enter the document details asked for. This will allow them to fetch their document from the transport ministry database. Once the document is fetched, users can save a permanent link (URI) to this digital document in their "Issued Documents" section for later reuse.While fetching the transport ministry digital records in DigiLocker, your name in your Aadhaar card should match your name in the RC and DL database of the National Register. This ensures that only the rightful owner of the documents is able to fetch the digital DL and RC.Please click here to get a step by step demo for the process of getting the digital RC and DL.Citizens can get their Digital RC and DL on both desktop and on mobile devices (Android only at present, iOS coming soon.)Q) How can I be sure that the Digital RC and DL in DigiLocker is indeed coming from the transport ministry database? Are these digital records authentic and legally valid under Indian laws?A) The digital RC and DL in DigiLocker is digitally signed by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. It is fetched in real-time directly from the National Register database and has a timestamp for record keeping purposes. This digital document is a legally valid document under the Indian IT Act 2000.Q) How can a CBSE Class XII student get access to their digital mark sheet on DigiLocker?A) DigiLocker has partnered with CBSE for issuing digital mark sheets to 2016 Class XII students. Students who have registered their mobile number with CBSE would receive their DigiLocker account credentials through SMS, while those who don't have their mobiles registered with CBSE would need to create a DigiLocker account with their mobile number, sync with their Aadhaar number and then pull their mark sheet from the CBSE databases.For step by step instructions on how to do this, please click here.Q) What are issued documents and what are uploaded documents?A) Issued documents are e-documents issued by various government agencies in electronic format directly from the original data source and the URI (link) of these documents is available in the issued documents section of DigiLocker. Whereas uploaded documents are those e-documents uploaded directly by the DigiLocker user.Q) What is the maximum allowed file size that can be uploaded?A) Maximum allowed file size is 10MB.Q) What type of files can be uploaded?A) File types that can be uploaded - pdf, jpeg & png.Q) What is the meaning of URI?A) A URI is a Uniform Resource Identifier generated by the issuer department, which is mandatory for every e-document of the DigiLocker system. This unique URI can be resolved to a full URL (Uniform Resource Locator) to access the actual document in its appropriate repository.Q) What departments under the government have linked themselves to DigiLocker so far? What advisory has the government given to the states to officially recognise soft copies (on DigiLocker)?A) Here is the letter or advisory that the government has issued to all the states to officially recognise documents of citizens uploaded or fetched on DigiLocker. The letter also lists all the government departments that have linked themselves to DigiLocker.
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What are the cyber warfare capabilities of China? What defense mechanism does India have to counter Chinese cyber threat?
It would be incorrect to say Indian government is not doing anything in field of Cyber Security. The actual question is :Why is Indian government working at snail’s pace in the field of Cyber Security?To begin with the government has enacted IT Act 2008, to provide legal frame work to solve cyber crimes related issues(Needs a lot of amendment to cover all the issues)In 2013 , the government drafted the National Cyber Security Policy to improve Indian cyber space. Let see the current achievements of this policyEnabling legal framework: Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 has been enacted and rules of important sections have been notified.Security Policy, Compliance and Assurance: Computer Security Guidelines have been circulated to all Departments and Ministries. Cyber security drills are being conducted to assess preparedness of critical organizations. 54 Auditors have been empaneled for audit of IT infrastructure from cyber security point of viewCapacity Development/Training:Training Centers have been set up at CBI Ghaziabad and Kerala Police to facilitate advanced training in cyber crime investigation. Computer forensic labs and training facilities are being set up in J&K state, North Eastern states. Forensic Centres have been set up with the help of NASSCOM at Mumbai, Bangalore, Bhopal and Kolkata.A workforce of cyber security professional is being created by short term courses at C-DAC, NIELIT and long term courses are being conducted through DIAT, IIIT’s and NIT’sCollaboration: Cyber security awareness programs were organized in cooperation with industry associations CII, NASSCOM-DSCI. International level Cyber security drills were held with Asia –Pacific CERTs. Specific cyber security cooperation agreements were signed with US, Japan and South Korea. India participated in cyber security drills of US (Cyber Storm III). CERT-In experts helped in establishment of CERT-Mauritius. India is participating in Internet traffic scanning in Asia-pacific region. India is a member of UN committee of Group of Experts as well as in the Council of Security cooperation in Asia-Pacific (CSCAP) for enhancing cooperation in the area of Cyber Security.PKI infrastructure: Set up to