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Send eSignature Form Later. Check out probably the most end user-warm and friendly knowledge about airSlate SignNow. Deal with your entire papers handling and revealing program electronically. Change from handheld, papers-based and erroneous workflows to computerized, digital and perfect. It is simple to make, provide and sign any paperwork on any product just about anywhere. Ensure your airSlate SignNow business cases don't slide over the top.
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FAQs
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Is there an industry standard e-signature software that insurance companies use for online life insurance sales?
Many insurance companies use signNow for their e-signature needs. It has the best online link/forms solution in the esign industry so that you can integrate new enrollments directly from your website. There's also a flexible API for integrations as well. If you want to send documents in bulk for esigning, like customer renewals, you can do that too. There's also an in-person signing feature for clients right in your office. signNow just integrated with Salesforce and has payment processing capabilities as well. signNow is easy to use, cost-effective and has great customer service if you have any issues. You can sign up for signNow's free trial on their website and request to see a webinar to check out how it will work for your requirements.
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How do I create a web design contract?
First of all, good for you for having the mental clarity to want to use contracts for web design. You believe it or not, are far ahead of most “developers” just by virtue of being able to conceive of using contracts. You’ll be ahead of most “wantrepreneurs” and “startup founders” just by thinking of using contracts, so hats off to you young man.You can find sample contracts very easily, just by Googling the free-to-use “contract killer” template. Just Google “contract killer web design contract.” Another way to find even more sample contracts is to take a few “how to be a web developer” courses on Udemy and I think you’d probably find more by Googling “sample web design contract,” going to the Freelancer’s Union website, going to signNow and looking at theirs as well.I’m not a lawyer, but I don’t have to be one (nor do you) in order to use or edit contracts. I started out as a web developer not using contracts simply because nobody else I spoke with knew anything and it was a very intimidating topic; and like so many other things of value in life, if you want it done correctly sometimes you just have to get off your butt and do some hard work. I had more than my fair share of being taken advantage of by non-profits (I used to be in favor of volunteering, now I will never do it again) who once they had pro bono (free basically) work, had “revisions” without end - taking professional design and wanting to turn it into a coloring book for a bi-polar paranoid schizophrenic. I had “agencies” asking me to build sites for them “on spec,” (for free), playing mind games with “more work later.” “Agencies” with $200 budgets, and so on and on it went. Until I saw what real agencies charged for crap work with no SEO or thought. Now I always contracts, and I use electronic signatures, and store contracts for years on Dropbox in case they “forget” something a year or two out.I keep a folder of different contracts, RFP responses, generic “sorry your budget is so low” letters, and “hey, we’d love to work with you” letters and suggest you do the same. You can use Gravity Forms to set up or send form contracts with IP tracking and e-signature or use fill-in PDF forms, or even old-fashioned paper contracts, but contracts are a necessity especially in a profession as under-valued and as misunderstood as ours.Good luck and if you need any future help, I’d be happy to pitch in.
