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FAQs
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How would you introduce the mutants and the X-Men into the MCU?
I think Phase 4, being reportedly cosmic in nature, would be very wise to bring Fantastic Four and Doctor Doom as soon as the Fox merger is approved.It’s unlikely a stable groundwork for mutant plots can be laid before Phase 5, so don’t expect to see X-Men before 2023. However, I do think the method of mutant creation could have its beginnings in Phase 4, the immediate future.Before I explain my preference for mutant introduction, I’ll analyze every major type of theory I’ve heard, including theories here and elsewhere.A. Alternate DimensionsA common suggestion involves bridging alternate dimensions. I think fans have the existing Fox universe in mind most of the time when imagining this. Doctor Strange opens a portal to an alternate reality and ta da! It is the simplest and most straightforward mash-up, but it is just that, a forced crossover or mash-up.The problems with this are that it is boring, with no new storytelling to be found. Any prior stories told could tarnish the brand integrity of the MCU, reducing the overall narrative quality. Creatively, it is the equivalent of a toddler smashing two different toys together and making explosion noises.This idea is my least favorite.B. Supreme BeingsAnother go-to solution from comic book fans is introducing the Living Tribunal, One Above All, or another powerful super-entity to simply “make it happen”. In these scenarios, the veil is lifted, the nature of all existence is revealed, timelines are altered, other dimensions… It basically spins into another version of the previous solution.This is literally a “hand of God” solution, which in storytelling is known as “deus ex machina”. The writer finds themselves in a corner, and to get to their plot destination, they boil down their narrative to “it just happens”, without any logic-driven cause and effect. It’s a non-sequitur.Supreme beings are pretty cool, but they also spoil the mystery.C. Mutants Already ExistAnother common thought is that they’re already there, just unseen on screen. This solution most often aims to keep time period-based origin stories such as Magneto, Wolverine, or Apocalypse intact.The main flaw here is that mutant powers are often far beyond the average Avenger, often on par with Scarlet Witch more than Captain America. These powerful mutations throughout history would not go unnoticed, and would also dilute the significance of super soldiers to the average MCU resident. They’re simply too powerful and fascinating to have escaped notice thus far.D. Professor X MindwipeThis was the first idea that caught my attention creatively. Mutants have been here, almost as we’ve seen them from Fox, but due to some cataclysmic showdown or extinction threat, Professor X, using Cerebro, erases all knowledge and memory of mutants from existence and hides those remaining in Genosha or some remote island. We meet them by their re-emergence.While this does preserve origins and solve the issue of mutants standing out and causing trouble (or helping), it also falls apart for a couple of reasons.Erasing memory of mutants is an incredibly temporary solution, given the existence of the trouble-starters. Many mutants are not good-natured, and would resurface. Powerful mutants also would not stand idle in the wake of the Chitauri, Ultron, or Thanos.Lastly, storytelling becomes limited to what has been done in the comics, some of which has also been done successfully on screen. The solution, while technically workable, is very contrived and still feels like smashing an unknown dimension into the equation.E. Scarlet Witch/House of MThis solution gets a lot of circulation. The idea is that Scarlet Witch’s power is fully realized and she uses chaotic reality-warping magic to create mutants, in an inverted “House of M” storyline.I love the Scarlet Witch character and Elizabeth Olsen’s portrayal, and would love to see her powers advance. Her mutation was unlocked by the cosmic energy of an Infinity Stone. The fact that her mutation was unlocked this way means having her warp reality is not necessary. She is, ironically, the best argument against this method.Infinity War established that Wanda’s magic is the same “frequency” as the stones. I would not be opposed to her overloading and blasting the earth with her magic to trigger widespread mutation and having a legacy as the Mother of all Mutant-kind. For that reason, this concept has my lukewarm approval.But there are better in-universe ties to mutants.F. Infinity Stone FalloutThis was my go-to answer for a while. It’s clear that Infinity Stone experimentation on humans (Wanda/Pietro) can trigger mutation.After Avengers 4, it is almost guaranteed that the Infinity Stones will be permanently destroyed. Their further use would be extremely redundant and uninteresting. Since we know mutants can be effectively created by this mutation, it is not a stretch to suggest the resulting energies dispersed by these cosmic singularities could cause widespread mutations across the planet on which they were destroyed.Bruce Banner would exclaim that affected mutants give off the same gamma signatures as the stones or some other technobabble, the same as was used with Loki’s scepter.G. Inhumans/TerrigenesisThe one major drawback of introducing mutants by Infinity Stone radiation is that it ignores the fact that inhumans already exist in the MCU and are almost identical to mutants.Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. seasons 2 and 3 revealed the fact that ancient Kree geneticists had experimented on primitive humans to breed a stock of superpowered killers. The dormant genes are activated through exposure to crystals called terrigen. The target is encased in a stone cocoon briefly and emerge with powers, a process known as terrigenesis.In the comics, the only difference between the inhumans and the mutants is that inhumans were a genetic experiment by the Kree, and the mutants were a genetic experiment by Celestials. Mutant powers present naturally at puberty.The first Inhuman was known as Hive, and the worship of his tentacled visage was the basis for the original supernatural cult that would later become HYDRA. Hive is ancient and powerful, so he is sort of an inhuman parallel to En Sabah Nur/Apocalypse.Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. has told this story, and an inhuman epidemic became an entire political stage, with registration under the Sokovia Accords being a signNow issue for them. The inhabitants of the current MCU are aware that inhumans exist.Inhumans shown on screen have exhibited duplication (like Multiple Man), electricity manipulation (like Storm), telepathy (like Charles Xavier), and manipulation of minerals (like Magneto). Familiar mutants could just be introduced as inhumans.The biggest issues are that film audiences need to learn about inhumans, and terrigenesis is not as simple as mutation, or as powerful symbolically, as it appears to be done to the subject rather than just being part of who they are.However, the fact that audiences will soon be reminded of Phil Coulson’s existence in Captain Marvel suggests he may come back, allowing for easier explanation of the existing SHIELD/inhumans subplot. And since the Eternals are on the horizon, we’re likely to see more historical interference of alien pseudo-deities as plot points, as seen with Asgardians.H. Quantum MutantsI’m writing this after Ant-Man and the Wasp but before Avengers 4.Janet Van Dyne was rescued from the Quantum Realm after decades, and she displayed extra-ordinary powers upon re-emerging. She was mutated/evolved by her time in the Quantum Realm.Avengers 4 will very likely involve some Quantum Realm tinkering, and many speculate that the “souls” of those who were snapped by Thanos are trapped in either ‘Soul World’ or the Quantum Realm. It may be that the Quantum Realm can facilitate the resurrection and return of T’Challa, Peter Parker, and Stephen Strange to carry on their franchises.If half of the planet suddenly returns to existence from the Quantum Realm, it’s possible they could gradually present mutations over time, like those of Janet Van Dyne. Mutants could be born overnight, and in sufficient enough numbers to be impactful to the storyline.The changes may not be immediate and may take a few years to manifest. Depending on time travel shenanigans in Avengers 4, that could give the MCU enough time to prepare for the entry of notable mutants in Phase 5 (2023).We don’t know which direction the MCU is taking Janet Van Dyne, but she could become a lot more important this way.The character of Erik Lehnsherr may have simply experienced concentration camps without any powers and receives powers at an old age before seeking his revenge, so it may even be possible to preserve certain origin elements.It’s a stretch and doesn’t really service inhumans, but it would be brand new creative territory, which is something I think Marvel Studios prefers over copying the comics.ConclusionThe most likely methods of introduction will involve unlocking the dormant genes with some form of powerful widespread radiation or other substance such as terrigen. It could also happen due to planetary exposure to the same cosmic radiation cloud that gives the Fantastic Four their abilities.Most elegant: The Infinity Stone explosion, as it transitions straight from one storyline into the next. Most efficient: The Inhumans storyline. They already exist and there’s plenty to work with, including Quake.Most creative: Janet Van Dyne and the quantum mutants, using the unknown to achieve seemingly “impossible” powers.Any of those three would work for me.BONUS: I originally created this graphic to matchup how each stone’s energy could correlate with certain mutations. I don’t think the general audience will care about these details, so feel free to ignore this.
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Can anyone give information about the Airforce group'y examination, especially negative marking and merit marks?
