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FAQs
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Did Raghuram Rajan know about the demonetization scheme of Narendra Modi?
The following persons only were aware of the plan.1. PM Narendra Modi2. Finance Minister Arun Jaitley3. RBI Ex-Governor Raghuram Rajan4. RBI Governor Urijit Patel5. Secretary of Economic Affairs Shaktikanta Das6. Secretary of Investments & Currency Dr. Saurabh Garg7. and a few others in finance ministry.Because the plan was finalized six months back and Mr. Rajan left office on 4th September 2016 only. So such a decision can’t be carried out without the approval of RBI Governor.The detailed execution went something like this.Before Six Months- Plan was finalized and execution for the D-Day started.June - Banks were directed to dispense more 100 rupee note by RBI.Before three Months- Design of new 500 & 2000 rupee note was finalized and went for printing at Mysuru Mint press.PS: Only the design of the plate was finalized. The printing didn't start that time as Mr. Rajan denied continuing for next term and new governor was declared.The printing facility at Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Ltd. (BRBNMPL) in Mysuru under Reserve Bank of India was set up with the De La Rue Giori, now KBA Giori, Switzerland.20 August - Mr. Urjit Patel was declared as new governor.4 September - Mr. Urjit Patel joined office as new governor and gave a green signal to Modi for demonetization after a thorough discussion. He sent his signature sample in English and Hindi to be added to newly designed 2000 currency plate.5–6 September - Signature was added to the plate and new dye was made. Printing of currency started.27 October - The central bank put out a warning about fake currencies on its website. It asked banks to put entire banking areas under CCTV surveillance and ensure that cash receipts in the denominations of Rs 100 and above are not put into re-circulation without the notes being machine-processed for authenticity.The CCTV surveillance is now being used to monitor and record all the money exchanges that are taking place at banks.2 November - Banks were directed again to dispense more Rs 100 notes through ATMs within the next fortnight.7 November - The Heads of currency management divisions in all banks received a confidential communication from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to be present at the headquarters.8 November Morning- They were given charge of a double-locked currency chest, which they were told contained currency notes of the new denomination: Rs.2,000.Though it also had the RS 500 new notes, but it wasn’t disclosed.8 November 7 PM- All MDs of banks were called for a meeting at RBI and were kept waited till 8PM. At PMO, all cabinet ministers were called for a meeting, but no one was allowed to carry mobile.Privacy was of top most priority. Even leak of the news by a few minutes could have caused disaster.8 November 8 PM- Disclosure of demonetization by PM on National TV.The entire nation came to know about it at the exact same time.A master stroke that left the nation spellbound !But the question to ponder is - Did Mr. Rajan leave the office, because he wasn’t in full support of the plan ?Here is what he had to say on demonetization in 2014: Ref“I am not quite sure if what you meant is demonetise the old notes and introduce new notes instead. In the past demonetization has been thought off as a way of getting black money out of circulation. Because people then have to come and say "how do I have this ten crores in cash sitting in my safe" and they have to explain where they got the money from. It is often cited as a solution. Unfortunately, my sense is the clever find ways around it.They find ways to divide up their hoard in to many smaller pieces. You do find that people who haven't thought of a way to convert black to white, throw it into the Hundi in some temples. I think there are ways around demonetization. It is not that easy to flush out the black money. Of course, a fair amount may be in the form of gold, therefore even harder to catch. I would focus more on the incentives to generate and retain black money. A lot of the incentives are on taxes.My sense is the current tax rate in this country is for the most part reasonable. We have a reasonable tax regime, for example, the maximum tax rate on high-incomes is 33%, in the US it is already 39% plus State taxes, etc., it takes it to near 50. We are actually lower than many industrial countries. Given that, there is no reason why everybody who should pay taxes is not paying taxes. I would focus more on tracking data and better tax administration to get at where money is not being declared. I think it is very hard in this modern economy to hide your money that easily.”Source - LivemintHuffingtonpostBusiness StandardEdit1: The new 2000 currency note was initially printed at Mysuru Mint. Thank you User-12623941048551877892 for pointing this out. ReferenceEdit2: Those who are cursing the government for demand supply mismatch of notes should read below possible reasons.a) Had Mr. Rajan had continued as governor, the scenario could have been different. More 2000 notes could have been printed due to availability of time.b) Only one printing press (Mysuru) was used to print the new notes initially. So it limited the printing capability and increased the distribution duration to all banks across the country.c) Only availability of 100 rupee notes decreased ATM's capability in terms of value.d) Change in dimensions of the currency note increased ATM up-gradation time both in terms of software and hardware.e) The no of ATMs for withdrawal got reduced as CDMs couldn't be used for withdrawal. Otherwise people would get same old currency deposited by some other person.Details on SPMCILThank you everyone for the Upvotes. This is not so a customary ‘thank you’ note, but it means a lot to me in keep going. This was my 2nd answer on Quora and 1st answer to receive 1000+ Upvotes that too within two days. :)PS: I’m politically neutral and don’t have any strong support for any of the political parties. But whenever I come across some exceptional steps by them( may be by BJP or Congress or AAP), I criticize or appreciate. The scenario is not ideal always and as per a report 61% of all projects fail to succeed (delivered on time, on budget, and with required features and functions) 43% are challenged (late, over budget, and/or with fewer than the required features and functions) 18% fail (either cancelled prior to completion or delivered and never used). So let’s appreciate this man for the huge step taken.
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What are the variants of the Boeing 747?
Google and Wikipedia are your friends…I’m your friend too, so let me describe the different variants of the Boeing 747 for you on Quora:747–100First flight: February 9, 1969Number built: 168We start with the first generation 747. The prototype aircraft was named City of Everett, and it took off from the Boeing Field in Washington for its maiden flight.The inaugural commercial 747 flight took place on January 22, 1970. The plane serving the flight was Clipper Victor, the 11th Jumbo Jet built.On August 2, 1970, this plane was involved in the first ever hijacking of a 747. Pan Am Flight 299 was hijacked en-route to San Juan with 379 people aboard.The hijacker had a gun and explosives, and he demanded the captain to fly the plane to Cuba. The captain complied with his order.Having been notified of the hijacking, Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro visited Jose Marti Airport to witness the landing of a 747—a plane he had never seen before.Castro was intrigued by the unprecedented size of the Jumbo Jet. When the captain disembarked the plane with the terrorist, Castro bombarded the captain with questions about the jet’s capabilities, seemingly forgetting that he had just endured the sheer terror of a hijack.Unfortunately, Clipper Victor would later be involved in the worst aviation accident ever. On March 27, 1977, while operating as Pan Am Flight 1736, the plane was struck by KLM Flight 4805 on a runway, resulting in 583 fatalities.The second Boeing 747 ever built was turned into a noodle restaurant after retiring from service. However, the restaurant failed and the plane was scrapped.747–100SRFirst flight: August 31, 1973Number built: 7When Japanese airlines requested a high-capacity, domestic version of the 747, Boeing launched the 747–100 Short-Range. This variant has lower fuel capacity, and higher payload allowance. This is the first airliner to be configured to carry more than 500 passengers. Japan Airlines’ 747–100SR can carry up to 550 passengers.As the –100SR was designed to perform twice as many flight cycles as the –100, Boeing had to strengthen its airframe and landing gear.A –100SR was involved in the deadliest single-aircraft aviation accident, when Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashed in 1985, killing 520 people.▲ The aircraft involved in the tragedy.747–100BFirst flight: June 20, 1979Number built: 9This variant borrowed the stronger fuselage and landing gear design from the 747–100SR. Compared to the 747–100, it has a greater fuel capacity and longer range. Boeing also offered new engine options.In 1996, an Ilyushin Il-76TD struck a Boeing 747–100B flying at about 14,000 feet, resulting in the most fatal mid-air collision in history.747–100B SRFirst flight: November 3, 1978Number built: 20The difference between this model and the regular 747–100SR is an increased maximum take-off weight.747–100B SR SUDFirst flight: February 26, 1986Number built: 2This model has the same features as the 747–100B SR, but with a Stretched Upper Deck that is around 7 meters longer, providing a 10% increase in capacity and allowing for more seats. This new upper deck also came with a pair of full-size emergency exit doors for faster evacuation.