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FAQs
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How do I create a web design contract?
First of all, good for you for having the mental clarity to want to use contracts for web design. You believe it or not, are far ahead of most “developers” just by virtue of being able to conceive of using contracts. You’ll be ahead of most “wantrepreneurs” and “startup founders” just by thinking of using contracts, so hats off to you young man.You can find sample contracts very easily, just by Googling the free-to-use “contract killer” template. Just Google “contract killer web design contract.” Another way to find even more sample contracts is to take a few “how to be a web developer” courses on Udemy and I think you’d probably find more by Googling “sample web design contract,” going to the Freelancer’s Union website, going to signNow and looking at theirs as well.I’m not a lawyer, but I don’t have to be one (nor do you) in order to use or edit contracts. I started out as a web developer not using contracts simply because nobody else I spoke with knew anything and it was a very intimidating topic; and like so many other things of value in life, if you want it done correctly sometimes you just have to get off your butt and do some hard work. I had more than my fair share of being taken advantage of by non-profits (I used to be in favor of volunteering, now I will never do it again) who once they had pro bono (free basically) work, had “revisions” without end - taking professional design and wanting to turn it into a coloring book for a bi-polar paranoid schizophrenic. I had “agencies” asking me to build sites for them “on spec,” (for free), playing mind games with “more work later.” “Agencies” with $200 budgets, and so on and on it went. Until I saw what real agencies charged for crap work with no SEO or thought. Now I always contracts, and I use electronic signatures, and store contracts for years on Dropbox in case they “forget” something a year or two out.I keep a folder of different contracts, RFP responses, generic “sorry your budget is so low” letters, and “hey, we’d love to work with you” letters and suggest you do the same. You can use Gravity Forms to set up or send form contracts with IP tracking and e-signature or use fill-in PDF forms, or even old-fashioned paper contracts, but contracts are a necessity especially in a profession as under-valued and as misunderstood as ours.Good luck and if you need any future help, I’d be happy to pitch in.
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What are the biggest lessons you have learned in the corporate world?
Arriving early and doing nothing is viewed more favorably than staying late and working assiduously. It’s unfair, but it’s only the first boot of real life to kick you in the ass.HR and the ethics hotline don’t exist as a resource to you; they exist to cover management’s ass. I’ve worked for bosses who have used racial slurs, homophobic epithets, threatened and intimidated staff, used drugs in the office, and misappropriated their expense credits, but they were never so much as suspended. I almost lost my job for marking a sale as closed when I got verbal confirmation from my client (with my manager on the phone), only to get the actual signed documents a few days later.Always, always, ALWAYS document and organize files of communication between you and your superiors and you and problem clients. Did I say always? Discrepancies (read lies) in accounts of your interactions from either of these parties is a fast track to being escorted out of the building. Nothing shuts up a lying SOB like a time-stamped email with the intro, “Per my email on July 15, I mentioned….”Always keep a pulse on the job market. At least twice a year apply for jobs in your industry to get a sense on what your skills trade for in the open market and to sharpen your interviewing skills. It’s also a great habit to be in the orbit of recruiters because they operate within a tight-knit ecosystem, network with, and know one another. If you’re not a great fit for one role, and they like you, they’ll refer you to a friend or colleague looking to fill another role as a courtesy.Even if you’re not interested in a role that they may signNow you for, always try to recommend or refer qualified candidates to recruiters. This pays dividends down the road.Be wise as a serpent, yet as humble as a dove. Many people advise against making friends, but I would advise that you make them believe that you’re a friend. Being too cold and stoic in the office will make your colleagues withhold gossip, news, and