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FAQs
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Will onlineservices.nsdl use the photo on your Aadhar on your PAN card?
While making PAN mandatory for many more transactions, the government has also made it easy to get it by enabling the online application process.The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), in a circular dated 22 July 2016, has said that a new permanent account number (PAN) card can be applied for online, using an application form that can be e-signed using the Aadhaar linked e-signature. For individual PAN applicants, the entire process is managed by PAN service providers: National Securities Depository Ltd (NSDL) and UTI Infrastructure Technology and Services Ltd (UTIITSL).According to the board, “introduction of Aadhaar based e-signature in PAN application not only ensures paperless hassle-free PAN application process, but also seeding of Aadhaar in PAN, which will curb the problem of duplicate PAN to a great extent.” Here is why having a PAN is a must, and how to get it online.THE NEED FOR A PANIn its endeavor to check black money transactions, government has expanded the list of transactions (and decreased the limit on many existing ones) for which a PAN is mandatory. Effective 1 January 2016, PAN has to be quoted for all transactions above Rs.2 lakh. This applies to sale and purchase of all goods and services, regardless of the mode of payment.PAN is now used for almost all the financial-sector transactions like investing in mutual funds and shares. The government has also made it mandatory for various other things like the purchase of cash cards and prepaid cards amounting to Rs.50,000 or more in year. For purchasing gold jewellery above Rs.2 lakh too, you need to furnish PAN details. Earlier you had to furnish PAN details only if the gold purchase was above Rs.5 lakh.This move will also help the government to widen the tax base, which will result in higher tax collection.ONLINE PAN APPLICATIONAlong with making PAN mandatory for many more transactions, the government has also made it easy to get one by enabling the online application process. These online application can be made either through the portal of NSDL (http://tin.tin.nsdl.com/pan/inde...) or the portal of UTIITSL (http://www.myutiitsl.com/PANONLINE/).Last September a digital signature certificate-based PAN application form (Form 49A) for individuals was enabled on these websites. Now, the application form has also been enabled with the Aadhaar based e-signature. Aadhaar can also be used as a proof of identity, address and date of birth, which are required to get a PAN. After filling up the online application form, an individual has to upload the scanned image of her photograph and the Aadhaar card, as per the specifications on the website.The application fee is Rs.107, including service tax, for persons residing in India and Rs.994 for those with overseas addresses. It can be paid through credit cards, debit cards or Net banking. All these forms of payment attract a small charge, above the fee payable.At present, the facility for dispatch of PAN cards outside India is available for a select list of countries. Applicants from other countries may contact the service provider before applying.
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How do I file income tax in India?
The form is not really that confusing. ITR 1 is actually quite simple. You only find it confusing because you are not aware of the terms used in Income tax parlance. Here is an answer I wrote previously on a similar question. I cannot link to it because for some reason Quora thought it was spam and deleted it (for the same reason I won't be including any links in my answer, you can take the help of Google for that).First of all, to file income tax return, you will need to have a PAN. Let us assume that you already have a PANTo file your income tax return yourself, the best way is to file it online.To do this, you need to register yourself on Income Tax India e-filing website. For registering you will need your PAN, an email ID and a mobile number apart from your personal details.The most basic thing you need to understand is the concept of financial year and assessment year. In India, for Tax purposes, a year starts in April of one year and ends in March of the next year. This is called a financial year. In Income tax terms, it is called Previous Year. So if you are filing the return for your income earned during April 2014 to March 2015, it will be called FY 2014-15 or PY 2014-15.The year following the financial year, is called Assessment Year. This is so because your income is "assessed" by the Income Tax department in the year after you actually earned your income. So if you are filing the return for your income earned during April 2014 to March 2015, it will be called AY 2015-16 because your income will be assessed during the year 2015-16.Now to actually filing your return.To file your income tax return, you need to know the following 3 things first:Your total incomeThe deductions you can claimThe tax that has already been paid by you by way of TDS and advance taxesLet us talk about these one by one.Your Total IncomeAccording to the income tax laws, your income is divided into 5 heads:Income from salary - This is the income you earn if you are employed. In the most basic sense, whatever money you receive from your employer is your salary income, no matter what it is called. But there are some allowances which are deductible, like transport allowance etc. You