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FAQs
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Can Kotlin Native replace Swift as the official programming language of iOS?
The Mobius 2018 conference held in Saint Petersburg earlier this year featured a talk by the guys from Revolut – Roman Yatsina and Ivan Vazhnov, called Multiplatform architecture with Kotlin for iOS and Android.After watching the live talk, I wanted to try out how Kotlin/Native handles multiplatform code that can be used on both iOS and Android. I decided to rewrite the demo project from the talk a little bit so it could load the list of user’s public repositories from GitHub with all the branches to each repository.Project structuremultiplatform ├─ android ├─ common ├─ ios ├─ platform-android └─ platform-ios Common modulecommon is the shared module that only contains Kotlin with no platform-specific dependencies. It can also contain interfaces and class/function declarations without implementations relying on a certain platform. Such declarations allow using the platform-dependent code in the common module.In my project, this module encompasses the business logic of the app – data models, presenters, interactors, UIs for GitHub access with no implementations.Some examples of the classesUIs for GitHub access:expect class ReposRepository { suspend fun getRepositories(): List
suspend fun getBranches(repo: GithubRepo): List } Take a look at the expect keyword. It is a part of the expected and actual declarations. The common module can declare the expected declaration that has the actual realization in the platform modules. By the expect keyword we can also understand that the project uses coroutines which we’ll talk about later.Interactor:class ReposInteractor( private val repository: ReposRepository, private val context: CoroutineContext ) { suspend fun getRepos(): List { return async(context) { repository.getRepositories() } .await() .map { repo -> repo to async(context) { repository.getBranches(repo) } } .map { (repo, task) -> repo.branches = task.await() repo } } } The interactor contains the logic of asynchronous operations interactions. First, it loads the list of repositories with the help of getRepositories() and then, for each repository it loads the list of branches getBranches(repo). The async/await mechanism is used to build the chain of asynchronous calls.ReposView interface for UI:interface ReposView: BaseView { fun showRepoList(repoList: List ) fun showLoading(loading: Boolean) fun showError(errorMessage: String) } The presenterThe logic of UI usage is specified equally for both the platforms.class ReposPresenter( private val uiContext: CoroutineContext, private val interactor: ReposInteractor ) : BasePresenter () { override fun onViewAttached() { super.onViewAttached() refresh() } fun refresh() { launch(uiContext) { view?.showLoading(true) try { val repoList = interactor.getRepos() view?.showRepoList(repoList) } catch (e: Throwable) { view?.showError(e.message ?: "Can't load repositories") } view?.showLoading(false) } } } What else could be included in the common moduleAmong all the rest, the JSON parsing logic could be included into the common module. Most of the projects contain this logic in a complicated form. Implementing it in the common module could guarantee similar treatment of the server incoming data for iOS and Android.Unfortunately, in the kotlinx.serialization serialization library the support of Kotlin/Native is not yet implemented.A possible solution could be writing your own or porting one of the simpler Java-based libraries for Kotlin. Without using reflections or any other third-party dependencies. However, this type of work goes beyond just a test project ♂️Platform modulesThe platform-android and platform-ios platform modules contain both the platform-dependent implementation of UIs and classes declared in the common module, and any other platform-specific code. Those modules are also written with Kotlin.Let’s look at the ReposRepository class implementation declared in the common module.platform-androidactual class ReposRepository( private val baseUrl: String, private val userName: String ) { private val api: GithubApi by lazy { Retrofit.Builder() .addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create()) .addCallAdapterFactory(CoroutineCallAdapterFactory()) .baseUrl(baseUrl) .build() .create(GithubApi::class.java) } actual suspend fun getRepositories() = api.getRepositories(userName) .await() .map { apiRepo -> apiRepo.toGithubRepo() } actual suspend fun getBranches(repo: GithubRepo) = api.getBranches(userName, repo.name) .await() .map { apiBranch -> apiBranch.toGithubBranch() } } In the Android implementation, we use the Retrofit library with an adaptor converting the calls into a coroutine-compatible format. Note the actual keyword we’ve mentioned above.platform-iosactual open class ReposRepository { actual suspend fun getRepositories(): List { return suspendCoroutineOrReturn { continuation -> getRepositories(continuation) COROUTINE_SUSPENDED } } actual suspend fun getBranches(repo: GithubRepo): List { return suspendCoroutineOrReturn { continuation -> getBranches(repo, continuation) COROUTINE_SUSPENDED } } open fun getRepositories(callback: Continuation - >) {
throw NotImplementedError("iOS project should implement this")
}
open fun getBranches(repo: GithubRepo, callback: Continuation
- >) {
throw NotImplementedError("iOS project should implement this")
}
}
You can see the actual implementation of the ReposRepository class for iOS in the platform module does not contain the specific implementation of server interactions. Instead of this, the suspendCoroutineOrReturn code is called from the standard Kotlin library and allows us to interrupt the execution and get the continuation callback which has to be called upon the completion of the background process. This callback is then passed to the function which will be re-specified in the Xcode project where all the server interaction will be implemented (in Swift or Objective-C). The COROUTINE_SUSPENDED value signifies the suspended state and the result will not be returned immediately.iOS appThe following is an Xcode project that uses the platform-ios module as a generic Objective-C framework.To assemble platform-ios into a framework, use the konan Gradle plugin. Its settings are in the platform-ios/build.gradle file:apply plugin: 'konan'
konanArtifacts {
framework('KMulti', targets: ['iphone_sim']) {
...
KMulti is a prefix for the framework. All the Kotlin classes from the common and platform-iosmodules in the Xcode project will have this prefix.After the following command,./gradlew :platform-ios:compileKonanKMultiIphone_sim
the framework can be found under:/kotlin_multiplatform/platform-ios/build/konan/bin/ios_x64
It has to be added to the Xcode project.This is how a specific implementation of the ReposRepository class looks like. The interaction with a server is done by means of the Alamofire library.class ReposRepository: KMultiReposRepository {
...