▲ This image depicts an actual 747–100, not a –300.747–100SFThe 747–100 Special Freighter is a 747–100 converted to carry cargo. A main-deck side cargo door and cargo loading mechanisms were added. The main deck was strengthened to accommodate the increased weight of the payload.If you look closely at the image below, you’ll be able to see three exit doors that are sealed off, and the side cargo door behind the wing.747SPFirst flight: July 4, 1975Number built: 45The 747 Special Performance is truly unique and quirky. It is derived from the 747–100, and it’s about 14.7 meters shorter than a regular 747. It also has one less pair of exit doors on the main deck.It has a stubby fuselage, a huge vertical stabiliser, four turbofan engines and two passenger decks. It just looks ludicrous, and wonderful.The following was stated in Boeing’s 1984 edition of “747 Airplane Characteristics — Airport Planning”:[The 747SP] can fly higher, faster and farther than any other wide-body aircraft, and as a result serves well on long-distance air routes that do not require the size of the standard 747.The 747SP apparently had a top speed of approximately Mach 0.92 (630 mph/ 1013 kmh).One plane was involved in a near-disaster. In February 1985, China Airlines Flight 6 plummeted 30,000 feet in under 2 and a half minutes, before the pilots were able to regain control and level their jet out at 9,600 feet. The flight landed safely.▲ Damage sustained by the plane’s empennageThe plane was repaired, but its wings were permanently bent upwards by 5 cm.747–200BFirst flight: October 11, 1970Number built: 225The “second-generation” 747 entered service in February 1971, just a year after the original model. It has more powerful engines, higher maximum take-off weight and longer range.The 747-200B denotes the “basic” passenger version.▲ The KLM 747–200B that collided with Clipper Victor on the runway747–200FFirst flight: Early 1972Number built: 73This is the first freighter version of the 747 to be manufactured by Boeing.Boeing stated that this plane has “virtually” the same cargo space as the 747–100SF.747–200CFirst flight: Early 1973Number built: 13Equipped with a nose cargo door, the 747–200 Convertible is capable of being quickly converted from a passenger aircraft to a cargo aircraft, and vice versa. It can also carry a mix of cargo and passengers.▲ There are passenger windows on the nose cargo door.An El Al Boeing 747–200C carried a record-breaking 1,087 passengers on a single flight during Operation Solomon in 1991 (figure excludes babies board on the flight).747–200MFirst flight: Late 1974Number built: 78Also known as the –200B Combi, this plane is functionally similar to the –200C. It was built with a passenger cabin in the front half of the plane, and a cargo compartment in the back half.This model does not have a nose cargo door. Instead, a left-side main-deck cargo door was implemented near the rear of the aircraft. Unlike the –200C, this model cannot be converted into an all-cargo configuration.747 (SUD)While Boeing built the 747–100B SR SUD from scratch, they offered the Stretched Upper Deck as a retrofit to the 747–100B, 747–100SR, 747–200B and 747–200M variants.These images show the SUD modification process:All 747s that were upgraded with the extended upper deck were designated as “SUD” models. For example, the “747–200B SUD”.▲ Top: An original KLM 747–200B | Bottom: The same plane with the SUD upgrade747–300First flight: October 5, 1982Number built: 56The 747–300 is the third-generation passenger 747, and it came with the stretched upper deck as standard. To reiterate, the upper deck was stretched to be about 7 meters longer than older, non-retrofitted 747s, and it came with a pair of full-size exit doors.Boeing gave customers the option for updated engines, or the same engines from the 747–200 models.While older 747 variants had spiral staircases connecting the two passenger decks, the 747–300 featured a new staircase design which occupied less space in the cabin, providing room for more seats.▲ Left: Spiral staircase on a 747–200B | Right: Staircase on the 747–300747–300MFirst flight: Late 1982Number built: 21As with the 747–200M, the updated –300M can carry passengers and freight on the main deck. It is also referred to as the 747–300 Combi.747–300SRFirst flight: Late 1987Number built: 4This plane was once again introduced for Japanese airlines. It has a capacity of 584 passengers.747–300SFBoeing didn’t produce a freighter version of the 747–300, but they initiated a modification program in May 2000 to turn the passenger variants into cargo planes.747–400First flight: April 29, 1988Number built: 442The fourth-generation 747 introduced numerous structural and technological advancements, providing greater efficiency. It has more range, more fuel tanks, longer wings, and new wingtips that increase fuel efficiency by 4%.More importantly, this model came equipped with a glass cockpit consisting of multifunctional digital screens, which supersede many analog instruments. More computerised flight control systems were implemented, eliminating the need for a flight engineer and largely reducing the amount of knobs, dials and switches.Additionally, the model came with new powerplants choices and a refreshed passenger cabin. With 442 planes constructed, the 747–400 is the most popular 747 model.Unsurprisingly, the 1000th 747 produced is a 747–400.▲ This plane was delivered to Singapore Airlines in October 1993.747–400FFirst flight: Late 1993Number built: 126The freighter version of the 747–400.Since an extended upper deck is redundant and adds weight to the aircraft, every 747–400F retained the same upper deck dimensions as the 747–200F.747–400MFirst flight: Mid 1989Number built: 61Otherwise known as the 747–400 Combi, this aircraft can haul passengers and cargo on the main deck. Compared to older Combi aircraft, this model came with enhanced fire protection systems.The 747th 747 was a –400M. It was delivered to Lufthansa in September 1989.747–400DFirst flight: Early 1991Number built: 19For their high-capacity, short-range 747–400, Boeing decided to drop the “SR” label in favour of a new name, the 747–400 Domestic.Yet again, this variant was produced for the Japanese market. Because it’s tailored for short-haul flights, no winglets were installed on newly-manufactured 747–400D. Boeing later offered the winglets as a retrofit.This airplane has a maximum capacity of 660 passengers in a single-class configuration.747–400ERFirst flight: July 2002Number built: 6The 747–400 Extended Range was launched with an option of one or two additional fuel tanks in the forward cargo bay. Structural modifications allowed for a higher maximum takeoff weight.▲ Qantas is the sole operator of the –400ERThe Boeing Signature Interior, which debuted on the Boeing 777, was installed on every 747–400ER.The 747–400ER is expected to be retired by 2020.747-400ERFFirst flight: September 2002Number built: 40This model can fly 525 kilometres farther than the standard 747–400F. Like the -400ER, this plane has a more robust structure, enabling higher maximum takeoff weight allowance.747-400BCFFirst flight: October 5, 2005Every 747–400 Boeing Converted Freighter was once a passenger 747–400. Boeing appoints contractors like HAECO and SIAEC to perform the conversion work.Like the –400F, it has a side main-deck door situated behind the wings.747–8IFirst flight: March 20, 2011Number built: 47 as of September 2018Initially named the 747 Advanced, the 747–8 Intercontinental was launched in 2005.This model was developed with technologies and design derived from the 787. For the first time, Boeing lengthened the 747’s airframe. As a result, the 747–8I is the longest 747, and the longest commercial aircraft to date.It is powered by GEnX engines, the same ones found on the 787.The 747–8I features a redesigned wing and raked wingtips inspired by the 787. To reduce weight and improve efficiency, parts of the wings are constructed using carbon-fibre composites.It comes with updated flight deck systems and avionics, along with the Boeing Sky Interior. Its passenger windows are 16% larger than those on the 747–400, but unlike the 787, the windows don’t dim electrically.747–8FFirst flight: February 8, 2010Number built: 82 as of September 2018This freighter aircraft shares many attributes with the 747–8I, including its record fuselage length. However, the dimensions of the upper deck remain identical to original 747.The two 747–8 models are 5.6 meters longer than older 747 models, and 20.3 meters longer than the 747SP. They were stretched in different areas to suit their purposes:DreamlifterFirst flight: September 9, 2006Number converted: 4The 747–400 Large Cargo Freighter, better known as the Dreamlifter, is an oversized cargo transporter. This colossal aircraft has three times the cargo capacity of a –400F. It was exclusively designed and used by Boeing to carry parts of the 787 Dreamliner from suppliers around the world to the assembly plant.Like the –400BCF, this airplane model was converted from passenger 747–400s.▲ This 747–400 is one of the 4 aircraft to be modified into Dreamlifters.The first Dreamlifter rolled out of the hangar in August 2006, and it wasn’t particularly sightly. Then-president of Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Scott Carson, was reportedly heard apologising to the designer of the 747, Joe Sutter, by saying:[Sorry] for what we did to your plane.VC-25AFirst flight: May 16, 1987Number built: 2Commonly mistaken as the “Air Force One”, the VC-25A is a heavily modified version of the 747–200B. It’s only known as Air Force One when the POTUS is on board.In recent years, it has made many cameo appearances in tabloid newspapers.VC-25BFirst flight: July 8, 2016 (as a 747–8I)Number to be converted: 2The VC-25B will supplant the ageing VC-25A. It should be operational by 2024.To keep costs low, the US Air Force purchased two 747–8I airplanes that were originally built for a Russian airline which went bankrupt.▲ The two undelivered 747s destined to be VC-25Bs, stored in the Mojave desert747 SupertankerFirst flight: February 19, 2004Number converted: 3This is a Boeing 747 variant that was transformed into an aerial firefighting air tanker. It can carry up to 74,000 litres of fire retardant or water, and holds the record for the largest firefighting aircraft.Three Supertankers were built from a 747–100, –200C and –400BCF. However, only two entered service. This image below shows the 747–100 Supertanker:Presently, only the 747–400BCF Supertanker is in service.