Indian Air Force Group Y ExamINDIAN AIR FORCE INVITES ONLINE APPLICATIONS FROM UNMARRIED MALE (INDIAN/NEPALEES) CANDIDATES FOR SELECTION TEST FOR INTAKE 01/2019 ON 10 & 11 MARCH 2018 TO JOIN AS AIRMEN IN GROUP X TRADES (EXCEPT EDUCATION INSTRUCTOR TRADE) AND GROUP „Y TRADES {EXCEPT AUTOMOBILE TECHNICIAN, GROUND TRAINING INSTRUCTOR, INDIAN AIR FORCE (POLICE), INDIAN AIR FORCE (SECURITY) AND MUSICIAN TRADES}Indian Air Force Group Y Exam 2018 ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA:-Date of Birth Block -(a) Candidate born between 13 January 1998 and 02 January 2002 (both days inclusive) are eligible to apply.(b) In case, a candidate clears all the stages of the Selection Procedure, then the upper age limit as on date of enrolment is 21 years.Educational Qualification -(a) Group X (Except Education Instructor Trade).(i) Passed Intermediate/10+2/ Equivalent examination with Mathematics, Physics and English with minimum 50% marks in aggregate and 50% marks in English.OR(ii) Passed Three years Diploma Course in Engineering in any stream, as mentioned in the drop down menu of apply online section under candidate's login on the CASB web portal http://www.airmenselection.cdac.in. The candidate should have completed the course from a Government recognized Polytechnic institute with 50% marks in aggregate and 50 % marks in English in diploma or in Intermedidate/Marticulation, if English is not subject in Diploma Course.(b) Group Y {Except Automobile Technician, GTI, IAF (P), IAF(S) and Musician} Trades.Passed Intermediate / 10+2 / Equivalent Examination in any stream/subjects approved by Central / State Education Boards with minimum 50% marks in aggregate and 50% marks in English.(c) Group Y Medical Assistant Trade Only.Passed 10+2/Intermediate/ equivalent exam with Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate and 50% marks in English.Note–1: Candidate eligible for Group X examination are also eligible for Group Y and would be given an option of appearing in both group X and Group Y exam in one sitting while filling up the online registration form.Note - 2: Diploma holders are eligible to appear for Group X trades only.Note - 3: Education Boards listed in Council of Boards for School Education (COBSE) website as members, as on date of registration will only be permitted.Note - 4: Exact aggregate Percentage of marks before decimal as written in the marks sheet of 10+2/ Intermediate/Equivalent Examination/Three years Diploma Course OR calculated as per the rules of concerned Education Board/Polytechnic Institute will only be considered (For example 49.99% should be taken as 49% and not to be rounded off to 50%).Mandatory Medical Standards:-(a) General Medical Standards for both Group ‘X’ (Except Education Instructor Trade) and Group ‘Y’ {Except Automobile Technician, GTI, IAF (P), IAF(S) and Musician} Trades are as follows: -(i) Height: Minimum acceptable height is 152.5 cms.(ii) Chest: Minimum range of expansion: 5 cm(iii) Weight: Proportionate to height and age. However, minimum weight of 55 Kg required for Operations Assistant (ATS) Trade only.(iv) Corneal Surgery (PRK/LASIK) is not acceptable. (v) Hearing: Candidate should have normal hearing i.e. able to hear forced whisper from a distance of 6 meters with each ear separately.(vi) Dental: Should have healthy gums, good set of teeth and minimum 14 dental points.(vii) Health: Candidate should be free from medical or surgical deformity. He should be free from all communicable diseases and skin ailments. Candidate must be physically and mentally FIT to perform duty in any part of the world, in any climate and terrain.(viii) Body Tattoo: Permanent body tattoos are not permitted, however tattoos only on inner face of the fore arms (inside of elbow to the wrist), back (dorsal) part of the hand/reverse side of palm and Tribals with tattoos which are as per custom and traditions of their tribes may be considered. However, right to decide on acceptability/ unacceptability of the individual rests with the Selection Centre. Candidates with permanent body tattoos are to submit two photographs (close up and distant view) with details of size and type of the Tattoo.(b) Details of medical standards for various Groups/Trades are available on CASB web portal http://www.airmenselection.cdac.inIndian Air Force Group Y Exam Registration / Application FormIndian Air Force Group Y Exam 2018 Application Form / Registration:-Apply online at website:- http://www.airmenselection.cdac.in or http://www.careerindianairforce.... 15 DECEMBER 2017 to 12 JANUARY 2018.Following Certificates are to be uploaded as the case may be:-(a) Class 10/matriculation passing certificate.(b) Intermediate/10+2 or equivalent marksheet/marksheets (if applying on the basis of 12th/ intermediate or equivalent educational qualifications).(c) 3 Yrs Engineering Diploma Final Year Marksheet (if applying on the basis of 3 Yrs Engineering Diploma from a Govt. recognised polytechnic in prescribed stream.(d) Passport size colour photograph of size 10 KB to 50 KB (front portrait in light background without head gear except for Sikhs) recent (taken not before November 2017). The photograph is to be taken with candidate holding a black slate in front of his chest with his Name and Date of Photograph taken, clearly written on it with white chalk in capital letters.(e) Candidate’s left hand thumb impression image (Size 10 KB to 50 KB).(f) Candidate’s signature image (Size 10 KB to 50 KB).(g) Candidate’s parents (Father/Mother/Guardian) signature image (if candidate is below 18 years on the date of filling the online application.(h) The marksheet indicating marks in English subject (if applying on the basis of 3 Yrs Engineering Diploma qualification) in diploma or 12th/10th if English is not a subject in diploma.Examination Fee : Examination fee of Rs.250/-is to be paid by the candidate while registering for the online examination. The payment can be made by using Debit Cards/ Credit Cards/Internet Banking through payment gateway. The examination fee can also be paid by Challan payment at any Axis Bank Branch.Candidate must have his valid E-mail ID and Mobile No. for successful online registration.Candidate should preferably have his Aadhaar Card Number handy.Indian Air Force Group Y Exam Exam DatesIndian Air Force Group Y Exam 2018 Date:-Selection test on 10 & 11 MARCH 2018 to join as Airmen in Group X Trades (except Education Instructor Trade) and Group Y {Except Automobile Technician, GTI, IAF (P), IAF(S) and Musician} Trades..Indian Air Force Group Y Exam SyllabusIAF Group Y Exam 2018 Syllabus:-ENGLISHI. ComprehensionA small passage followed by questions.1. To judge comprehension2. Drawing of inferences3. Use of vocabularyII Composition1. Agreement of subject with verb2. Pattern of verb and their use.3. Sequence of tenses.4. Transformation of sequences-Compound, Complex, Simple, Negative, Affirmative.III Grammar1. Spellings2. Word formation3. Antonyms and Synonyms4. One word substitution5. Correct usage of articles6. Correct usage of Prepositions7. Correct usage of adjectives-degrees of comparison8. Correct usage of conjunctions9. Correct usage of Nouns and Pronouns10. Correct usage of numbers (Singular-Plural)11. Words, which are commonly getting confused12. Word order13. Correct usage of AdverbsIV. Idioms and Phrases1. Use of simple idioms2. Use of Common proverbsV. Direct / Indirect sentences : Narration change1. Change of various types of sentences from direct to indirect form2. Change of various types of sentences from indirect to direct formVI. Active and Passive Voices1. Change of all types of sentences from active topassive form2. Change of all types of sentences from passive to active formREASONING AND GENERAL AWARENESS (RGA)(A) Reasoning (Verbal and Non-Verbal)1. Numerical Series2. Distance and Direction Sense Test3. Mathematical Operations (Assigning Value to Arithmetic Sign)4. Number Ranking & Time Sequence Test5. Assign Artificial Values to Mathematical Digit6. Inserting Correct Mathematical Digit7. Human Relation8. Coding and Decoding9. Odd Man Out10. Mutual Relation Problem11. Tallest Youngest Relation12. Dictionary Words13. Analogy14. Non Verbal Reasoning15. Number Coding16. Number Puzzle(B) Mathematics17. Ratio and proportion18. Average19. LCM, HCF20. Profit and Loss21. Time, Distance and Speed22. Percentage23. Simplification of Numbers24. Fraction25. Area of Triangle, Square and Rectangle26. Surface area and Volume of Cuboid, Cylinder, Cone and Sphere27. Probability28. Simple Trigonometry(C) GK and CA29. General Science30. Civics31. Geography32. Current Events33. History34. Basic Computer OperationPaper PatternIndian Air Force Group Y Exam 2018 Paper Pattern:-Phase – IEligible candidates will be sent Provisional Admit Cards for phase - I of testing on their respective e-mail IDs during the month of February 2018 (which they will download & take colour printout & will carry the same to the examination centre on the day of online test as indicated on their respective Admit Cards) to appear in the Selection Test at the examination centres allotted to them. This provisional admit card can also be downloaded by the candidate under candidates login on CASB web portal http://www.airmenselection.cdac.in. All candidates in possession of provisional admit card will undertake Online Test as per their respective Group applied for, at Centres designated/allotted as per their admit card. Online test will be objective type and questions will be bilingual (English & Hindi) except for English paper. Online test for candidates opting for both Group X&Y shall be conducted in one sitting, on the same system. Candidates are to bring one blue/black pen and original valid ID proof along with them forPhase - I testing. A demonstration video on the conduct of online test is uploaded on the CASB web portal http://www.airmenselection.cdac.in.Details of the Test are as follows: -(a) Group ‘X’ Trades. Duration of the Online test will be 60 minutes and will comprise of English, Physics and Mathematics as per 10+2 CBSE syllabus.