Edit Electronic signature Form Now

Sometimes we really don’t understand what we mean under “best”, even this question doesn’t elaborate what the best service means? Which criteria the author believes the service fits the best? price?best design? Reliability?Let’s better talk about “suitable” for this moment and current needs.As the previous answers mentioned, do you need the service to be available on all major platforms or a signature that will stand up in court?Do you need a free simple solution, a feature-rich service that charges on the amount of signatures/documents signed or on monthly basis?Do you need to work with your documents on the go with low or no internet connection (while travelling, in the airport or plane)?And you can ask yourself with tons of such questions to create a matrix of features-service to choose the one you need. Or you can use 3rd party platforms like Alternativeto to initially select the provider you are interested in.When we conducted a closed beta testing for signNow recently, one of the goals was to understand the main criterias SMB owners from US use to choose a solution or switch to another one.We interviewed more than 230 businesses and what’s interesting, while the top factor goes to Security&data privacy, price or for example, digital signature availability is not in Top-3 of choices. Speed of an app/solution and multiplatform availability (works in web browser as well as on Mac, iPhone/iPad, Android and Windows devices) are what values higher.So, if there is a need to sign/send documents on Mac, iphone/ipad, android, windows and web browser and to work with documents offline, signNow is alternative to go with. We are still in beta, implementing some major requests from our beta users, but will be launching this September.And, signNow is free while in beta.

In a word: Yep!Thanks to the E-SIGN Act, documents signed electronically have the same legal protections as those signed with a physical pen! As long as your eSignature solution is committed to strong legality and your NDA is drafted by a professional, you absolutely can trust NDAs that are created, signed, and stored online.There are a few options out there. The rest of these examples are using signNow’s service. You can even create one now with a free signNow account.Here’s how to set up the NDA:Step 1: Acquire an NDA TemplateYou can find NDA templates online, but I would recommend seeking out a legal professional to create one that’s right for your needs.Step 2. Upload the Template, Add SignersAfter signing in to your signNow account, you’ll see the "Who needs to sign?" menu. For a confidentiality agreement, you’ll probably want to choose between “Me & others” or “Just others.” After selecting one, you’ll be able to drag and drop, choose “Add File,” or use any of our integrations to upload your non-disclosure agreement.Now you can add signers, loop in other parties via our CC feature, and assign a signer order if needed. Select “Prepare doc for signing” to move on to the really cool part!Step 3. Format the NDA and Fill in Your InformationWith the NDA you imported pulled up in front of you, click any of the fields across the top of the page and drag it to where you want to place it in the document. Most of the fields have advanced features and some even let you add a validation type (email address, numbers only, etc.) to help guide signers and reduce errors. Take some time to click around to get your NDA dialed in.Once you get your formatting just right, hit Continue at the top of the page. Back on the “Get your document signed” page, you’ll add a title, an optional message, and send your online NDA out for signatures!Step 4. Sign Your NDA Online (Legally and Securely!)If you’re one of the signers, a prompt to sign the non-disclosure agreement will hit your (and other signers’) email inbox as soon as you send it out for signatures. Just click the “Review & Sign” button in the email to continue.We provide a variety of ways to create your electronic signature:Draw your signature on a touch screen using your finger or a stylusUpload a photo of your signatureType in your signature and customize from a selection of fontTake a picture of your signature using your smartphone’s camerasignNow will automatically prompt each signer to complete all their required fields. Once you’ve filled out your portion of the NDA, all you have to do is agree to one last legality measure and your job is done!Step 5. Access Your Online NDA Any TimeTo check the status, edit, or even download a hard copy of your confidentiality agreement; just visit the Documents section of your signNow dashboard any time.

First of all, good for you for having the mental clarity to want to use contracts for web design. You believe it or not, are far ahead of most “developers” just by virtue of being able to conceive of using contracts. You’ll be ahead of most “wantrepreneurs” and “startup founders” just by thinking of using contracts, so hats off to you young man.You can find sample contracts very easily, just by Googling the free-to-use “contract killer” template. Just Google “contract killer web design contract.” Another way to find even more sample contracts is to take a few “how to be a web developer” courses on Udemy and I think you’d probably find more by Googling “sample web design contract,” going to the Freelancer’s Union website, going to signNow and looking at theirs as well.I’m not a lawyer, but I don’t have to be one (nor do you) in order to use or edit contracts. I started out as a web developer not using contracts simply because nobody else I spoke with knew anything and it was a very intimidating topic; and like so many other things of value in life, if you want it done correctly sometimes you just have to get off your butt and do some hard work. I had more than my fair share of being taken advantage of by non-profits (I used to be in favor of volunteering, now I will never do it again) who once they had pro bono (free basically) work, had “revisions” without end - taking professional design and wanting to turn it into a coloring book for a bi-polar paranoid schizophrenic. I had “agencies” asking me to build sites for them “on spec,” (for free), playing mind games with “more work later.” “Agencies” with $200 budgets, and so on and on it went. Until I saw what real agencies charged for crap work with no SEO or thought. Now I always contracts, and I use electronic signatures, and store contracts for years on Dropbox in case they “forget” something a year or two out.I keep a folder of different contracts, RFP responses, generic “sorry your budget is so low” letters, and “hey, we’d love to work with you” letters and suggest you do the same. You can use Gravity Forms to set up or send form contracts with IP tracking and e-signature or use fill-in PDF forms, or even old-fashioned paper contracts, but contracts are a necessity especially in a profession as under-valued and as misunderstood as ours.Good luck and if you need any future help, I’d be happy to pitch in.

