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Search eSignature Form Safe. Check out the most user-helpful exposure to airSlate SignNow. Control all of your papers digesting and revealing program digitally. Range from hand-held, paper-centered and erroneous workflows to programmed, computerized and perfect. You can easily create, produce and sign any papers on any device anyplace. Ensure that your airSlate SignNow company circumstances don't move overboard.
Discover how to Search eSignature Form Safe. Keep to the straightforward guide to get started:
- Make your airSlate SignNow account in click throughs or sign in with your Facebook or Google accounts.
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- Find any lawful template, create online fillable kinds and share them firmly.
- Use sophisticated features to Search eSignature Form Safe.
- Indication, individualize putting your signature on order and gather in-particular person signatures 10 times faster.
- Established auto reminders and acquire notices at each phase.
Transferring your jobs into airSlate SignNow is straightforward. What follows is an easy approach to Search eSignature Form Safe, as well as tips to help keep your fellow workers and companions for greater alliance. Empower your employees together with the best instruments to keep on the top of organization processes. Enhance productiveness and size your company faster.
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FAQs
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Are you aware that electronic signatures are very trustworthy?
Building trust with technology isn’t quite as easy as falling backward into someone’s arms. Unless you have a technical background, cybersecurity can be difficult to grasp.Most people are comfortable with ink signatures, but it’s a common misconception that just because a document has been signed with ink, it’s safe, secure and valid. In fact, without physically meeting and talking with the signer.For example, if you’ve never seen the signer’s signature before, how do you know it is actually their signature? If you know what the signature is supposed to look like, how do you know the one in front of you wasn't forged? And if the signature is on the last page of a multi-page document, how do you know that something in the preceding pages was not altered after the document was signed?The reality of e-signatures – especially independent e-signatures, in which the evidence of their validity is embedded in the signed document – is that they are more trustworthy than traditional ink signatures.Offer Transparency and ControlIn the same way, building trust means providing all the facts. If signers have access to the entire signing process from a comprehensive audit trail, they’re able to keep close watch over their transaction and its process from identity authentication to opening and reviewing documents to signing.Use Trusted TechnologyPeople trust those who are trustworthy. Companies that use e-signature technology that goes above and beyond security requirements will naturally win over the trust.Educate DownstreamNo matter how many thousands of dollars e-signatures will save your company, for an e-signature solution to be successful at every level, you must educate everyone involved in the importance your e-signature provider places on security and independence.
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How do I register my company and logo in India?
Incorporating a company in India is slightly difficult than you may think. Its better you hire a CS, CA or a Lawyer to do it for you. Nonetheless, here is the process:(1) Obtain DIN (Director Identification Number) from Registrar of Companies, Ministry of Corporate Affairs of all the proposed Directors in your Company. (2) Obtain DSC (Digital Signature Certificate) from any of the authorities recognised by Registrar of Companies of all the Directors. (3) Apply in a prescribed format to the Registrar of Companies for the approval of name of your company. You need to provide a minimum of 5 options to the Registrar in this form.(4) Once you receive the name approval from the Registrar of Companies, you need to file the following documents with that office: (a) Memorandum of Association(b) Article of Association(c) Form 32 (Details of Directors)(d) Form 18 (Registered Office details)(e) Form 1 (Compliance with the Act) FEESThe official fees for which you will receive receipts (for a Company with an Authorised Capital of Rs 1 lakh) will be approximately Rs 11,000. Rest of it will be the fee of the working professional. On an average you're likely to spend Rs 5000 to Rs 10000 in addition to the official fee, so that the total price comes out to somewhere between Rs 16000 and Rs 21000.TIME FRAMEIf everything goes smoothly, you can register your Company within 20 to 30 days. However, if an objection is raised on an issue, it may take longer, as well. Good luck!Nitin
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What are some great tools to use for sales prospecting?
