Validate Sign Form iPad

That depends on what exactly you mean by an "electronic signature", and the type of contract that you're trying to enforce.  Generally, the fact that a signature is electronic instead of a physical mark is not sufficient for it to be outright ignored by the law.  In fact, the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) explicitly allows for the validity of electronic signatures (something I covered in length on Are digital signatures via iPhone/iPad recognized as legally binding?):§ 1-201. General Definitions(39) "Signed" includes any symbol executed or adopted by a party with present intention to authenticate a writing. This  is why an "X" on a contract is sufficient to count as a signature - it is a "symbol" that is "executed" by a party with "intent" to "authenticate" the contract.§ 2-211. Legal Recognition of Electronic Contracts, Records, and Signatures(1) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form.(2) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation.(3) This article does not require a record or signature to be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, stored, or otherwise processed by electronic means or in electronic form.(4) A contract formed by the interaction of an individual and an electronic agent under Section 2-204(4)(b) does not include terms provided by the individual if the individual had reason to know that the agent could not react to the terms as provided.This basically means that, just because the "signature" is in electronic format, it's entirely valid.§ 2-212. ATTRIBUTIONAn electronic record or electronic signature is attributable to a person if it was the act of the person or the person's electronic agent or the person is otherwise legally bound by the act.This allows you to have PayPal or some other third party or application to which you've assigned the power bind you to a contract.

Generally, yes - though I'm sure it hasn't really been challenged in court yet.  The most appropriate law related to this would probably be the signature provisions in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), which has been adopted by most states as it exists in its model form:§ 1-201. General Definitions(39) "Signed" includes any symbol executed or adopted by a party with present intention to authenticate a writing. This is why an "X" on a contract is sufficient to count as a signature - it is a "symbol" that is "executed" by a party with "intent" to "authenticate" the contract.§ 2-211. Legal Recognition of Electronic Contracts, Records, and Signatures(1) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form.(2) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation.(3) This article does not require a record or signature to be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, stored, or otherwise processed by electronic means or in electronic form.(4) A contract formed by the interaction of an individual and an electronic agent under Section 2-204(4)(b) does not include terms provided by the individual if the individual had reason to know that the agent could not react to the terms as provided.This basically means that, just because the "signature" is in electronic format, it's entirely valid.§ 2-212. ATTRIBUTIONAn electronic record or electronic signature is attributable to a person if it was the act of the person or the person's electronic agent or the person is otherwise legally bound by the act.This allows you to have PayPal or some other third party or application to which you've assigned the power bind you to a contract.

Echosign starts out great, with free, or  $15/month for a Pro account. But every time I consider upgrading, I back  out because the pricing gets steeply higher per user. To just add a  second user means going from paying $15/month for one user to paying  $480/year in advance (non-refundable, $20/month per user) or $60/month ($30/user).  It is crazy, I actually end up paying 4 times as much just to add a  second user, even though there is just a marginal benefit.Echosign  definitely must feel there is a network effect to having more users, and  greedily tries to capture all of that benefit for themselves. Pricing per  user actually increases as you move to larger plans.  Per user rates go from $15/month, to $30/month, to $40/month, to $50/month.. -----Delving into this a bit more, it seems like signNow is much like Echosign, but has a better pricing plan for two or more users. It is $25/user for the first two users, and declines to $10/user for 5 users. For 6 users, however, it jumps to $42/user, eventually declining again to $10/user, but adding API access. The plans provide a 20% discount for paying a year in advance.Their technology does not seem to be in any way less advanced than the alternatives. I sent a document with the service, and it seemed to well. Some nice features included recognizing data fields in existing pdf documents, integration with Highrise, Dropbox, and some other services. I didn't notice anything missing compared to echosign.----signNow does not offer a month-to-month option. Users must pay $180/year ($15/month) for the standard service (even though it says $19.99/month on the website)..

Fake results can be omitted by making proper reliability and validity tests. If your questionnaire is tested before final copy with few sample as a pilot study, this problem will not come. Initial responses can be validated and if we are satisfied we can go for final questionnaire and analyze it.If you already collected the data and want to know how to avoid fake results, You can use data validation techniques to clean the data.Even after that you are not sure few responses either they are fake or real, then allow them as error in the research. Most of the research is having 1% to 10% error level permitted will take care of such data.Even after that you are not sure about the research, Then you have to redo the project.