(b) Group ‘Y’ {Except Automobile Technician, GTI, IAF (P), IAF(S) and Musician} Trades. Duration of the Online test will be 45 minutes and will comprise of English as per 10+2 CBSE syllabus and Reasoning & General Awareness (RAGA).(c) Both Group ‘X&Y’ Trades. Duration of the Online test will be 85 minutes and will comprise of English, Physics, and Mathematics as per 10+2 CBSE syllabus and Reasoning & General Awareness (RAGA).CANDIDATES ARE TO QUALIFY IN EACH PAPER SEPARATELY IN THEIR RESPECTIVE GROUPS. The result of Phase-I will be uploaded on http://www.airmenselection.cdac.in within 15 days from the date of online exams.Phase – IISoon after the declaration of the result of Phase-I test, all candidates shortlisted for Phase II will be sent a new admit card on their registered e-mail ID for phase - II test at an Airmen Selection Centre. This admit card for phase – II exam can also be downloaded online under candidate’s login on CASB web portal http://www.airmenselection.cdac.in . Candidates have to report at the stipulated date and time for phase – II at the designated Airmen Selection Centre along with following documents:-(a) Colour print out of Admit Card for phase – II.(b) Colour Print out of duly filled application form downloaded on completion of online registration.(c) HB Pencil, Eraser, Sharpener, Glue stick, Stapler and Black/Blue Ball Point Pen for writing.(d) Ten copies of un-attested recent (which was used for the online application registration) passport size colour photograph.(e) Original and four self-attested photocopies of Matriculation Passing Certificate(required for verification of Candidate’s Name, Father’s Name and his Date of Birth).(f) Original and four self-attested photocopies of Matriculation Marks Sheet (only applicable for three years Diploma Course holders when English is not a subject in Diploma Course).(g) Original and four self-attested photocopies of Intermediate/10+2/ Equivalent ExaminationPassing Certificate and Marks Sheet.OROriginal and four self-attested photocopies of Three years Diploma Course Passing Certificate and Marks Sheets of all semesters.(h) Certificate for SOAFP (Son of Air Force Personnel), certificate for sons of serving/retired/ deceased Air Force civilian employees paid out of defence estimates are to be downloaded as the case may be, from the download section of CASB web portal and brought along while reporting for phase –II of the examination.(j) For Candidates discharged from Indian Army/Indian Navy/Any other Government Organisation. Original and four Self-attested photocopies of Discharge Certificate (as issued from Indian Army/Indian Navy/Government Organisation).(k) NOC in original and 4 self-attested photocopies from the employer for candidates presently serving in any government organization (if applicable).(l) Original and four self-attested photocopies of NCC ‘A’, ‘B’ or ‘C’ certificate (if applicable).Note: Candidates discharged from Indian Air Force for any reason are not eligible to appear in the Selection Test.Verification of Eligibility - Candidates should be in possession of the documents mentioned at para 16 above, when appearing for the Selection Test which would be scrutinised/ verified prior to commencement of Phase – II to ascertain the eligibility prima-facie. Detailed verification of all the documents listed at para 16 above will be carried out in respect of candidates who pass Adaptability Test - 1. Candidature of those who do not meet the laid down educational criteria will be rejected during Initial verification of original certificates & mark sheets and also during detailed verification at Airmen Selection Centre (ASC).Note-1: For SOAFP, the Name of the ward and his Date of Birth mentioned in the Discharge Book/ Service Certificate must match with the details mentioned in his matriculation passing certificate.Note-2: Under no circumstances the candidates will be permitted to appear in Phase – II of the Selection Test without Original Educational Marks Sheets/Passing Certificates & Documents mentioned above in paragraph 16 (e) to (k). However, candidates with photocopies of Educational Marks Sheets/ Passing Certificates can be permitted to appear in the Selection Test only on production of a certificate from College/School Principal signNowing that Educational Certificates/Marks sheets are deposited with College/School.Note-3: The original Passing Certificates/Marks Sheets will not be retained by the Selection Centre. The same will be returned to the candidates on completion of detailed verification.Note-4: Internet copy of marksheet not acceptable.Physical Fitness Test (PFT) - Candidates who pass Online Test and are shortlisted as per merit which will be displayed on the CASB Web Portal http://www.airmenselection.cdac.in on a stipulated date will be called at designated Airmen Selection Centre for Physical Fitness Test (PFT) which would consist of 1.6 Km run to be completed within 06 minutes and 30 seconds. Candidates will also have to complete 10 push-ups, 10 sit-ups and 20 squats within the stipulated time to qualify in the Physical Fitness Test. Note: Candidates are advised to bring their sports shoes and shorts/Track pants.Adaptability Test-1 (For both Group ‘ X’ & Group ‘Y’ Trades) All candidates who pass the Physical Fitness Test (PFT) will have to undertake Adaptability Test-1 (objective type written test) which is to assess suitability of a candidate for employment in the IAF which involves deployment in varied geographic terrain, weather and operational conditions.Adaptability Test-2 (For both Group ‘ X’ & Group ‘Y’ Trades). All candidates who passAdaptability Test -1 will have to undertake Adaptability Test-2 as per policy in vogue. Adaptability Test-2 is to select candidates who can adapt to the environment of Indian Air Force and are able to adjust to the military way of life.Note: Candidates qualifying for both Group X and Group Y will be allotted the group according to their merit as well as preference given by the candidate at the time of filling up of online application. However, President, CASB reserves the right to allocate Group to a candidate as per vacancies available. Phase - IIIMedical Examination - Candidates who qualify Adaptability Test-2 will be issued with medical appointment letter at respective ASCs. It can also be downloaded under candidates login on CASB web portal http://www.airmenselection.cdac.in for their medical examination at designated Medical Board Centre (MBC) on specified date. Medical Examination will be conducted by Air Force Medical Team as per IAF medical standards and policy in vogue on subject issue. Medical examination would also include Baseline Investigation of:-(a) Blood Haemogram - Hb, TLC, DLC(b) Urine RE/ME(c) Biochemistry(i) Blood Sugar Fasting & PP (ii) Serum Cholesterol(iii) Urea, Uric acid, Creatinine (iv) LFT—Serum Bilurubin, SGOT, SGPT(d) X- Ray chest (PA view)(e) ECG (R)Note. Candidates are advised to get tartar and stains removed from their teeth before appearing for the Medical Examination. Ears should be free of wax. Candidates should be prepared to stay for the medical test for four to five days under their own arrangement. No TA/DA will be admissible. Candidates using corrective glasses must be in possession of prescription from ophthalmologist bearing stamp and registration number and should not be more than one month old. Passing in the medicals is not a guarantee for the employment in Indian Air Force.I hope this will help you…..ALL THE BEST..
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What is a registered exporter system (REX)?