I think that we all agree that the days of manual prospecting are long gone. If you automate your prospecting efforts you can save a lot of time and money, and streamline your whole sales process. But, since there are lots of prospecting tools in the market, it can be hard to figure out which ones are good and which ones you should avoid.I’ll give you a couple of suggestions based on the tools I used.Email Hunter is a decent little program that can extract a list of every single one company email. All you need to enter is a company domain, and you will soon be able to email any person from a company. You can use either its dedicated Chrome plugin, or you can do your search by means of their browser version. This program can come in really handy if you want to find the email of a particular decision maker and get in touch with them directly.HeadsignNow is another interesting tool that offers more options than Email Hunter as it has some advanced search features. This means that you can search prospects based on various criteria such as name, company, title, or website. You can also expect to find your prospects’ social media handles and memorize your search logs.Autoklose isn’t your average prospecting tool, mainly because it offers much more. It’s actually a sales automation platform that can dramatically speed up your sales cycle, and prospecting is just one of the weapons in its arsenal. Apart from automating your prospecting efforts and saving you a tremendous amount of time, Autoklose will make your job and life easier by automating your email marketing efforts, amplifying your follow-ups, providing you with detailed campaign stats and metrics, and streamlining numerous dull, repetitive tasks that have to be done during the sales process.When it comes to prospecting, Autoklose allows you several powerful methods of filling your funnel with quality leads.Upload your own reliable contacts from .CSV files and Autoklose will import the information in the database so that you can make lists according to various parameters, and additionally segment them in order to create customized outsignNow campaigns and improve your open and click-through rates;Connect your Salesforce account and sync the data with Autoklose thus growing your internal database. What’s great about this platform is that it prevents you from sending the same email to the same person twice;Gain access to a huge B2B leads database and find prospects from virtually any industry. I was impressed with the abundance of prospects that I could actually contact. This database is managed by Autoklose’s reliable third-party providers, and it’s absolutely clean and packed with verified, complete, and updated contact information.It’s clear that Autoklose gives you a plenty of prospecting options, and the fact that you can search for your potential customers by using different parameters makes it in a way similar to HeadsignNow, but one of the main and most important differences is that Autoklose provides you with validated data which undergoes a meticulous 50-point data-scrub, meaning that every missing field is filled in, and every email, phone number, address, and job title is checked both manually and through the proprietary technology. To cut the long story short, Autoklose keeps you covered and gives your prospecting a big boost.
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What's the procedure to obtain a class 2 medical certificate in India?
I had my class 2 medical assessment done in Kolkata last year-which I cleared with ease-and I would love to share my experience.The entire process takes a lot of time, which ensures a very long answer, but with that being said I can promise you with all the minor details, be patient and have a good read. But first some common questions which most people may ask in the comments and I won't be available to reply for another 1 year.When to apply?The best time is to apply a year before you plan to start flying. That means you must apply for it during your summer vacations if you plan to start f...
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What precautions should people take in order to keep their devices and data secure online?
Here is my list of top recommendations I would give to people who want to increase the safety of their devices and data online. Please note me stating “increase safety”, not “ensure 100% security”, because 100% security doesn’t exist. It doesn’t mean we shouldn’t strive for it, because we should. However, it’s important to be aware that it’s a constant process of applying best practices and mitigations meant to decrease the risk of data/device compromise.Here we go!Securing devices:Make it harder for hackers to bsignNow your data/device by keeping your software up to date. If you have your web browser, operating system and other software kept up to date, then you can prevent hackers from massively using publicly known exploits to attack your computer.1.Install good AntiVirus software capable of scanning also HTTPS traffic to protect you against some phishing attacks. AntiVirus scanning your encrypted web communication will analyze the content of websites you visit and try to match them to signatures of behavioral patterns of potentially malicious websites. This will protect you from downloading files from unknown sources. Modern AntiVirus software is also capable of defending you against some types of ransomware attacks, so keeping this software up to date and using a renowned vendor is highly important.2. Use common sense while browsing the Internet or plugging something into your computer, because antiVirus and other defensive software is just an additional layer of protection to your sanity. This includes being cautious while following links in unexpectedly received emails, not downloading pirated software, accessing only those e-commerce websites that support HTTPS, and so on.Learn how to use strong