Selling online: an overview of the rulesThis is an edited version of a guide for businesses.E-commerce TMT & Sourcing TMT Retail Education UKThere has been a steady growth in the variety and volume of goods and services which are available on-line to both businesses and consumers, and on-line selling is increasingly seen as a major way for all businesses to save costs. Almost inevitably, as the practice of on-line selling proliferates so does the amount of legislation governing it. This article provides an overview of the law governing on-line sales in the UK and an analysis of the issues that a business should consider before setting up an on-line sales process.The law governing online salesThere are two distinct types of legislation that affect on-line retailers. Firstly, traditional consumer protection regulations apply to all consumer sales made on-line. These regulations are well established, but it is important to remember that they apply to on-line retailers as much as they do to traditional ones. Secondly, there are regulations designed specifically to deal with problems and issues facing retailers on-line.Traditional consumer protection regulationsThese protect purchasers and consumers whether they are buying the goods over the counter of a shop or over the internet. For instance the Sale of Goods Act gives certain rights to purchasers about the quality of the goods they receive, and their rights if the goods fail to live up to these standards. The Consumer Credit Act protects consumers' rights when they enter into an agreement for someone to provide them with loans or credit facilities including circumstances where they buy goods or services using a credit card. The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contract Regulations protect consumers' rights where they enter into agreements with retailers who try to impose unfair terms in the agreement. There are also numerous other pieces of legislation, many of which will apply to different contract and product types.Online regulationsThese regulations are new, and were brought into force largely to protect consumers' rights when they buy products either over the internet or by telephone. They largely derive from EU Directives, and include the E-commerce Regulations , the Distance Selling Regulations and the Electronic Signatures Regulations . These are the regulations that control the actual on-line sales process and they provide the starting block from which we can consider the practical business requirements of on-line retailers.Although the traditional consumer regulations are important for all sales processes, this article focuses on the on-line regulations and how they affect the various stages of the on-line sales process. The next five sections take you through what the regulations require including information that must be provided to a purchaser, the use of electronic signatures, contract formation issues and ensuring your contract is legal.Information that must be suppliedThe various regulations share a central theme: companies should not hide themselves from purchasers, and should provide as much information to purchasers as possible.Company information that must be supplied under the E-Commerce RegulationsThe E-Commerce Regulations require that all commercial web sites make the following information directly and permanently available to consumers via the website:the company's name, postal address (and registered office address if this is different) and email address;the company's registration number;any Trade or Professional Association memberships;the company's VAT number.All of this applies regardlessof whether the site sells on-line. In addition, any commercial communication – that is any email or even SMS text message – used in providing an "Information Society Service" must display this information.The E-Commerce Regulations also require that all prices must be clear and unambiguous, and web sites must state whether the prices are inclusive of taxes and delivery costs.Contractual information that must be supplied under the E-Commerce RegulationsWhen it comes to actually going through the contractual process the requirements for information increase once again and the consumers must be told:the steps involved in completing the contract on-line;whether the contract will be stored by the retailer and/or permanently accessible;the technical means the site uses to allow consumers to spot and correct errors made while inputting their details prior to the order being placed;the languages offered to conclude the contract;The website must also provide links to any relevant Codes of Conduct to which the retailer subscribes and set out the retailer's Terms and Conditions, in a way which allows users to save and print them.All of this information must be provided before the purchaser selects the product and starts the contractual process and it is possible to convey it early on in the sale, without deterring users with an unwieldy sales process. The most common route is to bundle as many of these details into the terms and conditions as possible, and ensure that consumers are appropriately directed to read them.Information that must be supplied under the Distance Selling RegulationsThese Regulations set out the information which must be provided to a consumer prior to the conclusion of the contract.The information must be provided in a clear and comprehensible manner which is appropriate to the means of distance communication used. This means that the information can be set out on a web page, provided that the information is brought to the attention of the consumers before the contract is entered into. The information to be provided includes all of the information which a supplier should, in any event, wish to provide in relation to:the identity of the supplier;the main characteristics of the goods or services;their price;arrangements for payment and delivery; andthe existence of the right of cancellation created under the Distance Selling Regulations.Information that should be set out in the terms and conditionsThe terms and conditions should:make it clear who is selling the product, together with the geographical and email address;describe clearly what the customer is getting and what it will cost, including all taxes and delivery costs; andidentify the arrangements for delivery of the product.The terms and conditions of the site are very important, and will vary for every retailer. It is important that the terms and conditions are properly drafted, as poorly drafted terms and conditions will expose the retailer to unnecessary risk.Electronic signaturesThe Electronic Signature Regulations apply to any contract and not just those entered into with consumers. In order for there to be a binding contract the following essential elements of a contract must be present:an unconditional offer;an unconditional acceptance of that offer;consideration passing from both parties other than in Scotland where consideration is not a requirement; andan intention to create legal relations, i.e. the