In Simple Words REX is Compliance system initiated by European union for Certification of Origin.If one wants to export goods value exceeds 6000 EUR to Europe then has to attach this certificate with consignment.In Official Frame of words:Subject: – Certification of Origin of Goods for European Union Generalised System of Preferences (EU-GSP) – Modification of the system as of 1 January 2017.In exercise of powers conferred under paragraph 2.04 of the Foreign Trade Policy, 2015-2020, the Director General of Foreign Trade hereby inserts a new sub para (c) under Para 2.104 Generalised System o...
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Why did Osama bin Laden bomb America?
From Osama bin Laden's letter to America: Why are we fighting and opposing you? The answer is very simple:(1) Because you attacked us and continue to attack us.a) You attacked us in Palestine:(i) Palestine, which has sunk under military occupation for more than 80 years. The British handed over Palestine, with your help and your support, to the Jews, who have occupied it for more than 50 years; years overflowing with oppression, tyranny, crimes, killing, expulsion, destruction and devastation. The creation and continuation of Israel is one of the greatest crimes, and you are the leaders of its criminals. And of course there is no need to explain and prove the degree of American support for Israel. The creation of Israel is a crime which must be erased. Each and every person whose hands have become polluted in the contribution towards this crime must pay its*price, and pay for it heavily.(ii) It brings us both laughter and tears to see that you have not yet tired of repeating your fabricated lies that the Jews have a historical right to Palestine, as it was promised to them in the Torah. Anyone who disputes with them on this alleged fact is accused of anti-semitism. This is one of the most fallacious, widely-circulated fabrications in history. The people of Palestine are pure Arabs and original Semites. It is the Muslims who are the inheritors of Moses (peace be upon him) and the inheritors of the real Torah that has not been changed. Muslims believe in all of the Prophets, including Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon them all. If the followers of Moses have been promised a right to Palestine in the Torah, then the Muslims are the most worthy nation of this.When the Muslims conquered Palestine and drove out the Romans, Palestine and Jerusalem returned to Islaam, the religion of all the Prophets peace be upon them. Therefore, the call to a historical right to Palestine cannot be raised against the Islamic Ummah that believes in all the Prophets of Allah (peace and blessings be upon them) - and we make no distinction between them.(iii) The blood pouring out of Palestine must be equally revenged. You must know that the Palestinians do not cry alone; their women are not widowed alone; their sons are not orphaned alone.(b) You attacked us in Somalia; you supported the Russian atrocities against us in Chechnya, the Indian oppression against us in Kashmir, and the Jewish aggression against us in Lebanon.(c) Under your supervision, consent and orders, the governments of our countries which act as your agents, attack us on a daily basis;(i) These governments prevent our people from establishing the Islamic Shariah, using violence and lies to do so.(ii) These governments give us a taste of humiliation, and places us in a large prison of fear and subdual.(iii) These governments steal our Ummah's wealth and sell them to you at a paltry price.(iv) These governments have surrendered to the Jews, and handed them most of Palestine, acknowledging the existence of their state over the dismembered limbs of their own people.(v) The removal of these governments is an obligation upon us, and a necessary step to free the Ummah, to make the Shariah the supreme law and to regain Palestine. And our fight against these governments is not separate from out fight against you.(d) You steal our wealth and oil at paltry prices because of you international influence and military threats. This theft is indeed the biggest theft ever witnessed by mankind in the history of the world.(e) Your forces occupy our countries; you spread your military bases throughout them; you corrupt our lands, and you besiege our sanctities, to protect the security of the Jews and to ensure the continuity of your pillage of our treasures.(f) You have starved the Muslims of Iraq, where children die every day. It is a wonder that more than 1.5 million Iraqi children have died as a result of your sanctions, and you did not show concern. Yet when 3000 of your people died, the entire world rises and has not yet sat down.(g) You have supported the Jews in their idea that Jerusalem is their eternal capital, and agreed to move your embassy there. With your help and under your protection, the Israelis are planning to destroy the Al-Aqsa mosque. Under the protection of your weapons, Sharon entered the Al-Aqsa mosque, to pollute it as a preparation to capture and destroy it.(2) These tragedies and calamities are only a few examples of your oppression and aggression against us. It is commanded by our religion and intellect that the oppressed have a right to return the aggression. Do not await anything from us but Jihad, resistance and revenge. Is it in any way rational to expect that after America has attacked us for more than half a century, that we will then leave her to live in security and peace?!!(3) You may then dispute that all the above does not justify aggression against civilians, for crimes they did not commit and offenses in which they did not partake:(a) This argument contradicts your continuous repetition that America is the land of freedom, and its leaders in this world. Therefore, the American people are the ones who choose their government by way of their own free will; a choice which stems from their agreement to its policies. Thus the American people have chosen, consented to, and affirmed their support for the Israeli oppression of the Palestinians, the occupation and usurpation of their land, and its continuous killing, torture, punishment and expulsion of the Palestinians. The American people have the ability and choice to refuse the policies of their Government and even to change it if they want.(b) The American people are the ones who pay the taxes which fund the planes that bomb us in Afghanistan, the tanks that strike and destroy our homes in Palestine, the armies which occupy our lands in the Arabian Gulf, and the fleets which ensure the blockade of Iraq. These tax dollars are given to Israel for it to continue to attack us and penetrate our lands. So the American people are the ones who fund the attacks against us, and they are the ones who oversee the expenditure of these monies in the way they wish, through their elected candidates.(c) Also the American army is part of the American people. It is this very same people who are shamelessly helping the Jews fight against us.(d) The American people are the ones who employ both their men and their women in the American Forces which attack us.(e) This is why the American people cannot be not innocent of all the crimes committed by the Americans and Jews against us.(f) Allah, the Almighty, legislated the permission and the option to take revenge. Thus, if we are attacked, then we have the right to attack back. Whoever has destroyed our villages and towns, then we have the right to destroy their villages and towns. Whoever has stolen our wealth, then we have the right to destroy their economy. And whoever has killed our civilians, then we have the right to kill theirs.The American Government and press still refuses to answer the question:Why did they attack us in New York and Washington?If Sharon is a man of peace in the eyes of Bush, then we are also men of peace!!! America does not understand the language of manners and principles, so we are addressing it using the language it understands.(Q2) As for the second question that we want to answer: What are we calling you to, and what do we want from you?(1) The first thing that we are calling you to is Islam.(a) The religion of the Unification of God; of freedom from associating partners with Him, and rejection of this; of complete love of Him, the Exalted; of complete submission to His Laws; and of the discarding of all the opinions, orders, theories and religions which contradict with the religion He sent down to His Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Islam is the religion of all the prophets, and makes no distinction between them - peace be upon them all.It is to this religion that we call you; the seal of all the previous religions. It is the religion of Unification of God, sincerity, the best of manners, righteousness, mercy, honour, purity, and piety. It is the religion of showing kindness to others, establishing justice between them, granting them their rights, and defending the oppressed and the persecuted. It is the religion of enjoining the good and forbidding the evil with the hand, tongue and heart. It is the religion of Jihad in the way of Allah so that Allah's Word and religion reign Supreme. And it is the religion of unity and agreement on the obedience to Allah, and total equality between all people, without regarding their colour, sex, or language.(b) It is the religion whose book - the Quran - will remained preserved and unchanged, after the other Divine books and messages have been changed. The Quran is the miracle until the Day of Judgment. Allah has challenged anyone to bring a book like the Quran or even ten verses like it.(2) The second thing we call you to, is to stop your oppression, lies, immorality and debauchery that has spread among you.(a) We call you to be a people of manners, principles, honour, and purity; to reject the immoral acts of fornication, homosexuality, intoxicants, gambling's, and trading with interest.We call you to all of this that you may be freed from that which you have become caught up in; that you may be freed from the deceptive lies that you are a great nation, that your leaders spread amongst you to conceal from you the despicable state to which you have signNowed.(b) It is saddening to tell you that you are the worst civilization witnessed by the history of mankind:(i) You are the nation who, rather than ruling by the Shariah of Allah in its Constitution and Laws, choose to invent your own laws as you will and desire. You separate religion from your policies, contradicting the pure nature which affirms Absolute Authority to the Lord and your Creator. You flee from the embarrassing question posed to you: How is it possible for Allah the Almighty to create His creation, grant them power over all the creatures and land, grant them all the amenities of life, and then deny them that which they are most in need of: knowledge of the laws which govern their lives?