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So long story short, what should you do? Here we present 6 ways to protect yourself as a consumer against this data bsignNow, and any future events where it’s totally not your fault but end up being held 100% responsible for the aftermath. You can also check out this post on our blog for better readability.1. Keep a close eye on your credit reportYou may say, “Yes, I get that annualcreditreport thing each year!“ However, that’s completely insufficient. First of all, your credit report changes by the day, not by the month or year. Hard inquiries appear on the report instantly. New accounts are reported within a few weeks after approval. Checking your credit report once every 6 months is insufficient.“A one-year-old credit report is as valid as a one-year-old dental X-ray - useless.”I recommend checking your report once a month, similar to what you would do for your credit card statement. Hard inquiries and new accounts are reported on a daily basis like your credit card transactions, so it doesn’t make sense to check them every once in a while.The federal-approved source of the annual credit report, Annual Credit Report.com - Home Page, only provides ONE free report for each bureau once a year. It is inadequate when considering our purpose of self-defense against fraud activities. Furthermore, the annual credit report is a comprehensive report that’s usually overly detailed and complicated. Let’s be honest here, getting you to look at your credit report is hard enough, let’s not make it even harder with unnecessary information.I am recommending two useful websites that provides monthly, free credit reports from all three bureaus. Yes, of course there’s a catch, why would they be completely free? The two websites, like YouTube, uses ads as their revenue stream. This means that you’ll be pitched a lot of credit card and financial products while you’re browsing the site, and sometimes they ask for your (skippable) credit card information. But once you get the hang of it, the ads are completely negligible.a. FreeCreditReport by ExperianSounds like a scam, right? Yup, that’s because it used to be one. Free Credit Report (FCR), although owned by Experian itself, practiced a questionable business model with false advertisement in the past and was fined by FTC. That’s in the past now, and the website is now a decent source for your Experian credit report and FICO Score. It bugs you with forms asking you to become a paid-member from time to time, but like I said, they can all be skipped.The benefits of FCR includes a monthly Experian credit report, monthly FICO Score, hard inquiries, new accounts, negative information alerts. The credit information is summarized on the website in an easy-to-browse fashion, practical for busy modern consumers. Even with the annoying forms and ads, FCR is still the most secure and accurate source for an Experian credit report.b. Credit KarmaYou’ve definitely heard of the biggest personal finance website in the U.S. Credit Karma offers free credit reports from Equifax and TransUnion, also with various types of alerts. The credit score, however, is calculated using the VantageScore 3.0 model, which is NOT used by creditors and lenders compared to the FICO Score and bank’s proprietary model. But other than that, information is summarized very well and the alerts are on time.With these two websites, you will have 100% coverage of the three major credit bureaus.2. Understand the credit report, beyond the FICO scoreMany people focus on the number, stating they have a 780 FICO or a 835 score. In reality, the number is simply not enough to give you a whole picture of your credit profile. The credit score, whether it’s by FICO or any other scoring model, is merely a mathematical model that converts the credit report into a single number.If the credit report is an exam, the grade can’t tell you whether your argument is objectively strong, but only whether the exam reader likes it or not. For our purpose: monitoring possible fraud activities, you should focus on three things:a. Unexpected New Credit Inquiryb. Unexpected New Accountc. Unexpected CollectionCredit inquiries are records of authorized creditor/lender acquiring your credit report. If you do not apply for credit or open a post-paid wireless account, there shouldn’t be an inquiry.Accounts are simply lending accounts of all kinds, including credit cards (revolving credit), car loans (installment loan), mortgages,… etc. Again they shouldn’t appear unless you or your family members apply for one.Collections are records showing that a collecting agency is currently trying to signNow you to collect an unpaid balance. If you see this on your credit report, there are three possible common scenarios1. You totally forgot about a lending account and have an unpaid balance; the creditor has sold the debt to a collection agency.2. A malicious “collecting agency” is attempting to scam you.3. Your identity was stolen and used to apply for credit which now has an unpaid balance."If