politics from you that may be actionable. You can be friendly without being friends. Whatever your line is, find it and stick to it.Never get comfortable. I had a former colleague who never placed photos of his family or accomplishments in his cube and I asked him why. He said he is always prepared to walk out of the building with the items on his person at a moment’s notice. Speaking from experience, there’s nothing more humiliating or anxiety-inducing than taking the security assisted walk of shame with all of your belongings in a box and colleagues peeking above their cubes like prairie dogs to watch you walk the green mile. Work is a place where you should be as productive as possible; your family, spouse, hobbies, religion, proclivities, and creature comforts shouldn’t occupy the work space.Your manager is NOT to be trusted with personal information. Whether your mom has cancer, wife left you, your kids are suspended from school, or you’re late on the rent, these aren’t the people to share your most vulnerable moments with for two reasons; 1. They don’t have the power to do anything about them, and 2. They are more likely to report this things up the chain of command to use against you should it ever become convenient as a manipulation tactic. I know this oversimplifies things for the truly empathic, and supportive managers out there, but for the sake of generalities, let’s leave those 8 people out of this and err on the side of caution.Use your lunch hour as an opportunity to network with people within different departments to grow your customer base. Every employee has internal and external customers, and it will behoove you to learn how to cater to them. If you’re in sales, take someone in Dev Ops, Professional Services, R&D, or Customer Experience to lunch. You’ll learn all the horrible things sales people do that make their job a living hell, so you won’t perpetuate that. You’ll also forge some great individual relationships for emergencies when you need to phone a friend.Stay away from the office complainer. Every office has at least one, and he/she is a cancer on your outlook and productivity. Regardless of how valid their complaints are about the quality of the snacks, the scheduled All Hands meetings, the increased co-pays on the new insurance for annual enrollment, the way management is trying to screw us with the new Comp Plan, etc., the best thing to do is to keep your exposure to this individual AT. A. MINIMUM.Become a Subject Matter Expert in at least one or more topics within your department. This makes you indispensable among your peers and management, because they don’t want to(or can’t do) do the job of training the whole staff or answering all their questions.Volunteer to headline new products or services, and you’ll become more visible with leadership and ahead of the curve when those products/services become mandatory.Make your career decisions for the people who will attend your funeral one day; not the people in that office. Days, or even hours after your death, someone will be posting a requisition for your position, and your duties will fall on the shoulders of another. Make sure you spend your strategic decisions improving the quality of time with the people who will be crying at your funeral. This puts a whole lot of unnecessary office bullshit into perspective.If you’re in the US, talk to your colleagues about your salary. Corporations benefit from dwindling unions and individual, rather than collective bargaining by negotiating salary and compensation on an individual basis. Men, this is our opportunity to gain solidarity with women who work equally to ensure that they’re paid equally. White folks, this is an opportunity to ensure Black folks, Hispanics, and Natives are paid equally. This isn’t a zero-sum equation; corporations make enough money to pay us all equally. They have the luxury of not doing so. Hold their feet to the fire, or have them risk losing the war of retention.Be kind. Especially to the people who least deserve it. 9 times out of 10, they’re fighting prodigious personal battles, and the only place they can funnel their energy is at work. Be gentle, but don’t be a doormat either.Bring your authentic self to work. I’ve seen introverts, extroverts, flashy dressers, frumpy dressers, those gifted with supreme elocution, and those with the longest, strongest Southern drawl succeed in business, which proves one thing. Success doesn’t care how you show up; just that you show up. I wish you the best of luck on your journey!
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What's the one group of people you should not upset?