support implementation of Information Technology Act and promote use of Digital Signatures,has enabled the growth and application of digital signature certificates in a number of areas.National Crisis Management Plan: For countering cyber attacks and cyber terrorism has been prepared and is being updated annually. Central Govt. Ministries/Departments and States and UTs as well as organizations in critical sectors are making efforts to prepare and implement their own sectoral Crisis Management Plans.Information Security Management System (ISMS) : ISMS was established in kolkata for compliance and security testing of Indian software products.Cyber Appellate Tribunal (CyAT): This was set up for the purposes of discharging its functions under the I.T. ActController Of signNowing Authorities(CCA): The Controller of signNowing Authorities (CCA) has established the Root signNowing Authority of India (RCAI) under section 18(b) of the IT Act to digitally sign the public keys of signNowing Authorities (CA) in the country.Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (ICERT):Collection, analysis and dissemination of information on cyber incidentsForecast and alerts of cyber security incidentsEmergency measures for handling cyber security incidentsCoordination of cyber incident response activitiesIssue guidelines, advisories, vulnerability notes and white papers relating to information security practices, procedures, prevention, response and reporting of cyber incidents11. Central Monitoring System: Government has set up the Centralized Monitoring System (CMS) to automate the process of Lawful Interception & Monitoring of telecommunications.12. National Intelligence Grid: NATGRID is the integrated intelligence grid connecting databases of core security agencies of the Government of India to collect comprehensive patterns of intelligence that can be readily accessed by intelligence agencies.13. National Technical Research Organisation: NTRO is technical intelligence agency under the National Security Advisor in the Prime Minister's Office, India.The agency develops technology capabilities in aviation and remote sensing, data gathering and processing, cyber security, cryptology systems, strategic hardware and software development and strategic monitoring.14. NETRA (NEtwork TRaffic Analysis): software network developed by India's Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR), a Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) laboratory, and is used by the Intelligence Bureau, India's domestic intelligence agency, and the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW).NETRA can analyse voice traffic passing through software such as Skype and Google Talk, and intercept messages with keywords such as 'attack', 'bomb', 'blast' or 'kill' in real-time from the enormous number of tweets, status updates, emails, instant messaging transcripts, internet calls, blogs, forums and even images generated on the internet to obtain the desired intelligence.15. National Cyber Coordination Centre: It is a proposed cyber security and e-surveillance agency in India. It is intended to screen communication metadata and co-ordinate the intelligence gathering activities of other agencies.16. Tri Service Cyber Command for Armed Forces of India: Tri-Service commands to handle the critical arenas of space, cyberspace and clandestine warfare in the form of Special Forces.17. R&D: Indian government is working with various university like IIIT-H , DIAT, IIT’s and NIT’s on various cyber security projects.The cyber security wing of C-DAC has develop following security products:According to Perry4Law Organisation (P4LO) below are the current cyber security issues that may emerge in India in 2017(1) Digital India Security: Security of digital India project is of utmost importance as many online services are based upon it. The year 2016 did not see much work in this regard and digital India remained an insecure project that lacked cyber security capabilities. It has now become indispensable for the Indian government to ensure cyber security for digital India in 2017 as without cyber security most of government’s projects would create more trouble than solution.(2) Digital Payments: The thrust upon digital payments without adequate cyber security is a really troublesome notion. The entire digital payment and online banking system of India is vulnerable to cyber attacks and cyber thefts. Whether it is debit/credit cards, mobile wallets, online banking or any other proposed e-banking option; they are very much vulnerable to sophisticated cyber attacks. Indian banks and digital payment providers are clearly not equipped to deal with the cases of cyber attacks and cyber crimes that are going to increase in 2017.(3) Ransomware: Ransomware emerged as one of the top nuisances in the year 2016. Ransomware attacks would further increase in 2017 in India. As India is moving towards a data nation, locking of the same would be catastrophic. We have little defense against ransomware in India as on date and businesses may feel helpless and prone to litigations once they are hit by it.(4) Smart Cities Security: Indian government is all set to establish smart cities in India. Many smart cities were approved in the year 2016 and work upon them may start in 2017. Indian government has considered all aspects of smart cities managements and PTLB hopes that cyber security of smart cities in India must also have been considered along with possible legal issues that may arise.