any of the three has appeared unexpectedly on your credit report, you should immediately contact your banks and the credit bureaus to sort things out. If necessary, dispute the record"3. Read your credit card statement, seriouslyStop using auto-pay. Please, take the time to review your bills. Credit card information was leaked along with other personal information during this bsignNow, so it is also important to monitor your credit card statements for unexpected charges."In fact, consumers should ALWAYS read their credit card statements!"Yeah, yeah, “Zero Fraud Liability”, you say? Zero fraud liability only works when you actually notice the unauthorized transaction! If your card was stolen to purchase an iPad at your local retail store which you frequent, and Chase failed to realize and notify that there’s an unauthorized transaction, you are liable for the fraud. Please stop using auto-pay and start reading your credit card statement every cycle.Some claim they have auto-pay on, but still skim through the statements each month. Do what you want, but honestly, considering my own laziness, I would totally “forget” going over the statements if I turned on auto-pay. It’s human nature. Not using auto-pay forces me to read the statement, and it’s one of the very few good habits I have, trust me on that.4. Optional: Place an Initial Fraud Alert (90 days) on your credit report.There’s a way to put a warning sign on your credit profile, kind of like a Stop sign at intersections. Fraud Alert is a signal for the creditor/lender to carefully review the identity of the credit applicant, before actually processing the application. It helps by making it harder to steal your identity, but it also has a small drawback.The three credit bureaus share the fraud alert information, so if you set up the fraud with one institute, it’ll be active for all three.Read more about Initial Fraud Alert here, Doctor of Credit - Fraud Alert.5. Optional: Place a Security Freeze on your credit report.An alternative to the fraud alert, there’s an even more aggressive option: a Security Freeze. It’s like a Do Not Enter sign on the road. With a credit freeze, you are the only person allowed to acquire your credit report. This means that if you want to apply for credit while your reports are frozen, creditors will not be able to process your request, unless you do one of the three things below:a. Perform a temporary lift on the freezeb. Perform an unfreeze of your reportc. Provide the PIN number you set with the authorized creditor (when allowed)Two things to know is that a security freeze is not synchronized, meaning you can only freeze some of the bureaus if that’s what you prefer, also, there’s a fee for non-identity-theft-victims to freeze and unfreeze reports, making this option much less preferable.Security Freeze, however, is a guarantee that your frozen credit report cannot be accessed by anyone without your direct permission, hence making it an extremely safe choice against identity/credit fraud.Read more about Security Freeze here, Doctor of Credit - Security Freeze.★ By placing a Fraud Alert or a Security Freeze, you will automatically opt-out from prescreened (pre-approval) credit card offers. Since U.S. points and miles hobbyist largely rely on credit cards as a source of income, you should take this into consideration when making your decision on whether to perform these two actions.6. Pay attention to consumer news"Be a well-informed consumer."The 2017 Equifax data bsignNow is one of the largest personal information compromises in U.S. history. In the future, should this happen again, it is important that you as a consumer get on board with the defense team as soon as possible.Be a well-informed consumer might protect you from becoming an Equifax data bsignNow victimsNow that we are nearing the end of this post, you are equipped with the proper knowledge to defend yourself against identity fraud and credit card fraud.Keep in mind though: only the Security Freeze is 100% secure. Without all of your credit reports frozen (besides the major three, there are several smaller credit bureaus that provide valid reports, including ARS and SageStream), perpetrators can still steal your information for nefarious purposes. But with your newfound knowledge, it will be much more difficult for criminals to take advantage of you.Please relax. No matter what happens, the sun will rise tomorrow morning. The most important thing that we can do is prepare ourselves with enough knowledge and tools, and move on with our lives. Some have asked me via e-mail whether I plan to sue Equifax in the Small Claims Court, my reply was: “What’s happened happened, I’d choose to invest my time in the more meaningful things of my life!”More travel-hacking tips for credit cards?Please visit our website and blog for more tips on award travel. To celebrate our 2 year anniversary, we are giving away free Diamond status and 1 piece of worldwide luggage delivery. Visit our website and sign up for your chance to win up to $435 worth rewards this year!