parties must intend to enter into a legally binding contract.There must also be certainty as to the terms, parties and subject matter of the contract. For the majority of contracts there is no legal requirement for a signature.Whenever a person buys or sells something he or she is entering into a contract, no matter how small the purchase. In the newsagents, when a person buys a newspaper he or she contracts with the newsagent for the purchase. The newsagent makes an 'Invitation to Treat' by placing the publication on sale. The person offers to purchase it from the newsagent, proffering money, and the offer is accepted (concluding the contract) by taking the money. This is still a contract, although not a word needs to be said, and nothing is written down. However, the essentials of a contract have been formed: an offer (to buy, or sell), an acceptance of that offer, and (everywhere except Scotland) consideration (whether money being paid, or some other form of consideration) for the sale. The various stages of the contractual process will be discussed in more detail later, as it is important to distinguish between who is making the offer and who is accepting it.Signatures are not actually necessary for the conclusion of every contract (your visit to the paper shop could become a chore), but they can have three essential functions when we consider on-line contracts:To identify the person who has bought the product;To indicate a personal involvement, or trustworthiness; andTo indicate an intention to be bound to the contract.The principal, and simple effect of the Electronic Signature Regulations is to make electronic signatures legally valid. Most of the discussion, and further interpretation of electronic signatures actually comes from a report published in December 2001 by the Law Commission entitled "Electronic Commerce: Formal requirements in Commercial Transactions", and in subsequent guidance from the DTI.Depending on exactly what is being sold the method of collecting the electronic signature will vary. In most cases, the function required of the electronic signature is the third one listed above – indicating that the purchaser is making an offer to contract. However, for more complex products being sold on-line, for instance financial services products, the role of the signature may become more important for one or both of the first two reasons.Depending on the value and/or importance of the transaction the parties may want a greater degree of certainty as to reliability of the signature. This may involve the use of public key infrastructure, for example.Contract formation issuesThe main issues considered in this section are how, when and where the contract is formed. This involves an analysis of the contract formation procedure based on the principle of offer and acceptance and the significance of the "country of origin" principle.The offer and acceptance procedure onlineStep 1: Establishing the offer and acceptance procedureThis is where the E-commerce Regulations can be used to the seller's advantage. It is possible to sell on-line and take payment by credit card without concluding the contract on-line. The solution is to provide that the customer is making an offer on the site and that the contract will be formed only if the customer's order is accepted – and that taking payment from the customer's credit card does not indicate cceptance.On-line merchant accounts provide for making refunds to a customer's credit card. Therefore, the terms should explain that, while the customer's card may be debited before the contract is formed, if the customer's order is ultimately rejected, a refund will be made immediately.Step 2: Completing the order formThe customer is taken to the order form where he completes the quantity of goods and his delivery details. It would be good practice to offer three buttons: submit, clear and cancel. The "clear" button is needed because the E-Commerce Regulations require a means for the customer to correct any errors.Step 3: Incorporating the terms and conditionsAt the bottom of the terms and conditions page the purchaser should, ideally, be required to check a box to indicate that he or she has read, understood and accepted the terms and conditions, before clicking the "Accept" button. The "Accept" button should not work until the box has been checked. Equally the page should be designed in such a way that the consumer cannot check the box and click "Accept" until the page has fully loaded onto the screen. By doing this, you improve your position in the event that a purchaser claims there was no opportunity to read your terms.While there is no responsibility on the retailer to ensure that the consumer has in fact read them, following this procedure will demonstrate that reasonable efforts have been made to bring them to purchasers' attention. The terms and conditions should be in a format that can be printed or saved – therefore avoid pop-up windows and ensure that they fit within the width of the page and are presented in a way that they will print properly.It is wise to also include a term like the following:"By clicking the 'Accept' button you agree to these terms and conditions. By completing and submitting the following electronic order form you are making an offer to purchase goods which, if accepted by us, will result in a binding contract."The words, "if accepted by us," are very important.This approach is the suggested 'best practice' approach for relaying the terms and conditions, and ensuring that the consumer has read them. However, it is not the most consumer friendly approach to present the purchaser with a screen of 'small print' in the middle of what, to the consumer, was an otherwise normal shopping experience. Therefore a number of on-line retailers adopt a second-best approach, which is to include a link to the terms and conditions, and make the consumer tick a box to confirm that they have read and accepted the terms and conditions, before they click the main button to buy the product. This approach, while not as legally secure, is probably acceptable in a number of purchasing models.Step 4: Taking the consumer's credit card details on-lineAt this stage, the user should be taken to the page on a secure server where his credit card details are taken. This page should state: "Your card will be debited with the sum of £X when you click the Submit button. This will be refunded if your offer is refused." Repeat the choice of submit, clear and cancel.Step 5: Acknowledging receipt of the orderWhen the card details are validated, the E-Commerce Regulations require that you give the customer an acknowledgement page and send an acknowledgement email. This should not confirm a contract; it should instead confirm that the order has been received and that the order is being "processed". It is helpful to give the customer an order number at this stage so that he or she can chase-up any problems. It is good practice, though not legally required, to ask the user to click a button on a confirmation page to indicate that he