passwords (Password Strength) and use a password manager that allows you to create very strong passwords without the need to remember them all.3. Use Two-Factor Authentication wherever possible, so in case your password somehow leaks or gets guessed you still have a second layer of protection. This signNowly increases the effort of a successful attack when an attacker must steal your mobile device or a YubiKey to access the service.4. Encrypt your hard drive, so when your laptop is stolen thieves can not access the data inside. All modern operating systems and hardware support have some sort of default and safe encryption mechanisms that no longer slow down your computer. So feel free to use it anywhere you can, including your mobile devices.5. Backup your data, and test your backups. This will save you a lot of stress and anxiety when you’re hit by a possible ransomware attack, which makes all your data encrypted immediately unusable, or your hard drive simply dies.6. Don’t connect to untrusted networks because those can perform middleman attacks against you by intercepting the sensitive data you transfer online.7. Don’t let anyone near your devices if you’re not watching. It takes only a couple of seconds to plug in a malicious USB device which will compromise the security of your computer.Remember to always lock your devices when you leave them alone, so no one can jump in front of the screen and look into your emails, or stored passwords.8. You should constantly educate yourself and people around you on novel security risks by reading security blogs or news magazines. Any information attained is better than no information at all, so don’t worry that you need to learn a ton. 1% is better than zero.In terms of keeping your online data safe, the security hygiene practices mentioned above are some of the fundamentals to consider. You should govern access to your online data by a strong password with enabled Two-Factor Authentication as well as connect to data repositories only from secured devices you control and can trust. You must also look at this challenge not only by securing yourself but making sure everyone who collaborates with you on the data is aware of best security practices as well.It’s great if you have it all safe and sound, but if your collaborator is performing risky activities like downloading pirated games, and not using some sort of Antivirus software and their password is “password1234”, then all bets are off. Your personal investments in safety have vastly disappeared.It is very important to wisely choose the appropriate platform used to store your data, because we have many of them, and some of them may not provide the security protections you expected them to be. You want to be smart about who you delegate the responsibility of handling the safety and privacy of your data, because once it’s gone from your computer, you’re putting your trust with the 3rd party to deliver what they had promised you.This doesn’t mean your computer is the safest place to store your data, because in the case of most Internet users, it is not. However, there are things you should be aware of while sharing your data, so let me share with you my top requirements and concerns I personally have and follow:• Is this company known in the market and has it been stable for at least 5 years? You’re better off passing your data to a company that has been battle tested for years, rather then go with a new startup with shiny features that appear to be exactly what you always wanted• Has the company processing my data experienced any security bsignNowes in the past? And if so, how did they handle it? Security bsignNowes may happen, but that’s not really how we judge security maturity of companies. The most important part is how company respond to the bsignNow, how it was communicated to customers, how much time it took them to recognize the bsignNow, how much data was lost, was it properly secured, and what’s the scale and severity of the damage?• Is the vendor compliant with relevant industry standards such as HIPAA or GDPR?You want to make sure that they comply with industry best practices and invest in continuous security improvements that had been actually verified by external auditing entity.• Does the platform have relevant security features? You want to know if granular permissions are allowed and if there are: 2-factor authentication supported, cases are well documented, and support to use the product safely, etc?• How is my data processed and stored by the company? If a vendor can’t answer these questions in a clear form, then I don’t trust them, because they must know what they’re doing internally with my data. If they can’t answer it, then it’s a good indicator they don’t have sufficient protective parameters in place. This type of compliance will be also regulated by GDPR.• How many other people use this solution? Although it may not be the best predictor of how good the product actually is, in general you’re better off using a solution used by a few hundred of known companies rather than a software created in your neighbors garage.• Does this company have a dedicated security team? With the amount of risks and demands companies are facing nowadays, there is no chance they are secure without investing in internal or outsourced security operations.• Common sense - do you like this company? Do you have any concerns that make you feel insecure? Contact the vendor and have them answer all your doubts, or do plenty of research on your own searching for opinion via online forums.Data privacy and safety are hard to get right, so once you’ve found a company you trust and you’ve learned how to use their product — don’t get easily deluded into switching to another small company that claims they’re doing it all better.
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Why hasn't the IAF retired the MiG-21 yet, even though it is extremely old?