▲ This passenger plane was first converted into a freighter, then an air tanker.SOFIAFirst flight: April 26, 2007The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy is a heavily retrofitted 747SP. It has a telescope installed near the rear of the airframe, and flies at up to 45,000 feet during its missions.This 747SP was formerly owned by Pan Am, and subsequently United.▲ SOFIA, before make-up▲ SOFIA, after make-upBoeing YAL-1First flight: July 18, 2002This plane was once a 747–400F, before becoming the YAL-1 Airborne Laser. It has an infrared chemical laser mounted on its nose, which was intended to destroy tactical ballistic missiles.▲ This plane gives Rudolph a run for its moneyThe plane successfully destroyed two test missiles. However, it was expensive and not operationally feasible. Hence, it was scrapped in 2014.Boeing E-4First flight: June 13, 1973Number built: 4The E-4 is an airborne strategic command and control post. It is derived from the 747–200B. When in operation, the E-4 is identified as a “National Airborne Operations Center”.This plane is capable of aerial refuelling, and was designed to remain airborne for a week during an emergency.▲ This 747 variant has a hump on top of its hump, which houses an antenna.There are two versions of the model, the E-4A and E-4B. The US Air Force initially had three E-4A planes. In 1979, Boeing delivered a new E-4, with upgraded equipment, which was designated as the E-4B. Thereafter, the E-4A jets were refurbished to become E-4B models.Shuttle Carrier AircraftFirst flight with a space shuttle: February 18, 1977Number converted: 2The Shuttle Carrier Aircraft was designed to transport space shuttles from landing sites back to the launch complex. In 1974, an American Airlines 747–100 was acquired by NASA and turned into the SCA.During the maiden flight with an orbiter, Enterprise, the SCA signNowed a speed of 462 km/h (287 mph), and an altitude of 16,000 feet.In 1988, a 747–100SR was obtained from Japan Airlines and converted into a second SCA.▲ The SCA piggybacking Space Shuttle Enterprise▲ Space Shuttle Endeavour riding on the SCAAfter the conclusion of the space shuttle program, the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft carried the shuttles from the Kennedy Space Centre to various museums.Thereafter, the SCA were sourced for spare parts that could be reused on SOFIA. Both planes are now preserved at museums.▲ The 747–100 SCA on display at Space Center HoustonJumbohostelFirst night: January 15, 2009This 747–200B was transformed into a hostel.After some additional work, the engine nacelles were turned into small rooms.Let’s move on to some 747 variants that were conceptualised but never built.747 trijetPeriod of study: Late 1960s — Early 1970sBoeing engineers crafted a concept for a 747 trijet to compete with the DC-10 and L-1011, but they realised it was too costly to develop. Boeing engineers figured that making a three-engine version of the 747 would require a redesign of the wings and the vertical stabiliser, along with other hassles that made the concept uneconomical.So, Boeing scrapped the 747 trijet.747–500X/ –600X/ –700XAnnounced: September 2, 1996Boeing proposed three versions of the 747 with longer fuselages as potential competitors to the hypothetical A3XX plane, which would later become the A380.The concept models were to feature an improved wing design taken from the Boeing 777, more landing gear wheels and a new interior design.▲ 747–400 (Top) compared to the 500X and 600XThe 747–600X and –700X were planned to receive longer and wider fuselages, while retaining the existing wing dimensions and landing gear structures. Furthermore, Boeing stated that the –700X would potentially have a capacity of 650 passengers in a typical three-class configuration.The –500X and –600X were offered for sale at the 1996 Farnborough Airshow, but they didn’t receive any orders. Thereafter, Boeing axed these three models.Oh and one last variant…747–8 PSPImagined: October 18, 2018The Boeing 747–8 Photoshopped Special Performance is the chubbiest 747 ever.Thanks for viewing.// //If you’re interested to know how the worst aviation accident in history happened, and learn about other mid-air disasters, check out Isaac Low's answer to Have planes crashed into each other?Image sources1st — General Aviation News2nd — Aviation Safety Network3rd — The Pan Am Historical Foundation4th — Vecamspot5th — SOBIFY6th — Wikimedia Commons7th — National Geographic8th — Wikimedia Commons9th — Dennis HKG/Flickr10th — Wikimedia Commons11th — Wikimedia Commons12th — Wikimedia Commons13th — Airliners[.]net14th — Cargo Facts15th — NACOE16th — Airline Reporter17th — Top: Airport-Data[.]com | Bottom: Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives18th — Airlines Inform19th — Left: Sam Chui | Right: Airliners[.]net20th — Airplane-Pictures[.]net21st — Wikimedia Commons22nd — Rohan Patel/Flickr23rd — Wikimedia Commons24th — Air Charter25th — (Thumbnail of YouTube video by akino33 Aviation Video Channel)26th — Wikimedia Commons27th — Airliners[.]net28th — Airplane-Pictures[.]net29th — Wikimedia Commons30th — Wikimedia Commons31st — Wired32nd — Modern Airliners33rd — Wikimedia Commons34th — australianaviation[.]com[.]au35th — JetPhotos36th — indicator[.]gr37th — unilad[.]co[.]uk38th — Defense One39th — Planespotters[.]net40th — The Gazette41st — Wikimedia Commons42nd — Wikimedia Commons43rd — SOFIA Science Centre44th — Wikimedia Commons45th — Wikimedia Commons46th — Wikimedia Commons47th — NASA48th — Wikimedia Commons49th — Amusing Planet50th — Hostelworld[.]com51st — robertcatanescu[.]wordpress[.]com52nd — Simple Flying53rd — Boeing Images54th — Wikimedia Commons (photo edited by me)Note: Due to Quora’s policy, I cannot add the image URL sources in my answer. To view the image links, click here.
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What are some great tools to use for sales prospecting?
I think that we all agree that the days of manual prospecting are long gone. If you automate your prospecting efforts you can save a lot of time and money, and streamline your whole sales process. But, since there are lots of prospecting tools in the market, it can be hard to figure out which ones are good and which ones you should avoid.I’ll give you a couple of suggestions based on the tools I used.Email Hunter is a decent little program that can extract a list of every single one company email. All you need to enter is a company domain, and you will soon be able to email any person from a company. You can use either its dedicated Chrome plugin, or you can do your search by means of their browser version. This program can come in really handy if you want to find the email of a particular decision maker and get in touch with them directly.HeadsignNow is another interesting tool that offers more options than Email Hunter as it has some advanced search features. This means that you can search prospects based on various criteria such as name, company, title, or website. You can also expect to find your prospects’ social media handles and memorize your search logs.Autoklose isn’t your average prospecting tool, mainly because it offers much more. It’s actually a sales automation platform that can dramatically speed up your sales cycle, and prospecting is just one of the weapons in its arsenal. Apart from automating your prospecting efforts and saving you a tremendous amount of time, Autoklose will make your job and life easier by automating your email marketing efforts, amplifying your follow-ups, providing you with detailed campaign stats and metrics, and streamlining numerous dull, repetitive tasks that have to be done during the sales process.When it comes to prospecting, Autoklose allows you several powerful methods of filling your funnel with quality leads.Upload your own reliable contacts from .CSV files and Autoklose will import the information in the database so that you can make lists according to various parameters, and additionally segment them in order to create customized outsignNow campaigns and improve your open and click-through rates;Connect your Salesforce account and sync the data with Autoklose thus growing your internal database. What’s great about this platform is that it prevents you from sending the same email to the same person twice;Gain access to a huge B2B leads database and find prospects from virtually any industry. I was impressed with the abundance of prospects that I could actually contact. This database is managed by Autoklose’s reliable third-party providers, and it’s absolutely clean and packed with verified, complete, and updated contact information.It’s clear that Autoklose gives you a plenty of prospecting options, and the fact that you can search for your potential customers by using different parameters makes it in a way similar to HeadsignNow, but one of the main and most important differences is that Autoklose provides you with validated data which undergoes a meticulous 50-point data-scrub, meaning that every missing field is filled in, and every email, phone number, address, and job title is checked both manually and through the proprietary technology. To cut the long story short, Autoklose keeps you covered and gives your prospecting a big boost.
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What is the abstract of LCA Tejas Aircraft?
LCA Tejas is India’s program for developing a modern multi-role light combat aircraft. Here is a discussion about the aircraft and an overview of the program:Purpose and Objectives:Tejas is developed with the primary objective of replacing MiG-21 and 27 fleet of Indian Air Force and play the role of an interceptor with air-superiority capability. But it is also expected to have ground support and attack as well as anti-ship capability i.e. it is to be a multi-role aircraft. It also has to be cheap and maintenance-friendly.1) Tejas has high maneuverability and agility and can fire Close-comb...
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What should I know about Manbhum (Purulia) Bengali language movement in the 1950s?