override func getRepositories(callback: KMultiStdlibContinuation) {
let url = baseUrl.appendingPathComponent("users/\(githubUser)/repos")
Alamofire.request(url)
.responseJSON { response in
if let result = self.reposParser.parse(response: response) {
callback.resume(value: result)
} else {
callback.resumeWithException(exception: KMultiStdlibThrowable(message: "Can't parse github repositories"))
}
}
}
override func getBranches(repo: KMultiGithubRepo, callback: KMultiStdlibContinuation) {
let url = baseUrl.appendingPathComponent("repos/\(githubUser)/\(repo.name)/branches")
Alamofire.request(url)
.responseJSON { response in
if let result = self.branchesParser.parse(response: response) {
callback.resume(value: result)
} else {
callback.resumeWithException(exception: KMultiStdlibThrowable(message: "Can't parse github branches"))
}
}
}
}
Android appWith an Android project it is all fairly simple. We use a conventional app with a dependency on the platform-android module.dependencies {
implementation project(':platform-android')
Essentially, it consists of one ReposActivity which implements the ReposView interface.override fun showRepoList(repoList: List
) { adapter.items = repoList adapter.notifyDataSetChanged() } override fun showLoading(loading: Boolean) { loadingProgress.visibility = if (loading) VISIBLE else GONE } override fun showError(errorMessage: String) { Toast.makeText(this, errorMessage, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show() } Coroutines, apples, and magicSpeaking of coroutines and magic, in fact, at the moment coroutines are not yet supported by Kotlin/Native. The work in this direction is ongoing. So how on Earth do we use the async/awaitcoroutines and functions in the common module? Let alone in the platform module for iOS.As a matter of fact, the async and launch expect functions, as well as the Deferred class, are specified in the common module. These signatures are copied from kotlinx.coroutines.import kotlin.coroutines.experimental.Continuation import kotlin.coroutines.experimental.CoroutineContext expect fun async(context: CoroutineContext, block: suspend () -> T): Deferred expect fun launch(context: CoroutineContext, block: suspend () -> T) expect suspend fun withContext(context: CoroutineContext, block: suspend () -> T): T expect class Deferred { suspend fun await(): T } Android coroutinesIn the platform-android platform module, declarations are mapped into their implementations from kotlinx.coroutines:actual fun async(context: CoroutineContext, block: suspend () -> T): Deferred { return Deferred(async { kotlinx.coroutines.experimental.withContext(context, block = block) }) } iOS coroutinesWith iOS things are a little more complicated. As mentioned above, we pass the continuation(KMultiStdlibContinuation) callback to the functions that have to work asynchronously. Upon the completion of the work, the appropriate resume or resumeWithExceptionmethod will be requested from the callback: override func getBranches(repo: KMultiGithubRepo, callback: KMultiStdlibContinuation) { let url = baseUrl.appendingPathComponent("repos/\(githubUser)/\(repo.name)/branches") Alamofire.request(url) .responseJSON { response in if let result = self.branchesParser.parse(response: response) { callback.resume(value: result) } else { callback.resumeWithException(exception: KMultiStdlibThrowable(message: "Can't parse github branches")) } } } In order for the result to return from the suspend function, we need to implement the ContinuationInterceptor interface. This interface is responsible for how the callback is being processed, specifically which thread the result (if any) will be returned in. For this, the interceptContinuation function is used.abstract class ContinuationDispatcher : AbstractCoroutineContextElement(ContinuationInterceptor), ContinuationInterceptor { override fun interceptContinuation(continuation: Continuation ): Continuation { return DispatchedContinuation(this, continuation) } abstract fun dispatchResume(value: T, continuation: Continuation ): Boolean abstract fun dispatchResumeWithException(exception: Throwable, continuation: Continuation<*>): Boolean } internal class DispatchedContinuation ( private val dispatcher: ContinuationDispatcher, private val continuation: Continuation ) : Continuation { override val context: CoroutineContext = continuation.context override fun resume(value: T) { if (dispatcher.dispatchResume(value, continuation).not()) { continuation.resume(value) } } override fun resumeWithException(exception: Throwable) { if (dispatcher.dispatchResumeWithException(exception, continuation).not()) { continuation.resumeWithException(exception) } } } In ContinuationDispatcher there are abstract methods implementation of which will depend on the thread where the executions will be happening.Implementation for UI threadsimport platform.darwin.* class MainQueueDispatcher : ContinuationDispatcher() { override fun dispatchResume(value: T, continuation: Continuation ): Boolean { dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue()) { continuation.resume(value) } return true } override fun dispatchResumeWithException(exception: Throwable, continuation: Continuation<*>): Boolean { dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue()) { continuation.resumeWithException(exception) } return true } } Implementation for background threadsimport konan.worker.* class DataObject (val value: T, val continuation: Continuation ) class ErrorObject (val exception: Throwable, val continuation: Continuation ) class AsyncDispatcher : ContinuationDispatcher() { val worker = startWorker() override fun dispatchResume(value: T, continuation: Continuation ): Boolean { worker.schedule(TransferMode.UNCHECKED, {DataObject(value, continuation)}) { it.continuation.resume(it.value) } return true } override fun dispatchResumeWithException(exception: Throwable, continuation: Continuation<*>): Boolean { worker.schedule(TransferMode.UNCHECKED, {ErrorObjeвыct(exception, continuation)}) { it.continuation.resumeWithException(it.exception) } return false } } Now we can use the asynchronous manager in the interactor:let interactor = KMultiReposInteractor( repository: repository, context: KMultiAsyncDispatcher() ) And the main thread manager in the presenter:let presenter = KMultiReposPresenter( uiContext: KMultiMainQueueDispatcher(), interactor: interactor ) Key takeawaysThe pros:The developers implemented a rather complicated (asynchronous) business logic and common module data depiction logic.You can develop native apps using native libraries and instruments (Android Studio, Xcode). All of the native platforms’ capabilities are available through Kotlin/Native.It goddamn works!The cons:All the Kotlin/Native solutions in the project are yet in the experimental status. Using features like this in the production code is not a good idea.No support for coroutines for Kotlin/Native out of the box. Hopefully, this issue will be solved in the near future. This would allow developers to signNowly speed up the process of multiplatform projects creation while also simplifying it.An iOS project will only work on the arm64 devices (models starting from iPhone 5S). -
Which is the best software for documentation?
Traditional documentation done for most of the products is monotonous and tiring to go through. Users often get confused while trying to use a manual.Moving away from static documentation, products are now switching to ‘interactive documentation/user guides’. These interactive user guides direct a user to perform a task from the beginning till the end.Whatfix provides an easy yet efficient way to create interactive user guides without the use of any coding knowledge.It allows users to Learn while Doing. Whatfix helps users navigate within a web application, getting them onboard, trained and providing them with proactive contextual support.One such example of product’s online documentation could be the ServiceNow documentation created with the help of Whatfix. The gif below gives a gist of it.You can list down all the help topics of your website within a self-help widget. Each help topic is a ‘How-to’ question in itself. When a user clicks on a help topic an interactive walkthrough begins. This walkthrough handholds the user till the completion of the task.Now, here’s something even more interesting.Instantly Create & Export Multiple Media formatsThe Interactive walkthroughs that we built here using Whatfix is a one-stop shop for all your interactive content and a great add-on for your product documentation.Once created, the interactive walkthroughs is instantly converted to 5 multi media formats:Annotated VideoEmbeddable SlideshowPDFScreenshotSmart URLAnd all of these can be quickly integrated on any website/web-app.Quick, Easy, Code-free Walkthrough CreationWhatfix’s interactive walkthroughs can be created quickly, without any hassle, and without any code through our point-and-click editor. A 10-step walkthrough generally takes less that 5 minutes to create.You can also make use Whatfix’s widgets for authoring your interactive product documentation.Multilingual, auto-segmented interactive guidanceOnce created, the walkthroughs can be converted to over 50 languages.Auto-segmentation of Whatfix is yet another feature that allows you to segment your walkthroughs on the basis of specific rules, user roles, pages, HTML elements, etc.These features are just the tip of the iceberg.Further on, these walkthroughs can be tailor-made for you according to your usage, budget and product vision.Want to learn more on Interactive walkthroughs, here’s a useful free Ebook - 15 Minute Guide To Interactive Walkthroughs
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Which is a cross-platform programming language for developing apps both for Android and iOS?
There are lots of cross-platform development tools which will more-or-less let you write a single program which runs on both platforms.But if you haven’t written programs for Android and iOS before, there is a substantial learning curve. The language is the least of your problems. The language sits in some “framework” which provides functionality like drawing buttons and navigating pages, and these are complex. And you still need to know a fair bit about Android and iOS.The two most popular cross development tools are React Native and Xamarin. React Native code is written in Javascript using the React framework. Xamarin code is written in C# and has its own framework.If you are new to programming, don’t start with iOS and Android cross platform development tools.
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What are the current topics for a paper presentation by an ECE student?