Prerequisites;Before you can even start thinking about submitting your application to the App Store, you need to make sure that you have an App ID, a valid distribution certificate, and a valid provisioning profile. Let me show you what this entails.Step 1: App IDEvery application needs an App ID or application identifier. There are two types of application identifiers, (1) an explicit App ID and (2) a wildcard App ID. A wildcard App ID can be used for building and installing multiple applications. Despite the convenience of a wildcard App ID, an explicit App ID is required if your application uses iCloud or makes use of other iOS features, such as Game Center, Apple Push Notifications, or In App Purchase.If you're not sure what App ID best fits your project, then I recommend reading Technical Note QA1713 for more information about this topic.Step 2: Distribution CertificateTo submit an application to the App Store, you need to create an iOS provisioning profile for distribution. To create such a provisioning profile, you first need to create a distribution certificate. The process for creating a distribution certificate is very similar to creating a development certificate. If you have tested your application on a physical device, then you are probably already familiar with the creation of a development certificate.If you need to refresh your memory, I suggest reading Apple's detailed guide about signing certificates and provisioning profiles. The process is not difficult once you understand how the various pieces of the puzzle fit together.Step 3: Provisioning ProfileOnce you've created an App ID and a distribution certificate, you can create an iOS provisioning profile for distributing your application through the App Store. Keep in mind that you cannot use the same provisioning profile that you use for ad hoc distribution. You need to create a separate provisioning profile for App Store distribution. If you use a wildcard App ID for your project, then you can use the same provisioning profile for multiple applications.Step 4: Build SettingsWith the App ID, distribution certificate, and provisioning profile in place, it is time to configure your target's build settings in Xcode. This means selecting the target from the list of targets in Xcode's Project Navigator, opening the Build Settings tab at the top, and updating the settings in the Code Signing section to match the distribution provisioning profile you created earlier. Newly added provisioning profiles are sometimes not immediately visible in the Code Signing section of the build settings. Quitting and relaunching Xcode remedies this issue.Even though the code signing process is fairly simple once you understand it, it is something that trips up a lot of developers. I don't know a single Cocoa developer who hasn't run into code signing issues at some point in their career. Once you've taken this hurdle, the rest of the submission process is fairly easy.Step 5: Deployment TargetIt is useful to write a few words about your application's deployment target. Each target in an Xcode project, has a deployment target, which indicates the minimum version of the operating system that the application can run on. It is up to you to set the deployment target, but keep in mind that modifying the deployment target is not something you can do without consequences once your application is in the App Store. If you increase the deployment target for an update of your application, then users who already purchased your application but don't meet the new deployment target, cannot run the update. It gets really problematic when a user downloads an update through iTunes (not the device), replacing the previous version on their computer, and then discovers that the new update doesn't run on their device.I have two very simple tips with regards to your application's deployment target. (1) Be very careful when you decide to increase the deployment target of an existing application. Mention this in the application's release notes of the updates that precede the change and again in the update that uses the new deployment target. If your warn your customers well in advance, you have done all you can to prevent potential problems. (2) For new applications, I almost always set the deployment target to the last major release, iOS 6 at the time of writing. Because of the incredible adoption rate of new iOS releases, there is no harm in doing this. Some people think that they miss out on a large chunk of the market, but that is not true. Take the release of iOS 6 as an example. One month after the release of iOS 6, more than 60% of iOS devices had upgraded to the new version of iOS. Unfortunately, the same isn't true for Android.AssetsStep 1: IconsYou probably know that an application icon is a vital component of every iOS application, but you need to make sure that your application ships with the correct sizes of the artwork. Take a look at the list below for an overview.iTunes Artwork: 1024px x 1024px (required)iPad/iPad Mini: 72px x 72px and 114px x 114px (required)iPhone/iPod Touch: 57px x 57px and 114px x 114px (required)Search Icon: 29px x 29px and 58px x 58px (optional)Settings Application: 50px x 50px and 100px x 100px (optional)It goes without saying that you don't need to include an application icon for the iPad/iPad Mini device family if your application only targets the iPhone/iPod Touch device family, and vice versa.Step 2: ScreenshotsEach application can have up to five screenshots and you must provide at least one. If you are developing a universal application, then you need to provide separate screenshots for iPhone/iPod Touch and iPad/iPad Mini. In addition, you