(ii) You are the nation that permits Usury, which has been forbidden by all the religions. Yet you build your economy and investments on Usury. As a result of this, in all its different forms and guises, the Jews have taken control of your economy, through which they have then taken control of your media, and now control all aspects of your life making you their servants and achieving their aims at your expense; precisely what Benjamin Franklin warned you against.(iii) You are a nation that permits the production, trading and usage of intoxicants. You also permit drugs, and only forbid the trade of them, even though your nation is the largest consumer of them.(iv) You are a nation that permits acts of immorality, and you consider them to be pillars of personal freedom. You have continued to sink down this abyss from level to level until incest has spread amongst you, in the face of which neither your sense of honour nor your laws object.Who can forget your President Clinton's immoral acts committed in the official Oval office? After that you did not even bring him to account, other than that he 'made a mistake', after which everything passed with no punishment. Is there a worse kind of event for which your name will go down in history and remembered by nations?(v) You are a nation that permits gambling in its all forms. The companies practice this as well, resulting in the investments becoming active and the criminals becoming rich.(vi) You are a nation that exploits women like consumer products or advertising tools calling upon customers to purchase them. You use women to serve passengers, visitors, and strangers to increase your profit margins. You then rant that you support the liberation of women.(vii) You are a nation that practices the trade of sex in all its forms, directly and indirectly. Giant corporations and establishments are established on this, under the name of art, entertainment, tourism and freedom, and other deceptive names you attribute to it.(viii) And because of all this, you have been described in history as a nation that spreads diseases that were unknown to man in the past. Go ahead and boast to the nations of man, that you brought them AIDS as a Satanic American Invention.(xi) You have destroyed nature with your industrial waste and gases more than any other nation in history. Despite this, you refuse to sign the Kyoto agreement so that you can secure the profit of your greedy companies and*industries.(x) Your law is the law of the rich and wealthy people, who hold sway in their political parties, and fund their election campaigns with their gifts. Behind them stand the Jews, who control your policies, media and economy.(xi) That which you are singled out for in the history of mankind, is that you have used your force to destroy mankind more than any other nation in history; not to defend principles and values, but to hasten to secure your interests and profits. You who dropped a nuclear bomb on Japan, even though Japan was ready to negotiate an end to the war. How many acts of oppression, tyranny and injustice have you carried out, O callers to freedom?(xii) Let us not forget one of your major characteristics: your duality in both manners and values; your hypocrisy in manners and principles. All*manners, principles and values have two scales: one for you and one for the others.(a)The freedom and democracy that you call to is for yourselves and for white race only; as for the rest of the world, you impose upon them your monstrous, destructive policies and Governments, which you call the 'American friends'. Yet you prevent them from establishing democracies. When the Islamic party in Algeria wanted to practice democracy and they won the election, you unleashed your agents in the Algerian army onto them, and to attack them with tanks and guns, to imprison them and torture them - a new lesson from the 'American book of democracy'!!!(b)Your policy on prohibiting and forcibly removing weapons of mass destruction to ensure world peace: it only applies to those countries which you do not permit to possess such weapons. As for the countries you consent to, such as Israel, then they are allowed to keep and use such weapons to defend their security. Anyone else who you suspect might be manufacturing or keeping these kinds of weapons, you call them criminals and you take military action against them.(c)You are the last ones to respect the resolutions and policies of International Law, yet you claim to want to selectively punish anyone else who does the same. Israel has for more than 50 years been pushing UN resolutions and rules against the wall with the full support of America.(d)As for the war criminals which you censure and form criminal courts for - you shamelessly ask that your own are granted immunity!! However, history will not forget the war crimes that you committed against the Muslims and the rest of the world; those you have killed in Japan, Afghanistan, Somalia, Lebanon and Iraq will remain a shame that you will never be able to escape. It will suffice to remind you of your latest war crimes in Afghanistan, in which densely populated innocent civilian villages were destroyed, bombs were dropped on mosques causing the roof of the mosque to come crashing down on the heads of the Muslims praying inside. You are the ones who broke the agreement with the Mujahideen when they left Qunduz, bombing them in Jangi fort, and killing more than 1,000 of your prisoners through suffocation and thirst. Allah alone knows how many people have died by torture at the hands of you and your agents. Your planes remain in the Afghan skies, looking for anyone remotely suspicious.(e)You have claimed to be the vanguards of Human Rights, and your Ministry of Foreign affairs issues annual reports containing statistics of those countries that violate any Human Rights. However, all these things vanished when the Mujahideen hit you, and you then implemented the methods of the same documented governments that you used to curse. In America, you captured thousands the Muslims and Arabs, took them into custody with neither reason, court trial, nor even disclosing their names. You issued newer, harsher laws.What happens in Guatanamo is a historical embarrassment to America and its values, and it screams into your faces - you hypocrites, "What is the value of your signature on any agreement or treaty?"(3) What we call you to thirdly is to take an honest stance with yourselves - and I doubt you will do so - to discover that you are a nation without principles or manners, and that the values and principles to you are something which you merely demand from others, not that which you yourself must adhere to.(4) We also advise you to stop supporting Israel, and to end your support of the Indians in Kashmir, the Russians against the Chechens and to also cease supporting the Manila Government against the Muslims in Southern Philippines.(5) We also advise you to pack your luggage and get out of our lands. We desire for your goodness, guidance, and righteousness, so do not force us to send you back as cargo in coffins.(6) Sixthly, we call upon you to end your support of the corrupt leaders in our countries. Do not interfere in our politics and method of education. Leave us alone, or else expect us in New York and Washington.(7) We also call you to deal with us and interact with us on the basis of mutual interests and benefits, rather than the policies of sub dual, theft and occupation, and not to continue your policy of supporting the Jews because this will result in more disasters for you.If you fail to respond to all these conditions, then prepare for fight with the Islamic Nation. The Nation of Monotheism, that puts complete trust on Allah and fears none other than Him. The Nation which is addressed by its Quran with the words: "Do you fear them? Allah has more right that you should fear Him if you are believers. Fight against them so that Allah will punish them by your hands and disgrace them and give you victory over them and heal the breasts of believing people. And remove the anger of their (believers') hearts. Allah accepts the repentance of whom He wills. Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise." [Quran9:13-1]The Nation of honour and respect:"But honour, power and glory belong to Allah, and to His Messenger (Muhammad- peace be upon him) and to the believers." [Quran 63:8]"So do not become weak (against your enemy), nor be sad, and you will be*superior ( in victory )if you are indeed (true) believers" [Quran 3:139]The Nation of Martyrdom; the Nation that desires death more than you desire life:"Think not of those who are killed in the way of Allah as dead. Nay, they are alive with their Lord, and they are being provided for. They rejoice in what Allah has bestowed upon them from His bounty and rejoice for the sake of those who have not yet joined them, but are left behind (not yet martyred) that on them no fear shall come, nor shall they grieve. They rejoice in a grace and a bounty from Allah, and that Allah will not waste the reward of the believers." [Quran 3:169-171]The Nation of victory and success that Allah has promised:"It is He Who has sent His Messenger (Muhammad peace be upon him) with guidance and the religion of truth (Islam), to make it victorious over all other religions even though the Polytheists hate it." [Quran 61:9]"Allah has decreed that 'Verily it is I and My Messengers who shall be victorious.' Verily Allah is All-Powerful, All-Mighty." [Quran 58:21]The Islamic Nation that was able to dismiss and destroy the previous evil Empires like yourself; the Nation that rejects your attacks, wishes to remove your evils, and is prepared to fight you. You are well aware that the Islamic Nation, from the very core of its soul, despises your haughtiness and arrogance.If the Americans refuse to listen to our advice and the goodness, guidance and righteousness that we call them to, then be aware that you will lose this Crusade Bush began, just like the other previous Crusades in which you were humiliated by the hands of the Mujahideen, fleeing to your home in great silence and disgrace. If the Americans do not respond, then their fate will be that of the Soviets who fled from Afghanistan to deal with their military defeat, political breakup, ideological downfall, and economic bankruptcy.This is our message to the Americans, as an answer to theirs. Do they now know why we fight them and over which form of ignorance, by the permission of Allah, we shall be victorious?Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'
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What started the Trojan horse?