will receive form 16 from your employer. You can determine how much of your salary is taxable from form 16.Income from House property - This head includes rental income from houses. Keep in mind, income on sale of house is not included here, only rental income. You get a standard deduction of 30% on your rental income.Income from Business or Profession - if you are carrying on your own business or you are a professional, your income will fall under this head. Any business expense can be claimed as deduction from your revenue.Capital Gains - Income of sale of capital asset is included here. Capital asset includes property, gold, equity shares, bonds, mutual funds etc. It does not include personal movable assets like furniture, car etc.Income from other sources - Any income not included in above heads is reported here. This specifically includes interest income on your bank or corporate deposits and dividend income from unlisted companies. Any commission or tuition income you may earn can also be included here. Keep in mind that interest from your Savings account in the bank is not taxable upto Rs. 10,000After listing all your incomes as above, you total them. This, in Income Tax terms, is called Gross Total Income or GTI.Since you are salaried employee and are filing your returns for the first time, chances are, you will only have salary income and interest income. So you do not need to worry about heads 2, 3 and 4. You can simply ignore them for now.Deductions you can claimTo encourage investments and financial planning, the government offers various deductions. These are listed in Chapter VI A of the Income Tax Act.This is what sec 80C, 80D etc. are. These sections list the deductible investments. You can find an excellent summary of Chapter VI A on Taxguru. Just Google for the term "income tax deductions for salaried taxguru"For simplicity, I will give you a list here which is most likely to be applicable for you (I still encourage you to go through Tax Guru).1. 80C - This section contains, among other thingsPF - Your contribution to Employee's provident fund which is generally deducted from your salary by the employerLife insurance premium - If you have life insurance and you pay any premium for it, you can get deduction for it under this sectionPPF - If you have a Public Provident Fund account, the amount you contribute to it can be deducted in this section2. 80D - Medical Insurance premium - If you have medical insurance for yourself or your parents, you can deduct the premium paid from your income under this section3. 80E - If you have education loan, the amount you pay towards interest can be claimed as deduction under this section. Keep in mind, you cannot deduct the whole installment, just the interest portion. Your bank statement will give you the breakup.4. 80G - If you have made a donation to any registered charitable trust or NGO, you can claim it as deduction here. Your donation certificate will specifically say if the donation is deductible for Income tax purpose.Once you know your deductions, list them out and total them. Deduct this from your GTI. This gives you, what is called in Income Tax terms, your Total Income.The Tax that has Already Been Paid by YouTo prevent non-payment of income tax by assessees, govt has put in place Tax Deduction at Source provisions. This means, the person responsible for paying your income is supposed to deduct tax from the income and deposit it with your government.If you are a salaried employee, your employer must be deducting taxes from your salary. If you have bank deposits and your interest for a year exceeds Rs. 10,000 (in one bank), then the bank will deduct tax on your interest income. If you earn commission or provide any service to businesses, TDS will be deducted from your income on these.The easiest way to know what TDS has been deducted on your account, is to see your form 26AS. There are 3 ways to see view form 26AS:TRACES website - Just search for Income Tax traces. You will have to register here separately. It's a bit complicated, so best avoid thisRegister on efiling website (link at the top). You can see form 26AS from thereIf you have internet banking account and your PAN is linked with your bank account, you can view form 26AS from there. This is the easiest way, if possibleIf any tax has been deducted, download your form 26AS in PDF format so that it is readily available for reference.Now you are all set to file your return. Login to the e-filing website. It will ask to confirm your email ID and phone number. Just follow the instructions.On the left hand side, under quick links, click on Quick e-File ITR link. Fill out the form with all the details. This option can only be used if you are an individual with only salary and interest income. Some fields will already be filled. Just verify that the details in those fields are correct. When you are done filling out the form, save it. Now go through it once again and verify that all the details are correct.When done, submit the form. Your return is filed. However, there's just one more step. You will receive an acknowledgement of the return in your email. This is called ITR V. Print out this acknowledgement, put your signature in the space provided and mail it to the given address.Here's a video by the income tax department to help you out with the return filing process:There are a lot of other videos too which you can refer. Just search for it.
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What is the procedure for a PAN card applied to though the eKYC online Aadhaar mode?