The history of Manbhum begins with The Diwani (the right to collect taxes) of Bengal province (Bengal, Bihar and Urishya) being handed over to the British East India Company after the Mughal ruler Shah Alam II and his allies were defeated in the Battle of Buxar[1].[“Shah 'Alam conveying the grant of the Diwani to Lord Clive”- panting by Benjamin West | image source]Manbhum district was created as a part of organizational restructure (for efficiency in revenue collection) of the British East India Company administration after the Charter Act in 1833[2][3][4] [5] .Manbajar was selected as the district town of this new district[6] . District capital was later shifted to Purulia in 1838[7] .Parts of this district is now constituted in Pashcim (west) Bardhaman, Purulia, and Bankura (of West Bengal) and Dhanbad, Dhalbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan (of Jharkhand)[8][9] .Manbhum district was consecutively reduced in size in 1845, 1846, 1871 and 1879. After the last reduction, the area of the district was reduced to 10,650 square-kilometres from the initial 20,450.5 square-kilometres[10] [11] .The division of Bengal as proposed by Curzon was rolled back, in 1911–12[12] . On 22 March, Bengal was divided into Bengal and Bihar-Orissa- two provinces[13] [14] . Manbhum was placed in Bihar-Orissa despite the fact that majority were Bengali speaking people[15][16] .[Manbhum district on middle-right portion of the Bihar-Orissa province. (p. 89 of Census of India, 1911)| image source]The Bengali commonners and intelligentsia opposed the move. Even prominent Biharis such as Sachchidananda Sinha, Md. Fakhruddin, Deep Narayan Singh (later Chief Minister of Bihar) voiced their protest against this.The frontrunners in freedom movement, the National Congress always believed in the ideology of Indian states formed based on the major spoken languages[17] . Gandhiji and Jawaharlal Nehru both supported the idea of provinces based on languages [math]^{1}[/math]. In 1920 Nagpur Session of Congress, which was presided over by C. Vijayaraghavachariar discussed on and passed resolution to form states based on languages[18].The Bihar-Orissa province was broken and two separate states- Bihar and Orissa were curved out of it in 1935[19] [20] . And Manbhum was kept in Bihar despite the fact that 87 percent were Bengali speakers (1937 census of India)[21][22][23] .[Cropped image of Indian map in 1951, notice how West Bengal is sans Purulia. (Territory outside India is marked as per their present name) | image source]The then President of Congress, Dr. Rajendraprasad (also the first president of Independent India), formed “Manbhum Bihari Samiti” to ensure the interests of the Hindi-speaking people of Manbhum. Another organization was set up under the leadership of the legendary Barrister, who became a judge at the young age of 37 years, PR Das[24][25] [the brother of Deshbandhu (Friend of the Nation) Chittaranjan Das]- “Manbhum Bengali Samiti” to ensure the welfare of Bengali speaking people of the district[26] .Bihar state government opened several Hindi medium schools in Manbhum, a Bengali majority state, but did not open any Bengali medium school. So the Bengali speaking people of Manbhum district started to open Bengali medium schools on their own based on requirement and as a sign of protest[27] .India gained Independence on 15 August, 1947.On 17 June, 1948, a committee was set up by Dr. Rajendraprasad to enquire whether it was advisable to create language based provinces in India as promised by Indian National Congress in earlier times[28] .By this time, Congress top brass started to actively resist to the idea of language based provinces. They thought that it would be harmful for national integrity and harmony.The committee constituted of Justice SK Dar (Ex- Justice of Allahabad High-court), JN Lal (an attorney) and Mr. Panna Lall (Retired bureaucrat)[29] . On 10 December, 1948 it submitted its report. It reported that it won’t be good for greater good of India to form provinces based on languages. To quote it- “the formation of provinces on exclusively or even mainly linguistic considerations is not in the larger interests of the Indian nation”. It prescribed that provinces should be set up based on geographical proximity, advantages in administering and economic reasons[30][31] .The committee’s reports were much resented by the people.In the annual Congress session (Jaypur) of the year, a new high profile committee was set up regarding this matter. It constituted of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramayya (JVP Committee). It reported that, based on popular demand, the country would think on creating language based provinces. Though there would be some exceptions- keeping in mind the greater good of India[32][33] .When the central government was busy in considering that whether language was a good and safe ground to divide and form new provinces upon, the Bihar state government suddenly announced Hindi as the only official language of the state.It was decreed that-Only Hindi were to be taught to the children from primary level.All of the schools’ signboards should be written in Hindi only. (School Inspector Circular No. 700/5R dated 18 March, 1948)No Bengali prayer song was allowed any more in school assembly. “Ramdhun”, a hindi song replaced whatever assembly prayer song was sung in Bengali medium schools. (School Inspector Circular No. 700/5R dated 18 March, 1948)It was mandatory for the Bengali speakers to always carry a domicile certificate and to produce it whenever demanded by authority.Only language of communication to/from government was set to Hindi.[34][35][36]Bengali people were getting restless and protests were being held.On, 30 April, 1948, under the presidency of Atul Chandra Ghosh, in Congress session (held in Jitan village in Bandoan), the Manbhum District Committee of Congree tried to discuss the inclusion of Manbhum in Bengal, but no resolution could be introduced as it was deliberately suppressed by Hindi speaking members.In 30 May, a vote was taken in this matter whether the local Congress Committee will support the drive in Purulia to let Bengali be official language of Manbhum. The resolution was defeated 43-55.[37]The Bihar State Government became vigilant in enforcing the laws that opposed the use of Bengali.[Atul Chandra Ghosh: a prominent freedom fighter and a key figure in the Bengali Language Movement in Manbhum | image source]On 14 June, 1948, 37 respected Congress leaders including Atul Chandra Ghosh (also the founding Secretary of Manbhum District Congress), Bibhutibhushan Dashgupta, Arunchandra Ghosh quit Congress and formed “Lok Sevak Sangha” to ensure Bengali and Bengali speakers get respect and decenct treatment in the district. They followed the path of Mahatma Gandhi and started Satyagraha movement.[38] [39]The main agenda of this organization included peaceful protests, demonstrations and Arandhana (no cooking in houses) vows etc. To curb this popular movement, Bihar State Government stopped supplying rice to Manbhum. To remedy this, the organizers started importing rice from Bankura. This constituted Food Satyagraha.[40]When the commoners behind this movement wanted to sell their farming instruments such as ploughs to fund the movement, the state government banned selling of farming instruments, but people did it anyway in a stunt to break the law. This formed Haal-jowal Satyagraha (Plough Satyagraha).[41]The Bihar State Government then banned all marches and demonstrations of the Bengali language movement.[42] Reportedly, this worsened the overall situation. And the movement went on for years.Bengali periodicals and magazines such as “Mukti”, “Marmabani”, “Kalyan Barta”, “Harijan Kalyan Sangbad”, “Palli Sewak”, “Tapoban”, “Agragami” and “Manbhum” played an important role spreading the news and awareness among people about the movement. The opposing party also published “Nirala”, “Pragati”, “Nirman”, “Prajatantra”, “Jana Sewak” etc.[43]Then the Satyagrahis used the very popular and centuries old folk songs indigenous to Purulia district- Tusu[44] [45][46] . This started in 9 January, 1954 and ended in 8 February of the same year. Tusu songs, widely popular in the district, was among the heavy influences in the 250 folk songs written and composed by Rabndranath Tagore. [47]Tusu songs became a tool of further spreading the movement.[48] New songs were written which became very popular. At that time, people felt very hurt and angry. And this sentiments ran very high. Let me show you an exemplary songwhich became very popular then-“শুন বিহারী ভাই, তোরা রাখতে লারবি ডাং দেখাইতোরা আপন তরে ভেদ বাড়ালি, বাংলা ভাষায় দিলি ছাইভাইকে ভুলে করলি বড় বাংলা-বিহার বুদ্ধিটাইবাঙালী-বিহারী সবই এক ভারতের আপন ভাইবাঙালীকে মারলি তবু বিষ ছড়ালি-হিন্দি চাইবাংলা ভাষার পদবীতে ভাই কোন ভেদের কথা নাইএক ভারতের ভাইয়ে ভাইয়ে মাতৃভাষার রাজ্য চাই।”[49] [50][(rough) translation-Listen Bihari brothers, you won’t be able to keep (Manbhum), see our sticks.You just increased the tensions for no need, threw dirt at Bengali;You forgot who your brothers are, emphasized on the sense of difference between Bengal and Bihar;Bengali and Bihari people are nothing but the brothers of the same (Mother) IndiaYet you hurt us, spread poison- demanded HindiIn (this) Bengali poetry, there is no sense of hostility, friend!We just want provinces among brothers of India which are based on the languages that our mothers speak.](Poet- Bhajahari Mahato)Many such Tusu songs spreaded across whole Manbhum. A collection of such songs were published as a book titles “Tusur Gaan-e Manbhum” (“Manbhum in Tusu Songs”). Thousands of copies of this books were sold within days.Where the Purulia Judges’ Court is situated now, there used to be a big field in front of it. Tusu songs were sung for whole night in the night of Makar Sangkranti every year. That year, on the night of 13 January, 1954[51] , people gathered in large numbers to celebrate the auspicious night, along with Satyagrahis. The people who were involved in peaceful protest, were soon attacked by the State Police and police lathi-charged upon the protesters. People were sent to jail in large numbers. [52][Bhajahari Mahato, freedom fighter, MP and key figure of Manbhum Bengali Language Movement | image source]17 Satyagrahis were charged with Section- 9 Sub-section (5) of Bihar State Public Safety Act. And Section 143 (Illegal gathering), Section 225 (Trying to obstruct the lawful apprehension of persons by force) and Section 186 (obstruction in government business) of Indian Penal Code were slapped on Lok Sebak Sangha leader Atul Chandra Ghosh, Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA-LA) Bhajahari Mahato, a prominent freedom fighter and Member of Parliament (MP-LS), Labanyaprabha Ghosh (wife of Atul Chandra Ghosh), Arun Chandra Ghosh and Ashok Choudhury.[53]73 years old Atul Chandra Ghosh, who was a freedom fighter for Independence of India, who then suffered from low blood pressure and bronchitis were first kept with third class inmates of Purulia jail and then transported in open truck to Hajaribag jail, 154 km away.[image source]Member of Parliament Bhajahari Mahato[54] [55] was brought to court in handcuffs and rope tied around his waist by the police- like a petty criminal. He was sentenced to 11 months in jail.A 15 year old boy named Babulal Mahato who was blind in both eyes from his birth was given 3 months in jail and two hunded rupees in fine.A 9 year old boy named Sudhanya Mahato was sentenced to 9 months in jail and slapped thousand rupees in fine.Samarendra Ojha who was an ex-member of the Congress Provincial Committee, was slapped 1 year in jail and 1000 rupees in fine. [1 INR in 1958 == 74.21 INR today; no data available for 1953][56]Arunchandra Ghosh along with five others received 14 months in jail.Ashok Chowdhury along with two others received 1 year in jail.23 others were sentenced to several periods of jail time in jail.[57]To collect the sums of the fine, the Bihar State Police went to homes of the Satyagrahis in the night of 21 February, 1954. The police tried to croak household items of the Satyagrahis. Bihar State Police raided the houses of the Satyagrahis in Pitidari village in Manbajar P.S. In those houses, it is alleged that, on that night, the police assaulted the women and acted with them in dishonourable manner.[58]At this stage, the tension between two language groups- Bengalis and Biharis of Manbum climbed to the peak. Goons allegedly supported by the Bihar Government used violence as a tool to curb the movement. Many Bengali medium schools and major institutions owned by Bengali business owners were set on fire.[59]Bihar State Government ordered even the Bengali Medium Schools to stop teaching Bengali and emphasized again on using Hindi as the only official language of the state. All the new recruits in the public schools were Hindi-speaking, and no Bengali teachers were allowed to enter the job. All the government employees and officers who were Bengali were transferred out of Manbhum to other districts of Bihar.[60]To discuss the situation a special convention was organized in Patna on 5 July, 1954. Bihar CM Krishna Singh, Revenue Minister Krishnaballabh Sahay, Secretary of Education Badrinath Sharma, Secretary of Information Mahesh Prasad Singh from Bihar and West Bengal CM Bidhan Chandra Roy and Atulya Ghosh, the President of West Bengal Provincial Congress Committee from West Bengal were the involved parties.[61]After the meeting was over, West Bengal CM BC Roy told the press that he was satisfied with the Bihar Government’s initiatives to promote Bengali language, teach Bengali kids in their mother tongue. That the Bihar government was doing all it can to reserve the rights of the Bengali speakers of the state. He said he was also satisfied with the fact the Bihar government wished to enquire into the alleged matter. He said that he did not find any truth in the allegations against the Bihar Government.