has read the confirmation – e.g. a "Continue" button, linking to the homepage of the site.Step 6: Providing confirmation of the information provided and the right to cancelThe Distance Selling Regulations now require the supplier to provide the consumer in writing or in another durable medium confirmation of the information provided prior to the conclusion of the contract and details of the right of cancellation. Generally a consumer has a period of seven working days within which to cancel the contract and return the goods to the supplier. The only cost to a consumer will be the cost of returning any goods received by it to the supplier.A consumer will not be entitled to cancel a contract after it has been entered into, where the supplier has commenced the provision of services with the consumer's agreement prior to the end of the cancellation period then the consumer will not have the right to cancel the contract for the provisional services. However, in order to benefit from this exception, the supplier must have advised the consumer that the consumer will not be able to cancel the contract once the performance of the services has begun with the consumer's agreement.It is not possible to contract out of the Distance Selling Regulations. Any term which attempts to do this will be void to the extent that it is inconsistent with the provisions of the distance Selling Regulations.Step 7: DeliveryFinally, dispatch the goods. If a typo mislabelled an item costing £200 at £2 and someone ordered 500 of them, the site could politely – and legally – refuse the order. This is because by following the procedure set out above the dispatch of goods is in effect the acceptance of the offer made by the consumer at the start of the process. Until this point there has been no acceptance and only an acknowledgement.The "country of origin" principleThe E-commerce Regulations apply a "country of origin" principle. In its simplest form, this means that as long as a UK business complies with UK laws, it can "ignore" the laws of other Member States. In general terms this is a definite bonus for on-line retailers. However, recognising that such an approach would be bad news for consumers, this basic rule is qualified.The E-Commerce Regulations do not apply the country of origin principle to the terms of consumer contracts. In practical terms, this means that a UK-based e-commerce site's terms and conditions should meet the laws of every Member State in which consumers can buy its products, not just UK laws.As a result of the consumer contract exception, any site selling to French consumers must provide its terms and conditions in French – otherwise they may be considered invalid. If selling into Denmark, consumers must be given a 14 working day cooling-off period during which the consumer can change his or her mind about the purchase and return the goods for a refund. In the UK, the cooling-off period is only seven working days. These are only examples, of course there are many other differences.Despite this signNow qualification, there are still advantages in the Regulations' country of origin principle that can benefit a UK-based business. For example, the UK's retail laws are among the most relaxed in Europe. This can give UK businesses advantages over, say, German competitors. A German e-tailer must comply with any German restrictions on promotional offers; its UK rival escapes such restrictions, even when selling to German consumers.Ensuring your contract is legalIt is important for e-commerce retailers to ensure that the contract which is formed with the consumer under the process described above is both legally correct and also affords the retailer the maximum protection. There are various ways in which the contracting process can be structured to be legally correct, and it is important to balance absolute best practice, and a more commercial approach which is still legally correct. Equally, it is surprisingly easy to structure the process in a way which is legally incorrect, and which exposes the company to more risk than is necessary.

We do not exactly know how Milky way looks if viewed from outside. Yes, you read that right. We just know that it’s a spiral galaxy and we cannot send a probe far enough to capture the entire galaxy. All the images you have seen are just artistic works created by looking at other spiral galaxies. Below is a false image of our Milky way.2. The universe is like a giant cosmic web with galaxies in filaments and empty space in between known as voids. It is hypothesized that our galaxy may be in one of these voids as there are not many galaxies surrounding us.Every small light in the picture is one whole galaxy.3. All the pictures of exoplanets we have seen are false too. All we know about these exoplanets is shown in the images below.This is the dip in the light of the star the exoplanet is orbiting when it passes in front of the star. We observe it through telescopes.Correction - There are some exoplanets whose direct images have been taken. But they are nowhere near to the images we see floating on internet. One such false image has been shown below.In reality, they are more like thisThe red spot is the planet and white spot in the middle is a brown dwarf also known as failed star.4. The distance between cosmic structures is so vast that it is irrelevant to depict them on paper with real proportional calculations as structures would be too small to see with naked eyes.So all the pictures we have seen with all the planets in the solar system in one picture is by use of improper distance. In a real sense, the Earth wouldn’t even be visible if we were to map the entire solar system on one piece of paper maintaining the proportions of distance between every structure.5. Moon revolves around Earth, Earth revolves around sun and sun revolves around the center of Milky way.6. Space itself can expand faster than light. This has already been happening.7. Most of the space inside atoms is empty space. If you think of the atom as big as a football field then nucleus would be size of a tennis ball and electrons would be at the edge of the field. If you do not leave any space between fundamental particles, all of humanity can fit in a sugar cube crystal.8. Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon where effects take place instantly over large distances (even faster than light). But we do not know how to use it to pass information.9. Space between stars in a galaxy is huge. It is so big that when Milky way merges with Andromeda in about 4 Billion years, there would hardly be any collisions between stars and mind you each galaxy has billions of them.10. As Milky way and Andromeda are going to merge in 4 billion years, our night sky view will change. Here’s what it will look like in about 2 billion years.That’s all for now. I will keep adding more as I come across.Edit 1: As many of you wonderful guys presented the fact that there are direct images of exoplanets that have been taken, I have modified point 3. Thanks for the important information.