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Can we apply for an Indian tourist visa (not entry visa) for our US-born daughter? We both have Indian citizenship and live in t
Yes, your daughter is a Person of Indian Origin and qualifies for an OCI card [1] You can apply for the OCI online, and it takes about 12 weeks to get it. An OCI card is a multiple entry visa. Your daughter will be able to travel to India as long as it’s valid. I just went through this for my daughter, and can try to explain itThe OCI application process is the most complicated process I have ever gone through in my life. Recently they have started making everything online, and of course becausewe are like this only, they have to do everything their own way instead of just copying what every other country in the world does. So, buckle up for some fun. See, the thing is that there are many agencies involved here. OCIs are granted by the Indian Passport office. However, the embassy is actually going to provide the OCI card. And the embassy doesn’t want to deal with people anymore (unless there’s an emergency). So, they have picked a private company called Cox and King’s (CKGS) to be the intermediarySo, the process is thisa) You go to the CKGS website to start an applicationb) Midway through the application, you halt the application, and go to the Indian Passport office’s website and start a new applicationc) You scan and upload a bunch of documents. d) During the process, the website will ask you to sign the document by drawing your signature. DONT SIGN THE DOCUMENT BY DRAWING YOUR SIGNATURE. Because after you have submitted your signature, it tells you that if the applicant is a minor, you need a thumbprint and you shouldn’t put the parent’s signature. By the time it tells you that, there is no way to go back and unbdo your signature. Why? because we are like this onlye) The Passport office website will give you a softcopy of the application form that you just filled out. Print this form, and keep the soft copy. It also gives you an application number. Keep this numberf) Go back to CKGS website to complete your application. Upload the application form that the Indian Passport office and paste the application number in the correct field to continueg) CKGS will give you a checklist of the documents that they need. Pay good attention to this checklist. Some of the documents need to be scanned and uploaded. For some of the copies, they need hard copies that needs to be sent to them (more on this later). For some documents, they need the document to be signNowd copies(more on this later), for others they don;t need signNowd copies. I can’t understand how they decide what they can signNow and what they can’t. Pay attention to what needs to be done to which document because if you make a mistake, CKGS will return your application back to you. By the way, these documents are extensive. For example, you will need to show that you and your wife are married, so you have to provide your marriage certificate. I have no idea what single parents do! h) Reupload all the documents that you uploaded in step c. By the way fill all the information again. Why couldn’t CKGS talk to India passport office and get all this information themselves? Because we are like this onlyi) Pay CKGS $300 dollars. This is on the cKGS websitej) Pay CKGS $31.50 courier fees. This is $15.00 to send the documents to CKGS, and $15 for them to send the OCI card back to you. This is also on the CKGS websitek) CKGS will give you a payment reciept for you Print out the payment receipt for both things. CKGS will also give you a prepaid FedEx barcode. Print that outl) Go to the notary to signNow the documents. This is funny. As you might know, notaries signNow documents as “true copies”, which means that they are basically attesting that the copy is the same as the original. Depending on your jurisdiction, notaries are not allowed to signNow certain documents. For example, in Virginia, notaries cannot signNow birth certificates. What they can do is signNow a statement from you that says that you claim that the copy of the birth certificate is original. If your notary refuses to signNow a document, there is another form that you need to sign and get it signNowd.m) Make a neat packet from all the documents that you need to send to them. Go to fedex. Put the documents in the fedex envelope and give fedex the barcode and they will ship it to CKGS. Note that you are not sending originals yet. Why? Because you have a long way to go! LAso, remember the payment reciepts that you got from CKGS. You have to put the printouts of those payment reciepts in this packet. Where is this packet going? To CKGS. Where did you get the payment recipet from? CKGS. Why do you need to send the reciept back to CKGS instead of them simply looking up the transaction in their database? We are like this only.n) CKGS check the documents and send them to embassyo) Embassy will check the documents and send them to Delhip) Delhi will give their blessing and now you have entered the phase called the OCI Match