[62]We, looking back, should not be surprised that Bidhan Chandra Roy behaved in this way. It is assumed that he was pressurized by Congress High-Command of that time. When a prominent figure like Dr. Rajendraprasad, was openly in favour of opposing side, there is not much a state CM belonging to Congress party could do.The West Bengal State Congress played no role in the the inclusion of Manbhum to West Bengal. The leftist parties also played insignNow roles in this movement. It was a non-political movement from its inception to its end.After Indian Independence, there erupted many movements in different parts of India demanding separate provinces for different language groups. Such movements were in full swing in Maharashtra (for a separate Gujarat province) and Madras (for a separate Andhra Pradesh).On 15 December, 1952, a Gandhian Satyagrahi, named Potti Sreeramulu fasted onto death after eating nothing for 58 days. He was fasting for the very popular demand of a separate state for Telugu speakers (Andhra Pradesh).[Potti Sriramalu | image source]In his death, all hell broke loose in Madras, and two days after Sriramalu’s death, PM Nehru announced that there would be a separate Andhra state. After the Andhra state became a reality, all other language groups began demanding separate states with a renewed vigour.[63]Keeping the vastly popular sentiment in mind, and as having new states and state lines was very practical from the perspective of administration, security and economy, Government of India formed a high profile State Reorganization Commission.[The first meeting of the States Reorganisation Commission in New Delhi. From right, K.M. Panikkar, Saiyid Fazl Ali (Chairman) and Hriday Nath Kunzru, taken on 12 February, 1954 | image source]It consisted of Supreme Court Chief Justice Sir Fazal Ali, famed diplomat and historian KM Panikkar and politician Dr. Hriday Nath Kunzru. Ultimately it divided India into 16 states and 3 union territories. In 1956, the new states came into being by law[64] . [math]^{2}[/math]The State Reorganisation Comission visited 104 towns and cities, interviewed more than 9,000 people and received 152,250 written submissions. Among these places, Mambhum was visited by KM Panikkar, the Historian and HN Kunzru on 5 February, 1955[65][66] . The commission submitted its report on 10 October, 1955. [math]^{3}[/math]The Satyagrahis of Manbhum were expecting a positive impact. But they were still not sure given the oddities and vigilant resistance they have faced from the authorities.Suddenly the CMs of Bihar and West Bengal came out with a wild idea, that had no base in popular sentiments whatsoever, among the people of either state- unification of Bihar and West Bengal states and forming a unified state on 23 January, 1956. It would have been called “Purba Pradesh”.[67][68]This angered people of both states. After this, the demand of Manbhum’s accession to Bengal did not remain a local movement any more.Prominent personalities such as Atul Chandra Gupta, Dr. Prafulla Chandra Ghosh (first ever Chief Minister of West Bengal in free India), Bimal Chandra Sinha strongly voiced their dissent. And they demanded Purulia’s accession to West Bengal.[69]The leftist parties protested against this by demonstrations, rallies and within Lok Sabha, Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad. The leftist parties were joined by several organizations- farmers’ organizations, students’ organizations, labourers’ organizations, scientists’ organization, teachers’ organizations, theatre-workers’ organization etc. and was made into a pan-Bengal apolitical movement.[70]An organization named “All Bengal Linguistical State Reorganization Committee” was formed. This organization started marches, rallies, demonstrations and law disobedience movements across all districts of West Bengal.A convention was organized on Senate Hall, Kolkata. Prominent personalities such as Meghnad Saha (world famous astrophycisist, father of Thermal ionization and Saha ionization equation), Jyoti Basu (later Chief Minister of West Bengal), Kazi Abdul Wadud, Hemendra Prasad Ghosh, Gopal Haldar spoke against the union of West Bengal and Bihar states and for accession of Manbhum to West Bengal.[71]A gigantic public meeting was organized in Jamtara village of Manbhum. Reportedly one million people were present there. An agenda of marching towards Kolkata, the state capital was set.[72]On 20 April, 1956, more than 1,500 men and women started a peaceful foot-march to Kolkata from Pakrabirra village of Puncha, Manbhum. This March signNowed Kolkata on 6 May after 16 days of march through Bankura, Beliator, Sonamukhi, Patrasayer, Khandaghosh, Bardhaman (previously Burdwan), Rasulpur, Memari, Pandua, Mogra, Chuchura (previously Chinsurah), Chandannagar (previously Chandernagore), Godalpara, Shrirampur (previously Serampore), Uttarpara and Howrah. There were more than 350 women under the leadership of Basanti Roy.[73] [74][The route taken by the Satyagrahis, shown from Pakhbirra to Pandua | route tracked by Google Maps][The route taken by the Satyagrahis, shown from Pandua to Kolkata | route tracked by Google Maps]The Satyagrahis organized a rally in Maidan under the leadership of Atul Chandra Ghosh on 6 May. Many prominent personalities such as Hemanta Kumar, Jyoti Basu, Mohit Maitra, Sureshchandra Bandyopadhyay along with thousands of commonners rallied in Maidan in support and solidarity with the people of Manbhum.It was a huge success.The next day, on 7 May, the Satyagrahis decided to organize a rally in Dalhousie (now also known as BBD Bag). To make their efforts futile the Congress Government of West Bengal banned any rally there by imposing article 144. But they went on anyway. For breaking the law and not abiding by restrictions imposed by article 144, 956 Satyagrahis were arrested by the State Police and sent to three jails- Presidency Jail, Alipore Central Jail and Alipore Special Jail. They were released after 12 days.[75]3,300 other people were arrested all over West Bengal for the same movement.[76]The State Reorganization Commission advised that 19 police stations of Manbhum district were to be merged to West Bengal and a new district were to be formed named Purulia.But the fate of three Police Stations among these 19 were decided in a closed door meeting between Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata, the Director of Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) and Dr. BC Roy, the CM of West Bengal. Mr. Tata requested CM Roy for the Police Stations of Ichagarh, Chandil and Patamda were to remain in Bihar despite the prescription of the high profile State Reorganisation Commission. Apparently Dr BC Roy agreed to those. The motive on either side remains hazy. For this decision a large chunk of land containing Dalma Forest and Chandil-Gamaria Forest, Dimna Lake and mid portion of Subarnerekha river went to Bihar.[77] [78]Finally “The Bihar-Bengal Border Demarcation Bill” was passed at the Parliament on 17th August 1956 and at Rajya Sabha on 28th August 1956. The bill got the signature of the President of India on 1st September 1956.[79] [80]At last, with 16 Police stations, 5198.1 square kilometer area and a population of 11,69,097 the new district Purulia was acceded to West Bengal on 1st November 1956.[81] [82]9 yeas of continued aggression, torture and resistance from both state and non-state actors came to an end. One fight have been fought before- on 21 February, 1952 in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) in an uprise against Urdu-domination of Pakistani rulers and one remained to be fought- one in Barak Valley, Assam in 1961 where 11 people laid down their lives for their language[83] . Bengali language has fought against the imposing of Hindi in the extreme west of Bengal, in the Barak Valley- extreme east of Bengal[84] and in Bangladesh[85] .OFFLINE SOURCES-p. 178, India After Gandhi by Ramachandra Guha, 10th Anniversary Edition.p. 184–185, India After Gandhi by Ramachandra Guha, 10th Anniversary Edition.p. 186, India After Gandhi by Ramachandra Guha, 10th Anniversary Edition.ALPHA SOURCES (SOURCES USED BY SOURCES MENTIONED IN THIS ANSWER WHICH MIGHT NOT BE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE FROM PRIMARY SOURCES)-p. 312–313 of Complete Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol. 89.p. 232–233 of ‘The Unity of India: Collected Writings, 1937–1940 (1941)Report of State Reorganisation Commission, 1955Report of Linguistic Provinces Commission, 1948Circular of District Inspector of Schools, Manbhum, 1948West Bengal District Gazetteers, Purulia 1985Bengal District Gazetteers – Manbhum, H. Coupland, Bengal Secretariate Book Depot, 1911“The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan” by Maya Tudor, Cambridge University Press, 2013“Rajendra Prasad, First President of India” by Kewalram Lalchand Panjabi, Macmillan, 1960“Role of Women in the Freedom Movement in Bengal, 1919-1947: Midnapore, Bankura, and Purulia District” by Niranjan Ghosh, Tamralipta Prakashani, 1988Local Politics and Indian Nationalism, Purulia, 1921-1947, Jayanta Kumar Dab, Progressive Publishers, 2007“Glimpses of The history of Manbhum” by Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay“Tusur Gaan-e Manbhum” edited by Arun Chandra Ghosh (in Bengali), 1954“Tusu Grantha” by Dr. Shanti Sinha (in Bengali)“Purulia” by Tarundeb Bhattyacharya (in Bengali)“Manbhum Theke Purulia” by Gautam Dey (in Bengali)An essay by Dr. Shanti Sinha in “Ahalyabhumi Purulia”, vol. 2, ed- Debprasad Jana (in Bengali)“Purba Banglar Bhasha Andolan O Tatkalin Rajniti” by Badaruddin Omar (in Bengali)Please know that this answer does not intend to spread any kind of negative sentiment whatsoever against any language group and ethnicity. The answer is solely intended toward remembrance of history. Because forgetting history is sin.Thanks for reading.Footnotes[1] History Of The Freedom Movement In India (1857-1947)[2] Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum) - Wikipedia[3] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[4] The Official Website of Purulia District[5] Purulia district - Wikipedia[6] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[7] Purulia district - Wikipedia[8] Purulia district - Wikipedia[9] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[10] The Official Website of Purulia District[11] Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum) - Wikipedia[12] Partition of Bengal (1905) - Wikipedia[13] Partition of Bengal (1905) - Wikipedia[14] Bihar and Orissa Province - Wikipedia[15] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[16] The Official Website of Purulia District[17] The question of linguistic provinces[18] Memorable sessions of the Congress in the Pre-Independence years – All India Mahila Congress[19] Bihar - Wikipedia[20] Bihar and Orissa Province - Wikipedia[21] Census Reports 1931[22] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[23] Census Table 1931 Related To Area, Houses And Population[24] When Chief Justice of Patna High Court kept Viceroy Lord Hardinge, LG out[25] MR. P.R.DAS,"YES ME LORD TO TEACH YOU LAW ME LORD"[26] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[27] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[28] States Reorganisation Commission - Wikipedia[29] Dhar Commission – Fazl Commission - Mitras IAS[30] Dhar Commision, JVP Committee and Fazl Ali Commission[31] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[32] Dhar Commision, JVP Committee and Fazl Ali Commission[33] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[34] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[35] The Official Website of Purulia District[36] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[37] The Official Website of Purulia District[38] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[39] The Official Website of Purulia District[40] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[41] The Official Website of Purulia District[42] The Official Website of Purulia District[43] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[44] Festival of Tusu: An Introduction[45] Tusu Festival or Tusu Parob at Purulia | Tale of 2 Backpackers[46] TUSU FESTIVAL AT PURULIA[47] লোকসুরের রবীন্দ্রনাথ ও বাউলগান[48] The Official Website of Purulia District[49] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[50] The Official Website of Purulia District[51] Bengali Calendar 1425, Durga Puja 1425, Bengali Panjika 1425, Bengali Calendar 2018, Bengali Calendar Today, Bengali Calendar 1426, Current Bengali time, Bengali Calendar Converter, bengali calendar download[52] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[53] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[54] http://164.100.60.131/loksabha1/...[55] Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency) - Wikipedia[56] Value of 1958 Indian Rupees today[57] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[58] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[59] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[60] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[61] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[62] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[63] The battle for Andhra[64] States Reorganisation Act, 1956 - Wikipedia[65] The Official Website of Purulia District[66] States Reorganisation Act, 1956 - Wikipedia[67] The Official Website of Purulia District[68] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[69] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[70] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[71] Kazi Abdul Wadud - Wikipedia[72] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[73] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[74] The Official Website of Purulia District[75] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[76] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[77] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[78] The Official Website of Purulia District[79] The Bihar And West Bengal (Transfer Of Territories) Act, 1956[80] The Official Website of Purulia District[81] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[82] The Official Website of Purulia District[83] Bengali language movement in India - Wikipedia[84] Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley) - Wikipedia[85] Bengali language movement - Wikipedia
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What are some nodeJS interview questions?