I will give a step-wise explanation on why IAF still uses Jaguar and Mig-21 till date even though they were retired long ago by some of the operators around the world.Mig-21 : It was in early 1980s , when Indian Air Force realised that it needed to replace its Mig-21 since they will be signNowing the end of their service life by 1990s which will be a critical fall for Indian Air Force in terms of numbers. Hence the Tejas programme was started which had its own share of problems and was dragged on for many years. Hence what IAF needed was an interim solution. The solution came when it was decided that IAF Mig-21 will be upgraded and its Total Technical Life (TTL) will be extended. The upgrade involved better avionics , armaments , EW suite and more. This helped the Mig-21 to stay for much longer in Indian Air Force. The sole reason why Mig-21 has persisted in IAF till date was due to the fact that Tejas programme faced initial hiccups and thus failed in its objective to replace the older Mig-21 in IAF service.Recently IAF has retired its Mig-21 Type 96 Aircrafts as Tejas programme has started to bore results with Tejas now being actively inducted in Flying Daggers Squadron of IAF. At present IAF uses only Mig-21 Bison/bis aircrafts which will be retired from service by next decade.SEPECAT Jaguar : Jaguars in IAF service are termed as “Deep Penetration Strike Aircraft” ( DPSA ) meant as a Fighter-Bomber to strike deep in the enemy territory. Indian Air Force has serially upgraded its Jaguars with DARIN programmes the latest being DARIN III which adds an AESA radar to the Jaguar. Future replacement for Jaguar can be AMCA which is an Indian 5th Generation Fighter Aircraft currently under development. The extended life which has been breathed in Indian Jaguars through MLUs can well keep Indian Jaguars in air up till next decade.India has been notoriously known for running the aircrafts in its inventory for a much longer time than warranted by its TTL through MLUs like in case of Mig-21 and Jaguars and even Mig-27 and others. Retiring almost 200+ Mig-21 will bring in a critical void which IAF doesn’t want due to its falling numbers. Also Jaguar is India’s lone DPSA so as long as upgrades are available and quick replacements are unavailable it is better to keep them running as these aircrafts serve quite well in their roles.Many nations still use Mig-21 like Romania with some of the famous Mig-21 knockoffs like F-7 used many nations around the world like Bangladesh , Pakistan and Egypt.
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How can I get help with fixing my credit?
I tell my clients who’d like to fix their credit themselves to do the following:pull your free credit reports from annual credit report. See what’s on each and look for discrepancies. You want to make sure you’re dealing with accurate information.Dispute the inaccuracies with the respective credit bureau and asked to have the information removed as it is not yours. This process can take some time as the bureaus legally have 30 days to respond. There can be some back and forth which is why I always say there’s no quick fixes.Once you’ve cleaned up inaccuracies time to pull together an action plan to pay off the debts on your report impacting your credit negatively.This process can be tedious which is why people have credit counselors assist. Beware of those scamming you or taking a lot of money from you and not showing you progress.
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What is the procedure to convert the CPT (IPCC old) syllabus to the direct entry old syllabus?