List of all Technical topics (ECE) in recent trend is given below :A Digital Speech Effects SynthesizerAdvanced Queue Management TechniquesAgent Mediated E-commerceAircarsAircraft GPS TrackingAmbiophonicsAn Electric BicycleLogin application in java using model view controller(mvc) and MySQL databaseAnatomy and working of search enginesAndroid a smart phone operating system by googleAnti-hiv using nano robotsApache hadoop introductionApplication of microcontroller in vehicle monitoring and security systemAqua communication using modemArtificial intelligence on expert systemsAn iPhone application for visualizing pollution mapsAnalysis of Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) for Domestic Electrical appliancesAnalysis on Performance of Freeware ToolsAndroid Operating SystemAnimatronicsAntenna Analysis Using Wavelet RepresentationsAnti-Jamming wireless systemsApplication of Genetic Algorithms in Network routingApplication of LED for Domestic ApplicationsApplications of Graph Theory to Metabolic PathwaysApplications of Soft Computing in Medical Image AnalysisApplications of speech recognitionApproximate string matching for Music retrievalARQ Schemes for Wireless Data CommunicationsArtificial EyeArtificial immune system.Artificial intelligence for speech recognitionAspects of Database Security and Program SecurityAttacks on Smart CardsAugmented RealityAuthentication and securing the systemsAutomated Network Address AssignmentAutomated Software Testing of ApplicationsAutomatic Device Driver Synthesis From Device SpecificationsAutomatic sound-based user grouping for real time online forumsAutomatic Video Surveillance SystemsAutonomic ComputingAutomatic Conveyor for Industrial AutomationAttendance Monitoring Intelligent ClassroomAn Automatic Mobile Recharge StationBidirectional Power Control for hybrid vehiclesBiomolecular ComputersBiometrics IRIS techniqueBio sensors (photonics)BiochipsBio-Medical Instrumentation and Signal analysisBiometric SecurityBiometric TechnologyBiometrics Based AuthenticationBio-Molecular ComputingBionic eye possible path toward artificial retinaUltrasonic Based Distance Measurement SystemWireless Advanced Flight Systems Aircraft Monitoring SystemBlade ServersBlue GeneBlue sat Communications ProtocolBlue-sat Radio Switching CircuitBluetooth Based Smart Sensor NetworksBrain computer interfaceBiomass gasifier for thermal and electrical applicationsBittorrent a revolution in p2p technologyBlue brainBlue eyes technologyBrain controlled car for disabled using artificial intelligenceBrain gateBrain port deviceBrain Finger Print TechnologyBrian Gate TechnologyBroadband via satellite to Rural AreasCapability Maturity Model Programming (CMM)Capacity of Ad-hoc Wireless NetworksVehicle Speed Sensing and Smoke Detecting SystemIntelligent Fire Sprinkler SystemCapturing packets in secured networksCarbon nano tube electronicsCDMA Wireless Data TransmitterCellular CommunicationsCellular Digital Packet DataCellular Neural NetworkCellular technologies and securityCarbon nanotubesChallenges in mobile ad hoc networks (manets)Cloud computingCloud computing concepts and designCensoring private information from network packet tracesChannel Allocation Algorithms for Mobile TelephonyGSM based Advanced Wireless Earthquake Alarm System for early warningIntelligent Wireless Talking Bus StopChannel Coding and Decoding for Mobile CommunicationsChannel Estimation in MIMO SystemsCharacterization of Piezoelectric ElementsChess AlgorithmChoreographyAqua communication using modemCircuit and safety analysis systemClassification, Clustering and Application in Intrusion Detection SystemClassification, Clustering and their Application for Damage Detection in MechanicalClustering Enterprise JavaCoding in high noise environmentsCold fusionCollaborative Mobile EnvironmentsCombined Input Output Queued SwitchesCompact peripheral component interconnect (CPCI)Compliers and its workingCompression and distribution of volumetric data setsComputational Geometry in Drug DesignComputational Intelligence and LinguisticsComputational neuroscienceComputational PhotographyComputer ForensicsComputer Viruses(Malwares, Trojons, Spywares)Computerized Paper Evaluation using Neural NetworkConcurrent Programming and Parallel distributed O.S.Condition Monitoring of Power System EquipmentConditional Access SystemContent Management Systems(WordPress, Joomla, Drupal etc)Continuously variable transmission (CVT)Control & Signal Processing Techniques in Financial EngineeringControl and Optimization Methods in Communication NetworksControl of a 3-d overhead craneControl of heterogeneous networksControl System Wireless InterfaceControlled multimedia recording environment for lectures and 3D.Controller design for a helicopter modelCooperative Adaptive Cruise ControlCross Platform Component Object ModelCrusoe ProcessorCryogenic ProcessorCryptography and N/W securityCryptovirologyCSS and DeCSSCT scanningCyber terrorismDeploying a wireless sensor network on an active volcanoDigital jewelryData Mining for Condition Monitoring of Power System EquipmentData mining through Active LearningDynamic Car Parking Negotiation and Guidance Using An Agent-Based PlatformGSM Real Time Street Light Control SystemsData over Cable System (DOCSIS)Data Pre ProcessingData Security in Local Network using Distributed FirewallsData ware hosuing & miningDatagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)Dataset Query algorithms in Streaming MiningDelay-Tolerant NetworksDense wavelength division multiplexingDesign and development of a programmable alarm systemDesign of a wireless sensor board for measuring air pollutionDesign of Amplifier for recording of Nerve SignalsDesign of an all Electric Steering WheelDesign of diamond-based Photonics devicesDesign of IC Amplifiers for touch SensorsDesign of Low Density Parity Check CodesDetermination of efficiency of the Permanent Magnet MotorsDeveloping a own server systemDevelopment and Control of Humanoid robotDevelopment of a Broadband Tunable Fiber LaserDevelopment of a New Sensor for Detecting Partial Discharge Induced PressureDevelopment of a wind-turbine simulatorDevelopment of new sensors for online monitoring of partial dischargesDigit recognition using neural networkDigital Audio BroadcastingDigital Audio Effects Control by AccelerometryDigital Camera Calibration and Inversion for Stereo iCinemaDigital Neurons for Digital BrainsDigital Signal Processing and their applicationsDigital silhouettesDigital theatre systemDirect to home television (DTH)Direct Torque and Flux Control of IPMSMDistance learning systemsDomain name servers [DNS]Driving Optical Network EvolutionDual Energy X-ray AbsorptiometryDynamic Cache Management TechniqueDynamic Memory Allocation(malloc, calloc, NEW etc)Dynamic resource allocation in Grid ComputingDynamic source routing protocolDynamic Virtual Private NetworkEarth Simulator- Fastest SupercomputerEffects of large scale integration of PV systems on the distribution networkEfficiency / Comparative study of routing schemes in event based systemsElectromagnetic Applications for Mobile and Satellite CommunicationsElectromagnetic launching systemElectromagnetic processor fabricationElectronic nose & its applicationElliptical Curve Cryptography(ECC)Embedded Configurable Operating systemEmbedded system in automobilesEmbedded systems and VLSI an architectural approach to reduce leakage energy in memoryEmbedded web server for remote accessEmbryonics approach towards integrated circuitsEmergency Health Care SystemEmerging trends in robotics using neural networksE-MINE: A novel web mining approachEncrypted Hard disksEncrypted Text chat Using BluetoothEncryption Decryption MethodsEnergy-efficiency and Layer Integration in Wireless NetworksEnterprise SecurityEqualization of room acoustics for audio reproductionEthernet Passive Optical NetworkE-Toll tax fixingEvolution Of Embedded SystemeXtensible Bindings Language (XBL )Electronic waste (e-waste)Embedded web server for industrial automationEyegaze systemFuel saver systemGoogle autonomous carFeatures of Qualcomm Snapdragon processorGuarding distribution automation system against cyber attacksFace detection technologyFacility Layout Design using Genetic AlgorithmFalls detection using accelerometry and barometric pressureFast Convergence Algorithms for Active Noise Controlling VehiclesFault Tolerance in Virtual Machine EnvironmentsFault tolerant Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc NetworkFerroelectric RAMFine Grained DataBase SecurityFine-grained Access Control in DatabasesFingerprint recognition system by neural networksFinite Element Interface (FEI)Flexible CRT DisplaysFluorescent Multilayer Disc (FMD)Fluorescent Multilayer Optical Data StorageForecasting Wind PowerFractal image compressionFractal robotsFree Space Laser Communicationsfully digital class-D amplifiersFully Integrated Amp-Meter for Electrical SimulatorsFunctional Magnetic Resonance ImagingFuture of the internetFuture Programming Techniques and ConceptsFuzzified Computer-Automated Crane Control SystemFuzzy Logic Control for complex systemsGaming interfaces applied to videoconferencingGeneral Packet Radio Service (GPRS)Generic visual perception