Check these questions which would be needful to you in your next interview:Q-1. What Is Node.Js?Answer.Node.js is a JavaScript runtime or platform which is built on Google Chrome’s JavaScript v8 engine. This runtime allows executing the JavaScript code on any machine outside a browser (this means that it is the server that executes the Javascript and not the browser).Node.js is single-threaded, that employs a concurrency model based on an event loop. It doesn’t block the execution instead registers a callback which allows the application to continue. It means Node.js can handle concurrent operations without creating multiple threads of execution so can scale pretty well.It uses JavaScript along with C/C++ for things like interacting with the filesystem, starting up HTTP or TCP servers and so on. Due to it’s extensively fast growing community and NPM, Node.js has become a very popular, open source and cross-platform app. It allows developing very fast and scalable network app that can run on Microsoft Windows, Linux, or OS X.Following are the areas where it’s perfect to use Node.js.I/O bound ApplicationsData Streaming ApplicationsData Intensive Real-time Applications (DIRT)JSON APIs based ApplicationsSingle Page ApplicationsAt the same time, it’s not suitable for heavy applications involving more of CPU usage.Q-2. What Are The Key Features Of Node.Js?Answer.Let’s look at some of the key features of Node.js.Asynchronous event driven IO helps concurrent request handling – All APIs of Node.js are asynchronous. This feature means that if a Node receives a request for some Input/Output operation, it will execute that operation in the background and continue with the processing of other requests. Thus it will not wait for the response from the previous requests.Fast in Code execution – Node.js uses the V8 JavaScript Runtime engine, the one which is used by Google Chrome. Node has a wrapper over the JavaScript engine which makes the runtime engine much faster and hence processing of requests within Node.js also become faster.Single Threaded but Highly Scalable – Node.js uses a single thread model for event looping. The response from these events may or may not signNow the server immediately. However, this does not block other operations. Thus making Node.js highly scalable. Traditional servers create limited threads to handle requests while Node.js creates a single thread that provides service to much larger numbers of such requests.Node.js library uses JavaScript – This is another important aspect of Node.js from the developer’s point of view. The majority of developers are already well-versed in JavaScript. Hence, development in Node.js becomes easier for a developer who knows JavaScript.There is an Active and vibrant community for the Node.js framework – The active community always keeps the framework updated with the latest trends in the web development.No Buffering – Node.js applications never buffer any data. They simply output the data in chunks.Q-3. Explain How Do We Decide, When To Use Node.Js And When Not To Use It?Answer.When Should We Use Node.Js?It’s ideal to use Node.js for developing streaming or event-based real-time applications that require less CPU usage such as.Chat applications.Game servers.Node.js is good for fast and high-performance servers, that face the need to handle thousands of user requests simultaneously.Good For A Collaborative Environment.It is suitable for environments where multiple people work together. For example, they post their documents, modify them by doing check-out and check-in of these documents.Node.js supports such situations by creating an event loop for every change made to the document. The “Event loop” feature of Node.js enables it to handle multiple events simultaneously without getting blocked.Advertisement Servers.Here again, we have servers that handle thousands of request for downloading advertisements from a central host. And Node.js is an ideal solution to handle such tasks.Streaming Servers.Another ideal scenario to use Node.js is for multimedia streaming servers where clients fire request’s towards the server to download different multimedia contents from it.To summarize, it’s good to use Node.js, when you need high levels of concurrency but less amount of dedicated CPU time.Last but not the least, since Node.js uses JavaScript internally, so it fits best for building client-side applications that also use JavaScript.When To Not Use Node.Js?However, we can use Node.js for a variety of applications. But it is a single threaded framework, so we should not use it for cases where the application requires long processing time. If the server is doing some calculation, it won’t be able to process any other requests. Hence, Node.js is best when processing needs less dedicated CPU time.Q-4. What IDEs Can You Use For Node.Js Development?Answer.Here is the list of most commonly used IDEs for developing node.js applications.Cloud9.It is a free, cloud-based IDE that supports, application development, using popular programming languages like Node.js, PHP, C++, Meteor and more. It provides a powerful online code editor that enables a developer to write, run and debug the app code.JetBrains WebStorm.WebStorm is a lightweight yet powerful JavaScript IDE, perfectly equipped for doing client-side and server-side development using Node.js. The IDE provides features like intelligent code completion, navigation, automated and safe refactorings. Additionally, we can use the debugger, VCS, terminal and other tools present in the IDE.JetBrains InteliJ IDEA.It is a robust IDE that supports web application development using mainstream technologies like Node.js, Angular.js, JavaScript, HTML5 and more. To enable the IDE that can do Node.js development we have to install a Node.js plugin. It provides features, including syntax highlighting, code assistance, code completion and more. We can even run and debug Node.js apps and see the results right in the IDE. It’s JavaScript debugger offers conditional breakpoints, expression evaluation, and other features.Komodo IDE.It is a cross-platform IDE that supports development in main programming languages, like Node.js, Ruby, PHP, JavaScript and more. It offers a variety of features, including syntax highlighting, keyboard shortcuts, collapsible Pane, workspace, auto indenting, code folding and code preview using built-in browser.Eclipse.It is a popular cloud-based IDE for web development using Java, PHP, C++ and more. You can easily avail the features of Eclipse IDE using the Node.js plug-in, which is
.Atom.It is an open source application built with the integration of HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and Node.js. It works on top of Electron framework to develop cross-platform apps using web technologies. Atom comes pre-installed with four UI and eight syntax themes in both dark and light colors. We can also install themes created by the Atom community or create our own if required.Q-5. Explain How Does Node.Js Work?Answer.A Node.js application creates a single thread on its invocation. Whenever Node.js receives a request, it first completes its processing before moving on to the next request.Node.js works asynchronously by using the event loop and callback functions, to handle multiple requests coming in parallel. An Event Loop is a functionality which handles and processes all your external events and just converts them to a callback function. It invokes all the event handlers at a proper time. Thus, lots of work is done on the back-end, while processing a single request, so that the new incoming request doesn’t have to wait if the processing is not complete.While processing a request, Node.js attaches a callback function to it and moves it to the back-end. Now, whenever its response is ready, an event is called which triggers the associated callback function to send this response.Let’s Take An Example Of A Grocery Delivery.Usually, the delivery boy goes to each and every house to deliver the packet. Node.js works in the same way and processes one request at a time. The problem arises when any one house is not open. The delivery boy can’t stop at one house and wait till it gets opened up. What he will do next, is to call the owner and ask him to call when the house is open. Meanwhile, he is going to other places for delivery. Node.js works in the same way. It doesn’t wait for the processing of the request to complete (house is open). Instead, it attaches a callback function (call from the owner of the house) to it. Whenever the processing of a request completes (the house is open), an event gets called, which triggers the associated callback function to send the response.To summarize, Node.js does not process the requests in parallel. Instead, all the back-end processes like, I/O operations, heavy computation tasks, that take a lot of time to execute, run in parallel with other requests.Q-6. Explain REPL In Node.Js?Answer.The REPL stands for “Read Eval Print Loop”. It is a simple program that accepts the commands, evaluates them, and finally prints the results. REPL provides an environment similar to that of Unix/Linux shell or a window console, in which we can enter the command and the system, in turn, responds with the output. REPL performs the following tasks.READIt Reads the input from the user, parses it into JavaScript data structure and then stores it in the memory.EVALIt Executes the data structure.PRINTIt Prints the result obtained after evaluating the command.LOOPIt Loops the above command until the user presses Ctrl+C two times.Q-7. Is Node.Js Entirely Based On A Single-Thread?Answer.Yes, it’s true that Node.js processes all requests on a single thread. But it’s just a part of the theory behind Node.js design. In fact, more than the single thread mechanism, it makes use of events and callbacks to handle a large no. of requests asynchronously.Moreover, Node.js has an optimized design which utilizes both JavaScript and C++ to guarantee maximum performance. JavaScript executes at the server-side by Google Chrome v8 engine. And the C++ lib UV library takes care of the non-sequential I/O via background workers.To explain it practically, let’s assume there are 100s of requests lined up in Node.js queue. As per design, the main thread of Node.js event loop will receive all of them and forwards to background workers for execution. Once the workers finish processing requests, the registered callbacks get notified on event loop thread to pass the result back to the user.Q-8. How To Get Post Data In Node.Js?Answer.Following is the code snippet to fetch Post Data using Node.js.app.use(express.bodyParser()); app.post('/', function(request, response){ console.log(request.body.user); }); Q-9. How To Make Post Request In Node.Js?Answer.Following code snippet can be used to make a Post Request in Node.js.var request = require('request'); request.post( 'http://www.example.com/action', { form: { key: 'value' } }, function (error, response, body) { if (!error && response.statusCode == 200) { console.log(body) } } ); Q-10. What Is Callback In Node.Js?Answer.We may call “callback” as an asynchronous equivalent for a function. Node.js makes heavy use of callbacks and triggers it at the completion of a given task. All the APIs of Node.js are written in such a way that they support callbacks.For example, suppose we have a function to read a file, as soon as it starts reading the file, Node.js return the control immediately to the execution environment so that the next instruction can be executed. Once file read operation is complete, it