You can make the conversion request via offline / online (Mandated to submit printed hard copy and supporting documents to your nearest ICAI POS).Offline ModeOffline Mode:Visit nearest ICAI POS, ask for the conversion form, get it filled and submit it to the ICAI (Don't forget to take a photo-copy of it for future reference).Common form & same procedure for any types of conversion Made across offline but the only thing which is going to be different is your selected option (In your case you need to select CPT ROUTE TO DIRECT ENTRY ROUTE).Online Mode:Direct Link given below:Direct Link to Student Registration Dashboard (Read the full procedures before clicking the link)https://sdb.icai.org/stud/defaul...CDS : ICAI BOOKS STORE (CENTRAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM)icai-cds.orgProcedures:Click on the Direct Link given in this article (After reading the complete article).Create an account / sign in with your login information (If you've already created an account).Select the appropriate online form (Please make sure that you have chosen the appropriate conversation form [In Your case, you need to select CPT ROUTE TO DIRECT ENTRY ROUTE INTERMEDIATE)Please fill the form and make sure that you have all the necessary documents ready and handy to attach digitally (Some of the documents such as signature, photos, supporting documents and etc. may be having a file size limit so make sure that you fulfill all the instructions mentioned on the portal of registration (Direct Link given below)Take a print outYou'll only receive a email confirmation for this conversion (No physical letters will be sent to your address). You are strongly advised to take printout and keep it safe somewhere you keep all the educational documents.You will be given two coupon code which can be redeemed at ICAI CDS (ICAI CENTRAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF BOOKS) and the books will be provided at free of cost (Shipping charges extra). If you didn't received any coupon code you may need to email them with the email address available on the contact page of CDS. (Links given)Shipping may be take around 15–20 days depending on the courier. (It took 18 days to me to signNow Chennai)Direct Link to Student Registration Dashboard : https://sdb.icai.org/stud/defaul...(Please note that the above mentioned portal may be slow to load, in case if you are facing any issues please try after sometime or see the navigation steps to find the link by yourself on ICAI website.)Navigation to the Student Registration Dashboard (ICAI.org)Visit The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (Clickable Link)Click on e-Services (Menu on the upper right corner just underneath the SEARCH bar.You'll be redirected to a post, which has two body headings. 1. Members 2. Students. Under Students, you'll find the link (Most probably the first link) saying “Student's Dashboard for Registration in FOUNDATION Course, INTERMEDIATE / Direct Entry Course, New FINAL Course, All Conversion Forms (From Old to New Course) and Re-Validation Forms”Click on it.Good luck!
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How do the police build a criminal case against you?
Since I was a2a, how a case is built is dependent upon the type of crime (fraud, drug trafficking, money laundering, violence, etc.). Discovery of fraud generally involves a report of suspicious activity, a victim’s report, or review of records. Fraud investigations are primarily conducted through collection of pertinent financial records, identifying those involved and their documented activities. Fraud commonly involves a convoluted manipulation of circumstances that requires extensive knowledge of law and applicable regulations.Drug trafficking and associated money laundering generally involve informant information, with the informant commonly being someone arrested for an observed drug violation who turns on their confederates in order to limit their own punishment. That process could lead to an undercover operation and/or involve extensive surveillance of suspects, identification of drug and money stash locations, trash collection at identified locations, and collection of sufficient information to establish probable cause for a search warrant (http://www.quora.com/What-constitutes-probable-cause-for-a-police-officer-to-be-able-to-search-a-car-without-a-warrant/answer/Dan-Robb-2). The search warrant could lead to recovery of evidence, identification of suspects, and seizure of illegal substances or large quantities of currency for which there is no viable explanation.Investigations of crimes against persons are commonly initiated based on a report of what is claimed to be criminal behavior by a witness. The next common step involves interviews indicating where evidence may reside or where other witnesses may be located. Such information is evaluated and corroborated if possible; in that not even all eyewitness testimony is reliable (Robb, 2011). Crime scenes are identified and search is initiated, based either on immediate probable cause or through search warrants. Evidence is collected if possible, then processed for possible identification of suspects (e.g., DNA and/or fingerprints identifiable from data bases of prior offenders, or for comparison with future suspects), and indicators of events are theorized (e.g., accidental versus criminal actions).If no suspects are identifiable, or even if there are possible suspects, how