As a startup founder of three years myself, I can relate to how legal housekeeping can be messy. Once a year, I have our own lawyers go through and do an audit of all of our legal paperwork (which costs a couple thousand dollars to be extremely thorough, but it’s worth it). Luckily, there are now many ways to easily manage and track all of your legal, financial, and HR documents via third-party sites that specialize in these management proceedings. I wrote a blog post about this awhile back titled “5 Ways to Save Time Dealing With Documents” which highlights certain sites that can be very beneficial depending on what paperwork you’d like to track or manage. They are as follows:1. GroupDocsGroupDocs is a new, comprehensive online service for document creation and management. It has multiple features, including a viewer for reading documents in your browser, an electronic signature service, an online document converter, a document assembly service, a feature for comparing different versions of a document, and an annotation feature. An individual plan is $10 per month for limited storage and 500 documents, while a group plan for up to 9 people is $19 per user per month. Based on the number of features and pricing, GroupDoc is a good-value purchase for a small business. As you’ll see below, GroupDocs can be cheaper than a service that offers only one such feature.2. signNowWhen you’re closing a deal and need to get documents signed, the last thing you need is a slow turnaround due to fax machine problems or the postal service. The solution is to use an electronic signature service such as signNow, which is one of the most popular e-signature companies in the world. This service allows you to email your documents to the person whose signature you need. Next, the recipient undergoes a simply e-signing process, and then signNow alerts you when the process is completed. Finally, signNow electronically stores the documents, which are accessible at any time. As a result, you can easily track the progress of the signature process and create an audit trail of your documents. The “Professional” plan is recommended for sole proprietors and freelancers, and costs $180 per year ($15 per month) for up to 50 requested signatures per month. The “Workgroup” plan is geared towards teams and businesses, and it costs $240 per user per year ($20 per month per user), for unlimited requested signatures.3. signNowsignNow is another e-signature service. Similar to signNow, signNow allows you to upload a PDF file, MS Word file or web application document. Next, you can edit the document, such as by adding initials boxes or tabs, and then email them out for signatures. Once recipients e-sign the document, signNow notifies you and archives the document. signNow offers low rates for these services: a 1-person annual plan with unlimited document sending costs $11 per month. An annual plan for 10 senders with unlimited document sending costs only $39 per month.4. ExariExari is a document assembly and contract management service that assists in automating high-volume business documents, such as sales agreements or NDAs. First, the document assembly service allows authors to create automated document templates. No technical knowledge is required; most authors are business analysts and lawyers. Authors have a variety of options for customizing documents, such as fill-in-the-blank fields, optional clauses, and dynamic updating of topic headings. They also can add questions that the end user must answer. Once you send out the document, the user answers the questionnaire, and Exari uses that data to customize the document. Next, the contract management feature allows you to store and track both the templates and the signed documents. Pricing is based on the size and scope of your planned implementation, so visit their website for more information.5. FillanyPDFIt’s a hassle having to print out PDF forms in order to complete them. Fortunately, FillanyPDF is a service that allows you to edit, fill out and send any PDFs, while entirely online. This “Fill & Sign” plan costs $5 per month, or $50 per year. If you subscribe to the “Professional” plan, you can also create fillable PDFs using your own documents. With this service, any PDF, JPG or GIF file becomes fillable when you upload it to the site. You can modify a form using white-out, redaction and drawing tools. Then, you can email a link to your users, who can fill out and e-sign your form on the website. FillanyPDF also allows you to track who filled out your forms, and no downloads are necessary to access these services.  The “Professional” plan costs $49 per month, or $490 per year.Switching firms can be a hassle. As a former startup attorney, I have a bit of advice about finding the right attorney for your business: it’s best to focus on the specific attorney you’ll be working with. He or she should have a solid understanding of the ins and outs of your business industry, a deep knowledge of the legal issues your startup may face, and previous work experience with startups to ensure a quality and efficient work product. This is absolutely key when matching our startup clients at UpCounsel to attorneys on our platform who can perform their legal work and hash out their legal projects in a timely manner. We also allow clients to store any and all of their legal documents directly on UpCounsel so they don’t have to go searching in alternative places for the correct paperwork. It’s proven to be a free and lightweight way to store legal documents that our clients love. Here's what it looks like:As I’ve mentioned, it’s more important to find the right attorney as opposed to the right law firm. And seeing as you’re a startup, our own startup clients typically save an average of 50-60% on their legal work, since the attorneys don't include overhead fees (a.k.a. the fees included for doing business with the firm itself) in their invoices.Hope this gives you a deeper look into what other sites and services are out there. If you have any questions or would like more information on how best to handle your legal housekeeping/ attorney matters, feel free to signNow out to me directly. As a former startup attorney at Latham & Watkins, I’d be happy to give you some guidance.