1971The Creeper system, an experimental self-replicating program, is written by Bob Thomas at BBN Technologies to test John von Neumann's theory. Creeper infected DEC PDP-10 computers running the TENEX operating system. Creeper gained access via the ARPANET and copied itself to the remote system where the message "I'm the creeper, catch me if you can!" was displayed. The Reaper program was later created to delete Creeper.1973In fiction, the 1973 Michael Crichton movie Westworld made an early mention of the concept of a computer virus, being a central plot theme that causes androids to run amok. Alan Oppenheimer's character summarizes the problem by stating that "...there's a clear pattern here which suggests an analogy to an infectious disease process, spreading from one...area to the next." To which the replies are stated: "Perhaps there are superficial similarities to disease" and, "I must confess I find it difficult to believe in a disease of machinery." (Crichton's earlier work, the 1969 novel The Andromeda Strain and 1971 film were about an extraterrestrial biological virus-like disease that threatened the human race.)1974The Rabbit (or Wabbit) virus, more a fork bomb than a virus, is written. The Rabbit virus makes multiple copies of itself on a single computer (and was named "Rabbit" for the speed at which it did so) until it clogs the system, reducing system performance, before finally signNowing a threshold and crashing the computer.1975April: ANIMAL is written by John Walker for the UNIVAC 1108. ANIMAL asked a number of questions of the user in an attempt to guess the type of animal that the user was thinking of, while the related program PERVADE would create a copy of itself and ANIMAL in every directory to which the current user had access. It spread across the multi-user UNIVACs when users with overlapping permissions discovered the game, and to other computers when tapes were shared. The program was carefully written to avoid damage to existing file or directory structures, and not to copy itself if permissions did not exist or if damage could result. Its spread was therefore halted by an OS upgrade which changed the format of the file status tables that PERVADE used for safe copying. Though non-malicious, "Pervading Animal" represents the first Trojan "in the wild".The novel The Shockwave Rider by John Brunner is published, coining the word "worm" to describe a program that propagates itself through a computer network.1981–19891981A program called Elk Cloner, written for Apple II systems, was created by Richard Skrenta. The Apple II was seen[by whom?] as particularly vulnerable due to the storage of its operating system[clarification needed] on floppy disk. Elk Cloner's design combined with public ignorance[not in citation given] about what malware was and how to protect against it led to Elk Cloner being responsible for the first large-scale[not in citation given] computer virus outbreak in history.1983November: The term 'virus' is coined by Frederick Cohen in describing self-replicating computer programs. In 1984 Cohen uses the phrase "computer virus" – as suggested by his teacher Leonard Adleman – to describe the operation of such programs in terms of "infection". He defines a 'virus' as "a program that can 'infect' other programs by modifying them to include a possibly evolved copy of itself." Cohen demonstrates a virus-like program on a VAX11/750 system at Lehigh University. The program could install itself in, or infect, other system objects.1984August: Ken Thompson publishes his seminal paper, Reflections on Trusting Trust, in which he describes how he modified a C compiler so that when used to compile a specific version of the Unix operating system, it inserted a backdoor into the login command, and when used to compile itself, it inserted the backdoor insertion code, even if neither the backdoor nor the backdoor insertion code were present in the source code.1986January: The Brain boot sector virus is released. Brain is considered the first IBM PC compatible virus, and the program responsible for the first IBM PC compatible virus epidemic. The virus is also known as Lahore, Pakistani, Pakistani Brain, and Pakistani flu as it was created in Lahore, Pakistan by 19-year-old Pakistani programmer, Basit Farooq Alvi, and his brother, Amjad Farooq Alvi.December: Ralf Burger presented the Virdem model of programs at a meeting of the underground Chaos Computer Club in Germany. The Virdem model represented the first programs that could replicate themselves via addition of their code to executable DOS files in COM format.1987Appearance of the Vienna virus, which was subsequently neutralized—the first time this had happened on the IBM platform.Appearance of Lehigh virus (discovered at its namesake university), boot sector viruses such as Yale from USA, Stoned from New Zealand, Ping Pong from Italy, and appearance of first self-encrypting file virus, Cascade. Lehigh was stopped on campus before it spread to the wild, and has never been found elsewhere as a result. A subsequent infection of Cascade in the offices of IBM Belgium led to IBM responding with its own antivirus product development. Prior to this, antivirus solutions developed at IBM were intended for staff use only.October: The Jerusalem virus, part of the (at that time unknown) Suriv family, is detected in the city of Jerusalem. The virus destroys all executable files on infected machines upon every occurrence of Friday the 13th (except Friday 13 November 1987 making its first trigger date May 13, 1988). Jerusalem caused a worldwide epidemic in 1988.November: The SCA virus, a boot sector virus for Amiga computers appear, immediately creating a pandemic virus-writer storm. A short time later, SCA releases another, considerably more destructive virus, the Byte Bandit.December: Christmas Tree EXEC was the first widely disruptive replicating network program, which paralyzed several international computer networks in December 1987. It was written in Rexx on the VM/CMS operating system and originated in what was then West Germany. It re-emerged in 1990.1988March 1: The Ping-Pong virus (also called Boot, Bouncing Ball, Bouncing Dot, Italian, Italian-A or VeraCruz), an MS-DOS boot sector virus, is discovered at the University of Turin in Italy.June: The CyberAIDS and Festering Hate Apple ProDOS viruses spreads from underground pirate BBS systems and starts infecting mainstream networks. Festering Hate was the last iteration of the CyberAIDS series extending back to 1985 and 1986. Unlike the few Apple viruses that had come before which were essentially annoying, but did no damage, the Festering Hate series of viruses was extremely destructive, spreading to all system files it could find on the host computer (hard drive, floppy, and system memory) and then destroying everything when it could no longer find any uninfected files.November 2: The Morris worm, created by Robert Tappan Morris, infects DEC VAX and Sun machines running BSD UNIX that are connected to the Internet, and becomes the first worm to spread extensively "in the wild", and one of the first well-known programs exploiting buffer overrun vulnerabilities.1989October: Ghostball, the first multipartite virus, is discovered by Friðrik Skúlason. It infects both executable .COM-files and boot sectors on MS-DOS systems.December: Several thousand floppy disks containing the AIDS Trojan, the first known ransomware, are mailed to subscribers of PC Business World magazine and a WHO AIDS conference mailing list. This DOS Trojan lies dormant for 90 boot cycles, then encrypts all filenames on the system, displaying a notice asking for $189 to be sent to a post office box in Panama in order to receive a decryption program.1990–19991990Mark Washburn, working on an analysis of the Vienna and Cascade viruses with Ralf Burger, develops the first family of polymorphic viruses, the Chameleon family. Chameleon series debuted with the release of 1260.June: The Form computer virus is isolated in Switzerland. It would remain in the wild for almost 20 years and reappear afterwards; during the 1990s it tended to be the most common virus in the wild with 20 to more than 50 per cent of reported infections.1992March: The Michelangelo virus was expected to create a digital apocalypse on March 6, with millions of computers having their information wiped, according to mass media hysteria surrounding the virus. Later assessments of the damage showed the aftermath to be minimal. John McAfee had been quoted by the media as saying that 5 million computers would be affected. He later said that, pressed by the interviewer to come up with a number, he had estimated a range from 5 thousand to 5 million, but the media naturally went with just the higher number.1993"Leandro" or "Leandro & Kelly" and "Freddy Krueger" spread quickly due to popularity of BBS and shareware distribution.1994April: OneHalf is a DOS-based polymorphic computer virus.1995The first Macro virus, called "Concept", is created. It attacked Microsoft Word documents.1996"Ply" — DOS 16-bit based complicated polymorphic virus appeared with built-in permutation engine.Boza, the first virus designed specifically for Windows 95 files arrives.Laroux, the first Excel macro virus appears.Staog, the first Linux virus attacks Linux machines1998June 2: The first version of the CIH virus appears. It is the first known virus able to erase flash ROM BIOS content.1999January 20: The Happy99 worm first appeared. It invisibly attaches itself to emails, displays fireworks to hide the changes being made, and wishes the user a happy New Year. It modifies system files related to Outlook Express and Internet Explorer (IE) on Windows 95 and Windows 98.March 26: The Melissa worm was released, targeting Microsoft Word and Outlook-based systems, and creating considerable network traffic.June 6: The ExploreZip worm, which destroys Microsoft Office documents, was first detected.December 30: The Kak worm is a JavaScript computer worm that spread itself by exploiting a bug in Outlook Express.2000–20092000May 5: The ILOVEYOU worm, also known as Love Letter, or VBS, or Love Bug worm, is a computer worm purportedly created by a Filipino computer science student. Written in VBScript, it infected millions of Windows computers worldwide within a few hours of its release. Using social engineering techniques, it is considered to be one of the most damaging worms ever.June 28: The Pikachu virus is believed to be the first computer virus geared at children. It contains the character "Pikachu" from the Pokémon series, and is in the form of an e-mail titled "Pikachu Pokemon" with the message: "Pikachu is your friend." The attachment to the email has "an image of a pensive Pikachu", along with a message stating, "Between millions of people around the world I found you. Don’t forget to remember this day every time MY FRIEND." Along with the image, there is a program, written in Visual Basic 6, called "pikachupokemon.exe" that modifies the AUTOEXEC.BAT file and adds a command for removing the contents of directories C:\Windows and C:\Windows\System at computer's restart. However, a message would appear during startup, asking the user if they would like to delete the contents of those folders. This is because the author, instead of writing the lines “del C:\WINDOWS\*.