Up phase. Yay!!! Until now, you were getting ready to apply for OCI. Now you are going to actually apply for OCIq) Go back to CKGS website to start the OCI match up process.r) Now there’ another checklist that says what you need to send them. The checklist lies. It says that you need to send them a Money Order. You don’t need to send them a Money Order. I spent 20 minutes on hold with the CKGS call center today to confirm this. This 20 minutes is my gift to yous) You will again pay for fed ex shipping like you did last time, and it will print out a pre-paid fedex envelope for you. Pay attention because apparently there is a button somewhere that you can use to tell them that you already paid them $15 for return courier when when you paid courier fees last time. I missed this button and paid $15 extra. Again $15 is my gift to you. If you want to give me $5, ping me, I’ll give you my Paypal account. :p I already made a $15 gift to CKGSt) Now you send them copies of the receipt that shows you have made payments, and the actual US passport of your childu) They will process this and send back the OCI card to youFootnotes[1] Visa for India from USA - CKGS USA
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How do I register a startup in India? How much money and time does it take? If am currently only 17, what issues will I face dur
Algorithm for starting a Private Limited Company: Engineer's View Personally I believe, If someone is starting a company with long term perspective or to bring some change through their unique Product/Services, one must go for Private limited firm. Prime reason for this is easy to raise funds from Angels/VC in case you go for investment. Step 1. Registration of Company 1. Name Selection: Check whether your desired company name is available or not at MCA website [ http://www.mca.gov.in/ ]. Name must be unique & must resemble with business you intend to do (highlighted one). EX: Arihant Labs Retail Services Pvt. Ltd 2. Registration of Name at ROC: Name approval usually takes maximum of 14 days. This is done online through MCA website. Moreover, you need to apply with at least 4 names for approval with a writeup about significance of names with main business of the company. 3. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Options for names for the proposed Company (on the basis of preference) 2. Amount of Share Capital; proposed shareholding ratio 3. A paragraph on the proposed major line of business of the company (main objects) 4. City of Registered Office. 5. Copy of ownership deed/sale deed(if property is owned) 6. Copy of rent agreement with NOC (if property is rented) 7. Copy of latest electricity bill/telephone bill/mobile bill for both directors 8. Copy of latest electric bill/telephone bill for the registered office proof. 4. Obtaining DIN & DSC: 5. 1. Documents Required 2. 1. PAN Card copies for directors and shareholders. 2. Voter ID/Passport/Driving License for directors and shareholders. 3. Occupation of the Directors for directors and shareholders. 4. E-Mail IDs of all directors and shareholders. 5. Phone Numbers for all directors and shareholders. 6. Photos for directors and shareholders 6. Company Incorporation: After above mentioned formalities have been completed, we need to file following forms/docs in Rs 100 stamp paper: 7. 1. Affidavits for non- acceptance 2. INC 9, INC 10 3. DIR 2 4. NOC : This is required to be filed by the owner of the property on which your company will be situated. 5. Subscriber Sheets of MOA & AOA 6. Documents required for filling MOA & AOA 7. 1. Must be filled on OWN handwriting 2. Passport size photos 3. Sheets needs to be witnessed by CA/CS/Advocate Step 2. Obtaining PAN/TAN: After company gets incorporated, you may apply for PAN/TAN. Step 3. Trade Licence in case you are selling PRODUCTS: This is required in some places for carrying out sales. You can obtain this from local Municipality. Step 4. VAT/CST registration for selling Products: For selling intra-state, you need VAT registration & for selling inter-state, you need to register for CST. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Trade Licence 2. Company Incorporation Certificate 3. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 4. Proof of residence of Directors 5. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 6. MOA & AOA of company 7. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank Step 5. Service tax registration for Service Industry: In India, you need to pay service tax of 14.5% on every services you have charged customer for. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Company Incorporation Certificate 2. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 3. Proof of residence of Directors 4. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 5. MOA & AOA of company 6. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank That's All folks! Your STARTUP is up to Conquer the World. UPVOTE & SHARE your views/issues We at labkafe [ http://labkafe.com/ ], prefer taxmantra [ http://taxmantra.com/ ] for our legal requirements.
