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FAQs
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How are cracked versions of software created and why are developers not able to prevent it?
Cracked versions of software are created with the use of debuggers. (A debugger is a special type of software that lets programmers deconstruct their software into its constituent parts for the purpose of finding bugs, and thus de-bugging. Additionally debuggers can be used for reverse-engineering, or to see what is inside the software, to learn its logic. The latter method is used mostly by malware researchers to study what malware (or computer viruses) do on-the-inside. But it can be also used by an attacker to "crack" (or bypass) legal software registration, or at times, to alter normal behavior of software, for instance by injecting a malicious code into it.)For the sake of this example, I will assume that the software that is being "cracked" was compiled into a native code, and is not a .NET or a JavaScript based application. (Otherwise it will be somewhat trivial to view its source code.) The compiled native code is a bit more tricky "beast" to study. (Native means that the code executes directly by the CPU, GPU, or other hardware.)So let's assume that the goal of an attacker is to bypass the registration logic in the software so that he or she doesn't have to pay for it. (Later for lolz, he or she may also post such "crack" on some shady online forum or on a torrent site so that others can "use" it too and give him or her their appreciation.)For simplicity let's assume that the original logic that was checking for the software registration was written in C++ and was something similar to the following code snippet:In this code sample "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are special strings of text that a legitimate software user will receive after paying for the license. (The name is usually that person's actual name or their email address, and the code is some string of unique/special characters that is tied to the name.)In the logic above, the function named "isRegistrationCodeGood()" will check if "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are accepted using some proprietary method. If they are, it will return true. Otherwise false. That outcode will dictate which branch (or scope) the execution will follow.So the logic above will either show that registration failed and quit:Or, if the registration code and name matched, it will save the registration details in persistent storage (such as the File System or System Registry) using the function named "rememberRegistrationParameters()" and then display the message thanking the user for registering:A "cracker" will obviously want to achieve the second result for any registration code that he or she enters. But they have a problem. They do not have the C++ source code, part of which I showed above. (I hope not!)So the only recourse for an attacker is to disassemble the binary code (that always ships with software in the form of .exe and .dll files on Windows, and mostly as Unix executables inside the .app packages on a Mac.) An attacker will then use a debugger to study the binary code and try to locate the registration logic that I singled out above.Next you can see the flowchart for a snippet of code that I showed in C++, presented via a low-level debugger. Or, as the code will be read in the binary form after compilation:(For readability I added comments on the right with the names of functions and variables. They will not be present in the code that an attacker could see.)(To understand what is shown above an attacker will have to have good knowledge of the Assembly language instructions for the native code.)I also need to point out that having a disassembly snippet like the one above is the final result for an attacker. The main difficulty for him or her is to locate it among millions and millions of other similar lines of code. And that is their main challenge. Not many people can do it and that is why software "cracking" is a special skill.So having found the code snippet above in the software binary file a "cracker" has two choices:1) Modify (or patch) the binary.2) Reverse-engineer the "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy its logic to create what is known as a "KeyGen" or "Key Generator."Let's review both:The first choice is quite straightforward. Since an attacker got this far, he or she knows the Intel x64 Instruction Set quite well. So they simply change the conditional jump from "jnz short loc_7FF645671430" at the address 00007FF645671418 (circled in red in the screenshots) to unconditional jump, or "jmp short loc_7FF645671430". This will effectively remove any failed registration code entries and anything that the user types in will be accepted as a valid registration.Also note that this modification can be achieved by changing just one byte in the binary code from 0x75 to 0xEB:But this approach comes with a "price" of modifying the original binary file. For that an attacker needs to write his own "patcher" (or a small executable that will apply the modification that I described above.) The downside of this approach for an attacker is that patching an original executable file will break its digital signature, which may alert the end-user or the vendor. Additionally the "patcher" executable made by an attacker can be easily flagged and blocked by the end-user's antivirus software, or lead criminal investigators to the identity of the attacker.The second choice is a little bit more tricky. An attacker will have to study "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy it into his own small program that will effectively duplicate the logic implemented in the original software and let him generate the registration code from any name, thus giving any unscrupulous user of that software an ability to register it without making a payment.Vendors of many major software products understand the potential impact of the second method and try to prevent it by requiring what is known as "authentication." This is basically a second step after registration, where the software submits registration name to the company's web server that returns a response back to the software of whether the code was legitimate or not. This is done by Microsoft when you purchase Windows (they call it "Activate Windows") and also by signNow, and many other companies. This second step may be done behind-the-scenes on the background while the software is running, and will usually lead to cancellation of prior registration if it was obtained illegally.So now you know how software is "cracked".Let me answer why it is not possible to prevent it. It all boils down to the fact that any software code needs to be read either by CPU (in case of a binary native code) or by an interpreter or a JIT compiler (in case of JavaScript or .NET code.) This means that if there's a way to read/interpret something, no matter how complex or convoluted it is, an attacker with enough knowledge and persistence will be able to read it as well, and thus break it.There is an argument though that cloud-based software is more secure, which is true, since its (binary) code remains on the server and end-users do not have direct access to it. And even though cloud-based software is definitely the future, it has some major drawbacks that will never allow it to fully replace your conventional software. To name just a few:Not everyone has an internet connection, or is willing to upload their data online. Additionally someone’s internet connection can be very expensive or too slow to make the software run very laggy.Then there’s a question of distributed computing. For instance, Blizzard Entertainment would never make “World of Warcraft” to fully run on their servers due to immense computational resources needed to render every single scene for every player they have. Thus it is in their best interest to let each individual user’s computer to do the rendering instead.As a software developer myself, I obviously don't like when people steal software licenses. But I have to accept it and live with it. The good news is that there are not that many people who are willing to go extra mile and search for a cracked version of software. The main problem for those who do, is that by downloading a patched executable, or an attacker's KeyGen or a Patcher, they are effectively "trusting" him or her not to put anything "nasty" into it that was not "advertised on the package" (stuff like trojans, malware, or keyloggers.) So the question for those people becomes -- is it worth the cost of the software license to potentially infect your system with a nasty virus?On the other side of the equation, some developers react very negatively to any attempts to steal their software licenses. (I was there too.) They try to implement all kinds of countermeasures -- anything from tricking reverse-engineers, to adding booby traps in the code that may do something nasty if the code detects that it is being debugged, to obfuscating or scrambling the code, to enforcing all kinds of convoluted DRM schemes, to blocking users from certain countries. I personally try to stay away from all of those measures. And here's why:A) Any kind of anti-reverse-engineering tactics could be bypassed by an attacker with enough persistence. So why bother and waste my time when I can invest that time into adding something useful to my software that will make it more productive for legitimate users?B) Some code packers could create false positives with antivirus software, which is obviously not good for marketing of that software. It also creates unnecessary complexity for the developer to debug the software.C) Adding booby traps in the code can also “misfire” on your legitimate users, which will really infuriate them and can even lead to lawsuits.D) Any DRM scheme will probably catch some 100 illegal users and greatly inconvenience 10,000 legitimate ones. So why do it to your good customers?E) Our statistics show that about 75% of all illegal licenses come from China, Russia, Brazil, to name the worst offenders. (I also understand that the reason may be much lower incomes that people have in those countries.) The main issue for us though was the fact that if we enforce our DRM or add some strong registration authentication, many people that wanted to bypass our registration would simply use a stolen credit card number. And we had no control over it. Our system will use it to send them a legitimate license only to have the payment bounce in weeks time. As a result we would lose the money that were paid for the license, plus the credit card company will impose an additional chargeback fee to our account, which may range from $0.25 to $20 per bad purchase on top of the license cost.F) As was pointed out in the comments, some companies may actually benefit from allowing pirated copies of their software. Microsoft for instance gets a lot of free publicity from people using their Windows OS, the same goes for signNow with their Photoshop. That is a good point that I agree with.So my philosophy is now this -- if someone wants to go extra mile and steal our software, go for it! They went this far to do it anyway, so they probably have a good reason. On the positive side there are so many other customers that appreciate the work that goes into creating software that greatly outnumber those that don’t.PS. Thank you for all your feedback! It makes me feel good that the knowledge I shared is useful to others.