processorGeographic information systemGeometric Invariants in Biological MoleculesGIS tools for web applicationsGlobal positioning response systemGSM Digital Security Systems for PrinterVoice Operated Intelligent Fire Extinguisher VehicleGlobal Positioning SystemGlobal System for Mobile Communication (GSM)Google Android- Mobile OS from GoogleGrasshopper Operating SystemGroupware TechnologyGSM Security And EncryptionHandfree driving [auto]Hardware EDAC for Harsh EnvironmentsHardware implementation of background image modelingHAVI: Home Audio Video InteroperabilityHawk Eye – A Technology in sportsHigh Altitude Aeronautical PlatformsHigh Performance ClustersHigh Performance ComputingHigh Performance DSP ArchitecturesHigh Speed Circuits for optical InterconnectHigh Speed Data in Mobile NetworksHigh speed LANs or InternetHolographic Data StorageHolographic MemoryHolographic Versatile DiscHolt-Winters technique for Financial ForecastingHomeRF and Bluetooth: A wireless data communications revolutionHot Spot TechnologyHyper thread imaxHyper thread technologyHyper Transport TechnologyHow does a search engine work ??How does google search engine work ??How to create a website using wordpressHuman computer interaction & its futureDesign of a color Sensing System for Textile IndustriesGSM based Path Planning for Blind Person Using UltrasonicImage retrieval using compact binary signaturesVehicle Monitoring and Security SystemImbricate cryptographyImplementation of hamming codeIntroduction to microcontrollersIntroduction to AirfoilIntrusion detection and avoidance systemIC Amplifier Design for Touch SensorsImage transmission over WiMax SystemsImage WatermarkingImplantable on-chip Power SuppliesImproving TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networksIndustrial Applications using Neural NetworksInformation Extraction from structured & Semi-structured dataInformation Extraction modes & techniquesInfrared Remote ControlInnovative Application Development using J2EE ArchitectureIntegrated Circuit Design for Biomedical ApplicationsIntegrated Optical Chip DesignIntegrated Voice and Data transfer & handlingIntegrating Structural Design and Formal Methods in Real Time System DesignIntegrating Wind Power into the Electricity gridIntegration of Parallel Database in a Service Oriented ArchitectureIntegration of wind and solar energy in smart mini gridIntel centrino mobile technologyIntelligent calling bellIntelligent navigation systemIntelligent Patient Monitoring SystemIntelligent RAM : IRAMIntelligent Software AgentsInteractive Voice Response SystemInternet Access via Cable TV NetworkInternet architecture and routingInternet Protocol duplicate address detection and adaptationIntrusion Detection SystemInvestigation into solar thermal/coal driven power stationsInvestigation of the real-time implementation of learning controllersIP spoofingIP re-director featuresiOS 8 featuresIPODSIris ScanningiSCSI: The future of Network StorageISO Loop magnetic couplersJava Cryptography Architecture (JCA)Java Messaging Service (JMS)Enterprise Messaging Service (EMS)Advantages of EMS over JMSJava BeansJIRO Java-based technologyLaser Power SupplyJmeter toolGEMS tool for EMSLess characterization of ferromagnetic material for non-sinusoidal excitationLight emitting polymersLoad balancing and Fault tolerant serversLight Interception Image AnalysisLight TreeLightning Protection Using LFAMLiquid Crystal on Silicon Display (LCOS)Location estimation and trajectory prediction for PCS networksLong baseline motion estimationLotus Notes/DominoLow power filter design for mobile communicationLow Power UART Design for Serial Data CommunicationLow-Power Microelectronics for Biomedical ImplantsLow-Power Oscillator for ImplantsMagnetic Random Access MemoryManaging Data In Multimedia ConferencingMango- new mobile from MicrosoftMicro chip production using extreme uv lithographyMicrosoft NetMeetingMigration from GSM network to GPRSMining the Web: Searching, Integration and DiscoveryMobile Virtual Reality ServiceMobility Modeling and trajectory prediction for next generation PCS networksModeling of current spread through electrode geometries in implantable hearing deviceModeling of wind turbine system for an Interior Permanent magnet generatorMoletronics- an invisible technologyPower generation through Thermoelectric generatorsMulti Protocol Label SwitchingMulti user Scheduling for MIMO broadcastingMultiple clients communicationMultiple Domain OrientationMultisensor Fusion and IntegrationNeuro chipsParasitic computingPassword paradigmsPolymer memory a new way of using plastic as secondary storageProgrammable logic devices (PLD)Navigation of Mobile Wheeled RobotsNerve Signal Measurement Electronics for Biomedical ImplantsNetwork Attached Storage (NAS)Non Volatile Static RAMOptical coherence tomographyOptical to electrical converter for optical interconnectOptimization of Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor NetworksOptimization of Protocol Stack for wireless networksOracle RDBMSOutdoor High Voltage InsulatorsOvonic Unified MemoryPersonal Satellite assistant SystemsPH Control Technique using Fuzzy LogicPhone Busy IndicatorPivot Vector Space Approach in Audio-Video MixingPlastic chips & electronicsPluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)POF Tunable Fiber LaserPOP Plaster Of ParisPower Efficiency and Security in Smart HomesProactive Anomaly DetectionPrototype System Design for TelemedicinePublic Key Encryption and Digital SignatureQoS in Cellular Networks Based on MPTQoS in Networking using active NetworksQOS in software server FirewallsQuad-Core ProcessorsRadio Frequency Identification (RFID)Real time communication in wireless sensor networksReal Time Operating Systems on Embedded ICsReal Time Speech TranslationReal Time Systems with Linux/RTAIReliable and Fault Tolerant Routing on Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkRenovating the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)Revolutions in the Operating System and ServersRobotic SurgeryRoom Equalization for Audio ReproductionRuby on Rails [RoR]Radio frequency identification technologyRapid prototypingSecured webportal for online shoppingSecuring underwater wireless communication networksSecurity analysis of micropayment systemSecurity aspects in mobile ad hoc network (manets)Security requirements in wireless sensor networksSemantic webSensitive skinSnake robot the future of agile motionSoftware defined radio(sdr)Spwm technique for multilevel inverterStorage area network(SAN)SwitchgrassSystem on chipSALT (Speech Application Language Tags)Sand Box TechnologySecurity of Open-Source SoftwareSecurity On Wireless LAN Adaptive cruise controlSecurity threats in the World Wide WebSensor fusion for video surveillanceSensors on 3D DigitizationSession Initiation Protocol (SIP)Shallow water Acoustic NetworksShort Message Service (SMS)Significance of real-time transport Protocol in VOIPSimulating Quantum CryptographySimulation of low-power converter for electromagnetic vibration driven generatorSingle photon emission computed tomographySmart camera for traffic surveillanceSmart Cameras in Embedded SystemsSmart FabricsSnickometer A toolSocket ProgrammingSoftware advances in wireless communication(Cognitive Radio, Dynamic spectrum Access etc. )Software Testing & Quality AssuranceSpace MouseSpace RoboticsSpectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio NetworksSpeech Enhancement for Cochlear ImplantsSpeech Enhancement for Mobile ApplicationsSpeech transmission over WiMax systemsSpeed Detection of moving vehicle using speed camerasSPINS -Security Protocol For Sensor NetworkSplit Range SynchronizationStealth VirusSurface-conduction Electron-emitter Display (SED)Swarm intelligence & traffic SafetySynchronous Optical NetworkingSynthetic Aperture Radar SystemSystems Control for Tactical Missile GuidanceTesting methods (Stress, Black-Box, White-Box, Performance Testing etc )The Architecture of a Moletronics ComputerThe Tiger SHARC processorThermal infrared imaging technologyThought Translation Device (TTD)Time Shared O.S.Tracking and Positioning of Mobiles in TelecommunicationTrends in Compiler ConstructionThree-dimensional password for more secure authenticationUltrasonic motorWearable biosensorsWeb-miningTraffic Light Control SystemMulti-Channel Infra Red Remote ControlMagic lightsZigbee Based Wireless Sensor Network for Sewerage MonitoringWireless integrated network sensorsUbiquitous NetworkingUltra Low-Power Microphone Pre-AmplifierUltra Low-Power Radio Receiver for Biomedical ApplicationsUltrasonic detector for monitoring partial dischargeUltra-Wideband CommunicationUMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access )Vector – LDPC Codes for 3G Fading ChannelsVirtual SurgeryWideband Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio SystemsWireless Computer Communications Using Sound WavesLink available for getting details about some topic. You can search internet for getting details about the remaining topics.Hope this helps you :)
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Can I use my CBSE 10th class mark sheet for an identity card issued by a recognized educational institution for a PAN card?