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Can we file tax return in India for previous years? If yes, then for upto how many years can we do so and what is the procedure
Yes, but only of 1 previous year.You have to file your income tax return within the due date of 31st July (Non Audit Assessee) / 30th Sep (Audit Assessee). But if returns have not been filed before due date, you can still file a belated return any time before the expiry of 2 years from the end of the financial year. So, if you want to file a return now, you can only file for F.Y. 2012-13 and F.Y. 2013-14If you are not well versed with the Income Tax Laws, then it is advisable to file your income tax return through a Chartered Accountant or Tax Consultant to avoid any mistake. If you are going to file it yourself, then following is the procedure:-Before you start the process, keep your bank statements, Form 16 issued by your employer and a copy of last year's return at hand. Next, log on to www.incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in. Follow these steps:Step 1: Register yourself on the website. Your Permanent Account Number (PAN) will be your user ID.Step 2: View your tax credit statement — Form 26AS — for the financial year 2012-13 . The statement will reflect the taxes deducted by your employer actually deposited with the I-T department. The TDS as per your Form 16 must tally with the figures in Form 26AS. If you file the return despite discrepancies, if any, you could get a notice from the I-T department later.Step 3: Under the 'Download' menu, click on Income Tax Return Forms and choose AY 2013-14 (for financial year 2012-13 ). Download the Income Tax Return (ITR) form applicable to you. If your exempt income exceeds Rs 5,000, the appropriate form will be ITR-2 . If the applicable form is ITR-1 or ITR 4S, you can complete the process on the portal itself, by using the 'Quick e-file ITR' link.Step 4: Open the downloaded Return Preparation Software (excel utility) and complete the form by entering all the details , using your Form 16.Step 5: Ascertain the tax payable by clicking the 'Calculate Tax' tab. Pay tax (if applicable) and enter the challan details in the tax return.Step 6: Confirm all the information in the worksheet by clicking the 'Validate' tab.Step 7: Proceed to generate an XML file and save it on your computer.Step 8: Go to 'Upload Return' on the portal's left panel and upload the saved XML file after selecting 'AY 2013-2014 ' and the relevant form. You will be asked whether you wish to digitally sign the file. If you have obtained a DS (digital signature), select Yes. Or, choose 'No'.Step 9: Once the website flashes the message about successful e-filing on your screen, you can consider the process to be complete. The acknowledgment form — ITR—Verification (ITR-V ) will be generated and you can download it.Step 10: Take a printout of the form ITR-V , sign it preferably in blue ink, and send it only by ordinary or Speed post to the Income-Tax Department-CPC , Post Bag No-1 , Electronic City Post Office, Bangalore - 560 100, Karnataka, within 120 days of filing your return online.
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How can I file income tax return independently?
Greeting !!!If you are going to file it yourself, then following is the procedure:-Before you start the process, keep your bank statements, Form 16 issued by your employer and a copy of last year's return at hand. Next, log on to www.incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in. Follow these steps:Step 1: Register yourself on the website. Your Permanent Account Number (PAN) will be your user ID.Step 2: View your tax credit statement — Form 26AS — for the financial year 2012-13 . The statement will reflect the taxes deducted by your employer actually deposited with the I-T department. The TDS as per your Form 16 must tally with the figures in Form 26AS. If you file the return despite discrepancies, if any, you could get a notice from the I-T department later.Step 3: Under the 'Download' menu, click on Income Tax Return Forms and choose AY 2013-14 (for financial year 2012-13 ). Download the Income Tax Return (ITR) form applicable to you. If your exempt income exceeds Rs 5,000, the appropriate form will be ITR-2 . If the applicable form is ITR-1 or ITR 4S, you can complete the process on the portal itself, by using the 'Quick e-file ITR' link.Step 4: Open the downloaded Return Preparation Software (excel utility) and complete the form by entering all the details , using your Form 16.Step 5: Ascertain the tax payable by clicking the 'Calculate Tax' tab. Pay tax (if applicable) and enter the challan details in the tax return.Step 6: Confirm all the information in the worksheet by clicking the 'Validate' tab.Step 7: Proceed to generate an XML file and save it on your computer.Step 8: Go to 'Upload Return' on the portal's left panel and upload the saved XML file after selecting 'AY 2013-2014 ' and the relevant form. You will be asked whether you wish to digitally sign the file. If you have obtained a DS (digital signature), select Yes. Or, choose 'No'.Step 9: Once the website flashes the message about successful e-filing on your screen, you can consider the process to be complete. The acknowledgment form — ITR—Verification (ITR-V ) will be generated and you can download it.Step 10: Take a printout of the form ITR-V , sign it preferably in blue ink, and send it only by ordinary or Speed post to the Income-Tax Department-CPC , Post Bag No-1 , Electronic City Post Office, Bangalore - 560 100, Karnataka, within 120 days of filing your return online.Its Advisable to go with CA help for filling Tax return. There are lots of amendment come in every year, to file accurate return and Tax planning benefit etc so Prefer to go with expert like CA, Tax Preparer etc…Be Peaceful
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What do pro-choicers think of third-trimester abortions?