Social media activistsThis guy did blackface, put on an afro wig, knelt and hung a sign around his neck that states, “Will stand for money” mocking NFL players that are kneeling during the national anthem to protest against police brutality and racial inequality.Not only did he think it was okay to do this, he also had the guts to actually post this!Well, one Twitter user saw this image and shared it with the caption “Do your thing, Twitter” and Twitter did do its’ thing. The image went viral and he soon received a huge flood of backlash on Instagram and Twitter.People even signNowed out to his university - this is what the director of the university had to say about it: "Some dialogue has been started, but beyond that, I don't have any information to the extent of what has been said."He later claimed he was “ignorant” and didn’t know it would be racist. Well, nevertheless this “incident” will pop up the on the first page when future employees or a possible girlfriend googles his name.Some of you may have already seen the image of this very emotional, screaming, angry guy. This photograph was taken at the Charlottesville rally earlier this summer where people, such as neo-Nazis, Klansmen and white supremacists just to name a few, were protesting against the removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee, a symbol of racism, and most of these people, just like this guy in the picture, just had to take it too far.Well, this image went viral and Twitter soon found the guy in the pictures. It became the image of the Charlottesville rally and he was called the “Hazel Massery” of 2017. He was exposed and identified by Twitter user @YesYoureRacist and from there it just blew up - the original post has 60k retweets and 80k likes.He later stated that even though he was marching with white supremacist groups and chanting white supremacists slogans that he “wasn’t the angry racist we see in that photo” and that his message was that white European culture has a right to be here just like every other culture. Sure thing, buddy.A petition that demanded that he be expelled from his university has currently amassed more than 36,000 signatures! The university has already stated that they can’t and won’t expel him due to his freedom of speech, but he has quit his job at his university, stating “The thing about it, it's very much a social interaction and requires a lot of trust both ways. I quit because I want to have some form of peace at the university."Lesson of the day: don’t anger social media activists.They will find you.And they will kill your career and reputation.
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How do I register a startup in India? How much money and time does it take? If am currently only 17, what issues will I face dur
Algorithm for starting a Private Limited Company: Engineer's View Personally I believe, If someone is starting a company with long term perspective or to bring some change through their unique Product/Services, one must go for Private limited firm. Prime reason for this is easy to raise funds from Angels/VC in case you go for investment. Step 1. Registration of Company 1. Name Selection: Check whether your desired company name is available or not at MCA website [ http://www.mca.gov.in/ ]. Name must be unique & must resemble with business you intend to do (highlighted one). EX: Arihant Labs Retail Services Pvt. Ltd 2. Registration of Name at ROC: Name approval usually takes maximum of 14 days. This is done online through MCA website. Moreover, you need to apply with at least 4 names for approval with a writeup about significance of names with main business of the company. 3. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Options for names for the proposed Company (on the basis of preference) 2. Amount of Share Capital; proposed shareholding ratio 3. A paragraph on the proposed major line of business of the company (main objects) 4. City of Registered Office. 5. Copy of ownership deed/sale deed(if property is owned) 6. Copy of rent agreement with NOC (if property is rented) 7. Copy of latest electricity bill/telephone bill/mobile bill for both directors 8. Copy of latest electric bill/telephone bill for the registered office proof. 4. Obtaining DIN & DSC: 5. 1. Documents Required 2. 1. PAN Card copies for directors and shareholders. 2. Voter ID/Passport/Driving License for directors and shareholders. 3. Occupation of the Directors for directors and shareholders. 4. E-Mail IDs of all directors and shareholders. 5. Phone Numbers for all directors and shareholders. 6. Photos for directors and shareholders 6. Company Incorporation: After above mentioned formalities have been completed, we need to file following forms/docs in Rs 100 stamp paper: 7. 1. Affidavits for non- acceptance 2. INC 9, INC 10 3. DIR 2 4. NOC : This is required to be filed by the owner of the property on which your company will be situated. 5. Subscriber Sheets of MOA & AOA 6. Documents required for filling MOA & AOA 7. 1. Must be filled on OWN handwriting 2. Passport size photos 3. Sheets needs to be witnessed by CA/CS/Advocate Step 2. Obtaining PAN/TAN: After company gets incorporated, you may apply for PAN/TAN. Step 3. Trade Licence in case you are selling PRODUCTS: This is required in some places for carrying out sales. You can obtain this from local Municipality. Step 4. VAT/CST registration for selling Products: For selling intra-state, you need VAT registration & for selling inter-state, you need to register for CST. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Trade Licence 2. Company Incorporation Certificate 3. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 4. Proof of residence of Directors 5. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 6. MOA & AOA of company 7. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank Step 5. Service tax registration for Service Industry: In India, you need to pay service tax of 14.5% on every services you have charged customer for. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Company Incorporation Certificate 2. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 3. Proof of residence of Directors 4. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 5. MOA & AOA of company 6. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank That's All folks! Your STARTUP is up to Conquer the World. UPVOTE & SHARE your views/issues We at labkafe [ http://labkafe.com/ ], prefer taxmantra [ http://taxmantra.com/ ] for our legal requirements.