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I have been rejected by 11 mechanical core companies and have 2 more interviews. How can I keep my confidence up for those inter
First of all, getting rejected does not mean the “End of the World”.Disclaimer:The answer is going to be very long and this is my personal experience. Please read it till the end, I am sure you will get benefitted. If you want any personal suggestion, please comment on the answer and I will try to answer your query.Although I don’t want to share my personal story, let me share with you so that you might feel that you are not alone. There are others who felt almost the same.Almost 10 years back, I completed my B-Tech from Icfai University, Dehradun in Computer Science.That time, it was a big...
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Why are railguns often portrayed as a better way to intercept maneuvering hypersonic threats than interceptor missiles?
There are several factors that go into this, there are pros and cons to both systems, to a military planner the pros of the rail gun out weigh it’s cons. Only time will prove if they are right or not but I will try to explain.Defensive Vs Offensive load, There is only limited launcher space on any ship regardless of how many missiles it has in storage. So lets say you have 20 launchers in your ship, vertical launchers are becoming the norm. Even though you have 100 more missiles of whatever mix you want in the hold, your 20 launchers have what they have in them and it will take time to swap them out. (Hopefully some USN personnel on here who have served on a DDG or similar can let us know how long) I’m guessing at least an hour. Some missiles can be dual use like an anti-missile-Missile can be used in the anti aircraft role, but a Tomahawk or any land attack missile simply cannot. Every tube you have filled with a missile to perform your mission is a missile you cannot use for defense, every missile you have loaded for defense, can’t be used for your mission.The rail gun uses a solid mass of metal, you can use it to devastating effect against air, sea, or land targets without worrying about carrying different loads. I imagine a flechette round would be used against missiles and aircraft, but it doesn’t matter, you can switch ammo types in seconds.With railguns as point defense, you are free to have the majority of your missile tubes loaded for the mission and only a minimum with defensive (AA or AM) missiles.Immunity to counter measures: The railgun is a line of sight weapon, if you can see it, you can hit it. Once radar contact is made and the gun aligned, powerful optics will be used to line up the final shot. at 2.4 kilometers+ a second- nothing can really affect or stop the projectile. If the shot is lined up properly, the target is dead, no amount of chaff flares or ecm can do anything once the projectile leaves the rail.Cost. The Major cost of the system is in the gun and the guidance and aiming systems require only maintenance when bought, The Projectile is just a hunk of machined metal, I imagine the ship’s machine shop will have the ability to fabricate more in an emergency. No propellant needed (more on that later) A missile has to have a warhead, a motor, navigation and avionics which is all one time use, the launching and guidance on the ship are not cheap either so while the up front cost of the railgun will be higher, that changes quickly after a few shots.Safety. That warhead and rocket/jet fuel in a missile infinitely more deadly to you before you launch as it is to the enemy. Anything that touches off that magazine (accidents, malfunctions, enemy fire) will likely be catastrophic. The inert projectiles of a railgun are immune to that. The rail-gun itself if charged might pose a small danger if damaged while charged, but that will be like a transformer box blowing up outside during a storm (happened to me when I was a kid during a hurricane) While it was loud and scary to 11 year old me 20 meters from my house, it did zero damage to the house and didn’t even knockdown the telephone pole it was on, Had that been a modern AA-or AM missile 20 meters away, I and my house would likely not be here today.Close in defense: You can use the rail gun up to the point an enemy missile hits your ship. A vertically launched missile needs to clear the ship arc towards its target and fly towards it. This all takes time meaning that depending on the speed of the incoming missile, you have a radius where if you haven’t launched yet, there is nothing you can do. So let’s say you have a ship with a rail gun and one with only missiles. Both are engaged by missiles with a 4 second flight time. It takes 2 seconds to identify and track the target and come up with a firing solution(I have no idea how long it really takes but I’m pretty sure the human reaction time to authorize the launch of a $500,000 missile is more than that). the 2 seconds remaining are not enough, the missile will just be clear of it’s tubes and arcing when your ship gets hit. The rail gun ship still has time to get one or two shots off, Even if it hits the Missile right outside the hull, that is preferable to having it go off INSIDE your hull.Like I said before, having the rail gun doesn’t stop you from carrying defensive missiles for BVR/Over the Horizon, engagements.
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How do the police build a criminal case against you?
Since I was a2a, how a case is built is dependent upon the type of crime (fraud, drug trafficking, money laundering, violence, etc.). Discovery of fraud generally involves a report of suspicious activity, a victim’s report, or review of records. Fraud investigations are primarily conducted through collection of pertinent financial records, identifying those involved and their documented activities. Fraud commonly involves a convoluted manipulation of circumstances that requires extensive knowledge of law and applicable regulations.Drug trafficking and associated money laundering generally involve informant information, with the informant commonly being someone arrested for an observed drug violation who turns on their confederates in order to limit their own punishment. That process could lead to an undercover operation and/or involve extensive surveillance of suspects, identification of drug and money stash locations, trash collection at identified locations, and collection of sufficient information to establish probable cause for a search warrant (http://www.quora.com/What-constitutes-probable-cause-for-a-police-officer-to-be-able-to-search-a-car-without-a-warrant/answer/Dan-Robb-2). The search warrant could lead to recovery of evidence, identification of suspects, and seizure of illegal substances or large quantities of currency for which there is no viable explanation.Investigations of crimes against persons are commonly initiated based on a report of what is claimed to be criminal behavior by a witness. The next common step involves interviews indicating where evidence may reside or where other witnesses may be located. Such information is evaluated and corroborated if possible; in that not even all eyewitness testimony is reliable (Robb, 2011). Crime scenes are identified and search is initiated, based either on immediate probable cause or through search warrants. Evidence is collected if possible, then processed for possible identification of suspects (e.g., DNA and/or fingerprints identifiable from data bases of prior offenders, or for comparison with future suspects), and indicators of events are theorized (e.g., accidental versus criminal actions).If no suspects are identifiable, or even if there are possible suspects, how the crime was committed may provide clues linking that crime to a past suspect or past crimes, even without physical evidence with regard to a suspect; or, if a serious crime, investigation may involve more extensive evaluation in a criminal profiling process:Modus Operandi and SignatureD. RobbCMRJ531In 1838, Sir Frederick Roe, a magistrate in London, argued for the employment of specialized police officers to detect crimes (as cited in Dilnot, 1927). The successes of the privately employed Bow Street Runners were cited as an example of the historical presence of recognizing modus operandi, and what could be interpreted as recognition of the value of criminal profiling.Sir Peter Laurie, a City magnate, was positive that the Metropolitan Police could not supersede the runners. ... "These men have been thief catchers all their lives, and know almost every thief in London, and of what he is capable. ... If you take them to a house, and show them that a robbery has been committed, they will tell you directly, by inspection, whether it has been done by an old or by an inexperienced thief." (as cited in Dilnot, 1927, p. 53)Holmes and Holmes (2002), in my opinion, do not adequately address the concepts of Modus Operandi (MO) and Signature. Therefore, further information is provided here. MO is not a new concept. Dilnot stated that "'Modus operandi' is obviously as old as detective work itself" (1927, p. 212). Dilnot did not comment of the exact origins of the position of detective, but he did say that detectives were employed by the Metropolitan Police, under the British Home Secretary, prior to 1845. The daguerreotype photographic process was patented in Europe in 1840, and,had come to America soon afterwards. ... None was more enthusiastic for this medium than Alan Pinkerton. Within a few years he had built up an impressive Rogues Gallery of mugshots and circulated copies of photographs to lawmen all over the country, together with detailed descriptions of physical features, dress, habits, mental characteristics, criminal specialties and mode of operation. (Mackay, 2007, p. 93)Pinkerton (1819-1884), a Scotch immigrant barrel maker and former Deputy