First, the child has a “head and limbs and everything” much, much earlier than the third trimester.So if the criteria is that a fetus with “a head and limbs and everything” should not be aborted, the period of time when abortion is okay would have to be before 8 or 9 weeks or even earlier, depending on your perception of what constitutes a “head and limbs”. The little buds and the little webbed looking hands are seen by 8 weeks, along with the large (seemingly) misshapen head that will envelope the amazing human brain.I personally believe that the fetus is not conscious until around the 24th week of pregnancy. (I came up with this general time frame from reading about neurology, consciousness, and fetal development; a complex topic that I won’t detail here.) I don’t believe the fetus feels pain when aborted before about the 22nd week. Although it is heart-wrenching to watch images of the fetus (reflexively) attempting to escape abortionist tools. They jerk and pull away, as all living things seek to preserve their lives.However, as I said elsewhere, that to me being unconscious does not mean a living being does not have rights. I recently had surgery and was unconscious for the procedure. I could have been terminated and not felt it or known about it, but that wouldn’t have made it morally right.Very few abortions are done in the third trimester. Few doctors will do them. When they do occur it is often because the fetus is so seriously deformed and would not survive the birth process anyway. (But since your question is about having a head and limbs, we needn’t stick to the last trimester in our discussion.)Abortion is not legal throughout all three trimesters in most states. Many states have limits of between 20 to 24 weeks, some even earlier. But even at 12 weeks, yes, there is a very human-looking being with a little head, arms and legs and visible, although still ambiguous, genitals.I don’t know what “pro-choice” people think about very late abortions. Some may have an arbitrary timeline in their own mind as towhen the baby is too human to deprive of its life, and others follow the “gospel of choice”. The gospel of choice is that any and all rights an unborn person has are null and void because the rights of the mother trump them. Once the infant is born and takes a breath, then and only then can humanity be ascribed to them. Here is an interesting video in which a (former) fetus speaks of surviving an abortion attempt:I must say, I am suspicious of your claim to be pro-choice. Forgive me if I am incorrect in my suspicions. Frequently, posters on this forum will pose as pro-choice and ask innocent questions meant to provoke the discussion on Quora. It is futile to try to dissuade most pro-choicers with these ethics questions.Of interest, there are many former pro-choice warriors who have struggled with the issue and have jumped the fence. Notable is Dr. Bernard Nathanson, the abortionist who may have done more than anyone else to make abortion legal as one of the key figures in the work of the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws. (NARAL) . His turnaround was so radical that he went from an atheist to a Catholic and spent his remaining years fighting abortion. I have not been able to find online recently his breathless deathbed plea for unborn life, but this obituary provides his perspective. B. N. Nathanson, 84, Dies; Changed Sides on AbortionOther well-known figures include the “Roe” of “Roe versus Wade”’ Norma McCorvey, who changed her mind and spent decades as a prolife activist Norma McCorvey on becoming pro-life (1998) - CNN Videoand Abby Johnson, the former director of a Planned Parenthood. AbortionWorkerOf course, these mind-changes have no effect on discussion with true-believing pro-choice people; such people are seen only as turncoats. If the “gospel of choice” community responds at all, it is usually in the form of attack or attempts to discredit those who have jumped the fence. For those who have a grain of doubt in their position, who are troubled by the fetal attempt to squirm away from a sharp tool, then perhaps the reasons these pro-choice icons became turncoats may be interesting. But they will not interest those who have no doubts.I will provide here links to two videos showing fetal life. One is a miscarriage, and the other is labelled as an abortion. I don’t believe the moving fetus is an abortion, despite the claims of the person who posted it. The medical