can optionally include separate screenshots for the 3.5" and the 4" screen sizes of the iPhone/iPod Touch. This is quite a bit of work and you want to make sure that the screenshots show your application from its best side. Shiny Development sells a Mac application, Status Magic that helps you get the status bar in your screenshots right. Status Magic will save you quite a bit of time.It is important to spend some time thinking about the screenshots. Your application's screenshots are often the only thing that a customer can use to decide whether she purchases or downloads your application or not. What a lot of developers don't know is that the screenshots don't have to be actual screenshots. The hard rule is that the size of each screenshot needs to be that of the screen size of the target device. Many companies are creative with this rule. Take a look at the screenshots of Where's My Water?, for example. By using this strategy, screenshots can be much more attractive and compelling.Step 3: MetadataBefore you submit your application, it is a good idea to have your application's metadata at hand. This includes (1) your application's name, (2) the version number, (3) the primary (and an optional secondary) category, (4) a concise description, (5) keywords, and (6) a support URL. If you are submitting an update, then you can also provide information for the What's new in this Version section.Does your application require users to sign in? Then you also need to provide Apple with a test or demo account to make sure that the review team can immediately sign in and use your application without first having to sign up for an account.4. Submission PreparationThe submission process has become much easier since the release of Xcode 4. You can now validate and submit an application using Xcode, for example. First, however, you need to create your application in iTunes Connect.Visit iTunes Connect, sign in with your iOS developer account, and click Manage Your Apps on the right. Click the Add New App in the top left, select iOS App, and fill out the form.Step 1: Basic InformationThe App Name, which needs to be unique, is the name of your application as it will appear in the App Store. This can be different than the name that is displayed below your application icon on the home screen, but it is recommended to choose the same name. The SKU Number is a unique string that identifies your application. I usually use the application's bundle identifier. The last piece of information is the Bundle ID of your application. This means selecting the (wildcard or explicit) App ID that you created earlier from the drop down menu.Step 2: Price and AvailabilityIn the next step, you specify your application's price and availability. Apple works with price tiers so that you don't have to specify a price for each country that Apple operates in. You can also specify in which stores your application should - or shouldn't - be available. The information that you enter in this step can be modified once your application is live in the App Store. In other words, you can change the price and availability of an application without having to submit an update.Step 3: MetadataWe've already covered the application's metadata. The only aspect that I haven't talked about yet is your application's rating. Based on your application's content and functionality, it is given a rating. This rating is not only useful for telling users about your application's content and features, the rating is also used by the operating system for the parental controls features.It is strongly recommended that you don't try to outsmart the rating system. Apple is well aware of this and will reject your application if it doesn't agree with the rating that you have set.Step 4: Ready to Upload BinaryOnce your application's metadata is submitted, you will be presented with a summary of your application. Under Versions, you should see the version that you submitted a moment ago. Click the View Details button and click the Ready to Upload Binary button in the top right. You are then asked one or more questions regarding your application and, if all went well, you should see a message telling you that you are now ready to upload your application binary. The status of your application has changed to Waiting for Upload.Uploading BinaryTo submit your application, you need to create an archive of your application. You can only create an archive by building your application on a physical device. If you select the iOS Simulator in the active scheme, you will notice that the Archive option in Xcode's Product menu is grayed out. Connect an iOS device to your Mac, select it in the active scheme, and select Archive from Xcode's Product menu.If all went well, you should now have an archive and Xcode's Organizer should automatically open and show you the archive you just created. Select the archive from the list and click the Distribute... button on the right. From the options you are presented with, select Submit to the iOS App Store. After entering your iOS developer account credentials and selecting the Application and Code Signing Identity, the application binary is uploaded to Apple's servers. During this process, your application is also validated. If an error occurs during the validation, the submission process will fail. The validation process is very useful as it will tell you if there is something wrong with your application binary that would otherwise result in a rejection by the App Store review team.WaitingIf the submission process went without problems, your application's status will change to Waiting for Review. It takes several days for Apple to review your application