* /y” and “del C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM\*.* /y” to AUTOEXEC.BAT, the author did not include the /y switches, which would have automatically chosen the yes option. The operating systems affected by this worm are Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME.2001February 11: The Anna Kournikova virus hits e-mail servers hard by sending e-mail to contacts in the Microsoft Outlook addressbook. Its creator, Jan de Wit, was sentenced to 150 hours of community service.May 8: The Sadmind worm spreads by exploiting holes in both Sun Solaris and Microsoft IIS.July: The Sircam worm is released, spreading through Microsoft systems via e-mail and unprotected network shares.July 13: The Code Red worm attacking the Index Server ISAPI Extension in Microsoft Internet Information Services is released.August 4: A complete re-write of the Code Red worm, Code Red II begins aggressively spreading onto Microsoft systems, primarily in China.September 18: The Nimda worm is discovered and spreads through a variety of means including vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows and backdoors left by Code Red II and Sadmind worm.October 26: The Klez worm is first identified. It exploits a vulnerability in Microsoft Internet Explorer and Microsoft Outlook and Outlook Express.2002February 11: The Simile virus is a metamorphic computer virus written in assembly.Beast is a Windows-based backdoor Trojan horse, more commonly known as a RAT (Remote Administration Tool). It is capable of infecting almost all versions of Windows. Written in Delphi and released first by its author Tataye in 2002, its most current version was released October 3, 2004March 7: Mylife is a computer worm that spread itself by sending malicious emails to all the contacts in Microsoft Outlook.2003January 24: The SQL Slammer worm, aka Sapphire worm, Helkern and other names, attacks vulnerabilities in Microsoft SQL Server and MSDE becomes the fastest spreading worm of all time (measured by doubling time at the peak rate of growth), causing massive Internet access disruptions worldwide just fifteen minutes after infecting its first victim.April 2: Graybird is a trojan horse also known as Backdoor.Graybird.[28]June 13: ProRat is a Turkish-made Microsoft Windows based backdoor trojan horse, more commonly known as a RAT (Remote Administration Tool).August 12: The Blaster worm, aka the Lovesan worm, rapidly spreads by exploiting a vulnerability in system services present on Windows computers.August 18: The Welchia (Nachi) worm is discovered. The worm tries to remove the blaster worm and patch Windows.August 19: The Sobig worm (technically the Sobig.F worm) spreads rapidly through Microsoft systems via mail and network shares.September 18: Swen is a computer worm written in C++.October 24: The Sober worm is first seen on Microsoft systems and maintains its presence until 2005 with many new variants. The simultaneous attacks on network weakpoints by the Blaster and Sobig worms cause massive damage.November 10: Agobot is a computer worm that can spread itself by exploiting vulnerabilities on Microsoft Windows. Some of the vulnerabilities are MS03-026 and MS05-039.November 20: Bolgimo is a computer worm that spread itself by exploiting a buffer overflow vulnerability at Microsoft Windows DCOM RPC Interface.2004January 18: Bagle is a mass-mailing worm affecting all versions of Microsoft Windows. There were 2 variants of Bagle worm, Bagle.A and Bagle.B. Bagle.B was discovered on February 17, 2004.Late January: The MyDoom worm emerges, and currently holds the record for the fastest-spreading mass mailer worm. The worm was most notable for performing a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack on Xinuos | Home, which belonged to The SCO Group.February 16: The Netsky worm is discovered. The worm spreads by email and by copying itself to folders on the local hard drive as well as on mapped network drives if available. Many variants of the Netsky worm appeared.March 19: The Witty worm is a record-breaking worm in many regards. It exploited holes in several Internet Security Systems (ISS) products. It was the fastest disclosure to worm, it was the first internet worm to carry a destructive payload and it spread rapidly using a pre-populated list of ground-zero hosts.May 1: The Sasser worm emerges by exploiting a vulnerability in the Microsoft Windows LSASS service and causes problems in networks, while removing MyDoom and Bagle variants, even interrupting business.June 15: Caribe or Cabir is a computer worm that is designed to infect mobile phones that run Symbian OS. It is the first computer worm that can infect mobile phones. It spread itself through Bluetooth. More information can be found on F-Secure[33] and Symantec.August 16: Nuclear RAT (short for Nuclear Remote Administration Tool) is a backdoor trojan that infects Windows NT family systems (Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003).August 20: Vundo, or the Vundo Trojan (also known as Virtumonde or Virtumondo and sometimes referred to as MS Juan) is a trojan known to cause popups and advertising for rogue antispyware programs, and sporadically other misbehaviour including performance degradation and denial of service with some websites including Google and Facebook.October 12: Bifrost, also known as Bifrose, is a backdoor trojan which can infect Windows 95 through Vista. Bifrost uses the typical server, server builder, and client backdoor program configuration to allow a remote attack.December: Santy, the first known "webworm" is launched. It exploited a vulnerability in phpBB and used Google in order to find new targets. It infected around 40000 sites before Google filtered the search query used by the worm, preventing it from spreading.2005August 2005: ZotobOctober 2005: The copy protection rootkit deliberately and surreptitiously included on music CDs sold by Sony BMG is exposed. The rootkit creates vulnerabilities on affected computers, making them susceptible to infection by worms and viruses.Late 2005: The Zlob Trojan, is a Trojan horse program that masquerades as a required video codec in the form of the Microsoft Windows ActiveX component. It was first detected in late 2005.2006January 20: The Nyxem worm was discovered. It spread by mass-mailing. Its payload, which activates on the third of every month, starting on February 3, attempts to disable security-related and file sharing software, and destroy files of certain types, such as Microsoft Office files.February 16: discovery of the first-ever malware for Mac OS X, a low-threat trojan-horse known as OSX/Leap-A or OSX/Oompa-A, is announced.Late March: Brontok variant N was found in late March. Brontok was a mass-email worm and the origin for the worm was from Indonesia.June: Starbucks is a virus that infects StarOffice and OpenOffice.Late September: Stration or Warezov worm first discovered.2007January 17: Storm Worm identified as a fast spreading email spamming threat to Microsoft systems. It begins gathering infected computers into the Storm botnet. By around June 30 it had infected 1.7 million computers, and it had compromised between 1 and 10 million computers by September.