Sheriff, headed the de facto national investigative agency (albeit private) in the U.S. during the pre- and post-Civil War era. The emergence of this private agency was apparently due the emergence of interstate commerce (i.e., railroads); the lack legal jurisdiction outside of the city, count, or state; an aversion to central governmental control; parochial thinking; and governmental financial considerations. In 1861, Pinkerton sent a letter to President Lincoln:I have in my Force from Sixteen to Eighteen persons on whose Courage, Skill and Devotion to their country I can rely. If they with myself at the head can be of service in the way of obtaining information of the movements of Traitors, or Safely conveying your letters or dispatches, on that class of Secret Service which is the most dangerous, I am at your command. (as cited in Mackay, 2007, p. 107)Fosdick (1915/1969), a former New York City Commissioner of Accounts, conducted one of the first cross-cultural studies of policing during 1913 and 1914. He was complimentary of the German system of criminal investigation, particularly with regard to the scholarly efforts of Dr. Hans Gross, an academic and criminal justice practitioner. Many European police agencies employed relatively sophisticated criminal classification and referencing systems, to the extent that in some countries, all foreigners were required to record their travels with the local police or face legal sanction. The use of dactyloscopy (fingerprinting) began for Scotland Yard in 1901, after use by English officials in India. And, classification of offenders according to method of operation (MO) by Scotland Yard was begun officially in 1896. However, at the request of London authorities in 1888, Dr. Thomas Bond was apparently cognizant of the concept based on his assessment of the crimes attributed to Jack the Ripper, based on his statement thatall five murders were no doubt committed by the same hand. … All the circumstances surrounding the murders lead me to form the opinion that the women must have been lying down when murdered. …In each case the mutilation was implicated by a person who had no scientific nor anatomical knowledge. …A man subject to periodical attacks of Homicidal and Erotic mania. The murderer in external appearance is quite likely to be a quiet inoffensive looking man, probably middle-aged and neatly and respectfully dressed. He would be solitary and eccentric in his habits, also he is most likely to be a man without regular occupation, but with a small income or pension. (as cited in Kocsis, 2006, p. 4)MO was at that time primarily used for burglary and theft crimes. Fosdick related:What is probably the most ambitious plan of crime classification by methods has been initiated in ... England. ... The so-called "M.O." or Modus Operandi system devised by Major L. W. Atcherley, Chief Constable of the West Riding of Yorkshire Constabulary.His system is more than an index for a single department. It is a cooperative arrangement by which habitual or traveling criminals can be traced from community to community by a comparison of their methods of work. (1915/1969, p. 344)Atcherley's system included 10 categories, and the tenth is somewhat consistent with the concept of signature:1—Classword; kind of property attacked, whether dwelling house, lodging house, hotel, etc.2—Entry; the actual point of entry, front window, back window, etc.3—Means; whether with implements or tools, such as a ladder, jimmy, etc.4—Object; kind of property taken.5—Time; not only time of day or night, but whether church time, market day, during meal hours, etc.6—Style; whether criminal to obtain entrance describes himself as mechanic, canvasser, agent, etc.7—Tale; any disclosure as to his alleged business or errand which the criminal may make.8—Pals; whether crime was committed with confederates, etc.9—Transport; whether bicycle or other vehicle was used in connection with crime.10—Trademark; whether criminal committed any unusual act in connection with crime, such as poisoning a dog, changing his clothes, leaving a note for the owner, etc. (Fosdick, 1915/1969, p. 346)MO and Signature are similar and may be easily confused, one for the other. MO involves those behaviors necessary for the successful commission of a crime; incorporating three elements: 1) success of the crime; 2) protection of identity; and, 3) successful escape (Gee & Belofastov, 2007).Signature is an aspect of a crime that fulfills an emotional need, which is not necessarily conscious. Signature could involve intentional crime scene configuration or taking of souvenirs, and generally remains consistent, due to the emotional element; or, may be as elemental as words used or the order in which acts are committed (Holmes & Holmes, 2002). Although, some variations of Signature can be expected, based on the recognition that each independent crime is subject to numerous influences (e.g., unexpected interruption, time constraints, physical limitations) (Douglas, Burgess, Burgess, & Ressler, 1992; Douglas & Olshaker, 1995; Turvey, 2001).Douglas et al. indicated that “signature does not always show up in every crime because of contingencies that might arise, such as interruptions or an unexpected victim response” (1992, p. 261). Turvey (2001) referred to this concept as the “X-factor,” unexpected events at the crime scene that may eliminate MO and Signature.MO is more affected by evolution and refinement, in response to environmental stimuli. For example, if one gets too close to being caught, one will probably improve their methods in the future. Or, as in the “DC Sniper” case, the press commented upon the fact that the shooter had targeted only adults, which was of course followed by the shooting of a young boy. And then, press statements highlighted the lack of demands by the DC Sniper, followed by demands from these spree killers for a large sum of money.Douglas and Olshaker (Douglas being a retired Federal Bureau of Investigation profiler) provided the following discussion of MO vs. Signature, and staging versus posing:The differences between MO and signature can be subtle. … (A) robber … made …captives undress, posed them in sexual positions, and took photographs…. That’s his signature. It was not necessary or helpful to the commission of a bank robbery.” Another robber forced disrobing “so the witnesses would be so preoccupied … that they … couldn’t make a positive ID. … This was MO. (1995, pp. 253-255)In a serial murder case, the defendant’s lawyer “was trying to show that it was unlikely these crimes were all committed by the same individual because so many details of the modus operandi varied. I made it clear that regardless of the MO, the common denominator in each of the murders was physical, sexual, and emotional torture. … So, though the methods of torture varied—the MO, if you will—the signature was the pleasure he received out of inflicting the pain” (Douglas & Olshaker, 1995, p. 255).Staging is an element of MO and involves placement or manipulation of a crime scene to mislead investigators, “such as when a rapist tries to make his intrusion look like a routine burglary” (Douglas & Olshaker, p. 256). Posing, (also) an element of signature, is infrequent and involves “treating the victim like a prop to leave a specific message. … These are crimes of anger, crimes of power(,) … it is the thrill of … beating the system” (p. 256).The Signature is sometimes referred to as a “calling card” or trademark of the offender, such as by Douglas et al. (1992). However, stating that the Signature is a calling card is inappropriate in my opinion. Such a label leads to the inference that it is an intentional act on the part of the perpetrator to mark the crime as his own; this may not be the case, since the perpetrator may not be conscious of the significance of the act and oblivious to how the evidence of his behavior will appear. Turvey (2001) also disagreed with such a label because crimes and the resulting crime scenes are inherently chaotic with numerous variables; therefore, a precise match of Signature and MO is unlikely. In addition, Turvey noted that interpretation of evidence may be faulty due to misinterpretation or destruction of evidence (intentional or accidental), leading to faulty conclusions.Signature and MO may be difficult to differentiate, and may even be indistinguishable in a crime scene. However, the concepts must be separated and the characteristics of each must be articulated.CR531 Criminal ProfilingD. L. RobbProfessor Comments Week 1Very few people would argue against the idea that the ways in which we present and maintain ourselves, our homes, and our workspaces reflect some very important aspects of our personalities. Certainly, from our studies in the humanities, archeology and anthropology, we know that even in the absence of a written history, the depictions of art, music, clothing, household artifacts, and architecture developed and left behind by a long-dead society can still clearly tell us a great deal about the beliefs, attitudes and lifestyles of its inhabitants. Similarly, it is the contention of practitioners of Criminal Profiling, that the actual commission of crimes may also reflect key personality and lifestyle characteristics of those who committed the crimes.The commission of a crime requires that the offender make a series of choices, decisions, responses, and reactions. The resulting dynamics of the crime, as revealed through crime scene investigation, will then necessarily reflect the intelligence, competence, composure, experience, needs, wants, fantasies, motivation, and many other key characteristics of the offender’s personality. This has probably been obvious to those charged with finding and apprehending offenders from the outset of such positions. …Profiling is rooted in the belief that an offender’s thinking directs the offender’s