will call the callback function and pass the contents of the file as its arguments. Hence, there is no blocking or wait, due to File I/O. This functionality makes Node.js as highly scalable, using it processes a high number of requests without waiting for any function to return the expected result.Q-11. What Is Callback Hell?Answer.Initially, you may praise Callback after learning about it. Callback hell is heavily nested callbacks which make the code unreadable and difficult to maintain.Let’s see the following code example.downloadPhoto('http://coolcats.com/cat.gif', displayPhoto) function displayPhoto (error, photo) { if (error) console.error('Download error!', error) else console.log('Download finished', photo) } console.log('Download started') In this scenario, Node.js first declares the “displayPhoto” function. After that, it calls the “downloadPhoto” function and pass the “displayPhoto” function as its callback. Finally, the code prints ‘Download started’ on the console. The “displayPhoto” will be executed only after “downloadPhoto” completes the execution of all its tasks.Q-12. How To Avoid Callback Hell In Node.Js?Answer.Node.js internally uses a single-threaded event loop to process queued events. But this approach may lead to blocking the entire process if there is a task running longer than expected.Node.js addresses this problem by incorporating callbacks also known as higher-order functions. So whenever a long-running process finishes its execution, it triggers the callback associated. With this approach, it can allow the code execution to continue past the long-running task.However, the above solution looks extremely promising. But sometimes, it could lead to complex and unreadable code. More the no. of callbacks, longer the chain of returning callbacks would be. Just see the below example.With such an unprecedented complexity, it’s hard to debug the code and can cause you a whole lot of time. There are four solutions which can address the callback hell problem.1. Make Your Program Modular.It proposes to split the logic into smaller modules. And then join them together from the main module to achieve the desired result.2. Use Async Mechanism.It is a widely used Node.js module which provides a sequential flow of execution.The async module has API which passes data from one operation to other using the next callback.Another async API allows iterating over a list of items in parallel and calls back with another list of results.With the async approach, the caller’s callback gets called only once. The caller here is the main method using the async module.3. Use Promises Mechanism.Promises give an alternate way to write async code. They either return the result of execution or the error/exception. Implementing promises requires the use of <.then()> function which waits for the promise object to return. It takes two optional arguments, both functions. Depending on the state of the promise only one of them will get called. The first function call proceeds if the promise gets fulfilled. However, if the promise gets rejected, then the second function will get called.4. Use Generators.Generators are lightweight routines, they make a function wait and resume via the yield keyword. Generator functions uses a special syntax . They can also suspend and resume asynchronous operations using constructs such as promises or and turn a synchronous code into asynchronous.Q-13. Can You Create HTTP Server In Nodejs, Explain The Code Used For It?Answer.Yes, we can create HTTP Server in Node.js. We can use the command to do so.Following is the sample code.var http = require('http'); var requestListener = function (request, response) { response.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'}); response.end('Welcome Viewers\n'); } var server = http.createServer(requestListener); server.listen(8080); // The port where you want to start with. Q-14. What Is The Difference Between Nodejs, AJAX, And JQuery?Answer.The one common trait between Node.js, AJAX, and jQuery is that all of them are the advanced implementation of JavaScript. However, they serve completely different purposes.Node.Js –It is a server-side platform for developing client-server applications. For example, if we’ve to build an online employee management system, then we won’t do it using client-side JS. But the Node.js can certainly do it as it runs on a server similar to Apache, Django not in a browser.AJAX (Aka Asynchronous Javascript And XML) –It is a client-side scripting technique, primarily designed for rendering the contents of a page without refreshing it. There are a no. of large companies utilizing AJAX such as Facebook and Stack Overflow to display dynamic content.JQuery –It is a famous JavaScript module which complements AJAX, DOM traversal, looping and so on. This library provides many useful functions to help in JavaScript development. However, it’s not mandatory to use it but as it also manages cross-browser compatibility, so can help you produce highly maintainable web applications.Q-15. What Are Globals In Node.Js?Answer.There are three keywords in Node.js which constitute as Globals. These are Global, Process, and Buffer.Global.The Global keyword represents the global namespace object. It acts as a container for all other objects. If we type , it’ll print out all of them.An important point to note about the global objects is that not all of them are in the global scope, some of them fall in the module scope. So, it’s wise to declare them without using the var keyword or add them to Global object.Variables declared using the var keyword become local to the module whereas those declared without it get subscribed to the global object.Process.It is also one of the global objects but includes additional functionality to turn a synchronous function into an async callback. There is no boundation to access it from anywhere in the code. It is the instance of the EventEmitter class. And each node application object is an instance of the Process object.It primarily gives back the information about the application or the environment. – to get the execution path of the Node app. – to get the Node version currently running. – to get the server platform.Some of the other useful Process methods are as follows. – To know the memory used by Node application. – To attach a callback function that will get called during the next loop. It can cause a delay in executing a function.Buffer.The Buffer is a class in Node.js to handle binary data. It is similar to a list of integers but stores as a raw memory outside the V8 heap.We can convert JavaScript string objects into Buffers. But it requires mentioning the encoding type explicitly. – Specifies 7-bit ASCII data. – Represents multibyte encoded Unicode char set. – Indicates 2 or 4 bytes, little endian encoded Unicode chars. – Used for Base64 string encoding. – Encodes each byte as two hexadecimal chars.Here is the syntax to use the Buffer class.> var buffer = new Buffer(string, [encoding]); The above command will allocate a new buffer holding the string with as the default encoding. However, if you like to write a to an existing buffer object, then use the following line of code.> buffer.write(string) This class also offers other methods like and that allows read/write from various types of data to the buffer.Q-16. How To Load HTML In Node.Js?Answer.To load HTML in Node.js we have to change the “Content-type” in the HTML code from text/plain to text/html.Let’s see an example where we have created a static file in web server.fs.readFile(filename, "binary", function(err, file) { if(err) { response.writeHead(500, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"}); response.write(err + "\n"); response.end(); return; } response.writeHead(200); response.write(file, "binary"); response.end(); }); Now we will modify this code to load an HTML page instead of plain text.fs.readFile(filename, "binary", function(err, file) { if(err) { response.writeHead(500, {"Content-Type": "text/html"}); response.write(err + "\n"); response.end(); return; } response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/html"}); response.write(file); response.end(); }); Q-17. What Is EventEmitter In Node.Js?Answer.Events module in Node.js allows us to create and handle custom events. The Event module contains “EventEmitter” class which can be used to raise and handle custom events. It is accessible via the following code.// Import events module var events = require('events'); // Create an eventEmitter object var eventEmitter = new events.EventEmitter(); When an EventEmitter instance encounters an error, it emits an “error” event. When a new listener gets added, it fires a “newListener” event and when a listener gets removed, it fires a “removeListener” event.EventEmitter provides multiple properties like “on” and “emit”. The “on” property is used to bind a function to the event and “emit” is used to fire an event.Q-18. How Many Types Of Streams Are Present In Node.Js?Answer.Stream in Node.js are objects that allow reading data from a source or writing data to a specific destination in a continuous fashion. In Node.js, there are four types of streams. – This is the Stream to be used for reading operation. – It facilitates the write operation. – This Stream can be used for both the read and write operations. – It is a form of a duplex Stream, which performs the computations based on the available input.All the Streams, discussed above are an instance of an “EventEmitter” class. The event thrown by the Stream varies with time. Some of the commonly used events are as follows. – This event gets fired when there is data available for reading. – The Stream fires this event when there is no more data to read. – This event gets fired when there is any error in reading or writing data. – It fires this event after it has flushed all the data to the underlying system.Q-19. List And Explain The Important REPL Commands?Answer.Following is the list of some of the most commonly used REPL commands.<.help> – It displays help for all the commands. – It displays the list of all the available commands. – Its use is to determine what command was executed in REPL previously.<.save filename> – Save the current REPL session to a file.<.load filename> – To Load the specified file in the current REPL session. – used to Terminate the current command. – To Exit from the REPL. – This command perfoms Exit from the REPL.<.break> – It leads Exitting from multiline expression.<.clear> – Exit from multiline expression.Q-20. What Is NPM In Node.Js?Answer.NPM stands for Node Package Manager. It provides following two main functionalities.It works as an Online repository for node.js packages/modules which are present at .It works as Command line utility to install packages, do version management and dependency management of Node.js packages.NPM comes bundled along with Node.js installable. We can verify its version using the following command-$ npm --version NPM helps to install any Node.js module using the following command.