[40] Thought to have originated from Russia, it disguises itself as a news email containing a film about bogus news stories asking you to download the attachment which it claims is a film.July: Zeus is a trojan that targets Microsoft Windows to steal banking information by keystroke logging.2008February 17: Mocmex is a trojan, which was found in a digital photo frame in February 2008. It was the first serious computer virus on a digital photo frame. The virus was traced back to a group in China.March 3: Torpig, also known as Sinowal and Mebroot, is a Trojan horse that affects Windows, turning off anti-virus applications. It allows others to access the computer, modifies data, steals confidential information (such as user passwords and other sensitive data) and installs more malware on the victim's computer.May 6: Rustock.C, a hitherto-rumoured spambot-type malware with advanced rootkit capabilities, was announced to have been detected on Microsoft systems and analyzed, having been in the wild and undetected since October 2007 at the very least.July 6: Bohmini.A is a configurable remote access tool or trojan that exploits security flaws in signNow Flash 9.0.115 with Internet Explorer 7.0 and Firefox 2.0 under Windows XP SP2.July 31: The Koobface computer worm targets users of Facebook and Myspace. New variants constantly appear.November 21: Computer worm Conficker infects anywhere from 9 to 15 million Microsoft server systems running everything from Windows 2000 to the Windows 7 Beta. The French Navy, UK Ministry of Defence (including Royal Navy warships and submarines), Sheffield Hospital network,[48] German Bundeswehr, and Norwegian Police were all affected. Microsoft sets a bounty of US$250,000 for information leading to the capture of the worm's author(s). Five main variants of the Conficker worm are known and have been dubbed Conficker A, B, C, D and E. They were discovered 21 November 2008, 29 December 2008, 20 February 2009, 4 March 2009 and 7 April 2009, respectively. On December 16, 2008, Microsoft releases KB958644 patching the server service vulnerability responsible for the spread of Conficker.2009July 4: The July 2009 cyber attacks occur and the emergence of the W32.Dozer attack the United States and South Korea.July 15: Symantec discovered Daprosy Worm. Said trojan worm is intended to steal online-game passwords in internet cafes. It could, in fact, intercept all keystrokes and send them to its author which makes it potentially a very dangerous worm to infect B2B (business-to-business) systems.August 24: Source code for MegaPanzer is released by its author under GPLv3. and appears to have been apparently detected in the wild.2010–present2010January: The Waledac botnet sent spam emails. In February 2010, an international group of security researchers and Microsoft took Waledac down.January: The Psyb0t worm is discovered. It is thought to be unique in that it can infect routers and high-speed modems.February 18: Microsoft announced that a BSoD problem on some Windows machines which was triggered by a batch of Patch Tuesday updates was caused by the Alureon Trojan.June 17: Stuxnet, a Windows Trojan, was detected. It is the first worm to attack SCADA systems. There are suggestions that it was designed to target Iranian nuclear facilities. It uses a valid certificate from Realtek.September 9: The virus, called "here you have" or "VBMania", is a simple Trojan horse that arrives in the inbox with the odd-but-suggestive subject line "here you have". The body reads "This is The Document I told you about, you can find it Here" or "This is The Free Download Sex Movies, you can find it Here".September 15: The virus called Kenzero is a virus that spreads online from Peer to peer (P2P) sites taking browsing history.2011SpyEye and Zeus merged code is seen. New variants attack mobile phone banking information.Anti-Spyware 2011, a Trojan horse that attacks Windows 9x, 2000, XP, Vista, and Windows 7, posing as an anti-spyware program. It actually disables security-related process of anti-virus programs, while also blocking access to the Internet, which prevents updates.Summer 2011: The Morto worm attempts to propagate itself to additional computers via the Microsoft Windows Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). Morto spreads by forcing infected systems to scan for Windows servers allowing RDP login. Once Morto finds an RDP-accessible system, it attempts to log into a domain or local system account named 'Administrator' using a number of common passwords.[65] A detailed overview of how the worm works—along with the password dictionary Morto uses—was done by Imperva.July 13: the ZeroAccess rootkit (also known as Sirefef or max++) was discovered.September 1: Duqu is a worm thought to be related to the Stuxnet worm. The Laboratory of Cryptography and System Security (CrySyS Lab)[67] of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics in Hungary discovered the threat, analysed the malware, and wrote a 60-page report naming the threat Duqu. Duqu gets its name from the prefix "~DQ" it gives to the names of files it creates.2012May: Flame – also known as Flamer, sKyWIper, and Skywiper – a modular computer malware that attacks computers running Microsoft Windows. Used for targeted cyber espionage in Middle Eastern countries. Its discovery was announced on 28 May 2012 by MAHER Center of Iranian National Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT), Kaspersky Lab and CrySyS Lab of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. CrySyS stated in their report that "sKyWIper is certainly the most sophisticated malware we encountered during our practice; arguably, it is the most complex malware ever found".August 16: Shamoon is a computer virus designed to target computers running Microsoft Windows in the energy sector. Symantec, Kaspersky Lab, and Seculert announced its discovery on August 16, 2012.September 20: NGRBot is a worm that uses the IRC network for file transfer, sending and receiving commands between zombie network machines and the attacker's IRC server, and monitoring and controlling network connectivity and intercept. It employs a user-mode rootkit technique to hide and steal its victim's information. This family of bot is also designed to infect HTML pages with inline frames (iframes), causing redirections, blocking victims from getting updates from security/antimalware products, and killing those services. The bot is designed to connect via a predefined IRC channel and communicate with a remote botnet.2013September: The CryptoLocker Trojan horse is discovered. Cryptolocker encrypts the files on a user's hard drive, then prompts them to pay a ransom to the developer in order to receive the decryption key. In the following months, a number of copycat ransomware Trojans are also discovered.December: The Gameover ZeuS Trojan is discovered. This type of virus steals one's login details on popular Web sites that involve monetary transactions. It works by detecting a login page, then proceeds to inject a malicious code into the page, keystroke logging the computer user's details.December: Linux.Darlloz targets the Internet of things and infects routers, security cameras, set-top boxes by exploiting a PHP vulnerability.2014November: The Regin Trojan horse is discovered. Regin is a dropper that is primarily spread via spoofed Web pages. Once downloaded, Regin quietly downloads extensions of itself, making it difficult to be detected via anti-virus signatures. It is suspected to have been created by the United States and United Kingdom over a period of months or years, as a tool for espionage and mass surveillance.2015The BASHLITE malware is leaked leading to a massive spike in DDoS attacks.Linux.Wifatch is revealed to the general public. It is found to attempt to secure devices from other more malicious malware.2016February: Ransomware Locky with its over 60 derivatives spread throughout Europe and infected several million computers. At the height of the spread over five thousand computers per hour were infected in Germany alone. Although ransomware was not a new thing at the time, insufficient cyber security as well as a lack of standards in IT was responsible for the high number of infections. Unfortunately even up to date antivirus and internet security software was unable to protect systems from early versions of Locky.February: Tiny Banker Trojan (Tinba) makes headlines. Since its discovery, it has been found to have infected more than two dozen major banking institutions in the United States, including TD Bank, Chase, HSBC, Wells Fargo, PNC and Bank of America. Tiny Banker Trojan uses HTTP injection to force the user's computer to believe that it is on the bank's website. This spoof page will look and function just as the real one. The user then enters their information to log on, at which point Tinba can launch the bank webpage's "incorrect login information" re [1] turn, and redirect the user to the real website. This is to trick the user into thinking they had entered the wrong information and proceed as normal, although now Tinba has captured the credentials and sent them to its host.September: Mirai creates headlines by launching some of the most powerful and disruptive DDoS attacks seen to date by infecting the Internet of Things. Mirai ends up being used in the DDoS attack on 20 September 2016 on the Krebs on Security site which signNowed 620 Gbit/s. Ars Technica also reported a 1 Tbit/s attack on French web host OVH. On 21 October 2016 multiple major DDoS attacks in DNS services of DNS service provider Dyn occurred using Mirai malware installed on a large number of IoT devices, resulting in the inaccessibility of several high-profile websites such as GitHub, Twitter, Reddit, Netflix, Airbnb and many others. The attribution of the attack to the Mirai botnet was originally reported by BackConnect Inc., a security firm.2017May: The WannaCry ransomware attack spreads globally. Exploits revealed in the NSA hacking toolkit leak of late 2016 were used to enable the propagation of the malware. Shortly after the news of the infections broke online, a UK cybersecurity researcher in collaboration with others found and activated a "kill switch" hidden within the ransomware, effectively halting the initial wave of its global propagation. The next day, researchers announced that they had found new variants of the malware without the kill switch.June: The Petya (malware) attack spreads globally affecting Windows systems. Researchers at Symantec reveal that this ransomware uses the EternalBlue exploit, similar to the one used in the WannaCry ransomware attack.September: The Xafecopy Trojan attack 47 countries affecting only Android operating systems. Kaspersky Lab identified it as a malware from the Ubsod family, stealing money through click based WAP billing systems.September: A new variety of RAT Trojan, Kedi RAT (Remote Access Trojan) distributed in a Spear Phishing Campaign. The attack targeted Citrix users. The Trojan was able to evade usual system scanners. Kedi Trojan has all characteristics of a common Remote Access Trojan and it could communicate to its Command and Control center via gmail using common HTML, HTTP protocols.2018??????????
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