You can apply for pan card online through Aadhar based ekyc without sending documents to NSDLThe Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), in a circular dated 22 July 2016, has said that a new permanent account number (PAN) card can be applied for online, using an application form that can be e-signed using the Aadhaar linked e-signature. For individual PAN applicants, the entire process is managed by PAN service providers: National Securities Depository Ltd (NSDL) and UTI Infrastructure Technology and Services Ltd (UTIITSL).According to the board, “introduction of Aadhaar based e-signature in PAN application not only ensures paperless hassle-free PAN application process, but also seeding of Aadhaar in PAN, which will curb the problem of duplicate PAN to a great extent.” Here is why having a PAN is a must, and how to get it online.THE NEED FOR A PANIn its endeavor to check black money transactions, government has expanded the list of transactions (and decreased the limit on many existing ones) for which a PAN is mandatory. Effective 1 January 2016, PAN has to be quoted for all transactions above Rs.2 lakh. This applies to sale and purchase of all goods and services, regardless of the mode of payment.PAN is now used for almost all the financial-sector transactions like investing in mutual funds and shares. The government has also made it mandatory for various other things like the purchase of cash cards and prepaid cards amounting to Rs.50,000 or more in year. For purchasing gold jewellery above Rs.2 lakh too, you need to furnish PAN details. Earlier you had to furnish PAN details only if the gold purchase was above Rs.5 lakh.This move will also help the government to widen the tax base, which will result in higher tax collection.ONLINE PAN APPLICATIONAlong with making PAN mandatory for many more transactions, the government has also made it easy to get one by enabling the online application process. These online application can be made either through the portal of NSDL (http://tin.tin.nsdl.com/pan/index.html) or the portal of UTIITSL (http://www.myutiitsl.com/PANONLINE/).Last September a digital signature certificate-based PAN application form (Form 49A) for individuals was enabled on these websites. Now, the application form has also been enabled with the Aadhaar based e-signature. Aadhaar can also be used as a proof of identity, address and date of birth, which are required to get a PAN. After filling up the online application form, an individual has to upload the scanned image of her photograph and the Aadhaar card, as per the specifications on the website.The application fee is Rs.107, including service tax, for persons residing in India and Rs.994 for those with overseas addresses. It can be paid through credit cards, debit cards or Net banking. All these forms of payment attract a small charge, above the fee payable.At present, the facility for dispatch of PAN cards outside India is available for a select list of countries. Applicants from other countries may contact the service provider before applying.For video guidance click on the link below[Pan Card eKYC] How to make pan card with aadhar ekyc HindiTo know more you can subscribe to my YouTube channelYogendra Vishwakarma
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What does GST mean to a daily wage worker?
GST meaning Goods and Service Tax is touted as the biggest tax reform of independent India. Before GST, the Central and the State Government levied separate taxes like service tax, VAT, etc. The introduction of Goods and Service Tax took all the existing tax forms into a single unified tax regime. It replaced 17 indirect taxes like excise duty, sales tax, VAT, service tax, etc. Presently, only two products are exempted from the GST purview, namely Alcohol and Petroleum.GST for a laymanFor the common taxpayer, GST meaning is “One Nation One Tax.” Under this new tax structure, if your business turnover exceeds Rs. 20 Lakh annually, you have to register your business under GST. However, there are exemptions for states like Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, etc. whose limit has been capped at Rs. 10 Lakh.Additionally, if you're engaged in multiple lines of businesses – then multiple GST registrations would be required. After the GST registration procedure, you’ll be handed over a unique GST number.Register for GSTThe registration procedure of GST is kept simple even for a layman. Here's how you can register yourself in two stages –Log on the official registration portal of GST.Choose the ‘Services' tab from the menu and select the ‘Registration' option.Select the status as ‘GST practitioner’ in the new page.Fill up the mandatory details and proceed.You’ll be taken to a verification page where you’ll receive an OTP via your mobile number.After successful verification, you'll be handed a provisional GST identification number.Now starts the second stage:Enter the temporary GSTIN to login again to the official portal.Select the required details and proceed.Put in your bank account details and upload the required documents.Complete the e-signature process and submit.Once done, you'll receive an acknowledgement through your registered mobile number. For a layman like a wage worker, this is all that you must know about GST.
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How do I upgrade my passport application from normal to tatkal in India?