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Why do we have 7 different modes in music? Why can’t we just say a “D scale in the key of C” instead of “Dorian D”?
Why do we have 7 different modes in music? Why can’t we just say a “D scale in the key of C” instead of “Dorian D”?So, bear in mind that I only took one theory class related to the subject; the other experience is from music history classes. That being said, I will draw heavily from my good ol’ music history textbook, A History of Western Music, by Burkholder, Grout, et al.The importance of modes “began” (if we can find or identify a beginning) as part of musical training for church singers. Eight Modes (yes, eight!) were described in a 9th-century treatise called Musica enchiriadis, (Music...
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How can I file income tax return independently?
Greeting !!!If you are going to file it yourself, then following is the procedure:-Before you start the process, keep your bank statements, Form 16 issued by your employer and a copy of last year's return at hand. Next, log on to www.incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in. Follow these steps:Step 1: Register yourself on the website. Your Permanent Account Number (PAN) will be your user ID.Step 2: View your tax credit statement — Form 26AS — for the financial year 2012-13 . The statement will reflect the taxes deducted by your employer actually deposited with the I-T department. The TDS as per your Form 16 must tally with the figures in Form 26AS. If you file the return despite discrepancies, if any, you could get a notice from the I-T department later.Step 3: Under the 'Download' menu, click on Income Tax Return Forms and choose AY 2013-14 (for financial year 2012-13 ). Download the Income Tax Return (ITR) form applicable to you. If your exempt income exceeds Rs 5,000, the appropriate form will be ITR-2 . If the applicable form is ITR-1 or ITR 4S, you can complete the process on the portal itself, by using the 'Quick e-file ITR' link.Step 4: Open the downloaded Return Preparation Software (excel utility) and complete the form by entering all the details , using your Form 16.Step 5: Ascertain the tax payable by clicking the 'Calculate Tax' tab. Pay tax (if applicable) and enter the challan details in the tax return.Step 6: Confirm all the information in the worksheet by clicking the 'Validate' tab.Step 7: Proceed to generate an XML file and save it on your computer.Step 8: Go to 'Upload Return' on the portal's left panel and upload the saved XML file after selecting 'AY 2013-2014 ' and the relevant form. You will be asked whether you wish to digitally sign the file. If you have obtained a DS (digital signature), select Yes. Or, choose 'No'.Step 9: Once the website flashes the message about successful e-filing on your screen, you can consider the process to be complete. The acknowledgment form — ITR—Verification (ITR-V ) will be generated and you can download it.Step 10: Take a printout of the form ITR-V , sign it preferably in blue ink, and send it only by ordinary or Speed post to the Income-Tax Department-CPC , Post Bag No-1 , Electronic City Post Office, Bangalore - 560 100, Karnataka, within 120 days of filing your return online.Its Advisable to go with CA help for filling Tax return. There are lots of amendment come in every year, to file accurate return and Tax planning benefit etc so Prefer to go with expert like CA, Tax Preparer etc…Be Peaceful
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What are some great online tools for startups? Why?