behavior. If the crime scene reveals to us the offender’s behavior, we should be able to examine the scene to make some assumptions about the offender’s thinking. “Elementary,” as Sherlock might say, probably not. Profiling is a complex function that requires investigative experience and insights gained from years of exposure to various crimes, individuals, and personality types.Criminal profiling is a criminological/sociological, psychological, biosociological, and forensic analysis process that attempts to make investigative sense of apparent crime scene dynamics, in order to gain an understanding of behavior, motivation characteristics of offenders, and personality. Profilers analyze the totality of the known crime circumstances, make inferences of offender behavior from that analysis, and create a profile of the offender based on inferences of the offender's behavior (what would appear to be inferences based on inferences).Profiling is, in fact, a form of retroclassification, or classification that works backward. Profilers recognize crime scene dynamics that are associated to criminal personality types who commit similar offences. Typically we classify a known entity into a discrete category, based on presenting characteristics that translate into criteria for assignment to that category. (Douglas, Burgess, Burgess, & Ressler, 2006, p. 97)In this course, you will be prompted to examine the research on criminal profiling. We will try to make sense of these acts of violence, which so often confront us in our contemporary life, and cull out of the acts, some comprehensible threads that will permit us to find similarities amongst offenders’ personalities and to formulate a rationale for the differences between them, as well. However, as we continue our inquiries into the field, we will discover that, as in almost all studies of human behavior, the discipline is filled with contradictory theories, opposing beliefs about the best way to study and construct criminal profiles, and many social, legal, and ethical issues that must be considered.References:Dilnot, G. (1927). The story of Scotland Yard. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Douglas, J. E., Burgess, A. W., Burgess, A. G., & Ressler, R. K. (Eds.). (2006). Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crimes (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Josey-Bass.ReferencesDilnot, G. (1927). The story of Scotland Yard. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Douglas, J. E., Burgess, A. W., Burgess, A. G., & Ressler, R. K. (1992). Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crimes. San Francisco: Josey-Bass.Douglas, J., & Olshaker, M. (1995). Mind hunter: Inside the FBI’s elite crime unit. New York: Pocket Books.Fosdick, R. B. (1969). European police systems. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith. (Original work published 1915)Gee, D., & Belofastov, A. (2007). Profiling sexual fantasy: Fantasy in sexual offending and the implications for criminal profiling. In R. N. Kocsis (ed.). Criminal profiling: International theory, research, and practice. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (2002). Profiling violent crimes: An investigative tool (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Kocsis, R. N. (2006). Criminal profiling: Principles and practice. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.Mackay, J. (2007). Allan Pinkerton: The first private eye. Edison, NJ: Castle Books.Turvey, B. E. (2001). Criminal profiling: An introduction to behavioral evidence analysis (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.Once sufficient evidence is collected and corroborated to the extent thought necessary by investigators, the case is presented to prosecutors who assess the evidence with regard to the necessity for proving the allegation beyond a reasonable doubt in court. Additional investigation may be requested, prosecution may be declined, or accepted for prosecution.Reference:Robb, D. L. (2011, November). Eyewitness identification in photographic lineups: A case study. Presented at the Texas Association for Investigative Hypnosis Training Conference, November 2011. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/2662993...
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Is it unrealistic to try and become rich and successful through starting a business?
My Advice ,is try it here for FREE . At least if you fail , You are still at status QuoBusiness involve Real Money …Writing on Quora does not , trying out Online is one low risk business venture you can start offHave FunIn picking out a niche, see to it that you opt for one that you're interested in. As what you might have experienced, it's absolutely unhelpful to work with something that you loathe. It's rather difficult to convince customers to buy your product or service when you yourself don't have the heart to take interest in it.ChooseThe opening move to selecting a niche that's correct for you is to consider the issues and subject matter that you're most passionate about! By being passionate about a certain matter, you'll be motivated to learn more about it, teach other people about it, and work in it on a daily basis. Among the basic issues when it bears on failure in online business efforts is that a individual selects a niche that they think other people will be interested in, but they plainly have no interest in it themselves. Prevent this downfall right from the beginning - make certain whatever content you pick is that which you have a great interest in!While learning how to pick your niche, it's crucial to ensure that you've a great idea of your "target" audience. By discovering who's best suited as your audience, you'll be able to supply content that will meet the requirements that they have, and school them on items of their concern. It's equally crucial to guarantee that you're part of the audience that you're trying to draw in. This will guarantee that you cover every facet of your niche, and relate on a personal level with the other people that are in the same audience.Next apply the use of content that's uniquely yours. Exclusive material that you write, or have composed by ghost writers who produce professional SEO content, helps to demonstrate you as an authority in your niche. Ensure that your material can't be located anyplace else on the Net! This will immediately drive traffic to your site as you'll be providing visitors something fresh and unique. There are a lot of companies out there nowadays that may offer you unparalleled content.When you begin to put up material on your site, in article directories, or any additional location on the Net that's directly related to your niche, it's crucial to guarantee that you provide steady updates. This will keep your audience returning time and time again so that they might see the "newest" that you have to provide! This means provide fresh articles, keep your site maintained, and tailor your niche according to up to date trends.It's utterly imperative to see to it that you narrow the content down as much as conceivable. For instance, if you run a site on computer game cheat codes, you'll want to incorporate "computer game cheat codes" into your material, but your niche should be specialized to the type of computer game cheat codes that you provide. A good niche would be "The Sims Cheat Codes" - this will help interested Net users discover the material that they require fast!Its simple to learn how to pick your niche. The mystery to being successful is to pick a subject that you're passionate about, ascertain your audience, produce high quality, SEO content, update your material on a steady basis, and utilize keywords and keyword phrases that will reflect what your Net audience will look for.As an author, you've probably went through a lot of times when you just don't know what to write on. Maybe you've exhausted your common subjects and are looking for something different that will bring in the readers. This will give you hints for a few hot article topics. By applying these easy ideas, you'll be able to step-up your views, fascinate your audience, and ensure that your material brings in a constant stream of income.Write on an approaching holiday. General audiences are commonly interested in info concerning to the holidays. If the content is well written and furnishes info that is other than basic knowledge, you should see a good amount of views. These will fizzle out after the holiday has blown over, but will recover momentum, once the holiday approaches, once again.Research up to date events. If the matter is red-hot in the news, it will be red-hot to likely readers. Attempt to determine your own voice and present your data in a way that's unique to your audience.Write a report about pets. There are a lot of pet devotees around the world that like reading about their furry champions. Pet care is a great place to begin.Journal about our surroundings. Green is the up to date theme in news these days, and the chances are that it's here to stay. You are able to write about how persons may "green up" their lives, what fresh alternate fuels are being formulated, or how our environment is bearing upon wildlife. Any subject you decide to write on is likely to take in a powerful amount of readers.Tell individuals how to save income. This is among the most red-hot topics around, and it consistently pulls in viewers. The great thing about this subject is that there are perpetual ways to save revenue, so you should not have a problem making your material unique.Write on your passion. If you are profoundly interested in an issue, there is a great chance that other people are, as well.Do not forget to make your article original. Do not overexploit info that is vastly available over the Net. Pick out an easy yet unique title that will rank high on search engines, and draw in fresh