Get the documents which are required for application and while going for passport application on the appointment day, report at the regional passport office instead of going to the psk. Fresh application can be converted to Tatkaal, but only at RPO of your jurisdiction. Furnish the extra payment with the verification certificate and Annex E, as both of them are documents required for tatkaal, also a form stating that you want to change from normal to tatkaal. Make sure you get them done with all details correct and that would do with all the other documents of a normal passport application also.Documents that you need apart from the normal application set are-1. Annex e form filled and signed.2. 2 original verification certificate, issued and dully signed by a Govt Gazzeted office of a pay grade higher that 5400.3. 2 photo copies of id of the gazetted office.4. A form of mode change from normal to tatkaal.Rest the passport office staff will help you when you'd be present there on your appointment day.Edit. - There have been signNow changes in tatkaal service of passport. You may refer to the legit indian passpoet site to clear your concern regarding new set of rules.Edit 2- After the recent amendments in passport rules there has been an astounding change. Now for conversion of normal to tatkaal form, all you need to have is 2 valid address proofs and along with that 1 dob proof on the desired name. A hand written declaration will be necessary stating that applciant would like to change the mode of process and a signature of acceptance by app with the tatkaal fee i.e. 2000 Rs will suffice the purpose and get your mode of process changed. This is 100 percent correct information and this is the procedure which works. Good luck.
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How can I create DSC (digital signature certificate) on my own for GST e-filing?
What is Digital Signature?A digital signature is basically a way to ensure that an electronic document (e-mail, spreadsheet, text file, etc.) is authentic. Authentic means that you know who created the document and you know that it has not been altered in any way since that person created it.Digital signatures rely on certain types of encryption to ensure authentication. Encryption is the process of taking all the data that one computer is sending to another and encoding it into a form that only the other computer will be able to decode. Authentication is the process of verifying that information is coming from a trusted source. These two processes work hand in hand for digital signatures.How do I get a Digital Signature?Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) is a secure digital key that certifies the identity of the holder, issued by a signNowing Authority (CA). There are many companies provide Digital Signature , i.e.SIFYeMudhra(n)codeThese companies gives LRA to several companies that are basically known as LRA. You may directly apply online and purchase from your local authority.Digital Signature for E-tenderingThere are three types of digital signature certificates depending on the validation of identity and type of use. They are:Class I DSC – Individuals get it for validating the email identification of the users and in situations where risk is minimal and here the signature is stored in software.Class II DSC – Business organizations or individuals use this digital signature certificate to validate the information given by the subscriber in the application against the information available in a trusted consumer database and in other such situations where security risk is moderate. In this case a hardware cryptographic device is used for storing the signature.Class III DSC – This digital certificate is directly issued by the signNowing authority and it is required that the person applying for DSC must be present at the signNowing authority’s premises and prove his/her identity in front of the authority and the security risk involved in this case is very high. In this case also a hardware cryptographic device is used for storing the signature.The Necessity of Digital Signature CertificatesFor e-filing of the income tax returns by any individual, the Government of India has made it mandatory to affix digital signatures to the income tax returns documents. For affixing the digital signature one must have digital signature certificates issued by licensed certification authority.In addition, Ministry of Corporate Affairs has set the mandatory guidelines for the companies directing them to file all reports, applications and forms using a digital signature only and this again requires a digital signature certificate.For GST also a company must verify its GST application by affixing a digital signature using digital signature certificate in order to get registered for GST.These days many Government procedures, filling different applications, amendments and forms require digital signatures made by using digital signature certificates.Benefits of Digital Signature CertificatesSaves Money & Time: As there is no need of physical presence you can digitally sign your PDF files and other documents using DSC anywhere & anytime. You need not sign your paper documents and then scan them to send them across through internet if you follow the above given option. You can save the money which would otherwise be spent on printing and scanning the document. You can also go green by saving paper.Secured Data: The digitally signed documents are tamper proof as the digital signatures are secured with a private key and public key and they cannot be edited after digitally signing the document.Authentic: Digitally signed documents are authentic and the receiver