and the time it takes, tends to fluctuate over time. To get an idea of the average review times of iOS and Mac applications, I recommend visiting the website of Shiny Development (Dave Verwer). This will give you a good indication of how long the review process will take.ConclusionThe submission process is quite lengthy for a new application, but submitting an update to the App Store is much less cumbersome. Keep in mind that the submission process is much more involving if your application is localized in various languages as your application's metadata needs to be localized as well. However, localizing your application is well worth the effort as it often results in higher sales and positive customer feedback.Also keep in mind that Envato Market has its own marketplace for iOS apps. You can not only sell your apps on there, but also find app templates to use as starting points for your app development projects.Source; How to Submit an iOS App to the App Store

Handwriting matters — but does cursive matter? The research is surprising. For instance, it has been documented that legible cursive writing averages no faster than printed handwriting of equal or greater legibility. (Sources for all research are listed below.)More recently, it has also been documented that cursive does NOT objectively improve the reading, spelling, or language of students who have dyslexia/dysgraphia.This is what I'd expect from my own experience, by the way. As a handwriting teacher and remediator, I see numerous children, teens, and adults — dyslexic and otherwise — for whom cursive poses even more difficulties than print-writing. (Contrary to myth, reversals in cursive are common — a frequent cursive reversal in my caseload, among dyslexics and others, is “J/f.”)— According to comparative studies of handwriting speed and legibility in different forms of writing, the fastest, clearest handwriters avoid cursive — although they are not absolute print-writers either. The highest speed and highest legibility in handwriting are attained by those who join only some letters, not all: joining only the most easily joined letter-combinations, leaving the rest unjoined, and using print-like shapes for letters whose printed and cursive shapes disagree.Reading cursive still matters — but reading cursive is much easier and quicker to master than writing the same way too. Reading cursive, simply reading it, can be taught in just 30 to 60 minutes — even to five- or six-year-olds (including those with dyslexia) once they read ordinary print. There's even a free iPad app teaching how: called “Read Cursive” — Connecting to the iTunes Store.        Given the importance of reading cursive, why not teach this vital skill quickly — for free — instead of leaving it to depend upon the difficult and time-consuming process of learning to write in cursive (which will cost millions to mandate)?We don’t require our children to learn to make their own pencils (or build their own printing presses) before we teach them how to read and write. Why require them to write cursive before we teach them how to read it? Why not simply teach children to read cursive — along with teaching other vital skills, such as a form of handwriting that is actually typical of effective handwriters?Just as each and every child deserves to be able to read all kinds of everyday handwriting (including cursive), each and every one of our children — dyslexic or not — deserves to learn the most effective and powerful strategies for high-speed high-legibility handwriting performance.Teaching material for practical handwriting abounds — especially in the UK and Europe, where such handwriting is taught at least as often as the accident-prone cursive which is venerated by too many North American educators. Some examples, in several cases with student work also shown: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/ima..., BRIEM.NET, The Society for Italic Handwriting, http://studioarts.net/calligraph..., Learn, Teach & Improve Cursive Italic Handwriting, Getty-Dubay Italic Handwriting, Lexercise | Treatment and Testing for Children with Dyslexia, Kate Gladstone's Handwriting Repair, Learn and teach Italic handwriting  )Even in the USA and Canada, educated adults increasingly quit cursive. In 2012, handwriting teachers across North America were surveyed at a conference hosted by Zaner-Bloser, a publisher of cursive textbooks. Only 37% wrote in cursive; another 8% printed. The majority — 55% — wrote with some elements resembling print-writing, others resembling cursive.(If you would like to take part in another, ongoing poll of handwriting forms — not hosted by a publisher, and not restricted to teachers — visit How do you write when you want your handwriting to be clear AND fast? for the One-Question Handwriting Survey, created by this author. As with the Zaner-Bloser teacher survey, so far the results show very few purely cursive handwriters — and even fewer purely printed writers. Most handwriting in the real world — 75% of the response totals, so far — consists of print-like letters with occasional joins.)When even most handwriting teachers do not themselves use cursive, why glorify it?Believe it or not, some of the adults who themselves write in an occasionally joined but otherwise print-like handwriting tell me that they are teachers who still insist that their students must write in cursive, and/or who still teach their students that all adults habitually and normally write in cursive and always will. (Given the facts on our handwriting today, this is a little like teaching kids that our current president is Richard Nixon.)What, I wonder, are the educational and psychological