Startups need something that can give then maximum at minimum invest because the number of risks is always high! We understand all your needs and hence we have got this product for you- PayUnow!Be it any startup: food, automobiles, e-commerce, travel, IT, education or homemakers, this one is for you! It is available for FREE for Android and iOS users. Let customers discover you as you upload pictures of delicacies. To collect online payments easily, anytime and anywhere, all you have to do is share a unique business link or website which you will create with us for FREE! Here’s why you should download the app NOW:It is FREEAllows you to create a business website with zero maintenance costHas the lowest TDR in the market i.e 1.99+GST!Lets you showcase your productsAllow you to add contact details and locationMultiple payment options supportedYour customers do not need an app! All you need to accept payments directly in your bank is one link: you can choose this link for FREE!Quick and paperless bank verification and documentationPayUnow is a product of India’s largest Fintech Company- PayU! Join the communtiy of 4.5 lakhs+ businesses like you! We look forward to empowering the SMBs and give them a relief from the hassles of payments so that the only thing you need to focus is your business growth! We are continuously creating a guide to assist you with the best. Learn how to sign up, edit, share and verify by visiting here:
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How do I register my company and logo in India?
Incorporating a company in India is slightly difficult than you may think. Its better you hire a CS, CA or a Lawyer to do it for you. Nonetheless, here is the process:(1) Obtain DIN (Director Identification Number) from Registrar of Companies, Ministry of Corporate Affairs of all the proposed Directors in your Company. (2) Obtain DSC (Digital Signature Certificate) from any of the authorities recognised by Registrar of Companies of all the Directors. (3) Apply in a prescribed format to the Registrar of Companies for the approval of name of your company. You need to provide a minimum of 5 options to the Registrar in this form.(4) Once you receive the name approval from the Registrar of Companies, you need to file the following documents with that office: (a) Memorandum of Association(b) Article of Association(c) Form 32 (Details of Directors)(d) Form 18 (Registered Office details)(e) Form 1 (Compliance with the Act) FEESThe official fees for which you will receive receipts (for a Company with an Authorised Capital of Rs 1 lakh) will be approximately Rs 11,000. Rest of it will be the fee of the working professional. On an average you're likely to spend Rs 5000 to Rs 10000 in addition to the official fee, so that the total price comes out to somewhere between Rs 16000 and Rs 21000.TIME FRAMEIf everything goes smoothly, you can register your Company within 20 to 30 days. However, if an objection is raised on an issue, it may take longer, as well. Good luck!Nitin
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Did Greeks originate from north Africa?
No. I understand that this question is related to E-V13, found in the Balkan. E-V13 isn't a quantifier of Greek genetics, it is one of many Greek founding lineages.Haplogroup E1b1b may have arrived in Europe by two routes: through the Middle East/Levant and directly from North Africa.The oldest E-M78 in Africa has been found at Taforalt Morocco. The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, have sequenced DNA from individuals from Morocco dating to approximately 15,000 years ago, as published in Science. This is the oldest nuclear DNA from Africa ever successfully analyzed.The Y-DNA of 4 males waa found in E1b1b1a1-M78. This haplogroup occurs most frequently in present-day North East African populations The closely related E1b1b1b (M-123) haplogroup has been reported for Epipaleo- lithic Natufians and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levantines (“Levant_N”). Unsupervised genetic clustering also suggests a connection of Taforalt to the Near East.What we are learning now is that certainly NW Africa's was genetically/demographically connected to NE Africa and to West Asia even at the very beginning of the local Upper Paleolithic, demolishing quite apparently all the theories that linked it to European Upper Paleolithic (from which it got its "Ibero-Maurusian" name).Also this quote from the authors in the press release:“The Iberomaurusians lived before the Natufians, but they were not their direct ancestors: The Natufians lack DNA from Africa, Krause says. This suggests that both groups inherited their shared DNA from a larger population that lived in North Africa or the Middle East