can be completely sure about the sender’s identity and integrity. The receiver can easily execute the information in the document without worrying about the document being forged.Certificate (DSC) is essential for companies and organizations that take part or intend to take part in eTendering processes on various Government sites. If a organisation going to apply for any Government eTender needs to have a Class 3 Digital Signature Certificate registered in the name of a representative who is authorized to submit online offers for e-Tendering applications.How to apply digital signature ?We enable compliance with legal and regulatory requirements for end-to-end electronic transactions for any kind of E-Business.What Documents required for Class 3 Digital Signature ?Documents required for Class 3 Digital SignatureApplication Form (Duly Signed)Recent Passport Size Photograph (Pasted on the Application form and Signed across the Photo)Identity ProofPAN CARD * (Income Tax F Filing Portal requires PAN Encrypted DSC)PassportDriving LicensePhoto ID Issued by Central Or State GovernmentVoter IDAadhar CardApply for Digital SignatureAddress ProofPassportDriving LicenseLatest Utility Bills - Not Older than 3 Months (Telephone, Electricity, Water, Tax, LIC)Ration CardVoter IDBank Account Statement ( Not Older than 2 Months)Service Tax/ VAT registration CertificateProperty tax/ Municipal tax ReceiptProof of Right to do Business (Any one of the Following)Certificate of IncorporationMemorandum of Association & Articles of associationRegistered Partnership deedValid Business licenses like VAT , Service Tax RegistrationLicense under shop and Establishment Act (For Proprietorship Concerns)PAN Card of the Company/FirmProof of Right to do Business (Any one of the Following)Latest annual Report / BalancesheetLatest Income Tax ReturnsOrganization Bank Details on Banks Letter Head/ Latest Bank statement attested by BankAuthorization Letter in Favor of the applicationAll Documents to be Self Attested by the applicant & Attested by the Authorised Signatory of the Business with Stamp & Seal. For More information about Best Digital Signature company in kanpur.How can I register a Digital Signature Certificate(DSC)?DSC registration for directors:Click on the 'Register DSC' link available on the MCA portal homepage.On the next screen, click on the 'Director'link on the left hand panel and fill-up your DIN. Please ensure that the DIN is approved and typed correctly.System shall verify that the DIN is valid and approved. If the DIN is filled incorrectly or DIN filled is not approved, system will throw an error message to that effect.Fill-up rest of the particulars and ensure that details filled are as per DIR-3. If the applicant has filed DIR-6, then fill the details as submitted in DIR-6 form.Click on the 'Next' button. The system would verify the details.If the details filled do not match with DIR-3/ DIR-6, as the case may be, for the reason that you do not have your DIN application details, you can get the details from the company in which you are a director.If the details are correct, the system would prompt you to select the DSC.Click on the 'Select Certificate' button to browse and select the certificate. Please ensure that the selected DSC belongs to the applicant, whose particulars are being registered.System shall validate the DSC. If the selected DSC is already registered against given DIN, system will give an informatory message. If a different DSC is already registered against the given DIN, system will ask if the user wants to update his/ her DSC.Type the displayed system generated text for verification in the box provided.Click on 'I agree' button to agree to the declaration that details furnished are correct.Click on the 'Submit' button to register your DSC.Acknowledgement message is displayed to the user.User can take a print-out of the acknowledgement.The applicant can click on the 'Reset' function to clear the data in the fields.Step by step Process for Manager/Secretary/CEO/CFOStep by step process to be followed for registration ofManager’s/Secretary’s/CEO's/CFO's DSC is as under:Click on the 'Register DSC' link available on the MCA portal homepageOn the next screen, click on the 'Manager/Secretary/CEO/CFO' link on the left hand panel and fill-up the particulars. Please ensure that the Income tax PAN and other details are as per the information filed in DIN-3 Form.Click on the 'Next' button. The system would verify the details.If the details are correct, the system would prompt to select the DSC.Click on the 'Select Certificate' button to browse and select the certificate. Please ensure ,that the selected DSC belongs to the applicant, whose particulars are being registered.System shall validate the DSC. If the selected DSC is already registered against given PAN, system will give an informatory message. If a different DSC is already registered against the given PAN, system will ask if the user wants to update his/ her DSC'Type' the displayed system generated text for verification in the box providedClick on 'I agree' button to agree to the declaration that details furnished are correct.Click on Submit button to register your DSC. message is displayed to the user.User can take a print-out of the acknowledgement..The applicant can click on the 'Reset' function to clear the data in theStep 1: First you need to logon to the Income Tax India website for the process of registering and using a digital signature for the purpose of e-filing of your income tax returns.Step 2: Now you have to click on the ‘Log in’ button which appears on the official Income Tax e-filing website.Step 3: Users who have already registered with Income Tax website can log in using their credentials, otherwise you need to register as a user. Fill in the correct details and click login.Step 4: After you have logged in successfully click on the ‘My Account’ button.Step 5: Click the ‘Update Digital Certificate’ option displayed below the ‘My Accounts’ tab and immediately a download starts. A message may pop up with a warning that the file being downloaded may damage your computer as it is from an untrustworthy source. Ignore this message and click on ‘Yes’, ‘Accept’ or ‘Continue’ depending on the type of your browser.Step 6: A file called ‘Store Certificate’ will be downloaded to the computer system at this point. It will store a local copy of your digital signature on your computer.Step 7: Go back to the web page and select the option ‘Upload your USB Token.’ A page immediately opens with a button saying ‘Select Your USB Token Certificate’. Click on this button and then click ‘Browse’. This will open up a selection prompt window.Step 8: Use the selection window to find and select the file that you previously downloaded. The file can be found in the path C:\WINDOWS\system32\eTPKCS11.dll.Step 9: Select the above mentioned file (eTPKCS11.dll) and click ‘Ok’. Then enter the Token password and finally click on ‘Sign’.Steps for Uploading Income Tax Returns Online Along With Your Digital SignatureStep 1: Completely prepare the Income Tax Returns Form by correctly filling up the required details and save this file as an XML file on your local computer system.Step 2: Open the Income Tax India website’s login page and enter your credentials to log in to your private income tax management dashboard.Step 3: Click on the tab ‘Submit Return’ and then select the appropriate assessment year.Step 4: On the page there is a drop down menu which has the ‘Form Name’. Select the ‘Form Name’.Step 5: A question “Do you want to digitally sign the file?” comes in the next field. Now click on the ‘yes’ option.Step 6: In the next field you can select the digital signature that you wish to use among “Sign with .PFX file”, or “Sign with USB Token”. Select the best option depending on your e-filing requirements and then upload your ‘Income Tax Return’ using the selected digital signature certificate and authenticate the same.Using digital signature certificates for e-filing of income tax returns makes the entire process hassle free and transparent. This procedure also makes individual tax players to be more self-sufficient in managing their own finances and prevents any misinterpretations or frauds during e-filing. The Income Tax Department is also facilitated so that it can immediately process the refunds for taxpaying individuals soon after they electronically file their income tax returns.
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Why are Chinese products cheaper?
In the words of Tim Cook: "The popular conception is that companies come to China because of low labor costs. I'm not sure what part of China they go to, but the truth is China stopped being the low labor cost country years ago. That is not the reason to come to China from a supply point of view, the reason is because of the skill."Let us look at the concept of labor or the involvement of labor in an every-day product. Let us compare 2 products: a plastic fork vs a plush toy. Although both products fall on opposite spectrums of the consumer life cycle (one disposable whilst the other one is reusable), both are sure to be made in China.A plastic fork is made from food-grade Polystyrene (PS) plastic pellets or beads through a process known as plastic inject molding. In here the pellets are heated in a molding machine to a viscous state and are injected into a mold. The mold produces multiple sets of forks within a matter of seconds and from there on it’s as simple as detaching the forks from a sacrificial (?) holder or tool (this is also made of PS and in most cases is recycled). From here the product is moved into packaging and then sent out of the factory for export. A fully automated machine can be set to run continuously 24 hours a day with very little monitoring by a worker, thus being a low labor product.Now, let us look at that plush toy. The stuffed animal is comprised of textile material for the cover, stuffing, two eyes and a nose. The material must be cut into pieces, sewn together and stuffed. The nose, eyes and mouth are sewn onto the material together and stuffed, requiring skilled labor(-). The cutting of the pieces may be done by hand or by machine, but the pieces are sewn together by a worker using a high-speed sewing machine. Next comes the insertion of stuffing – this is rather complex for a machine to do, as such the insertion is done by hand and the insertion point is also manually closed. It is evident that this requires much labor, therefore, this type of a product is considered a high labor product with labor contributing 70% of the total cost [1]. In the end, much like a fork, the product is moved and packaged for export.Because labor is only one part of the total cost of a product, and in many cases it's as low as 20% of the total cost, – this must indicate that there may be other factors at play in making Chinese products, such as the fork. If labor were the only factor, then most of the “plush toy/labor intensive” industries would have shifted to other countries – but only some industries already have e.g. Bangladesh, Vietnam and Mongolia to name just a few. To that extent, manufacturing of plastic forks could possibly return to the USA; but that’s not happening.Industrial production does not take place in isolation, but rather relies on networks of suppliers, component