For everyone asking questions on WES. Steps for WES ECA evaluation for Canada Immigration purpose, important points and some more info.(a lot of info, so going to be a long post) Before you start just check following things: 1. Website: World Education Services Canada: International Credential Evaluation [ https://www.wes.org/ca/ ] Please please go through the website and make yourself familiar with navigation. You will get most of your answers there. Don't start asking questions before going through information posted on website. Its for your own good to get first hand information before listening to other people. ***Always make sure you are on Canada website not USA one. you can see that on top right corner of Website where a flag is listed with country name or in website address with "/ca" listed in address.*** 2. Degree equivalency tool Degree Equivalency Tool [ https://applications.wes.org/ca/degree-equivalency-tool/ ] WES has free tool to check equivalency of your degree to Canadian degree. Don't rely completely on this as the final assessment always depends on the actual evaluation but it will give you an idea and a head start. If your degree is not listed there it doesn't mean it wont be equivalent to anything, you will get to know that in real assessment. ***If you are not sure after using the tool, if your degree/college will be valid for ECA through WES try to email/ WES to check or ask if anyone had same degree evaluated before. That might help you little bit in the case where your degree/ college is not valid and save you some money, you can check other designated organizations for your ECA then.*** 3. Required Documents Required Documents - World Education Services [ https://www.wes.org/ca/required-documents/ ] Check what documents you need for your evaluation here. If you don't have those in hand just start collecting those. Get your transcripts from your university or any other document listed as per your education. You can also ask your university if they can mail your transcripts directly to WES, you can use "Academic records request form" given on website for this. Check if your University needs their own form filled too for releasing your documents.(do this after you get your WES reference number as you will need that in case you are giving the address of WES to university for mailing your transcripts, In case you are taking your transcripts yourself for mailing, you can get reference number later too). ***Make sure your transcripts are valid. Transcripts must show: all subjects taken, grades received for each subject, and for each year you were in the program. Semester wise transcripts are not valid for evaluation. Transcripts should be sealed and signed with a stamp from university.*** ***If your University does not give subject-wise Transcript, Ask if you can get all your mark sheets attested from University, and they will sign and stamp all photocopies and put them in one envelope and seal them with stamp like transcripts. That is mostly called document verification in University.*** 4. Check how will you pay your fees. Credit card/ Money order/ Western Union or in case any other option listed in instructions. Check it out. Fee is approximately $225-$230(including taxes) in Canadian currency. Rest depends on what additional services you chose for delivery etc. Cheapest courier option is $7. ECA - World Education Services [ https://www.wes.org/ca/evaluations-and-fees/eca/ ] Next steps: 1. Create a WES account. World Education Services Canada: International Credential Evaluation [ https://www.wes.org/ca/#get-started ] Click "Apply now", then click on "Canada", Then "ECA application for IRCC" and proceed with further steps. ***Make sure you choose ECA application for IRCC not the other option.*** Fill up your details in all pages very carefully and correctly. You will have to provide a recipient address, give your address there. When you will proceed it will automatically generate "Recipient 2" as IRCC. Don't worry about that one, it is used for electronic delivery of your records to IRCC when you put your WES report number while filling your express entry profile. 2. Pay your fees 3. Reference number will be generated.(This will be used in all your communications with WES) ***Once you submit your profile and reference number is generated you cannot edit your information so do not be in haste, check carefully and then submit.*** ***Your reference number is not ECA report number. You can't use it in Express entry profile. It is only used for communication with WES. When your evaluation is completed and you get your ECA report it will have your ECA number which you will mention in Express Entry application.*** 4. Read all instructions on what documents to send and at which address. *** Put your reference number on all your transcript envelops(at an empty space, not on the seal or signature or anywhere on flaps) and backside of your degree photocopies. I will suggest using a pencil not a pen for that as sometimes pen ink leaks through paper.*** ***You can put all your documents in one big/ master envelope and send to WES. No need to mail everything separately. Make sure again to put your reference number with WES address on the packet.*** ***Do not send any original document to WES unless asked specifically with instructions that they will return it after evaluation.*** 5. you can check status of your application by logging in your WES account. It will show once they have received your documents, your evaluation report will take up to 20 days after your documents are received. Be patient. ***If you are using tracking with your courier and it shows your documents delivered but WES account doesn't show received don't panic. It takes up to a week for WES to update receiving of documents.*** 6. Once your evaluation is completed you most probably will receive an email. You can find pdf copy of your report by logging in your WES account. ***Check your report that everything is correctly mentioned.*** ***No need to wait for hard copy of your report for Express entry if you have got pdf version in your account. It is same and have your report number on it which you can use for express entry profile.*** ***Your ECA is valid for 5 years.*** Note: Do not ask any question if you have not read entire post. If the information is already posted here just check it out. I am no expert but will try to answer any question which I haven't answered here if and only I am sure about that. Will also edit the post and add the point. If I have posted anything wrong feel free to mention and I will edit the post. Good Luck. Cheers.