readersAfter you've decided what niche to promote, you are able to then visit free affiliate sites which provide good-quality affiliate products. You must check that these have a great sales page with an elevated conversion rate. You are able to confirm this by getting hold of the creators of your chosen product. Make certain that your product fits with your niche. As well ask your self, if you were the consumer, would you purchase the product?A ProductIf you have been on the Net any length of time, then you know that affiliate marketing is an exceedingly lucrative way to bring forth income online. It's moderately simple, it may be done with little or no ad expenses, and an assortment of niches may be researched. Picking out the correct affiliate products to market is critical to your success. Abiding by these easy steps will assist you in making the most beneficial choices.Put together a list of affiliate products for each one of the niches that are of interest to you.Assess the commission structure of the affiliate plans on your list. Commissions commonly range from five percent to forty percent for palpable merchandise and up to seventy-five percent for digital merchandise.Have a look at the vendor's payment processes. The more reputable companies will pay you either via check or PayPal. A lot more will even pay you through an affiliate network, who will, in turn, compensate you by check or direct deposit to your chosen financial institution on behalf of the vendor.Have a look at the vendor's sales page. This is the page that will be looked at by visitors you refer to the parent company. A great sales page will be simple to read and simple to navigate when the buyer is prepared to make a purchase.Have a look at what the rivalry is marketing. Look up relevant keywords in your preferred search engine and check over the sponsored ads. In a lot of cases, these are advertisements are produced by other affiliates. If no one is promoting your chosen affiliate products or something like it, then there might be no demand for them in the current market.There are a lot of ways to market utilizing the Net. There's email marketing, PPC, banner advertising, utilizing videos, article promotion, doing SEO, blogging, and using social bookmarks, social networking and Web 2.0 properties. There's so much info out there, it may sometimes get overpowering. One way to figure matters out is to ask individuals who have become successful.Discover a discussion board that specializes in Internet marketing. These are sites where Internet marketers go to talk about the cutting-edge strategies, to determine what's working and what isn't, and to find reviews for the cutting-edge courses and software. Some that you might want to travel to are the Warrior Forum, Digital Point and IM4Newbies .The Warrior Forum is the oldest of the message boards and has been around since '96. Many superstars in the industry got their beginning here. It has the threads separated neatly into many different categories, like PPC, ad sense, article promotion, media buys, and so forth, so it's very simple to discover what you're seeking. The threads are well moderated and individuals here are commonly respectful and helpful to each other. This is an oddity in a lot of forums, where individuals tend to often be rather crude. So it's a huge plus that you are able to ask a question at the Warrior Forum without the dread of being called names. While the forum itself is free, there are frequently members offering cheap paid training courses of study called WSOs (Warrior Special Offers), and there's a lifetime upgrade for $37 as of 2010. This provides you access to a few members-only secret threads.Digital Point is likewise a good discussion board where individuals tend to be really helpful. It's organized in a great deal the same way as the Warrior Forum, while it hasn't been around as long, receiving its start in 2002. It's even so well regarded in the Internet marketing profession. It likewise has an area where you are able to outsource work that you don't wish to do yourself, like programming jobs, article authoring or site design.IM4Newbies, although much littler than either the Warrior Forum or Digital Point, is a dynamic community with about 70,000 members. It's a great place to get rolling for those completely fresh to Internet marketing as everything is set up for the fledglings, and they pay special attention to what they call their 101 classes, like Niche Marketing 101, Affiliate Marketing 101 and Net Business Management 101. It's likely less daunting to begin here too. As there are fewer threads, there's less of a data overload than what you may get at the other 2 forums.Make A Site Or BlogYou must produce your own site or blog, where you are able to put all your marketing techniques. If you want to maintain a site, be prepared to use a few bucks. Instead a quality hosting and a WordPress blog may guide you with the simple development of your page. The latter is truly helpful since you are able to join their site free of charge and you are able to be guided with whatever you desired to do with your page.Do It FreeIt is crucial to have an internet site if you have a business. Most internet sites commonly have multiple web pages that display info about the owner, product, service or contact. If you are merely setting out to have an internet presence with your business, it is a great idea to make a business web page. You are able to even begin a business web page free of charge.Look for a free web site hosting service online that lets you publish content. Some free of charge services that allow you to begin a web page fast are Blogger.com - Create a unique and beautiful blog. It’s easy and free., WordPress.com: Create a Free Website or Blog, Content Management System, Blog Software & Publishing Platform and weeby.com. Have a look through each of their choices and select the services that you like best. The advantage to these services is they are free of charge to use.Sign on for the service they're supplying. You need to make a username, a password and supply your e-mail address. After you sign on, you will have to pick out a title for your web site. Normally you are able to only register your site name under a sub domain name as you are hosting under their service. For instance, if you would like to produce a free of charge web page on WordPress.com: Create a Free Website or Blog and wish to title your pizza pie business http://greatpizzashop.com, your domain name will be WordPress.com.Pick out a template for your particular business type. You are able to pick from a lot of free templates. For instance, in Weebly you are able to select a design and choose from over thirty different templates. You are able to pick out the category themes ranging from instruction to marriages. You will prefer to pick "Business" for templates that have business conceptions.Produce material about your business and place a link to a product or service you are selling up on your freshly made web page.Push the publish button. Once you have a business template picked out, informational material and a product or service to sell, push the publish button. Individuals online will now be able to have a look at your business web page, which you made free of charge.Write write WriteWhen you get all set up, you must learn to enjoy writing since blogging is the chief way to communicate all the good things about your product with the buyers. Moreover, you are able to add an affiliate link in the resource box for your blog. When it's clicked, your reader will then be automatically redirected to the sales page. If you've your own product, then all you require is a simple webpage with an enlightening article about your product.AuthorAuthoring a great article that has relevant keywords to your niche included in it might be very confusing to a lot of online authors. On the other hand, if you wish to bring targeted traffic to your material or web pages, you need to include keywords in your material. This will give you a few great ideas on how to author an article that includes keywords to supercharge your article views or site visits.I keep reading associated articles that state to utilize the keyword tool supplied by Google; this is a great tip for web masters and authors. However, how many great keywords do you add to your material per length of article? Perhaps if we center on satisfying our readers with helpful info, the search engine top-ranking will come on its own. Shoving relevant words in articles is never advocated and it is looked at as "Black Hat" SEO or a spamming article. Attempt the steps here to write a good and helpful article that will be placed well from the words you pick to include in your articles or web pages.Perform research on Google trends. Discovering what data is searched for is a great idea when attempting to pick out a great article topic to write about. Monkey around with the Google tools and discover related keywords to include in your article(s).Prevent gorging your whole article with words that you're trying to get placed high for. This will just hurt your rankings. Author your article freely and aim the conversation or article info in a way to talk to your readers not the search engines.Include your primary keyword in your beginning and end paragraph. You are able to too include one in your main paragraphs as long as you're not wedging extra words into your content and articles. If you author a three hundred word article, attempt utilizing your key word around 3-4 times including one in your title.Author long and valuable info on your articles. Not only does Google like people friendly material, it likes to find well needed and valuable info to display in search engine results. The more valuable information, the more beneficial the ranking will be. Discover what individuals want to know about in your