more than 15,000 years ago, the team reports today in Science”The population exhumed from the archaeological site of Taforalt in Morocco is a valuable source of information toward a better knowledge of the settlement of Northern Africa region and provides a revolutionary way to specify the origin of Ibero-Maurusian populations.I wouldnt consider these Taforalt samples as thé ancestors of modern E-M78 subclades carriers (V22, V12, V65) What we see by contrasting the map of inferred patterns or E1b1b-M81(the berber marker and dominant in north west Africa) expansion and this ancient Y-DNA data from Taforalt is that the main E-M78 expansion most likely was already done, considering its age( formed 19800 ybp, TMRCA 13400 ybp) that it could represent an expansion from older times, much as I2 seems to have expanded in Europe. This would allow for V65 ("from west Egypt to Morocco" per one decription of its geography) to have expanded from NW Africa, not necessarily from Taforalt though but somewhow related to it.According to the authors "Several lines of evidence suggest that E-M78 sub-haplogroups have been involved in trans-Mediterranean migrations (in)directly from Africa. E-M78 and E-V65 haplogroups are common in northern Africa, where they originated, while other clades(like E-V13) are observed almost exclusively in Mediterranean Europe, as opposed to central and eastern Europe and the Horn of Africa among somali males (E-V32)The oldest to date sample of E-V13 we have is from Later Neolithic Hungary (1 in Sopot culture and 1 in Lengyel, c. 4500 BC and the earliest known prehistoric sample, the couple from Epi-Cardial Spain (c. 5000 BC).E-V13 has also been found in a skeleton of Avelanner Cave in Catalonia dating from 5000BC (cardial culture)So we know for sure that E1b1b was present in southern Europe at least since the Early Neolithic. Nonetheless, the possibility of other migrations of E1b1b to southern Europe during the Mesolithic or Late Palaeolithic cannot be ruled out.Research shows that the ancestors of modern Greeks were( indeed )the Minoans and Mycenaeans, already inhabiting the Greek peninsula for the past 5000 years, since 3000bc.Minoan Boxing Boys, restored fresco from Thera (modern-day Santorini), c.1600 BC. Currently located at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, Greece.The Fisherman fresco is from the 16th century BCE from the Akrotiri site in GreeceTheir ancestors moved into Greece during the neolithic and bronze age from Anatolia and before that from the Caucasus..Mycenaean Fresco wall painting of an elborately dressed women in a procession from the Tiryns, Greece 14th, 13th Century BC Cat No 5883 Athens Archaeological MuseumScientists have obtained and analyzed the genome of ancient Mycenaean people and found they are strongly related to modern Greeks. Around three-quarters of the Mycenaeans' and Minoans' ancestry originated in Anatolia, present-day Turkey. The remaining quarter can be traced back to the Caucasus, near modern-day Iran.The Minoan Civilization and its counterpart on the Greek Mainland, the Mycenaean Civilization, were Europe’s first literate societies and the cultural ancestors of later Classical Greece. However, the question of the origins of the Minoans and their relationship to the Mycenaeans has long puzzled researchers.The Mycenaeans, with their roots in mainland Greece, seem to have adopted much of the Minoan technology and culture, but it is not clear how they were related. “We wanted to determine if the people who made up the Minoan and Mycenaean populations were actually genetically distinct or not. How were they related to each other? Who were their ancestors? And how are modern Greeks related to them?” says Johannes Krause, director at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and one of the corresponding authors of the study.A paper from 2017 in Nature suggests that, rather than being recently arrived, advanced outsiders, the Minoans had deep roots in the Aegean. The primary ancestors of both the Minoans and Mycenaeans were populations from Neolithic Western Anatolia and Greece and the two groups were very closely related to each other, and to modern Greeks.“It is remarkable how persistent the ancestry of the first European farmers is in Greece and other parts of southern Europe, but this does not mean that the populations there were completely isolated. There were at least two additional migrations in the Aegean before the time of the Minoans and Mycenaeans and some additional admixture later. The Greeks have always been a ‘work in progress’ in which layers of migration through the ages added to, but did not erase the genetic heritage of the Bronze Age populations,” stated Iosif Lazaridis of Harvard Medical School, lead author of the study.Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans“Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks also had some ancestry related to the ancient people of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Iran. This finding suggests that some migration occurred in the Aegean and southwestern Anatolia from the further east after the time of the earliest farmers," according to lead author Iosif LazaridisA European population in Minoan Bronze Age CreteMinoan were genetically very similar to modern-day Europeans but distinct from Egyptian or Libyan populations.EV-13 marker is neolithic and came into Greece and the Balkans before the arrival of the Dorians and Myceneans. When the Greek speaking Dorian and Mycenean proto-Greeks arrived in Greece around 1500 BC they mixed with the indigenous E-V13 neolithic peoples and the percentage of neolithic E-V13 marker became reduced in the population. The Dorians and Myceneans who brought the Greek language into Greece were not E-V13 carriers.The proto-Greeks (Myceneans / Dorians) who brought the Greek language into Greece were R1a carriers. They mixed with the neolithic peoples / Pelasgians of Greece who were E-V13 carriers.Neolithic farmers spread all around Europe,they didn't just sit in one placePericic et al. (2005) give a 7.3 kya estimate for the expansion of E-M78α (almost perfectly equivalent to E-V13) for Southeastern European populations north of Greece. Due to their use of the 3.6x slower mutation rate, this figure needs to be converted to equivalent years. The Nea Nikomedeia time depth was estimated as 9.2kya by King et al. Therefore, the equivalent age for the Pericic et al. (2005) expansion is (7.3/9.2) * 149 generations or 118 generations (1,540-950BC). They note that STR variance is higher in Greece, Macedonia, and Apulia, all areas with well-known historical Greek connections.Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12Cruciani et al. (2007) propose that E-V13 arrived in Europe from West Asia and underwent an expansion in Europe at 4-4.7 kya. This age is calculated using effective mutation rates that are 2.4 or 2.8 slower than the germline rate, which seems to suggest a Late Bronze Age or even later expansion with a rate closer to the germline one.The signature North African marker E-M78, dominant in Egypt with its subclade E-V22 descends from Eurasian Adam CT-M168 E-M78 is a Non_African genetic marker. (Hodgson et al 2014)E-M78 has a near eastern neolithic origin"Both the King et al. E-V13 data, as well as the diverse, mostly European Haplozone E-V13 agree in placing the expansion of this haplogroup squarely in the Aegean Bronze Age.Haplogroup E1b1b has been associated with the earliest development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture, which is so far believed to have arisen in the Fertile Crescent, but could have developed earlier in parts of North/North East Africa. Agriculture spread from the Near East to Europe, at first mostly ovicaprid and cattle herders. E1b1b men (accompanied by G2a, J and T men) appear to have been associated at least with the diffusion of Neolithic painted pottery from the Levant to the Balkans (Thessalian Neolithic), and with the Cardium Pottery culture (5000-1500 BCE) in the Western Mediterranean. The only concrete evidence for this at the moment is the presence of this E-V13 subclade, commonest in the southern Balkans today, at a 7000-year old Neolithic site in north-east Spain, which was tested by Lacan et al (2011).E-v13 marker is considered a Greek marker because it follows the foot-print of ancient Greek colonisation - wherever ancient Greeks colonised the ev-13 marker went with them. R1a is also proto Greek and was carried by the proto-Greeks (Dorians and Myceneans) into Greece when they migrated there. Modern Greek DNA is the most similar to Southern Italian DNA which makes sense since Southern Italy was heavily populated by “Greek” colonists from 900 BC.On genetic test Sicilians are very similar to Peloponnese Greeks, Greek islanders & South ItaliansDifferential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosomeCornelia Di Gaetano et al.AbstractThe presence or absence of genetic heterogeneity in Sicily has long been debated. Through the analysis of the variation of Y-chromosome lineages, using the combination of haplogroups and short tandem repeats from several areas of Sicily, we show that traces of genetic flows occurred in the island, due to ancient Greek colonization and to northern African contributions, are still visible on the basis of the distribution of some lineages. The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%.In particular, the presence of a modal haplotype coming