personnel are speaking a language I don’t understand, but you can hear tones of sadness as they discuss the little fetus, and further the fetus is not damaged in anyway, so likely this is footage of a natural miscarriage. This is graphic, but not gory, it is merely a fetus moving a little bit as it dies because it cannot live outside the womb. This fetus is too young to try to breathe or have any pain or consciousness. I am estimating that it was born early in the second trimester. If you are sensitive, it may be too alarming to watch. I am sorry about the banner “Abortion is Murder” and so on. but this is the only video that shows the miscarriage of a fetus of this age that I can find. I don’t think all the “murder” talk and the accusations help the discussion. Anyway, this is not a third trimester baby by any stretch of the imagination. It is likely 14 to 16 weeks and yes, there is a head and legs.I want to also add that I don’t think that reversing the Supreme Court decision regarding the right of women to terminate their pregnancies will help anything at this point.I am more interested in being free to talk about human life with those who have doubts and to explore addressing the cultural effects of the legalization of abortion. For instance, there are movements such as Feminists for Life and other secular prolife movements who offer a different perspective from the religious dissenters and the “gospel of choice” movement. secularprolifeYes, the Supreme Court has spoken. But no law has been enacted that prevents thoughtful people from re-examining and conversing about the disquieting questions that the theme of abortion gives rise to.
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How do I file an income tax return online from Form 16?
Greeting Friends !!!If you are going to file it yourself, then following is the procedure:-Before you start the process, keep your bank statements, Form 16 issued by your employer and a copy of last year's return at hand. Next, log on to http://incometaxindiaefiling.gov...Follow these steps:Step 1: Register yourself on the website. Your Permanent Account Number (PAN) will be your user ID.Step 2: View your tax credit statement — Form 26AS — for the financial year 2015–16 . The statement will reflect the taxes deducted by your employer actually deposited with the I-T department. The TDS as per your Form 16 must tally with the figures in Form 26AS. If you file the return despite discrepancies, if any, you could get a notice from the I-T department later.Step 3: Under the 'Download' menu, click on Income Tax Return Forms and choose AY 2016–17 (for financial year 2015–16 ). Download the Income Tax Return (ITR) form applicable to you.Which Income Tax Return Form Require to file or applicable F.Y. 2015–16 by Hetal M Kukadiya on Tax Knowledge Bank - IndiaStep 4: Open the downloaded Return Preparation Software (excel or Java utility) and complete the form by entering all the details , using your all documentsStep 5: Ascertain the tax payable by clicking the 'Calculate Tax' tab. Pay tax (if applicable) and enter the challan details in the tax return.Step 6: Confirm all the information in the worksheet by clicking the 'Validate' tab.Step 7: Proceed to generate an XML file and save it on your computer.Step 8: Go to 'Upload Return' on the portal's left panel and upload the saved XML file after selecting 'AY 2016-2017 ' and the relevant form. You will be asked whether you wish to digitally sign the file. If you have obtained a DS (digital signature), select Yes. Or, choose 'No'.Step 9: Once the website flashes the message about successful e-filing on your screen, you can consider the process to be complete. The acknowledgment form — ITR—Verification (ITR-V ) will be generated and you can download it.Step 10: you can Verify online with EVC Pin or Take a printout of the form ITR-V , sign it preferably in blue ink, and send it only by ordinary or Speed post to the Income-Tax Department-CPC , Post Bag No-1 , Electronic City Post Office, Bangalore - 560 100, Karnataka, within 120 days of filing your return online.Its Advisable to go with CA help for filling Tax return. There are lots of amendment come in every year, to file accurate return and Tax planning benefit etc so Prefer to go with expert like CA, Tax Preparer etc…Be Peaceful !!!
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How are cracked versions of software created and why are developers not able to prevent it?