Digital Documents Now Valid. Here's All You Need To Know About DigiLockerDigiLocker is a platform for issuance and verification of documents and certificates in a digital format, thereby eliminating the use of physical documents. Indian citizens who sign up for a DigiLocker account get a dedicated cloud storage space that is linked to their Aadhaar or UIDAI number.DigiLocker is a cloud-based digital locker to save documents online. They are now be officially acceptedNew Delhi:The government, on Thursday, issued an advisory to all states to accept documents in electronic form. With the idea of paperless governance, and an aim to make life simpler for citizens, the government announced that documents such as driving license, car registration, voter ID, PAN card, school and college certificates, and many other documents issued by the government will now be accepted, when presented in digital form. These documents can even be used for photo ID purposes at airports and railway stations.DigiLocker, as the name suggests, is a 'digital locker' for citizens to securely save copies of all their documents.DigiLocker is a platform for issuance and verification of documents and certificates in a digital format, thereby eliminating the use of physical documents. Indian citizens who sign up for a DigiLocker account get a dedicated cloud storage space that is linked to their Aadhaar or UIDAI number.Government departments and organisations which are registered with DigiLocker can push electronic copies of documents and certificates issued by them, directly into the citizens lockers. Citizens can also upload scanned copies of their documents in their accounts. These documents can be electronically signed as well, using the eSign facility.Here is all you need to know about DigiLocker, and how to use it:Q) What is DigiLocker, and how does it work?A) DigiLocker is a digital locker facility provided by the government. It allows all Indian citizens to store scanned or digital formats of their documents. The technology used by DigiLocker is Cloud computing, where all citizens are given 1 GB (gigabyte) of storage space on a secure and private cloud account. DigiLocker is part of the government's Digital India initiative.The project was launched by PM Modi in 2015, when it had a beta version. It is now completely ready, with the government telling all states to start officially recognising it. It is aimed at reducing the need to carry physical documents, while also aiding in paperless governance.How the DigiLocker system worksQ) What are the benefits of DigiLocker?A) Some of the benefits offered by DigiLocker include:Citizens can access their digital documents anytime, anywhere and share it online for their ease and convenience. This helps in saving time, paperwork, and helps people get their work done on the move.It reduces the administrative overhead of government departments by minimising the use of paper, thereby making it a hassle-free and more environment-friendly way of getting things done.DigiLocker makes it easier to validate the authenticity of documents as they are issued directly by the registered issuers. Since documents are verified by the concerned departments, it helps a user get many other tasks done, for eg: documents required for various banking purposes, or at airports and railway stations, where IDs are needed.Self-uploaded documents can be digitally signed using the eSign facility (which is similar to the process of self-attestation of documents). Documents can thereby be shared as and when required, without it having to be manually delivered or collected.All physical documents can then be kept in the safety of ones home, minimising the chance of ever losing them, or damaging them.Here is a video showing how DigiLocker helps in our daily lives:Q) How can I open a DigiLocker account? What do I need?A) The DigiLocker facility is available only for Indian citizens. To open a DigiLocker account, you must have an Aadhaar card (Aadhaar number). To activate the account, it is mandatory to link your DigiLocker account to your Aadhaar (UIDAI) number.Q) Is my data (certificates and documents) safe in DigiLocker?A) The government assures that DigiLocker is completely safe, with some of the best security features available on date. DigiLocker allows only the user to access their data and documents. The user gets a secure and private cloud account, which is password-protected. Security measures also include a 256 Bit SSL encryption and mobile authentication based sign up process (with OTP facility). DigiLocker also comes with a 'timed logout', which means it logs the user out if the individual leaves it open and idle.DigiLocker follows the best industry practices, and keeps data 100 per cent private, allowing only the user to share details and documents with others. DigiLocker is ISO certified, and has an ISO-27001 certified data centre.Some of the main security features include:Standard Practices: DigiLocker follows standard software development practices of uniform coding standards, guidelines and reviews. Every release is reviewed and tested internally for security and penetration vulnerabilities before getting deployed on our servers.256 Bit SSL Encryption: DigiLocker uses 256 bit secure socket layer (SSL) Encryption for information transmitted during any activity.Mobile Authentication based Sign Up: DigiLocker uses mobile authentication based signup via OTP (one time password) for authenticating users and allowing access to the platform.Aadhaar Authentication based Issued Document Access: To receive issued documents from registered issuers, citizens need to authenticate themselves using Aadhaar's Biometric or Mobile OTP authentication service.ISO 27001 certified Data Centre: The application is hosted in a ISO 27001 security certified data centre.Data Redundancy: Data is backed up in secure environment with proper redundancy.Timed Log Out: To protect citizen's account from unauthorized access, our system is designed to terminate session automatically if extended inactivity is detected.Security Audit: The DigiLocker application has been security audited by a recognized audit agency and the application security audit certificate has been obtained.User Consent Based System: The data from DigiLocker is shared only with the citizen's explicit consent. All sharing and access activities are logged and conveyed to the citizen. Organizations that need access to citizens' certificates need to register on DigiLocker and seek explicit consent from the citizen.To know full details about the technical specifications of DigiLocker, please click here.Q) Who are the key stakeholders in the DigiLocker system?A) DigiLocker has three stakeholders. They are:Issuer: Entity issuing e-documents to individuals in a standard format and making them electronically available eg: CBSE, Registrar Office, Income Tax department, RTO (transport office), etc.Requester: Entity requesting secure access to a particular e-document stored within a repository (eg: University, Passport Office, Regional Transport Office, etc.)Resident: An individual who uses the Digital Locker service based on their Aadhaar number.Q) What are the main technology components of the DigiLocker system?A) The main technology components of the DigiLocker system include:Repository: Collection of e-documents that is exposed via standard APIs for secure, real-time access.Access Gateway: Secure online mechanism for requesters to access e-documents from various repositories in real-time using URI (Uniform Resource Indicator).DigiLocker Portal: Dedicated cloud based personal storage space, linked to each resident's Aadhaar for storing e-documents, or URIs of e-documents.To know full details about the technical specifications of DigiLocker, please click here.Q) What is the sign-up and sign-in procedure for DigiLocker? Can I link my Google or Facebook to DigiLocker?A) While signing up for a DigiLocker account, it is mandatory for a user to have an Aadhaar (UIDAI) number. A one-time password or OTP is sent to the users Aadhaar-linked mobile number, which they need to sign-up.For log-ins thereafter, a user can set a password of their choice, or link the account to their Facebook or Google logins. The choice of linking DigiLocker with Google or Facebook is given to every user, and is left to their discretion. It is not necessary to link them.Here is video explaining the sign-in and sign-up processes:Q) Can an NRI (Non Resident Indian) sign up using a foreign mobile number?A) No, it is not possible. You can register in DigiLocker using an Indian mobile number only.Q) Once I sign-up for DigiLocker, How can I get my eAadhaar linked with my account?A) Here are the steps to get eAadhaar in DigiLocker:Login to DigiLocker with your credentials.After logging into DigiLocker, you will see a dialog box with a message to get your eAadhaar.Click on "Click here" link.An OTP box will appear in the dialog.You will receive an OTP on your mobile number linked to Aadhaar.Enter this OTP in the OTP box and click "Verify OTP" button.On successful validation of the OTP you will be redirected to "Issued Document" page where URI for eAadhaar will be listed.Click on "Save" icon next to Aadhaar Card on "Issued Document" page. Your eAadhaar will be saved to "Uploaded Document" section.Q) Is DigiLocker only accessible through a web browser? Does DigiLocker have a Mobile App? What platforms is it available on?A) DigiLocker is available both for the web, as well as mobile. This means, a user can access their DigiLocker account both, from a web or mobile browser, as well as the DigiLocker