I am typing this answer from a Mid-2012 15″ Retina Display Macbook pro. This laptop since the time it was bought has seldom seen a day it was not switched on and used for 10 hours or more.Never has it felt slow or sluggish or needed an OS reinstall. It has received a major software update every single year that has made the laptop progressively better. When needed, I am able to use Parallels to boot into windows and have it work as well as it does on a Windows laptop. Same holds for Linux too. It has survived more than a few falls and a fair share of abuse.Apple for its part has,Replaced the entire screen when I had a single dead pixelReplaced the entire top case, when I felt the shift key was slightly looseReplaced the entire screen again when there was a recall for potential issue with the anti reflective coatingReplaced the GPU, 4 years after purchase, based on a recallThe only work I paid for was a battery replacement last month after thousands of battery cycles. This constituted replacing the entire top case again, along with a new keyboard and trackpad for a very reasonable $200.While they were at replacing the battery, because the technician felt the ports did not align perfectly (Probably due to a fall that I caused earlier in its life) and he also replaced the entire logic board on the 6 year old laptop, essentially transforming it into a nearly new laptop again.The 6+ year old laptop now functions like new, has a battery backup of 7+ hours and just had the latest Mojave beta installed on it.In contrast to this, a Lenovo - Windows signature laptop that I purchased from a Windows store around the same time, was screwed up when updating form windows 7 to 8. The issue was because of a driver file that was supposed to manage a hybrid HDD and SSD. The store could not help me or replace the computer. I eventually had to spend several weekends fixing it myself. The laptop lasted another year and half before it completely died.To avoid this being brushed aside as a one off case of good fortune with my Macbook pro, let me also add that my business has about 40 computers, with a fair share of both Mac and Windows computers. We have everything ranging from Mac mini’s, iMacs, Macbook Air’s and Macbook Pro’s. They date all the way back to 2012 and the only issue they have ever faced is needing to replace a faulty hard drive in one of the iMacs. On the contrary, the windows laptops and desktops we have used haven’t fared so well and have an average replacement time of 2.5 years.I have also owned 16+ phones over the past 7 years and that includes every generation of iPhone starting from the iPhone 3gs, to the iPhone X that I use now. I have also tried a variety of android phones; usually at least one from each generation and other phones like a windows phone and a blackberry. I have an old iPhone 5 and 5S still lying around, that work pretty well. In fact the 5S is getting the iOS 12 update, almost 5 years after its release. Anytime I have had an issue with an iPhone, it simply involves walking into the apple store and walking out with a replacement device. I cant recall even a single instance where I had to leave the phone and come back later. My Samsung and Sony phones on the other hand have had me ship the phone out for repairs and have made me wait a minimum of 2 weeks to get it back.I also own an iPad (Apple even replaced one of the iPads that I dropped and broke within about a month of purchase, with a new one, simply because they could), Apple watch and airpods. My iPad air has been working flawlessly now for about 4 years and my watch for 3 years or so. The airpods have survived multiple drops and even a short washing cycle.I can’t think of any other brand that has given me the consistent reliability that apple has demonstrated with it’s products, almost across its entire product line. I have also not seen any other brand even come close to offering the quality of service that I have received from Apple over the years.In addition to this, almost every person I know in my personal or professional life, including my own parents have never turned back to an Andriod phone or a windows laptop after being introduced to an iPhone or a Mac. The most commonly cited reason for not turning back is ‘ease of use’. Personally, I am a tech enthusiast and love tinkering around with both hardware and software. I can find my way around most electronic devices very well and even with that background, I do find Apple products to be consistently better designed from a user experience perspective and will certainly prefer and pick an Apple device when I want something that simply works well. I imagine this difference in UX would be even more acute for a less tech savvy user.My experience with apple clearly suggests this; Sure, I may have paid more upfront for some of the Apple products that I have purchased over the years, compared to alternatives. But, when you consider the full cost of ownership, such comparisons become almost meaningless with Apple being the clear winner in terms of cost and most other factors you compare them on, such as performance, user experience or support.While there are several genuine criticisms that stand against Apple and its products, many that you hear on a daily basis such as Apple being expensive, come from people who have never owned or consistently used an Apple product. If you are trying to decide if an apple device is worth it, it would be far more prudent just to try one yourself or at least rely on the collective opinions of people who have used both Apple products and non Apple alternativesPS: Before being labelled an Apple fanboy, let me add that I was a windows only person for the first 21 years of my life. I am a software engineer and a tech enthusiast who loves good technology products irrespective of its brand. Despite what I have said about Apple above, I also own and use Windows laptops, desktops, tablets (Both Windows and other Os’s), Computers running Linux, Game Consoles, Electronics from other manufacturers such as Tv’s, Projectors, Monitors and so on. All devices have been paid for out of my own pocket and there is very little incentive for me to favor Apple, except based on my own purchase and ownership experiences.Edit: Adding a picture as I am seeing comments and messages questioning the authenticity of the answer. Hope this settles it.