Cracked versions of software are created with the use of debuggers. (A debugger is a special type of software that lets programmers deconstruct their software into its constituent parts for the purpose of finding bugs, and thus de-bugging. Additionally debuggers can be used for reverse-engineering, or to see what is inside the software, to learn its logic. The latter method is used mostly by malware researchers to study what malware (or computer viruses) do on-the-inside. But it can be also used by an attacker to "crack" (or bypass) legal software registration, or at times, to alter normal behavior of software, for instance by injecting a malicious code into it.)For the sake of this example, I will assume that the software that is being "cracked" was compiled into a native code, and is not a .NET or a JavaScript based application. (Otherwise it will be somewhat trivial to view its source code.) The compiled native code is a bit more tricky "beast" to study. (Native means that the code executes directly by the CPU, GPU, or other hardware.)So let's assume that the goal of an attacker is to bypass the registration logic in the software so that he or she doesn't have to pay for it. (Later for lolz, he or she may also post such "crack" on some shady online forum or on a torrent site so that others can "use" it too and give him or her their appreciation.)For simplicity let's assume that the original logic that was checking for the software registration was written in C++ and was something similar to the following code snippet:In this code sample "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are special strings of text that a legitimate software user will receive after paying for the license. (The name is usually that person's actual name or their email address, and the code is some string of unique/special characters that is tied to the name.)In the logic above, the function named "isRegistrationCodeGood()" will check if "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are accepted using some proprietary method. If they are, it will return true. Otherwise false. That outcode will dictate which branch (or scope) the execution will follow.So the logic above will either show that registration failed and quit:Or, if the registration code and name matched, it will save the registration details in persistent storage (such as the File System or System Registry) using the function named "rememberRegistrationParameters()" and then display the message thanking the user for registering:A "cracker" will obviously want to achieve the second result for any registration code that he or she enters. But they have a problem. They do not have the C++ source code, part of which I showed above. (I hope not!)So the only recourse for an attacker is to disassemble the binary code (that always ships with software in the form of .exe and .dll files on Windows, and mostly as Unix executables inside the .app packages on a Mac.) An attacker will then use a debugger to study the binary code and try to locate the registration logic that I singled out above.Next you can see the flowchart for a snippet of code that I showed in C++, presented via a low-level debugger. Or, as the code will be read in the binary form after compilation:(For readability I added comments on the right with the names of functions and variables. They will not be present in the code that an attacker could see.)(To understand what is shown above an attacker will have to have good knowledge of the Assembly language instructions for the native code.)I also need to point out that having a disassembly snippet like the one above is the final result for an attacker. The main difficulty for him or her is to locate it among millions and millions of other similar lines of code. And that is their main challenge. Not many people can do it and that is why software "cracking" is a special skill.So having found the code snippet above in the software binary file a "cracker" has two choices:1) Modify (or patch) the binary.2) Reverse-engineer the "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy its logic to create what is known as a "KeyGen" or "Key Generator."Let's review both:The first choice is quite straightforward. Since an attacker got this far, he or she knows the Intel x64 Instruction Set quite well. So they simply change the conditional jump from "jnz short loc_7FF645671430" at the address 00007FF645671418 (circled in red in the screenshots) to unconditional jump, or "jmp short loc_7FF645671430". This will effectively remove any failed registration code entries and anything that the user types in will be accepted as a valid registration.Also note that this modification can be achieved by changing just one byte in the binary code from 0x75 to 0xEB:But this approach comes with a "price" of modifying the original binary file. For that an attacker needs to write his own "patcher" (or a small executable that will apply the modification that I described above.) The downside of this approach for an attacker is that patching an original executable file will break its digital signature, which may alert the end-user or the vendor. Additionally the "patcher" executable made by an attacker can be easily flagged and blocked by the end-user's antivirus software, or lead criminal investigators to the identity of the attacker.The second choice is a little bit more tricky. An attacker will have to study "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy it into his own small program that will effectively duplicate the logic implemented in the original software and let him generate the registration code from any name, thus giving any unscrupulous user of that software an ability to register