manufacturers, distributors, government agencies and customers who are all involved in the process of production through competition and cooperation. The ecosystem of doing business in China has evolved quite a lot in the last thirty years. Here are the additional factors, including labor, that affect the overall cost of manufacturing and thus make Chinese exports cheaper:A. Commendable supply chain: Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials, and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. No country, at present, has a supply chain more sophisticated yet flexible than China. China’s biggest advantage is their domestic availability of most of the raw materials required to manufacture a given product [2]. Not only are private entities involved in the process of outputting raw material for manufacturing. Rather, many Chinese State Owned Enterprises (SoEs) actively control and output raw materials for small factories to transform into ready-made goods. If the government is involved in such activities, it is safe to assume that this is an active industry that requires not only oversight and monitoring, but active involvement. Access to affordable raw materials helps bring down manufacturing costs to a considerable extent. As a result, having suppliers who are local to the manufacturer has gained importance as a way to cut costs[6].B. Rebate upon Export: The export tax rebate policy was initiated in 1985 by China as a way to boost the competitiveness of its exports by abolishing double taxation on exported goods[7]. China is one of over 150 countries that utilize a Value Added Tax (VAT) system. It is a tax only on the "value added" to a product, material, or service at every state of its manufacture or distribution. The VAT rate is generally 17%, or 13% for some goods. Chinese companies receive a VAT refund from the government for materials of products produced for export. Basically, factories that export do not pay any VAT on goods or raw materials used made for export – further subsidizing raw material costs. American imports to China are charged a VAT, but the U. S. doesn't have a VAT to charge Chinese imports. Moreover, Chinese manufacturers work with far lower profit margins than those in the U.S.C. Efficient Infrastructure and Logistical Access: In its fast-paced effort towards industrialization, China has built many ports (big and small), roads and railroad access. Such a system is not secluded to the big cities (Tier 1 or Tier 2 cities), it connects all of them, including Tier 4 cities or small towns used as industrial manufacturing zones. Having an efficient logistical system allows for cheaper travel costs –the cost of units (kilometers or miles) per currency (dollar or RMB) decreases. Also, an efficient infrastructure reduces overall downtime. Such is the case of India, as pointed out by Vaibhav Mandhana [3]: “Given the poor roads, a shipment from India's north can take a week or more to signNow India's south. Sometimes it is quicker and cheaper to actually get a shipment from Shenzhen than Kolkata. Time is money and all those delays add to your cost. If I could get something in two days, I could sell it immediately rather than wait two months to sell it [add up the interest costs]”"The road freight from LA to Nevada will cost you a lot more than the sea freight from China to LA."[5]D. Subsidized Utilities and Availability: Within China’s industrial areas many fixed and variable production costs are heavily subsidized. For example: electricity and water are subsidized up to 30% compared to normal household or commercial zones. Moreover, the local government gives support with land access at competitive rates, creating jobs in the area. This further helps to diminish the cost of the end product – after all you have access to cheaper land, water and light (What manufacturing does not require these? - Hell, even mining bitcoin does!). In non-industrialized or not fully industrialized countries (Indonesia, Vietnam, India), access to water and electricity remains a critical issue, until today. “In Coimbatore and other industrial places, you get power for like eight hours a day. That means the machinery lies idle for sixteen hours and that wasted capacity adds to the cost.”Do we see a trend of several factors, other than labor, which affect the overall cost of the product? Hold on, there are more!E. Bureaucracy: Barriers for entry in China, in this context, are extremely low. Although you need to fill out a huge number of papers (Customs Declaration Form, Land Annexation, Tax Filing, Compliance Related Documentation, Drawback/Rebate Forms, Annual Returns and etc.), the process is not complex. Relevant departments and accountability are there; you do not need to grease palms to get what you need; streamlined government policies are in place. Again, non-industrialized countries do not have many of these processes in place – they are in the early stages, whereas China has been through all this. I am not saying China is pure and not corrupt, there might be corruption in some cases, but the overall industrial process is so deeply rooted, that people just follow established guidelines. Greasing palms and running around places to get a stamp or a signature causes further delays (time is money) and increases overall costs. This is considered more as “Political Will” than bureaucracy; meaning the government’s will to allow you to do business is prominent thus reducing barriers for you to do business or manufacture or engage in services.F. Technology and Automation/ Skilled Labor: It would be unreasonable to discard China’s interconnectivity between technological advancement and manufacturing