Mobile App.The DigiLocker Mobile App (mobile application) is available on Google Play Store and iOS App Store. Click on the links in this answer, while on your mobile phone, to download the DigiLocker App.Q) What are the rules and amendments to use DigiLocker?A) To know all about the rules and amendments of DigiLocker, please click here. The first 8 pages are in Hindi. For English, please go straight to page 9.Q) How do I upload and e-sign documents on DigiLocker?A) Here is a video explaining the entire process of uploading and e-signing documents on DigiLocker:Q) How do I get documents issued on DigiLocker?A) Here is a video explaining the entire process of getting documents issued on DigiLocker:Q) What is DigiLocker integration with Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH). What are the benefits of this integration for citizens?A) DigiLocker has partnered with the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways for making available digital driving license and vehicle registration certificates to Indian citizens. Under this partnership, DigiLocker is now directly integrated with the National Register, which is the national database of driving license and vehicle registration data across the country. Henceforth, DigiLocker users will be able to access their digital RC and DL both on desktop computers and on mobile devices.Here are the benefits of this integration:Paperless Services: Digital driving license and vehicle registration will minimize the use of physical documents.Authentic Records: Citizens can share the authentic digital certificates directly from the data source with other departments as identity and address proof resulting in reduction of administrative overhead.Spot Verification: The digital RC and DL in a DigiLocker account can be spot verified for authenticity either by validating the Digital Signature of MoRTH on the PDF copy of the document or by scanning the QR code on digital documents by using the QR scan facility on DigiLocker mobile app.Q) What is the process of getting my digital DL (driving license) and RC (registration certificate) in DigiLocker?A) For getting the digital RC and DL, users should ensure their Aadhaar number is linked with their DigiLocker account. Once this is done, they can go to the "Pull Partner Documents" section, select the issuer and document type and enter the document details asked for. This will allow them to fetch their document from the transport ministry database. Once the document is fetched, users can save a permanent link (URI) to this digital document in their "Issued Documents" section for later reuse.While fetching the transport ministry digital records in DigiLocker, your name in your Aadhaar card should match your name in the RC and DL database of the National Register. This ensures that only the rightful owner of the documents is able to fetch the digital DL and RC.Please click here to get a step by step demo for the process of getting the digital RC and DL.Citizens can get their Digital RC and DL on both desktop and on mobile devices (Android only at present, iOS coming soon.)Q) How can I be sure that the Digital RC and DL in DigiLocker is indeed coming from the transport ministry database? Are these digital records authentic and legally valid under Indian laws?A) The digital RC and DL in DigiLocker is digitally signed by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. It is fetched in real-time directly from the National Register database and has a timestamp for record keeping purposes. This digital document is a legally valid document under the Indian IT Act 2000.Q) How can a CBSE Class XII student get access to their digital mark sheet on DigiLocker?A) DigiLocker has partnered with CBSE for issuing digital mark sheets to 2016 Class XII students. Students who have registered their mobile number with CBSE would receive their DigiLocker account credentials through SMS, while those who don't have their mobiles registered with CBSE would need to create a DigiLocker account with their mobile number, sync with their Aadhaar number and then pull their mark sheet from the CBSE databases.For step by step instructions on how to do this, please click here.Q) What are issued documents and what are uploaded documents?A) Issued documents are e-documents issued by various government agencies in electronic format directly from the original data source and the URI (link) of these documents is available in the issued documents section of DigiLocker. Whereas uploaded documents are those e-documents uploaded directly by the DigiLocker user.Q) What is the maximum allowed file size that can be uploaded?A) Maximum allowed file size is 10MB.Q) What type of files can be uploaded?A) File types that can be uploaded - pdf, jpeg & png.Q) What is the meaning of URI?A) A URI is a Uniform Resource Identifier generated by the issuer department, which is mandatory for every e-document of the DigiLocker system. This unique URI can be resolved to a full URL (Uniform Resource Locator) to access the actual document in its appropriate repository.Q) What departments under the government have linked themselves to DigiLocker so far? What advisory has the government given to the states to officially recognise soft copies (on DigiLocker)?A) Here is the letter or advisory that the government has issued to all the states to officially recognise documents of citizens uploaded or fetched on DigiLocker. The letter also lists all the government departments that have linked themselves to DigiLocker.
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What are some nodeJS interview questions?
Check these questions which would be needful to you in your next interview:Q-1. What Is Node.Js?Answer.Node.js is a JavaScript runtime or platform which is built on Google Chrome’s JavaScript v8 engine. This runtime allows executing the JavaScript code on any machine outside a browser (this means that it is the server that executes the Javascript and not the browser).Node.js is single-threaded, that employs a concurrency model based on an event loop. It doesn’t block the execution instead registers a callback which allows the application to continue. It means Node.js can handle concurrent operations without creating multiple threads of execution so can scale pretty well.It uses JavaScript along with C/C++ for things like interacting with the filesystem, starting up HTTP or TCP servers and so on. Due to it’s extensively fast growing community and NPM, Node.js has become a very popular, open source and cross-platform app. It allows developing very fast and scalable network app that can run on Microsoft Windows, Linux, or OS X.Following are the areas where it’s perfect to use Node.js.I/O bound ApplicationsData Streaming ApplicationsData Intensive Real-time Applications (DIRT)JSON APIs based ApplicationsSingle Page ApplicationsAt the same time, it’s not suitable for heavy applications involving more of CPU usage.Q-2. What Are The Key Features Of Node.Js?Answer.Let’s look at some of the key features of Node.js.Asynchronous event driven IO helps concurrent request handling – All APIs of Node.js are asynchronous. This feature means that if a Node receives a request for some Input/Output operation, it will execute that operation in the background and continue with the processing of other requests. Thus it will not wait for the response from the previous requests.Fast in Code execution – Node.js uses the V8 JavaScript Runtime engine, the one which is used by Google Chrome. Node has a wrapper over the JavaScript engine which makes the runtime engine much faster and hence processing of requests within Node.js also become faster.Single Threaded but Highly Scalable – Node.js uses a single thread model for event looping. The response from these events may or may not signNow the server immediately. However, this does not block other operations. Thus making Node.js highly scalable. Traditional servers create limited threads to handle requests while Node.js creates a single thread that provides service to much larger numbers of such requests.Node.js library uses JavaScript – This is another important aspect of Node.js from the developer’s point of view. The majority of developers are already well-versed in JavaScript. Hence, development in Node.js becomes easier for a developer who knows JavaScript.There is an Active and vibrant community for the Node.js framework – The active community always keeps the framework updated with the latest trends in the web development.No Buffering – Node.js applications never buffer any data. They simply output the data in chunks.Q-3. Explain How Do We Decide, When To Use Node.Js And When Not To Use It?Answer.When Should We Use Node.Js?It’s ideal to use Node.js for developing streaming or event-based real-time applications that require less CPU usage such as.Chat applications.Game servers.Node.js is good for fast and high-performance servers, that face the need to handle thousands of user requests simultaneously.Good For A Collaborative Environment.It is suitable for environments where multiple people work together. For example, they post their documents, modify them by doing check-out and check-in of these documents.Node.js supports such situations by creating an event loop for every change made to the document. The “Event loop” feature of Node.js enables it to handle multiple events simultaneously without getting blocked.Advertisement Servers.Here again, we have servers that handle thousands of request for downloading advertisements from a central host. And Node.js is an ideal solution to handle such tasks.Streaming