$ npm install For example, following is the command to install a famous Node.js web framework module called express-$ npm install express Q-21. What Is The Global Installation Of Dependencies?Answer.Globally installed packages/dependencies are stored in /npm directory. Such dependencies can be used in CLI (Command Line Interface) function of any node.js, but cannot be imported using require() in the Node application directly.To install a Node project globally use -g flag as.C:\Nodejs_WorkSpace>npm install express -g Q-22. What Is The Local Installation Of Dependencies?Answer.By default, NPM installs any dependency in the local mode. It means that the package gets installed in “node_modules” directory which is present in the same folder, where Node application is placed. Locally deployed packages are accessible via require(). Following is the syntax to install a Node project locally.C:\Nodejs_WorkSpace>npm install express Q-23. What Is Package.Json? Who Uses It?Answer.What Is ?It is a plain JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) text file which contains all metadata information about Node.js Project or application.This file should be present in the root directory of every Node.js Package or Module to describe its metadata in JSON format.The file is named as “package” because Node.js platform treats every feature as a separate component. Node.js calls these as Package or Module.Who Use It?NPM (Node Package Manager) uses file. It includes details of the Node.js application or package. This file contains a no. of different directives or elements. These directives guide NPM, about how to handle a module or package.Q-24. Does Node.Js Support Multi-Core Platforms? And Is It Capable Of Utilizing All The Cores?Answer.Yes, Node.js would run on a multi-core system without any issue. But it is by default a single-threaded application, so it can’t completely utilize the multi-core system.However, Node.js can facilitate deployment on multi-core systems where it does use the additional hardware. It packages with a Cluster module which is capable of starting multiple Node.js worker processes that will share the same port.Q-25. Which Is The First Argument Usually Passed To A Node.Js Callback Handler?Answer.Node.js core modules follow a standard signature for its callback handlers and usually the first argument is an optional error object. And if there is no error, then the argument defaults to null or undefined.Here is a sample signature for the Node.js callback handler.function callback(error, results) { // Check for errors before handling results. if ( error ) { // Handle error and return. } // No error, continue with callback handling. } Q-26. What Is Chaining Process In Node.Js?Answer.It’s an approach to connect the output of one stream to the input of another stream, thus creating a chain of multiple stream operations.Q-27. How To Create A Custom Directive In AngularJS?Answer.To create a custom directive, we have to first register it with the application object by calling the function. While invoking the method of , we need to give the name of the function implementing the logic for that directive.For example, in the below code, we have created a copyright directive which returns a copyright text.app.directive('myCopyRight', function () { return { template: '@CopyRight MyDomain.com ' }; }); Note – A custom directive should follow the camel case format as shown above.Q-28. What Is A Child_process Module In Node.Js?Answer.Node.js supports the creation of child processes to help in parallel processing along with the event-driven model.The Child processes always have three streams , child.stdout, and child.stderr. The stream of the parent process shares the streams of the child process.Node.js provides a module which supports following three methods to create a child process.exec – method runs a command in a shell/console and buffers the output.spawn – launches a new process with a given command.fork – is a special case of the spawn() method to create child processes.Q-29. What Are The Different Custom Directive Types In AngularJS?Answer.AngularJS supports a no. of different directives which also depend on the level we want to restrict them.So in all, there are four different kinds of custom directives.Element Directives (E)Attribute Directives (A)CSS Class Directives (C)Comment Directives (M)Q-30. What Is A Control Flow Function? What Are The Steps Does It Execute?Answer.It is a generic piece of code which runs in between several asynchronous function calls is known as control flow function.It executes the following steps.Control the order of execution.Collect data.Limit concurrency.Call the next step in the program. -
What is the best free PDF reader for large documents?
[1] PDF format is popularly known as print document format. This creates a virtual printer within operating system to print the document. For offline scanning of document, the PDF format is popular. The importance attached with these program is that you need to have PDFsoftware installed to run these files. If someone sends you PDF file and your computer do not have such software installed then that file is not to be read from there.There are so many PDF softwires available and this article aims to find out the mostly free software or freeware to help readers to choose from variety of options. More and more operating systems are providing built-in facilities for such products. Now-a-days everything comes with PDF formats beginning from circulars, bank statement, insurance statement, tax statement and e-books.That is why there immense important to have the free PDF software installed on computer but the thousand question is which one is to choose from the variety of resources available.Sumatra PDF:Sumatra PDF is available for download to Windows since the times of Windows XP. This program has very low foot print, light on system resources and fast. It is going to perform simple task as well as it is going to perform complex task depending upon you choose from PDFfiles. It is available with installed version as well as standalone portable version in which it does not write to registry.It is available in 64 bit version on Windows. It is available for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 and 10. It is available for Windows operating system only.signNow Reader DC:It is from signNow and signNow is available for free for users. While installing this software do check for installation of MCAfee security and safe connect.it is a big download of nearing to 120 MB. Yours antivirus software might stop this installation so allow to install it. This software for high=end computing processes.Many features are included with it and for some features you might need it and if you want to have these features then it is better to choose this software. It has mobile version of android and apple operating system. With it you are going to synchronize documents with clouds and yours signature too and everything is going to stay with cloud to access from each and every device.When you first download signNow on Windows, a download manager first downloads and it is small in size and then by opening that download manager signNow software is installed and this is nearer to 120 MB.PDF-Xchange Editor:PDF-Xchange Editor is a smart PDF tools and most functions are free except some complex ones. It is a PDF reader, pdf editor and pdf tools. It can print PDFs, fill the forms created with signNow and can extract images from PDF files. There are some advanced features included in this free version but most of these are not free one is that watermarking of PDFsoftware which is not free.Foxit Reader:Foxit Reader is fast, simple and is there for years. It is available for Windows, Apple and android versions. It can fill forms and save data. Can include and validate electronic signatures. During installation user need to be cautioned not to install so many verities of other software. In order to keep the size of download minimal, the user manual is available for separate download.It is faster than PDF-Xchange Editor. If you are not interested in OCR facilities then Foxit reader is best suited for yours work. Multiple PDF documents when opened all these are opened in tab format and shifting from one tab to the other is easier. From time to time it introduces some new features in order to provide dynamic software development.It allows adding up of multimedia files easier. Collaboration with social media accounts becomes easier with Fixit Reader because of the ease to synchronize with Twitter, Facebook, Evernote and SharePoint. One caution is that Foxit Reader comes bundled with so many other software and toolbar and it is important to not to allow installations of such software during its installation.MuPDF Reader:It is very lightweight PDF Reader. On its first launch it will ask you about to choose from files instead of showing its interface and when the PDF is opened then it shows the exact documents and no toolbar and other interfaces are present. In order to see the interface of MuPDF reader you are going to click on the top left of the visible windows to find it. It provides a cleaner interface and superior look for PDF files.Google Chrome PDF viewer:While browsing for internet whenever you see any PDF and click on it and it will slowly open in another tab of Chrome and you can read it from there or download by clicking the downloadsymbol available there. This setting can be turned and changed out there easily, go to settings of chrome and then advanced and then content settings and then pdf documents, Scroll down and click on PDF documents and from there switch on ‘Download PDF files instead of opening automatically opening them in Chrome’ and this will download PDF files from net to computer.If you want to read PDF files that are stored inside computer, then right click on that files and then open with chrome and your chrome reader will automatically, open pdf files and for this you will not have to install pdf viewers. Similarly, with android if you install Google Drive then you will not need any other third-party PDF apps as Google Drive act as PDF viewer and make it default while opening the first PDF and that is going to make it default.TinyPDF:TinyPDF as the name suggests has very small foot print of PDF reader and it has no string attached. It is only 586k as it is less than one MB. It does not contain no malware, adware, watermarks and no pop Global Home: UPS is completely free. JPEG compression is supported. No ghost script and third-party software included with the installer version. The downside is that it is partially supported on 64-bit computer. Automatic font management is there.There are so many alternatives to use for PDF viewer and if your computer is 64 bit then you can download the 64 bit version of Sumatra PDF and if you want to insert electronic signature then opt for Foxit PDF reader and if you want to have the old and classic PDF reader which is heavier in file composition and not for low end computing purposes then go for signNow and lastly if you do not want to install PDF readers at all then it is better to open it with Google Chrome built in PDF viewer.So, there are many large numbers of option to choose from and if you want to have some complex PDF functions besides the presence of PDF reader you need pdf tools and others then it is best to have PDF-Xchange viewer and so many other option listed here you can choose it from. There are some other alternatives are available which are there to search ad find in internet.This entry was posted in Android Apps on Google Play, Apple Inc., Computer Information Technology, Google, Google Chrome, Information Technology, Internet, Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows XP and tagged signNow, Apple, doPDF, FOXIT READER, free PDF converter, google chrome, image to pdf converter, PDF Password Remover, pdf printer, pdf-xchange, Sumatra PDF A PDF Viewer for Windows, WINDOWS, Windows 8, WINDOWS VISTA, WINDOWS XP, Windows XP SP3 onFootnotes[1] Best Free PDF Writer and Reader
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