effects of teaching, or trying to teach, something that the students can probably see for themselves is no longer a fact?Cursive's cheerleaders (with whom I’ve had some stormy debates) sometimes allege that cursive has benefits which justify absolutely anything said or done to promote that form of handwriting. The cheerleaders for cursive repeatedly state (sometimes in sworn testimony before school boards and state legislatures) that cursive cures dyslexia or prevents it, that it makes you pleasant and graceful and intelligent, that it adds brain cells, that it instills proper etiquette and patriotism, or that it confers numerous other blessings which are no more prevalent among cursive users than among the rest of the human race. Some claim research support — citing studies that invariably prove to have been misquoted or otherwise misrepresented by the claimant.So far, whenever a devotee of cursive claims the support of research, one or more of the following things has become evident as soon as others examined the claimed support:/1/ either the claim provides no source (and no source is provided on request)or, almost as often,/2/ when sources are cited and can be checked (by finding and reading the cited document), the sources provided turn out to include and/or to reference materials which are misquoted or incorrectly represented by the person(s) offering these as support for cursive,or, even more often,/3/ the claimant correctly quotes/cites a source which itself indulges in either /1/ or /2/.Cursive devotees' eagerness to misrepresent research has substantial consequences, as the misrepresentations are commonly made — under oath — in testimony before school districts, state legislatures, and other bodies voting on educational measures. The proposals for cursive are, without exception so far, introduced by legislators or other spokespersons whose misrepresentations (in their own testimony) are later revealed — although investigative reporting of the questionable testimony does not always prevent the bill from passing into law, even when the discoveries include signs of undue influence on the legislators promoting the cursive bill? (Documentation on request: I am willing to be interviewed by anyone who is interested in bringing this serious issue inescapably before the public’s eyes and ears.)By now, you’re probably wondering: “What about cursive and signatures? Will we still have legally valid signatures if we stop signing our names in cursive?” Brace yourself: in state and federal law, cursive signatures have no special legal validity over any other kind. (Hard to believe? Ask any attorney!)Questioned document examiners (these are specialists in the identification of signatures, the verification of documents, etc.) inform me that the least forgeable signatures are the plainest. Most cursive signatures are loose scrawls: the rest, if they follow the rules of cursive at all, are fairly complicated: these make a forger's life easy.All handwriting, not just cursive, is individual — just as all handwriting involves fine motor skills. That is why any first-grade teacher can immediately identify (from the print-writing on unsigned work) which of 25 or 30 students produced it.Mandating cursive to preserve handwriting resembles mandating stovepipe hats and crinolines to preserve the art of tailoring.SOURCES:Handwriting research on speed and legibility:/1/ Arthur Dale Jackson. “A Comparison of Speed and Legibility of Manuscript and Cursive Handwriting of Intermediate Grade Pupils.”Ed. D. Dissertation, University of Arizona, 1970: on-line at A Comparison of Speed and Legibility of Manuscript and Cursive Handwriting of Intermediate Grade Pupils./2/ Steve Graham, Virginia Berninger, and Naomi Weintraub. “The Relation between Handwriting Style and Speed and Legibility.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH, Vol. 91, No. 5 (May - June, 1998), pp. 290-296: on-line at http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfp.../3/ Steve Graham, Virginia Berninger, Naomi Weintraub, and William Schafer. “Development of Handwriting Speed and Legibility in Grades 1-9.”JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH, Vol. 92, No. 1 (September - October, 1998), pp. 42-52: on-line at http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfp...Handwriting research on cursive's lack of observable benefit for students with dyslexia/dysgraphia:"Does cursive handwriting have an impact on the reading and spelling performance of children with dyslexic dysgraphia: A quasi-experimental study." Authors: Lorene Ann Nalpon & Noel Kok Hwee Chia — URL: Does cursive handwriting have an impact on the reading and spelling performance of children with dyslexic dysgraphia: A quasi-experimental study.      andGoodbye Cursive, Hello Keyboarding! * The Yale Center for Dyslexia & CreativityZaner-Bloser handwriting survey: Results on-line at http://www.hw21summit.com/media/...Ongoing handwriting poll: How do you write when you want your handwriting to be clear AND fast?The research most often misrepresented by devotees of cursive (“Neural Correlates of Handwriting" by Dr. Karin Harman-James at Indiana University):The Neural Correlates of Handwriting and Its Affect on Reading AcquisitionBackground on our handwriting, past and present:3 videos, by a colleague, show why cursive is NOT a sacrament:A BRIEF HISTORY OF CURSIVE —TIPS TO FIX HANDWRITING —HANDWRITING AND MOTOR MEMORY(shows how to develop fine motor skills WITHOUT cursive) —Yours for better letters,Kate GladstoneDIRECTOR, the World Handwriting ContestCEO, Handwriting Repair/Handwriting That WorksKate Gladstone's Handwriting Repairhandwritingrepair@gmail.com