Radio emission from the Sun originates at the Solar Corona, which is akin to the “atmosphere” of the Sun.Sun is a huge ball made of an ion-electron soup called plasma. In a plasma, electrons being the lighter materials, start moving to and fro with respect to the protons/ions in the plasma at a specific natural frequency, called the plasma frequency [Plasma oscillation - Wikipedia], which depends on the amount of electrons present there. These oscillations of the plasma are called Langmuir waves. The number of electrons per cm^3 decreases as we move farther and farther from the sun, which results in the plasma frequency decreasing with increasing distance from the solar center.The Sun, when quiet also emits radio emission. The quiet sun radio emission is thermal in nature, which arises due to the Million Degree Corona. The quiet Sun in radio wavelengths typically looks like this:Contrary to the thermal emission from the quiet sun, the bursts are caused because of non-thermal emission.Now, assume that there is some flare/activity on the solar surface. This will excite electrons from the lower regions to the upper regions of the corona, which will result in a change in the electron density. Thus, Langmuir waves are created and they combine (there are distinct mechanisms for this combination, but we do not know which is the actual way) to form transverse electromagnetic radiation. If the frequency of the emitted EM radiation is greater than the local plasma frequency, then they escape the corona and can be received as various kinds of solar radio bursts. Solar bursts can be broadly classified into five types viz. Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV and Type V. (see figure below) The bursts were first classified by an australian radio physics group at CSIRO, who named these bursts based on their life times. Type I has the longest life time, type III has the smallest life time. Type IV and V were discovered much later, but were named so, just to keep in with tradition. But radio bursts are not just limited to these five bursts alone.The electron population distribution in the corona is broadly considered to follow some kind of statistical distributions like Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. Those electrons which have a velocity greater than the mean velocity are called suprathermal electrons. These suprathermal electrons which are trapped in magnetic arcades (see figure below), accelerate, exciting plasma layers, giving rise to type I radio emission (see figure). Type I radio emission is composed of a long-lived background radio emission (few days, depending on intensity of activity), which is very wide band and this background is superposed with short-lived, narrow band bursts called type I bursts. The background continuum is thought to be powered by repeated, rapid small scale reconnection events, but this still remains an open question. Stationary Type IV is due to gyrosynchrotron radiation over loop top. This burst is seen in the dynamic spectrum as a wideband, long lived emission, but over a period of at most 2–3 hours (not as long as type I bursts), which may show a very slow drift from the higher to lower frequencies in a dynamic spectrum.Type II bursts are comparatively short lived (~few minutes). They are signatures of a propagating shock wave in the solar corona. Shock waves are triggered due to some strong flare or Coronal mass ejection. When the ejected plasma moves, the leading edge of it gives rise to a shock wave similar to a boat moving in sea. The resultant shock waves accelerate the electrons in the local plasma, giving rise to radio emission. The radio emission will be seen in a time frequency water fall plot as a drifting lane at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies (ie, if there is a signature of this burst at an instant at 40 MHz, there will be one at 80 MHz), in fact, this was the argument which clinched the argument in favour of plasma emission. There are many types of type II radio emission itself: Split Band, Doublet, Fragmented, Inter-planetary etc. (see images)Coronal Mass EjectionFundamental and harmonic pair.Split band - doublet (Fu is the upper band of fundamental, Fl is the lower band of fundamental emission, Hl is the lower band of the harmonic.A split band (where the two lanes are not exactly Fundamental and harmonics, but some non integral multiple, which occur due to electron acceleration by the leading and trailing edge of the outward travelling shock front), The Stripes seen in the burst foreground are called herring-bones, which appear due to electron acceleration across the shock front.Fragmented type II (follow the white arrows)Interplanetary Type II (see image below) are created by CMEs which travel far into the interplanetary space. These are the ones that we actually have to worry about as they have significance from the Space weather Point of view.Similar to type IIs are Moving type IV radio emissions, which are created similar to type II (a moving shock like disturbance, but its more wideband and long lived compared to a type II (see image below).Moving type IV:Type III bursts are the final major classification of solar radio bursts, which are created due to plasma excitation by accelerated electrons travelling close to the speed of light. These electrons are accelerated at the sites of a flare. The following image shows the time-frequency waterfall of a type III burst.These are the most widely occuring form of bursts. The occur isolated or sometimes in group, indicating a burst of electron beams accelerated from a flare site. They originate sometimes in the GHz range (close to chromosphere) and may extend all the way to a few Khz (interplanetary medium), indicating the kinetic energy of electrons. Groups of type III also show some periodicity, indicating that they may be due to oscillations of plasma due to largescale Magneto hydro dynamic waves (for some other time, may be ;) ). Type V bursts are similar to type III bursts, but rather appear like a fast drifting continuum (see figure below).These bursts usually follow type III bursts, and the duration at a single frequency is always higher than that of a type III.Other than these there are other bursts (see images below):The one relation between all these bursts are that they are caused due to acceleration of electrons in the local plasma.P.S. All images are lifted from google images ;)For good references on the subject,Introduction to Solar Radio Astronomy and Radio Physics by Krüger, A. (has introduction from the science point of view)Solar Radiophysics: Studies of Emission from the Sun at Metre Wavelengths, edited by McLean and Labraum (for people interested in building instruments for solar radiophysics)Solar and Space Weather Radiophysics: Current Status and Future Developments, edited by D.E. Gary, C.U. Keller (A more recent update of events in the field of Solar Radio physics and the requirements for future arrays)