Servers.Another ideal scenario to use Node.js is for multimedia streaming servers where clients fire request’s towards the server to download different multimedia contents from it.To summarize, it’s good to use Node.js, when you need high levels of concurrency but less amount of dedicated CPU time.Last but not the least, since Node.js uses JavaScript internally, so it fits best for building client-side applications that also use JavaScript.When To Not Use Node.Js?However, we can use Node.js for a variety of applications. But it is a single threaded framework, so we should not use it for cases where the application requires long processing time. If the server is doing some calculation, it won’t be able to process any other requests. Hence, Node.js is best when processing needs less dedicated CPU time.Q-4. What IDEs Can You Use For Node.Js Development?Answer.Here is the list of most commonly used IDEs for developing node.js applications.Cloud9.It is a free, cloud-based IDE that supports, application development, using popular programming languages like Node.js, PHP, C++, Meteor and more. It provides a powerful online code editor that enables a developer to write, run and debug the app code.JetBrains WebStorm.WebStorm is a lightweight yet powerful JavaScript IDE, perfectly equipped for doing client-side and server-side development using Node.js. The IDE provides features like intelligent code completion, navigation, automated and safe refactorings. Additionally, we can use the debugger, VCS, terminal and other tools present in the IDE.JetBrains InteliJ IDEA.It is a robust IDE that supports web application development using mainstream technologies like Node.js, Angular.js, JavaScript, HTML5 and more. To enable the IDE that can do Node.js development we have to install a Node.js plugin. It provides features, including syntax highlighting, code assistance, code completion and more. We can even run and debug Node.js apps and see the results right in the IDE. It’s JavaScript debugger offers conditional breakpoints, expression evaluation, and other features.Komodo IDE.It is a cross-platform IDE that supports development in main programming languages, like Node.js, Ruby, PHP, JavaScript and more. It offers a variety of features, including syntax highlighting, keyboard shortcuts, collapsible Pane, workspace, auto indenting, code folding and code preview using built-in browser.Eclipse.It is a popular cloud-based IDE for web development using Java, PHP, C++ and more. You can easily avail the features of Eclipse IDE using the Node.js plug-in, which is
.Atom.It is an open source application built with the integration of HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and Node.js. It works on top of Electron framework to develop cross-platform apps using web technologies. Atom comes pre-installed with four UI and eight syntax themes in both dark and light colors. We can also install themes created by the Atom community or create our own if required.Q-5. Explain How Does Node.Js Work?Answer.A Node.js application creates a single thread on its invocation. Whenever Node.js receives a request, it first completes its processing before moving on to the next request.Node.js works asynchronously by using the event loop and callback functions, to handle multiple requests coming in parallel. An Event Loop is a functionality which handles and processes all your external events and just converts them to a callback function. It invokes all the event handlers at a proper time. Thus, lots of work is done on the back-end, while processing a single request, so that the new incoming request doesn’t have to wait if the processing is not complete.While processing a request, Node.js attaches a callback function to it and moves it to the back-end. Now, whenever its response is ready, an event is called which triggers the associated callback function to send this response.Let’s Take An Example Of A Grocery Delivery.Usually, the delivery boy goes to each and every house to deliver the packet. Node.js works in the same way and processes one request at a time. The problem arises when any one house is not open. The delivery boy can’t stop at one house and wait till it gets opened up. What he will do next, is to call the owner and ask him to call when the house is open. Meanwhile, he is going to other places for delivery. Node.js works in the same way. It doesn’t wait for the processing of the request to complete (house is open). Instead, it attaches a callback function (call from the owner of the house) to it. Whenever the processing of a request completes (the house is open), an event gets called, which triggers the associated callback function to send the response.To summarize, Node.js does not process the requests in parallel. Instead, all the back-end processes like, I/O operations, heavy computation tasks, that take a lot of time to execute, run in parallel with other requests.Q-6. Explain REPL In Node.Js?Answer.The REPL stands for “Read Eval Print Loop”. It is a simple program that accepts the commands, evaluates them, and finally prints the results. REPL provides an environment similar to that of Unix/Linux shell or a window console, in which we can enter the command and the system, in turn, responds with the output. REPL performs the following tasks.READIt Reads the input from the user, parses it into JavaScript data structure and then stores it in the memory.EVALIt Executes the data structure.PRINTIt Prints the result obtained after evaluating the command.LOOPIt Loops the above command until the user presses Ctrl+C two times.Q-7. Is Node.Js Entirely Based On A Single-Thread?Answer.Yes, it’s true that Node.js processes all requests on a single thread. But it’s just a part of the theory behind Node.js design. In fact, more than the single thread mechanism, it makes use of events and callbacks to handle a large no. of requests asynchronously.Moreover, Node.js has an optimized design which utilizes both JavaScript and C++ to guarantee maximum performance. JavaScript executes at the server-side by Google Chrome v8 engine. And the C++ lib UV library takes care of the non-sequential I/O via background workers.To explain it practically, let’s assume there are 100s of requests lined up in Node.js queue. As per design, the main thread of Node.js event loop will receive all of them and forwards to background workers for execution. Once the workers finish processing requests, the registered callbacks get notified on event loop thread to pass the result back to the user.Q-8. How To Get Post Data In Node.Js?Answer.Following is the code snippet to fetch Post Data using Node.js.app.use(express.bodyParser()); app.post('/', function(request, response){ console.log(request.body.user); }); Q-9. How To Make Post Request In Node.Js?Answer.Following code snippet can be used to make a Post Request in Node.js.var request = require('request'); request.post( 'http://www.example.com/action', { form: { key: 'value' } }, function (error, response, body) { if (!error && response.statusCode == 200) { console.log(body) } } ); Q-10. What Is Callback In Node.Js?Answer.We may call “callback” as an asynchronous equivalent for a function. Node.js makes heavy use of callbacks and triggers it at the completion of a given task. All the APIs of Node.js are written in such a way that they support callbacks.For example, suppose we have a function to read a file, as soon as it starts reading the file, Node.js return the control immediately to the execution environment so that the next instruction can be executed. Once file read operation is complete, it will call the callback function and pass the contents of the file as its arguments. Hence, there is no blocking or wait, due to File I/O. This functionality makes Node.js as highly scalable, using it processes a high number of requests without waiting for any function to return the expected result.Q-11. What Is Callback Hell?Answer.Initially, you may praise Callback after learning about it. Callback hell is heavily nested callbacks which make the code unreadable and difficult to maintain.Let’s see the following code example.downloadPhoto('http://coolcats.com/cat.gif', displayPhoto) function displayPhoto (error, photo) { if (error) console.error('Download error!', error) else console.log('Download finished', photo) } console.log('Download started') In this scenario, Node.js first declares the “displayPhoto” function. After that, it calls the “downloadPhoto” function and pass the “displayPhoto” function as its callback. Finally, the code prints ‘Download started’ on the console. The “displayPhoto” will be executed only after “downloadPhoto” completes the execution of all its tasks.Q-12. How To Avoid Callback Hell In Node.Js?Answer.Node.js internally uses a single-threaded event loop to process queued events. But this approach may lead to blocking the entire process if there is a task running longer than expected.Node.js addresses this problem by incorporating callbacks also known as higher-order functions. So whenever a long-running process finishes its execution, it triggers the callback associated. With this approach, it can allow the code execution to continue past the long-running task.However, the above solution looks extremely promising. But sometimes, it could lead to complex and unreadable code. More the no. of callbacks, longer the chain of returning callbacks would be. Just see the below example.With such an unprecedented complexity, it’s hard to debug the code and can cause you a whole lot of time. There are four solutions which can address the callback hell problem.1. Make Your