from the southern Balkan Peninsula and of its one-step derivates associated to E3b1a2-V13, supports a common genetic heritage between Sicilians and Greeks. The estimate of Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor is about 2380 years before present, which broadly agrees with the archaeological traces of the Greek classic era. The Eastern and Western part of Sicily appear to be signNowly different by the chi2-analysis, although the extent of such differentiation is not very high according to an analysis of molecular variance. The presence of a high number of different haplogroups in the island makes its gene diversity to signNow about 0.9. The general heterogeneous composition of haplogroups in our Sicilian data is similar to the patterns observed in other major islands of the Mediterranean, reflecting the complex histories of settlements in Sicily.Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosomeSouthern Italians/Sicilians are partially Greek (Magna Graecia).An additional piece of evidence is Y-chromosome distribution in Calabria, a Southern Italian region with well-known Greek connections. According to Semino et al. (2004) [Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:1023–1034, 2004], the Calabrian sample has an E-M78 frequency of 16.3%, whereas "Calabria 2" representing the "Albanian community of the Cosenza province" has only 5.9%. This is consistent with the idea that E-V13 in modern Albanians is to a great degree due to Greek founders (Epirotes or ancient colonists).Albanians also coalesce to Roman/Late Antique times, consistent with the idea that their high frequency of haplogroup E-V13 (which signNowes very high numbers in e.g. Kosovars) is not associated with high diversity. Founder effects in that time frame are the reason for the high frequency of E-V13 in them.Albanians are a mix of Bronze Age invaders of Yamnaya culture and Neolithic residents of Balkans.Cruciani 2007 also mentions some oddballs for the Greek maritime theory:- Slovaks: 8.33% E-V13- Hungarians: 9.43% E-V13No mention of Serbs but the Republic of Macedonia has as much E-V13 as mainland Greece (17%), while Albanians double that figure (32%).Slavomacedonians from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia coalesce well into AD times, at around the time of the first Slavic arrivals in the Balkans. This suggests that E-V13 in them is the result of local founders at around that time who adopted the Slavic language. However, Pericic et al. (2005) report high (but unspecified) diversity of E-M78α in "Macedonia", so it is possible that a larger number of earlier inhabitants were absorbed.Finally the highest concentrations of E-V13 west of Sicily are among Atlantic Iberians (Portuguese, Asturians), where historical Greek colonization was zero. This confirms again some older flow of Neolithic or maybe Chalcolithic age. There are other significative ammounts of this clades in most unlikely places like Denmark (3%), Germany (4%). All that can only be explained with Neolithic founder effects or something of the like. Ukranians (strong in E-V13) may have affected Northern Europe genetically... but at a time when the Greek ethnicity did not yet exist as such.Conclusion. Based on these results Minoans and Mycenaeans were genetically highly similar but not identical and that modern Greeks descend from these populations. The Minoans and Mycenaeans descended mainly from early Neolithic farmers, likely migrating thousands of years prior to the Bronze Age from Anatolia, in what is today modern Turkey.“Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks also had some ancestry related to the ancient people of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Iran. This finding suggests that some migration occurred in the Aegean and southwestern Anatolia from further east after the time of the earliest farmers,” said Lazaridis.While both Minoans and Mycenaeans had both “first farmer” and “eastern” genetic origins, Mycenaeans traced an additional minor component of their ancestry to ancient inhabitants of Eastern Europe and northern Eurasia. This type of so-called Ancient North Eurasian ancestry is one of the three ancestral populations of present-day Europeans, and is also found in modern Greeks. There was genetic continuity in the Aegean from the time of the first farmers to present-day Greece, but not in isolation. The peoples of the Greek mainland had some admixture with Ancient North Eurasians and peoples of the Eastern European steppe both before and after the time of the Minoans and Mycenaeans, which may provide the missing link between Greek speakers and their linguistic relatives elsewhere in Europe and Asia.
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