niche and explore the answersMarketing methodsIn increasing your sites traffic, you are able to quickly work at 3 kinds of easy methods: social marketing, forum marketing and article marketing.MarketOn social promoting, beginning building up your social network on Facebook and Twitter. Those are the two most well-situated to setup and most popular social web sites you will find currently. Begin establishing relationships with other people by becoming involved in a genuine and real discussion.In the discussion board marketing, you are able to begin by traveling to popular forums that accept topics touching on the problems or solutions that lead to your merchandise as the resolution. Go to Google and look for “discussion board”. Utilize different keyword phrase related to your niche. The method to link back to your web site is to utilize your signature to state a mighty advantage you are able to provide at your web site and post your website urlIn the meantime, you are able to post your articles to the leading article directories for the article promotion. The way I accomplish it is to re-purpose my own blog post. After my blog post is updated for a couple of days, I commonly submit that article to two primary article directories: http://ezinearticles.com and http://goarticles.com. Simply make certain you include a mighty beneficial statement in your resource box to link back to your web site. You need to incite the reader to come to your web site with that advantage you have listed.To produce a life long revenue in internet marketing business, you have to build up your own list. You might have heard it a lot of times that the revenue is in the list…and your relationship with that list as well.The ListIt does not take you long to learn to use a tool like Aweber to frame-up a potent system to build your list. The most beneficial tool is an auto responder like Email Marketing | AWeber to seize the e-mail addresses of people who come to your site. The wonderful thing about utilizing an auto responder system is you are able to author a series of e-mail sequences in advance prior to you getting your first subscriber that joins your list.It is referred to as “set it and forget it.” When the e-mail sequence is set up, you do not have to fret about it. A few internet marketers have set up the e-mail sequence to communicate with the subscriber base for a year or even longer.The primary goal is to utilize the e-mail sequence to establish trust with your subscriber base by giving helpful tips and tools that relate to your niche. Do not right away use a hard sell with anything in your beginning e-mail. You might utilize a strategy called “breath out, breath in”.That is to hand out useful info in your beginning e-mail, and then in the following e-mail you do a sales pitch to get the order in. And keep that cycle to get your subscriber base to read your e-mail and see your sales pitch or fresh info more naturally.Just like many of you, I at one time subjected myself in unrelentingly discovering ways to make money from home. I've constantly researched the net for tips and essentially steps on how I may begin my career online without necessarily leaving my job or overlooking the crucial events of my lifeI attempted to discover answers from net training programs just so I could simplify the seemingly complex techniques of the net world. Since I've forever believed in the construct of “teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime”, I desired to share what I learned with you.I wish you to experience the success of net money-making and distinguish how you are able to produce income and have a Net lifestyle at the same time. Let’s begin now...
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Why does no one make a movie series based on Asimov's Foundation?
One cannot deny that putting Asimov's Foundation series up on the big screen presents a real challenge, between screenwriters, producers, and directors, to say nothing of the moguls who finance and greenlight the project only if they think it might make a profit.The easiest part to explain is the moguls. Experience often shows that if you aim high as to intelligence, the movie ends up as a small "indie" film, or about as successful as one, but if you aim low, there is little to no risk of losing money by insulting the intelligence of the audience. Even the very stupidest movies can become "cult classics" out of their sheer stupidity (think of "Food Fight" or "Garbage Pail Kids" or "Felix the Cat" or “Plan 9 From Outer Space”). Foundation does not scale down well in intelligence, so very little money will ever likely be put into it.Producers and directors want to put lots of explosions and space battles in it because they think this will make the movie more exciting to audiences, but this would so severely betray and violate the whole point and charm of a Foundation film. The temptation seems to be to use the title, and perhaps some of the characters and basic situations, and then throw a lot of name stars and useless special effects, love affairs and sex scenes, shootouts and chases, all with no connection to the story at it, and hope that makes it a hit. But it is the writers who have the biggest challenge.Dr. Asimov gives this account of his rereading of the original Foundation trilogy when preparing to begin its next novel, “Foundation’s Edge”: “… about the end of May, I picked up my own copy of The Foundation Trilogy and began reading. I had to. For one thing, I hadn't read the Trilogy in thirty years and while I remembered the general plot, I did not remember the details. Besides, before beginning a new Foundation novel I had to immerse myself in the style and atmosphere of the series. I read it with mounting uneasiness. I kept waiting for something to happen, and nothing ever did. All three volumes, all the nearly quarter of a million words, consisted of thoughts and of conversations. No action. No physical suspense. What was all the fuss about, then? Why did everyone want more of that stuff?—To be sure, I couldn't help but notice that I was turning the pages eagerly, and that I was upset when I finished the book, and that I wanted more, but I was the author, for goodness' sake.”One of the biggest criticisms of the work is that it seems to consist almost entirely of people talking in rooms. An attempt to turn those conversations into impressive space battles would invariably fall flat on its face. The complaint has also been made that there are no continuing characters in this series. Though a person might show up in a couple segments (e. g. Salvor Hardin), and of course, Hari Seldon’s influence in the form of the Seldon Plan runs throughout the whole series, unifying it, there are no characters who exist throughout the whole thing. There is always the question of what to leave out and what to keep in, and what might be added that an audience would want to see. Audiences are often hard to please, and probably hardest when dealing with going from a book to a movie where the book is so well-known that everyone watching the movie will quickly see what was changed, and generally comment unfavorably on that difference.Then there is the problem of what to do with the technology. Extrapolations of 1940’s technology pervade the series, and when putting it to film what should one do? The most common approach seems to update the technology to predictable extrapolations of whatever technology is current when the film is being shot. It is generally easier and can help present day audiences to feel we are dealing with a “future” when seeing technologies which seem so to us today. But such attempts rapidly become dated, and instead of portraying a time at least 12,000 years in the future it ends up instead portraying a time at least 20 years past. Think of how AOL-styled emails of “You’ve Got Mail” (1998) rapidly came to look ridiculous in comparison to the snail mail of “Shop Around the Corner” (1940) that still hold up. Or again, “The Puppet Masters” (1994), following the book so closely in some ways (especially in the first part) and in the casting of the three main leads, but then deviated in several ways (most notably from a technological standpoint) by introducing satellite heat signature recognition as a way of detecting who is infected and deleting the whole Titans subplot.The biggest problem in that area was the slow progress in computer technology in the Foundation series. Who could have believed in the 1940’s and 1950’s that computers would become so powerful and at the same time so microminiaturized within a scant 50 years, and yet at the same time Robotics (and especially the ability to create a functional humanoid robot, complete with at least apparent feelings, thoughts, creativity, problem-solving, and imagination, as to approximate human capabilities, coupled with machine-like perfection and speed, remains far behind the levels that Asimov expected for the same period in his Robot series. So here we are supposedly 12,000 or more years in the future and yet in the story shipboard computers are barely above the level of the surprisingly primitive computers of the Apollo Lunar Module. Since computing power does factor in on occasion, what do we do with that in such a movie?Granted, these are all serious challenges, far too great for the limited imaginations of our typical Hollywood types to work with (hence their proclivity to make dumb sequels and retreads, all because they just can’t think of anything else), so it really is quite possible that there may never be a Foundation movie, or just as bad, never a credible adaptation of it that retains anything much at all of what the series is truly all about. But is it really all that impossible? I think not.Let’s start with one of the easier things to deal with, namely the technology of so distant a future. There is a new and better approach that