(5) IoT Security: Internet of things (IoT) received positive response in India in 2016. Many national and international stakeholders have shown interest in IoT driven services. Of course, at this stage most of them are just exploring as techno legal issues are still not clear. However, what is clear is that IoT services require strong cyber security and civil liberties protection that was missing in 2017. That may be natural as well as IoT is still evolving in India and PTLB hopes that IoT would be able to manage cyber security, civil liberties and data security aspects in the year 2017.(6) Cloud Computing Security: Cloud computing is comparatively well received concept in India. In fact, companies and individuals have been investing in cloud computing ventures even before 2016. However, many of our clients were apprehensive in launching a full fledged cloud computing business. This is largely due to the fact regulatory and technological aspects are still not clear to them. In the absence of clarity about these aspects, cloud computing witnessed a limited growth in 2016. The year 2017 may see better growth for cloud computing businesses.(7) Aadhaar: Aadhaar project was pushed very rigorously by Indian government in the year 2016 even by indulging in contempt of court. However, little efforts were undertaken by Indian government to protect civil liberties and cyber security issues of Aadhaar. For projects like digital India and Aadhaar, cyber security laws are urgently needed but they remained missing in 2016. The year 2017 may see some positive development in this regard.(8) Critical Infrastructure Protection: Indian government has hinted towards launch of botnet and malware cleaning centers in the year 2017. This is a positive development as it would help in critical infrastructure protection (Pdf) in India. Indian government has also been formulating guidelines and regulations ensuring protection of protected systems and critical infrastructures from time to time. The National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) has also been working in the direction of protecting Indian critical infrastructures. PTLB strongly recommend that NCIIPC must be formally launched by Indian government with clear cut functions and responsibilities. This did not happen in 2016 and 2017 may see some development in this regard.(9) Healthcare Security: With increasing use of ICT for healthcare, India needs a robust healthcare cyber security. This must be supplemented with adequate privacy safeguards and effective data protection. In 2016 Indian government failed to ensure cyber security, data protection and privacy protection for healthcare industry. They year 2017 may also see little efforts in this direction from government’s side.(10) Banking Security: Banking cyber security is an area where Indian government must work a lot. Financial transactions and digital payments in India are vulnerable to diverse cyber attacks and cyber crimes. Banks are ill equipped to deal with sophisticate cyber crimes and cyber attacks. Bank customers have little recourse against the guilty banks and digital payment service providers who have neglected in ensuring cyber security. This is happening even after a cyber security framework has been prescribed by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) that is mandatory to follow by Indian banks. However, despite the passing of the September 2016 deadline, banks have not made their systems cyber secure. Indian government may force banks to follow cyber bsignNow disclosure norms and put in place adequate cyber security in 2017.(11) Cyber Litigations: Cyber litigations are going to increase in the year 2017 in India. Increase in cyber crimes and cyber attacks in 2016 are a hint of the same. Till now cyber awareness among people is not high. Once they are aware of their cyber rights, they would enforce the same. However, law enforcement agencies of India must be modernised and they must develop good cyber crime investigation and cyber forensics capabilities.(12) Cyber Insurance: Cyber insurance business would see a big growth in the year 2017 due to increased cyber crimes and cyber attacks. Already many businesses have opted for cyber liability insurance in the year 2016. However, there are certain techno legal issues of cyber liability insurance that must be kept in mind by both insurance companies and insured. The year 2017 may also see entry of new players, startups, entrepreneurs, etc in the field of cyber insurance.(13) Blockchain: Many stakeholders explored use of blockchain and bitcoin in the year 2016. Indian government and Reserve Bank of India (RBI) are also analysing blockchain and bitcoin and its possible usages. However, no clear picture emerged in the year 2016 in this regard. Also issues of techno legal regulatory compliances and legality of bitcoin in India are still unresolved. The year 2017 may see some positive developments built around blockchain and bitcoin.Conclusion:Work has been done by govt to improve the cyber space but more is the need of hour becauseThe increase in online transaction due to demonetization can be derailed by cyber thefts if people loose the trust in online services then we will be back on cash transactions.The state sponsored attacks are increasing(APT). When your neighbors like china has military unit to conduct cyber warfare PLA Unit 61398 , you can’t delay in securing you cyber space. With America being the largest buyer of malwares you can’t wait to prepare cyber security arsenal building capacity.
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