the crime was committed may provide clues linking that crime to a past suspect or past crimes, even without physical evidence with regard to a suspect; or, if a serious crime, investigation may involve more extensive evaluation in a criminal profiling process:Modus Operandi and SignatureD. RobbCMRJ531In 1838, Sir Frederick Roe, a magistrate in London, argued for the employment of specialized police officers to detect crimes (as cited in Dilnot, 1927). The successes of the privately employed Bow Street Runners were cited as an example of the historical presence of recognizing modus operandi, and what could be interpreted as recognition of the value of criminal profiling.Sir Peter Laurie, a City magnate, was positive that the Metropolitan Police could not supersede the runners. ... "These men have been thief catchers all their lives, and know almost every thief in London, and of what he is capable. ... If you take them to a house, and show them that a robbery has been committed, they will tell you directly, by inspection, whether it has been done by an old or by an inexperienced thief." (as cited in Dilnot, 1927, p. 53)Holmes and Holmes (2002), in my opinion, do not adequately address the concepts of Modus Operandi (MO) and Signature. Therefore, further information is provided here. MO is not a new concept. Dilnot stated that "'Modus operandi' is obviously as old as detective work itself" (1927, p. 212). Dilnot did not comment of the exact origins of the position of detective, but he did say that detectives were employed by the Metropolitan Police, under the British Home Secretary, prior to 1845. The daguerreotype photographic process was patented in Europe in 1840, and,had come to America soon afterwards. ... None was more enthusiastic for this medium than Alan Pinkerton. Within a few years he had built up an impressive Rogues Gallery of mugshots and circulated copies of photographs to lawmen all over the country, together with detailed descriptions of physical features, dress, habits, mental characteristics, criminal specialties and mode of operation. (Mackay, 2007, p. 93)Pinkerton (1819-1884), a Scotch immigrant barrel maker and former Deputy Sheriff, headed the de facto national investigative agency (albeit private) in the U.S. during the pre- and post-Civil War era. The emergence of this private agency was apparently due the emergence of interstate commerce (i.e., railroads); the lack legal jurisdiction outside of the city, count, or state; an aversion to central governmental control; parochial thinking; and governmental financial considerations. In 1861, Pinkerton sent a letter to President Lincoln:I have in my Force from Sixteen to Eighteen persons on whose Courage, Skill and Devotion to their country I can rely. If they with myself at the head can be of service in the way of obtaining information of the movements of Traitors, or Safely conveying your letters or dispatches, on that class of Secret Service which is the most dangerous, I am at your command. (as cited in Mackay, 2007, p. 107)Fosdick (1915/1969), a former New York City Commissioner of Accounts, conducted one of the first cross-cultural studies of policing during 1913 and 1914. He was complimentary of the German system of criminal investigation, particularly with regard to the scholarly efforts of Dr. Hans Gross, an academic and criminal justice practitioner. Many European police agencies employed relatively sophisticated criminal classification and referencing systems, to the extent that in some countries, all foreigners were required to record their travels with the local police or face legal sanction. The use of dactyloscopy (fingerprinting) began for Scotland Yard in 1901, after use by English officials in India. And, classification of offenders according to method of operation (MO) by Scotland Yard was begun officially in 1896. However, at the request of London authorities in 1888, Dr. Thomas Bond was apparently cognizant of the concept based on his assessment of the crimes attributed to Jack the Ripper, based on his statement thatall five murders were no doubt committed by the same hand. … All the circumstances surrounding the murders lead me to form the opinion that the women must have been lying down when murdered. …In each case the mutilation was implicated by a person who had no scientific nor anatomical knowledge. …A man subject to periodical attacks of Homicidal and Erotic mania. The murderer in external appearance is quite likely to be a quiet inoffensive looking man, probably middle-aged and neatly and respectfully dressed. He would be solitary and eccentric in his habits, also he is most likely to be a man without regular occupation, but with a small income or pension. (as cited in Kocsis, 2006, p. 4)MO was at that time primarily used for burglary and theft crimes. Fosdick related:What is probably the most ambitious plan of crime classification by methods has been initiated in ... England. ... The so-called "M.O." or Modus Operandi system devised by Major L. W. Atcherley, Chief Constable of the West Riding of Yorkshire Constabulary.His system is more than an index for a single department. It is a cooperative arrangement by which habitual or traveling criminals can be traced from community to community by a comparison of their methods of work. (1915/1969, p. 344)Atcherley's system included 10 categories, and the tenth is somewhat consistent with the concept of signature:1—Classword; kind of