already has some precedent in the steampunk and retrofuturism movements, first glimpsed on film (that I know of) in “1984” (1984), in which the technology seen was not the mid-1980’s technology as it actually existed currently, but a reasonable projection of the future from what things were like in 1948 when George Orwell originally penned the novel. By 1984, real offices often had mainframe computers with (dumb) terminals in each office, and would email to transmit messages about, but in “1984” they are still using pneumatic tubes. It is as if someone with all the cinematography skills and techniques and experience we have today were to have existed back in 1948 and had been sufficiently funded to apply those skills as needed. With this approach, all of the technological anachronisms of Foundation cease to be a problem; we are simply telling the story as originally envisioned by the author, and as originally read by its first readers in it own original time. This could also be a good approach in connection with the men and women and how they relate to each other, no need to impose contemporary norms; anyway, Asimov has some truly good and strong female characters as written, albeit set in ways that seem out of sync with how people view things today. Just treat it like a period piece.Next, let’s look at how the problem of the moguls (and of funding) might also be solved, and best so “in the typewriter,” so to speak. The answer to this is largely staring us in the face already, namely the fact that so very much of the series is just people talking in rooms. How about simply forget trying to figure out portrayals of the things discussed and simply have the conversations as given in the series itself? That one thing alone would be a truly vast savings on production costs. Another big savings would be that for what few space battles are seen the technology that now exists has made the production of such scenes much easier and cheaper that it would have been in former years. CGI graphics today has come a long way, and even “last year’s technology” in that could still look quite excellent and sufficient for the needs of this series.People talking in rooms doesn’t sound very exciting, and hardly a basis for a movie, but then recall “My Dinner With Andre” (1981) which, despite being literally nothing but two guys having a conversation in a restaurant, actually manages to be quite captivating as a truly excellent film. Only, instead of discussing philosophies of life what we have here are power brokers discussing the direction the future should take, making all-important decisions, negotiations, and even outright takeovers. As Khan said (in the Star Trek episode, Space Seed), “It has been said that social occasions are only warfare concealed.” Or again, think of your average courtroom drama. What, after all, IS a “Courtroom Drama,” but “people talking in a room”? And for that matter, one early scene consists of Hari Seldon himself in some sort of actual “trial.” About 95% of the whole Foundation saga can properly be regarded as a “bottle show.” It is always the search for survival, as well as the truth about the Plan: How will Hari Seldon avoid having his group shut down by the Empire? How will the Foundation, now located on Terminus at the edge of the Galaxy, drive Anacreon from their soil? How can the Foundation religion be used to turn aside a subsequent attack from Anacreon? How will trade replace the religion as a much further means of expansion? How does the Foundation survive the last great attack of the declining old Empire? What recourse is there if history fails to unfold as planned? And so forth.Any film that rises even the tiniest bit above the mere shoot-em-up has to feature scenes of exposition, people talking and explaining what has been going on, or what scam the bad guy is trying to pull, or what the good guy is doing to fight it, or “whodunit?” and so forth. The Foundation series is almost pure exposition. So actually, it is mostly comprised of the most interesting part of most films. Where would Star Wars be without “No, Luke, I am your father”? All the swordplay that precedes and follows that iconic moment of exposition almost might as well be a mere arm-wrestle for all the interest it has in comparison.Science fiction writer and critic James Gunn said of the Foundation series, “Action and romance have little to do with the success of the Trilogy—virtually all the action takes place offstage, and the romance is almost invisible—but the stories provide a detective-story fascination with the permutations and reversals of ideas.” If any attempt to film Foundation is to prove credible, at the very least this detective-story fascination with permutations and reversals of ideas must feature at the center of it all. Yes, there can be room for some action or romance, but these things must take a back seat (if present at all). Think of Murder She Wrote, or Columbo, or Ellery Queen. It is not any (much) action or romance that drives the tale (though those things can enter in occasionally), but (in those cases) the seeking for the truth. This last of course points to something else about how to do it, namely as a television miniseries. Think of the different ways that a war is portrayed in films versus television shows: In a feature film one can have a “cast of thousands,” a veritable sea of soldiers fighting throughout a vast battlefield, but on television it makes far more sense to show merely a few single pairs of soldiers duking it out. Foundation is full of such “single pairs” and small groups “duking it out” with psychohistory, or with the mentalic powers of the Mule or of the Second Foundation.That leads to the last point, namely casting decisions. When making feature films one often tends to seek out known “name” talent, but in this case such “name” talent should only be permitted if their own interest in such a project would make them willing to accept a pay scale commensurate with that of new and (relatively) unknown and untried acting talent. It is amazing how people, especially those who understand how a future career in acting depends upon their performance here, can rise to the occasion in ways that surprise everyone including themselves. As for the lack of continuing characters throughout the series, even that need not be considered much of a problem. Making a series about, for example, the Bible, or even such a miniseries as Roots, certainly did not suffer from the lack of a single continuing character (unless you want to count God in the first case, or Racism (as like a “character”) in the second. And for that there is Psychohistory and the Seldon Plan.So, is it doable? Absolutely! Will it happen, and in a credible manner? Unfortunately those sorts of decisions extremely seldom fall to those capable of making them competently. Given enough time, almost anything, however unlikely, is practically bound to occur, eventually. Just don’t hold your breath waiting for it.ADDENDUM:Well, it looks like this could happen after all. Apple has greenlit a feasible effort which even includes Isaac Asimov's own daughter among the production staff. Perhaps previous attempts have failed due to attempts to compress such a vast saga into a single film instead of a series. For myself, I pictured a 4-part miniseries, each part (ranging from 90 to 120 minutes including credits) taking on about three "installments" per part:Part 1 (Founding the Foundation): The Psychohistorians, The Encyclopedists, The MayorsPart 2 (Facing the Empire): The Merchant Princes, The Traders, The General (I will get to the rationale for the order reversal, below)Part 3 (The Mule): The Mule (both parts, as published November and December 1945), Search by the MulePart 4 (The Two Foundations): Search by the Foundation (all three parts, as published November and December 1949 and January 1950)I had dreams of trying to write the screenplay myself (contract or no, just for my own interest), but that probably won't ever be realized, at least not in the immediately foreseeable future, but I do have some thoughts; they are truly mine, apart from their direct borrowing from Asimov's original work and also the existing stories authorized by the Asimov estate, and I offer them freely, hoping that other fans will pick up on these and say, "yes, these are good ideas" and hope the production will be positively influenced by them.One idea is to borrow a bit more from the original series as published in Astounding, which differs somewhat from the book versions. For example, the original published installment (now known as the Encyclopedists) had a short series of paragraphs portraying a meeting conducted by Hari Seldon which might be combined with the closing parts of the Psychohistorians, such that he says, not merely to Gaal Dornick one on one, but to his gathered Psychohistorians and Mathematicians at the close of the last meeting he is to preside at, "I am finished!"In that same vein of pointing to the original published stories, The Traders would be about an episode from the past life of Lathan Devers. It would be added after the part (in The General) that introduces Emperor Cleon II and Brodrig and before we return to Bel Riose and Ducem Barr. Sennet Forrell and his three cronies are again gathered, and Sennet is introducing his fellow members to this Trader who really is a real Trader (unlike the fake "Trader" Jaim Twer who was found out by Hober Mallow), loyal to the Foundation, a great spy, brilliantly clever, and extremely resourceful. To illustrate the point, the events of The Traders (or "The Wedge") are told as a backstory (in only 5-10 minutes of screen time - or 3-5 minutes if we are trying to squeeze it all into a one hour episode) so that audiences can better understand and appreciate who he is, and deepen his character with real Asimov Foundation material originally so intended.