capacity. They work hand-in-hand. Availability of the latest technology to manufacture products of a high quality on a large scale. And let's be honest, scalability can be a very important factor in deciding price of a product. Apart from technology, China has a large population, thus having a bigger access to a wide talent pool. Availability to a greater talent pool decreases the overall demand as there is an oversupply – again, denting the costs of the product. If you recall, Tim Cook's main reason for manufacturing in China is: the depth of highly skilled labor in the manufacturing space. To rephrase what Cook said: "No other country in the world besides China has the combination of an electronic component supply chain and large pools of skilled labor needed to make iPhones on the scale which Apple needs."G. Labor: It is comparatively cheaper to many so-called “developed countries”. You can have someone do the same labor task for a comparatively lower price than say Europe or the USA for that matter. This further brings down costs. As noted before, it is not the cheapest – but it is not the most expensive either. What is important to remember here is that labor in China, is skilled – although most laborers are not trained, but have learned by doing. When you outsource to China, you’re working with time-tested factories that have been producing quality products in similar industries as yours for years on end, and in massive supply.Where a labor task might cost you $8-9 USD/hour in developed countries, it will cost you $450-500 USD for an entire month in China (8 hours a day, 28 days a month). If you do the math, that’s about $2.19 USD/hour. Countries like Indonesia a semi-skilled laborer will do it for half, $1.05 USD/hour – but the manufacturing process will be influenced by factors all the factors mentioned.H. Local Government: Local government officials are appointed, not elected. Part of their job is to help the industries and they are measured by results. Furthermore, locals compete with each other. That means Suzhou is competing with Chengdu to attract industries, and so on. Hence officials are always using their local advantages to help, attract, and grow industries, such as providing low cast land, building industrial parks, and making sure that the support infrastructure (roads, electricity, water, etc.) even local housing and schools are there. Since these officials are not elected locally, their actions are much more efficient rather than dealing a motion to go through town hall meetings or waiting for a ballot to pass for months. The downside of such efficiency could be that some environmental studies were not complete or many local concerns are not addressed fully (All credit for how to local governments operate within China go to Mr. James Yeh ).Here are few controversial factors, claimed by several sources:I. Currency: There is the ever-present theory of currency manipulation among economists, where China undervalues their currency by an estimated 30%-40%, which simply makes every product that China ships out 30-40% cheaper than those of a potential American competitor. The Yuan is manipulated and pegged undervalued to the US dollar [2]. So the price quoted in US dollars( more exports are quoted in dollars), will be cheaper than normal; (This manipulation has affected the domestic price of the product and labor wages as it has been kept much lower than it should have been. The Chinese yuan has, however, been steadily increasing in value against the dollar over the past few years.J. Compliance: The Chinese government does not bind itself with Intellectual Property issues. They allow the industry to investigate the products developed successfully elsewhere in the world. They then produce them in large quantities. Personally, there is nothing wrong in this benchmarking. Most industries do benchmark; especially in the automotive world. This saved the industry from expensive investments in R&D [4]. Although China has its own environmental protection agency, the environmental protection laws are generally lax and not enforced fully, especially at the local level. In previous years, Chinese factories cut down on waste management costs -further bringing down overall product costs. Things have been different lately, thanks to the strong efforts from the national government. Laws on IP and environmental protection are being enforced, especially after the Hangzhou G20 summit. There is still some belief that more needs to be done.If cheap labor was in itself the key driving factor, a large percentage of the labor-intensive factories would have already shifted to cheaper labor countries and lower labor-intensive jobs would have returned to the countries such as the USA - because China is not the synonym for cheap labor anymore. But that's not what we are experiencing; only certain jobs within the manufacturing field are moving to South East Asia. A huge chunk is there and is still able to reap the benefits of various factors. It will take more than a cutthroat desire for emerging economies to set up a business ecosystem that can compete with China's.Wow now over 1,000 Thanks for your upvotes! If you would be kind enough to give a like for this same article on my LinkedIn profile: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/w...Footnotes:1. https://www.industryweek.com/env...2. https://qr.ae/TUtz1K3. https://qr.ae/TUtzTO4. https://labs.ebanx.com/en/market...5. Walter Hay's answer to How expensive is it to import to Nevada from China?6. 5 Reasons Why You Should Manufacture In China With ITI[7] China Will Continue To Dominate World Production
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