it without making a payment.Vendors of many major software products understand the potential impact of the second method and try to prevent it by requiring what is known as "authentication." This is basically a second step after registration, where the software submits registration name to the company's web server that returns a response back to the software of whether the code was legitimate or not. This is done by Microsoft when you purchase Windows (they call it "Activate Windows") and also by signNow, and many other companies. This second step may be done behind-the-scenes on the background while the software is running, and will usually lead to cancellation of prior registration if it was obtained illegally.So now you know how software is "cracked".Let me answer why it is not possible to prevent it. It all boils down to the fact that any software code needs to be read either by CPU (in case of a binary native code) or by an interpreter or a JIT compiler (in case of JavaScript or .NET code.) This means that if there's a way to read/interpret something, no matter how complex or convoluted it is, an attacker with enough knowledge and persistence will be able to read it as well, and thus break it.There is an argument though that cloud-based software is more secure, which is true, since its (binary) code remains on the server and end-users do not have direct access to it. And even though cloud-based software is definitely the future, it has some major drawbacks that will never allow it to fully replace your conventional software. To name just a few:Not everyone has an internet connection, or is willing to upload their data online. Additionally someone’s internet connection can be very expensive or too slow to make the software run very laggy.Then there’s a question of distributed computing. For instance, Blizzard Entertainment would never make “World of Warcraft” to fully run on their servers due to immense computational resources needed to render every single scene for every player they have. Thus it is in their best interest to let each individual user’s computer to do the rendering instead.As a software developer myself, I obviously don't like when people steal software licenses. But I have to accept it and live with it. The good news is that there are not that many people who are willing to go extra mile and search for a cracked version of software. The main problem for those who do, is that by downloading a patched executable, or an attacker's KeyGen or a Patcher, they are effectively "trusting" him or her not to put anything "nasty" into it that was not "advertised on the package" (stuff like trojans, malware, or keyloggers.) So the question for those people becomes -- is it worth the cost of the software license to potentially infect your system with a nasty virus?On the other side of the equation, some developers react very negatively to any attempts to steal their software licenses. (I was there too.) They try to implement all kinds of countermeasures -- anything from tricking reverse-engineers, to adding booby traps in the code that may do something nasty if the code detects that it is being debugged, to obfuscating or scrambling the code, to enforcing all kinds of convoluted DRM schemes, to blocking users from certain countries. I personally try to stay away from all of those measures. And here's why:A) Any kind of anti-reverse-engineering tactics could be bypassed by an attacker with enough persistence. So why bother and waste my time when I can invest that time into adding something useful to my software that will make it more productive for legitimate users?B) Some code packers could create false positives with antivirus software, which is obviously not good for marketing of that software. It also creates unnecessary complexity for the developer to debug the software.C) Adding booby traps in the code can also “misfire” on your legitimate users, which will really infuriate them and can even lead to lawsuits.D) Any DRM scheme will probably catch some 100 illegal users and greatly inconvenience 10,000 legitimate ones. So why do it to your good customers?E) Our statistics show that about 75% of all illegal licenses come from China, Russia, Brazil, to name the worst offenders. (I also understand that the reason may be much lower incomes that people have in those countries.) The main issue for us though was the fact that if we enforce our DRM or add some strong registration authentication, many people that wanted to bypass our registration would simply use a stolen credit card number. And we had no control over it. Our system will use it to send them a legitimate license only to have the payment bounce in weeks time. As a result we would lose the money that were paid for the license, plus the credit card company will impose an additional chargeback fee to our account, which may range from $0.25 to $20 per bad purchase on top of the license cost.F) As was pointed out in the comments, some companies may actually benefit from allowing pirated copies of their software. Microsoft for instance gets a lot of free publicity from people using their Windows OS, the same goes for signNow with their Photoshop. That is a good point that I agree with.So my philosophy is now this -- if someone wants to go extra mile and steal our software, go for it! They went this far to do it anyway, so they probably have a good reason. On the positive side there are so many other customers that appreciate the work that goes into creating software that greatly outnumber those that don’t.PS. Thank you for all your feedback! It makes me feel good that the knowledge I shared is useful to others.
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