property attacked, whether dwelling house, lodging house, hotel, etc.2—Entry; the actual point of entry, front window, back window, etc.3—Means; whether with implements or tools, such as a ladder, jimmy, etc.4—Object; kind of property taken.5—Time; not only time of day or night, but whether church time, market day, during meal hours, etc.6—Style; whether criminal to obtain entrance describes himself as mechanic, canvasser, agent, etc.7—Tale; any disclosure as to his alleged business or errand which the criminal may make.8—Pals; whether crime was committed with confederates, etc.9—Transport; whether bicycle or other vehicle was used in connection with crime.10—Trademark; whether criminal committed any unusual act in connection with crime, such as poisoning a dog, changing his clothes, leaving a note for the owner, etc. (Fosdick, 1915/1969, p. 346)MO and Signature are similar and may be easily confused, one for the other. MO involves those behaviors necessary for the successful commission of a crime; incorporating three elements: 1) success of the crime; 2) protection of identity; and, 3) successful escape (Gee & Belofastov, 2007).Signature is an aspect of a crime that fulfills an emotional need, which is not necessarily conscious. Signature could involve intentional crime scene configuration or taking of souvenirs, and generally remains consistent, due to the emotional element; or, may be as elemental as words used or the order in which acts are committed (Holmes & Holmes, 2002). Although, some variations of Signature can be expected, based on the recognition that each independent crime is subject to numerous influences (e.g., unexpected interruption, time constraints, physical limitations) (Douglas, Burgess, Burgess, & Ressler, 1992; Douglas & Olshaker, 1995; Turvey, 2001).Douglas et al. indicated that “signature does not always show up in every crime because of contingencies that might arise, such as interruptions or an unexpected victim response” (1992, p. 261). Turvey (2001) referred to this concept as the “X-factor,” unexpected events at the crime scene that may eliminate MO and Signature.MO is more affected by evolution and refinement, in response to environmental stimuli. For example, if one gets too close to being caught, one will probably improve their methods in the future. Or, as in the “DC Sniper” case, the press commented upon the fact that the shooter had targeted only adults, which was of course followed by the shooting of a young boy. And then, press statements highlighted the lack of demands by the DC Sniper, followed by demands from these spree killers for a large sum of money.Douglas and Olshaker (Douglas being a retired Federal Bureau of Investigation profiler) provided the following discussion of MO vs. Signature, and staging versus posing:The differences between MO and signature can be subtle. … (A) robber … made …captives undress, posed them in sexual positions, and took photographs…. That’s his signature. It was not necessary or helpful to the commission of a bank robbery.” Another robber forced disrobing “so the witnesses would be so preoccupied … that they … couldn’t make a positive ID. … This was MO. (1995, pp. 253-255)In a serial murder case, the defendant’s lawyer “was trying to show that it was unlikely these crimes were all committed by the same individual because so many details of the modus operandi varied. I made it clear that regardless of the MO, the common denominator in each of the murders was physical, sexual, and emotional torture. … So, though the methods of torture varied—the MO, if you will—the signature was the pleasure he received out of inflicting the pain” (Douglas & Olshaker, 1995, p. 255).Staging is an element of MO and involves placement or manipulation of a crime scene to mislead investigators, “such as when a rapist tries to make his intrusion look like a routine burglary” (Douglas & Olshaker, p. 256). Posing, (also) an element of signature, is infrequent and involves “treating the victim like a prop to leave a specific message. … These are crimes of anger, crimes of power(,) … it is the thrill of … beating the system” (p. 256).The Signature is sometimes referred to as a “calling card” or trademark of the offender, such as by Douglas et al. (1992). However, stating that the Signature is a calling card is inappropriate in my opinion. Such a label leads to the inference that it is an intentional act on the part of the perpetrator to mark the crime as his own; this may not be the case, since the perpetrator may not be conscious of the significance of the act and oblivious to how the evidence of his behavior will appear. Turvey (2001) also disagreed with such a label because crimes and the resulting crime scenes are inherently chaotic with numerous variables; therefore, a precise match of Signature and MO is unlikely. In addition, Turvey noted that interpretation of evidence may be faulty due to misinterpretation or destruction of evidence (intentional or accidental), leading to faulty conclusions.Signature and MO may be difficult to differentiate, and may even be indistinguishable in a crime scene. However, the concepts must be separated and the characteristics of each must be articulated.CR531 Criminal ProfilingD. L. RobbProfessor Comments Week 1Very few people would argue against the idea that the ways in which we present and maintain ourselves, our homes, and our workspaces reflect some very important aspects of our