(For the books, it made sense to reverse the order of the two stories since to end the first volume on a relatively minor trading victory would have made a very weak ending for the book. The triumph of Hober Mallow and his successful navigation of a Seldon Crisis made for a strong and fitting climax to the first book. So the order was inverted, and as Lathan Devers could not have possibly lived long enough to precede Mallow and then yet still face the Empire, a new protagonist Limmar Ponyets was introduced, along with a few textual adjustments made to that story and Mallow's to make it seem as if their inverted order made sense. But as originally published, it was Lathan Devers who first sold nuclear gadgets to the Askonians, and that could be here reasonably restored. The only other alternative has been to omit The Traders altogether as does (for example) the BBC radio series production.)Now, Apple has greenlit a 10-part television series - how would that divvy up? What I had is effectively 12 parts, but with The Traders subsumed into The General, and the Search by the Foundation, originally published in three parts (but actually not quite as many words as the two parts of The Mule, anyway), could be reduced by producing it in two parts, which brings us down to 10.In point of fact, it appears that Dr. Asimov seems to have expected that his final Foundation novella would be cut into two parts as was his Mule novella, since there is what makes a great cliffhanger in the middle of the middle part, namely where young Arcadia, having just realized that Lady Callia is a Second Foundationer, has just been deposited in a vast and unfriendly space port. She sees signs lit up for ships going all sorts of places; one is even going to Terminus but she can only head-shake "no" openmouthed as she dare not go to the one place she most wishes to go. Doubtless the Second Foundation is setting a trap for her there. In blind fear and panic she spins, seemingly endlessly, in circles not knowing where to turn, where to go, who to trust (as in “a circle has no end”), and now realizing that she knows where the Second Foundation is, and that her life is forfeit should the Second Foundation capture her and learn of her guilty knowledge, she collapses in tears, feeling as lonely and frightened as an abandoned child, but with the weight of the entire future of Galactic civilization upon her shoulders. She looks up as if expecting some answer from a Deity, but all there is, is the camera looking down at her, pulling away as she gets smaller and as more and more of the surrounding crowd bustles around her, grey and altogether indifferent to her plight as the credits roll, until she seems to disappear, lost in the crowd.Narrator: Each segment should have as its narrator someone who is close to the events, but never the main character; Gaal Dornick makes a good narrator for The Psychohistorians, Yohan Lee for The Encyclopedists and The Mayors, Tinter (a lieutenant aboard Mallow's ship) and Ankor Jael (Mallow's trusted friend during his trial and the "War" with Korell), Ducem Barr for The General, Toran Darell (husband of Bayta) for The Mule, Hans Pritcher for Search by the Mule, Homir Munn and Mrs. Palver for Search by the Foundation. The bits of the Encyclopedia Galactica could be read by either the current narrator or by someone else (if someone else, then ideally Peter Jones or someone with a peter jonesey sort of voice as a sort of reference forward-back to the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy would be ultra-cool).Second Foundation anonymity: To keep the Second Foundation figures anonymous in their meetings on their home planet (because their identity has to be concealed during their interactions with ordinary people in ordinary places), all sorts of unusual perspectives could be used. Obviously, no faces can be shown, but very small portions of the actor's face can be shown in extreme close-up: the raising of an eyebrow, the furrowing of a forehead, the crooking of a finger (along with several other hand and arm gestures), the jutting of a chin, the curling of part of a lip, the appearance of a dimple, also figures seen from behind, at a distance, or as black silhouettes against a wall chock full of brightly glowing math equations. Electronically deepen their voices to borderline unrecognizability and add that echo effect to indicate that we are not hearing words conventionally spoken but thoughts intimated to each other through the tiny gestures seen in the various close-ups. Or think of all the ways the faces of the doctors and nurses were cleverly concealed during the twilight episode “Eye of the Beholder” until the reveal at the end.Attention to details from the books could also add greatly despite their seeming insignificance, for example when hologram Seldon puts down his book it disappears, or when the dowagers wonder who Prince Regent Wienis is walking up the stairs to his private room arm-in-arm (Hardin) they lift ornate but actual and recognizable lorgnettes to their faces (I hate the way recent printings of the book just say that the dowagers just "stared after them" - blah!), or Onum Barr finding a box of canned goods (and his passport, returned) in a box on his doorstep after Hober Mallow leaves his planet of Siwenna, showing volumes about Mallow’s character in about ten seconds of screen time, or an actual descending grid of glowing energy squares three meters on a side descending upon the spaceport crowd where Preem Palver is waiting and then bribes an official. And many people in the original series smoke. I know that smoking is frowned on these days, but who is to say that a cancer-free tobacco couldn't be invented in the next 12-50 thousand years? Anyway, the scene where Ebling Mis is sitting on the desk of an intimidated Mayor Indbur, warning him about an upcoming Seldon crisis, definitely loses something if he can't also be blowing cigar smoke into the Mayor's face, and the poor Mayor trying not to cough as he doesn't smoke.Other things to bring in would be details from the synopses from Astounding, for example that the original "Warlord of Kalgan" whom the Mule displaces and later installs over the conquered Terminus was not some Kalganian native acquiring hawkish tendencies, but one of many Empire Generals-turned-Warlords of various regions:"Meanwhile, the old Empire has fallen quite to pieces, with the various splinters under the shifting, incoherent control of successions of warlords, whose ephemeral military rule waxes and wanes chaotically. It is to these warlords that certain elements of the Independent Traders look for help against the Foundation. However, none of these warlords are at all anxious to tangle with a Foundation known to have defeated the Empire singlehanded and known to be invincible by the established laws of psychohistory. There is only 'The Mule." ... As the story opens, he has just captured the planet of Kalgan without a fight, though its former warlord was known to be a capable warrior, entirely ungiven to surrender." And Bail Channis is a military man, though he does not wear his uniform while on his expedition with Hans Pritcher.Other details could flow from the other approved Foundation books by others; perhaps some details, especially regarding Linge Chen, and other background characters drawn from Foundation and Chaos by Greg Bear, could be incorporated into The Psychohistorians segment, or slight wear and tear, missing ceiling portions, litter in the streets not picked up, as indicated in Forward the Foundation, despite the still-otherwise gleaming planet-city of Trantor. Or in giving a history leading up to The Mule (in a short opening narrative admittedly not in the book) brief mention (and glimpse scenes) of the Fall of Trantor as conquered by Gilmer and the preservation of the Imperial Library by the students (omitting all mention of the Second Foundation however), as drawn from Harry Turtledove's "Trantor Falls" from Foundation's Friends.It might also not hurt (though it is not clear what effect it would have on the series, beyond what Hari Seldon's image is saying during the Mule crisis) to have some idea what the Seldon crisis for that time would have been if there were no Mule. Perhaps the Empire-General-turned-Warlord of Kalgan hopes, if he cannot destroy or conquer the Foundation, at least "make off" with its Traders or a signNow percentage of them, and perhaps through them some of their technology that they sell as well. (Originally he hoped to provoke a war between the two foundations, but scanning the furthest regions of the galaxy in vain searching for it he concludes that it is of no account and no help.) So he then turns to creating a civil war within the Foundation - perhaps he can set the Traders at war with the corrupt oligarchy that rules them from Terminus, and many Trader worlds would have joined him, but the few that didn't along with a surprising strength from the Terminus Oligarchy side who have at their beck and call the entire Foundation technology - which the Traders understand far too little of to be of much benefit to the Kalgan Warlord - and so he fails and better relations (something kind of like a union) forms among the Traders to strengthen their bargaining position against the Oligarchy who then begin dealing with them more honestly. But for those third and fourth Seldon crises the end has the Seldon image explaining the Crisis, but as the camera pans around (during the closing credits) no one is in the room.A carefully worked out chronology, specifying how many years into the Foundation era each story is, would be easy to give at the outset of each segment or after any major duration within a segment.Now, can anyone tell me that all of this would not add up to "utterly cool" if only it could be so produced?
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