personalities. Certainly, from our studies in the humanities, archeology and anthropology, we know that even in the absence of a written history, the depictions of art, music, clothing, household artifacts, and architecture developed and left behind by a long-dead society can still clearly tell us a great deal about the beliefs, attitudes and lifestyles of its inhabitants. Similarly, it is the contention of practitioners of Criminal Profiling, that the actual commission of crimes may also reflect key personality and lifestyle characteristics of those who committed the crimes.The commission of a crime requires that the offender make a series of choices, decisions, responses, and reactions. The resulting dynamics of the crime, as revealed through crime scene investigation, will then necessarily reflect the intelligence, competence, composure, experience, needs, wants, fantasies, motivation, and many other key characteristics of the offender’s personality. This has probably been obvious to those charged with finding and apprehending offenders from the outset of such positions. …Profiling is rooted in the belief that an offender’s thinking directs the offender’s behavior. If the crime scene reveals to us the offender’s behavior, we should be able to examine the scene to make some assumptions about the offender’s thinking. “Elementary,” as Sherlock might say, probably not. Profiling is a complex function that requires investigative experience and insights gained from years of exposure to various crimes, individuals, and personality types.Criminal profiling is a criminological/sociological, psychological, biosociological, and forensic analysis process that attempts to make investigative sense of apparent crime scene dynamics, in order to gain an understanding of behavior, motivation characteristics of offenders, and personality. Profilers analyze the totality of the known crime circumstances, make inferences of offender behavior from that analysis, and create a profile of the offender based on inferences of the offender's behavior (what would appear to be inferences based on inferences).Profiling is, in fact, a form of retroclassification, or classification that works backward. Profilers recognize crime scene dynamics that are associated to criminal personality types who commit similar offences. Typically we classify a known entity into a discrete category, based on presenting characteristics that translate into criteria for assignment to that category. (Douglas, Burgess, Burgess, & Ressler, 2006, p. 97)In this course, you will be prompted to examine the research on criminal profiling. We will try to make sense of these acts of violence, which so often confront us in our contemporary life, and cull out of the acts, some comprehensible threads that will permit us to find similarities amongst offenders’ personalities and to formulate a rationale for the differences between them, as well. However, as we continue our inquiries into the field, we will discover that, as in almost all studies of human behavior, the discipline is filled with contradictory theories, opposing beliefs about the best way to study and construct criminal profiles, and many social, legal, and ethical issues that must be considered.References:Dilnot, G. (1927). The story of Scotland Yard. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Douglas, J. E., Burgess, A. W., Burgess, A. G., & Ressler, R. K. (Eds.). (2006). Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crimes (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Josey-Bass.ReferencesDilnot, G. (1927). The story of Scotland Yard. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Douglas, J. E., Burgess, A. W., Burgess, A. G., & Ressler, R. K. (1992). Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crimes. San Francisco: Josey-Bass.Douglas, J., & Olshaker, M. (1995). Mind hunter: Inside the FBI’s elite crime unit. New York: Pocket Books.Fosdick, R. B. (1969). European police systems. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith. (Original work published 1915)Gee, D., & Belofastov, A. (2007). Profiling sexual fantasy: Fantasy in sexual offending and the implications for criminal profiling. In R. N. Kocsis (ed.). Criminal profiling: International theory, research, and practice. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (2002). Profiling violent crimes: An investigative tool (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Kocsis, R. N. (2006). Criminal profiling: Principles and practice. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.Mackay, J. (2007). Allan Pinkerton: The first private eye. Edison, NJ: Castle Books.Turvey, B. E. (2001). Criminal profiling: An introduction to behavioral evidence analysis (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.Once sufficient evidence is collected and corroborated to the extent thought necessary by investigators, the case is presented to prosecutors who assess the evidence with regard to the necessity for proving the allegation beyond a reasonable doubt in court. Additional investigation may be requested, prosecution may be declined, or accepted for prosecution.Reference:Robb, D. L. (2011, November). Eyewitness identification in photographic lineups: A case study. Presented at the Texas Association for Investigative Hypnosis Training Conference, November 2011. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/2662993...
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