Program Modular.It proposes to split the logic into smaller modules. And then join them together from the main module to achieve the desired result.2. Use Async Mechanism.It is a widely used Node.js module which provides a sequential flow of execution.The async module has API which passes data from one operation to other using the next callback.Another async API allows iterating over a list of items in parallel and calls back with another list of results.With the async approach, the caller’s callback gets called only once. The caller here is the main method using the async module.3. Use Promises Mechanism.Promises give an alternate way to write async code. They either return the result of execution or the error/exception. Implementing promises requires the use of <.then()> function which waits for the promise object to return. It takes two optional arguments, both functions. Depending on the state of the promise only one of them will get called. The first function call proceeds if the promise gets fulfilled. However, if the promise gets rejected, then the second function will get called.4. Use Generators.Generators are lightweight routines, they make a function wait and resume via the yield keyword. Generator functions uses a special syntax . They can also suspend and resume asynchronous operations using constructs such as promises or and turn a synchronous code into asynchronous.Q-13. Can You Create HTTP Server In Nodejs, Explain The Code Used For It?Answer.Yes, we can create HTTP Server in Node.js. We can use the command to do so.Following is the sample code.var http = require('http'); var requestListener = function (request, response) { response.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'}); response.end('Welcome Viewers\n'); } var server = http.createServer(requestListener); server.listen(8080); // The port where you want to start with. Q-14. What Is The Difference Between Nodejs, AJAX, And JQuery?Answer.The one common trait between Node.js, AJAX, and jQuery is that all of them are the advanced implementation of JavaScript. However, they serve completely different purposes.Node.Js –It is a server-side platform for developing client-server applications. For example, if we’ve to build an online employee management system, then we won’t do it using client-side JS. But the Node.js can certainly do it as it runs on a server similar to Apache, Django not in a browser.AJAX (Aka Asynchronous Javascript And XML) –It is a client-side scripting technique, primarily designed for rendering the contents of a page without refreshing it. There are a no. of large companies utilizing AJAX such as Facebook and Stack Overflow to display dynamic content.JQuery –It is a famous JavaScript module which complements AJAX, DOM traversal, looping and so on. This library provides many useful functions to help in JavaScript development. However, it’s not mandatory to use it but as it also manages cross-browser compatibility, so can help you produce highly maintainable web applications.Q-15. What Are Globals In Node.Js?Answer.There are three keywords in Node.js which constitute as Globals. These are Global, Process, and Buffer.Global.The Global keyword represents the global namespace object. It acts as a container for all other objects. If we type , it’ll print out all of them.An important point to note about the global objects is that not all of them are in the global scope, some of them fall in the module scope. So, it’s wise to declare them without using the var keyword or add them to Global object.Variables declared using the var keyword become local to the module whereas those declared without it get subscribed to the global object.Process.It is also one of the global objects but includes additional functionality to turn a synchronous function into an async callback. There is no boundation to access it from anywhere in the code. It is the instance of the EventEmitter class. And each node application object is an instance of the Process object.It primarily gives back the information about the application or the environment. – to get the execution path of the Node app. – to get the Node version currently running. – to get the server platform.Some of the other useful Process methods are as follows. – To know the memory used by Node application. – To attach a callback function that will get called during the next loop. It can cause a delay in executing a function.Buffer.The Buffer is a class in Node.js to handle binary data. It is similar to a list of integers but stores as a raw memory outside the V8 heap.We can convert JavaScript string objects into Buffers. But it requires mentioning the encoding type explicitly. – Specifies 7-bit ASCII data. – Represents multibyte encoded Unicode char set. – Indicates 2 or 4 bytes, little endian encoded Unicode chars. – Used for Base64 string encoding. – Encodes each byte as two hexadecimal chars.Here is the syntax to use the Buffer class.> var buffer = new Buffer(string, [encoding]); The above command will allocate a new buffer holding the string with as the default encoding. However, if you like to write a to an existing buffer object, then use the following line of code.> buffer.write(string) This class also offers other methods like and that allows read/write from various types of data to the buffer.Q-16. How To Load HTML In Node.Js?Answer.To load HTML in Node.js we have to change the “Content-type” in the HTML code from text/plain to text/html.Let’s see an example where we have created a static file in web server.fs.readFile(filename, "binary", function(err, file) { if(err) { response.writeHead(500, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"}); response.write(err + "\n"); response.end(); return; } response.writeHead(200); response.write(file, "binary"); response.end(); }); Now we will modify this code to load an HTML page instead of plain text.fs.readFile(filename, "binary", function(err, file) { if(err) { response.writeHead(500, {"Content-Type": "text/html"}); response.write(err + "\n"); response.end(); return; } response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/html"}); response.write(file); response.end(); }); Q-17. What Is EventEmitter In Node.Js?Answer.Events module in Node.js allows us to create and handle custom events. The Event module contains “EventEmitter” class which can be used to raise and handle custom events. It is accessible via the following code.// Import events module var events = require('events'); // Create an eventEmitter object var eventEmitter = new events.EventEmitter(); When an EventEmitter instance encounters an error, it emits an “error” event. When a new listener gets added, it fires a “newListener” event and when a listener gets removed, it fires a “removeListener” event.EventEmitter provides multiple properties like “on” and “emit”. The “on” property is used to bind a function to the event and “emit” is used to fire an event.Q-18. How Many Types Of Streams Are Present In Node.Js?Answer.Stream in Node.js are objects that allow reading data from a source or writing data to a specific destination in a continuous fashion. In Node.js, there are four types of streams. – This is the Stream to be used for reading operation. – It facilitates the write operation. – This Stream can be used for both the read and write operations. – It is a form of a duplex Stream, which performs the computations based on the available input.All the Streams, discussed above are an instance of an “EventEmitter” class. The event thrown by the Stream varies with time. Some of the commonly used events are as follows. – This event gets fired when there is data available for reading. – The Stream fires this event when there is no more data to read. – This event gets fired when there is any error in reading or writing data. – It fires this event after it has flushed all the data to the underlying system.Q-19. List And Explain The Important REPL Commands?Answer.Following is the list of some of the most commonly used REPL commands.<.help> – It displays help for all the commands. – It displays the list of all the available commands. – Its use is to determine what command was executed in REPL previously.<.save filename> – Save the current REPL session to a file.<.load filename> – To Load the specified file in the current REPL session. – used to Terminate the current command. – To Exit from the REPL. – This command perfoms Exit from the REPL.<.break> – It leads Exitting from multiline expression.<.clear> – Exit from multiline expression.Q-20. What Is NPM In Node.Js?Answer.NPM stands for Node Package Manager. It provides following two main functionalities.It works as an Online repository for node.js packages/modules which are present at .It works as Command line utility to install packages, do version management and dependency management of Node.js packages.NPM comes bundled along with Node.js installable. We can verify its version using the following command-$ npm --version NPM helps to install any Node.js module using the following command.$ npm install For example, following is the command to install a famous Node.js web framework module called express-$ npm install express Q-21. What Is The Global Installation Of Dependencies?Answer.Globally installed packages/dependencies are stored in /npm directory. Such dependencies can be used in CLI (Command Line Interface) function of any node.js, but cannot be imported using require() in the Node application directly.To install a Node project globally use -g flag as.C:\Nodejs_WorkSpace>npm install express -g Q-22. What Is The Local Installation Of Dependencies?Answer.By default, NPM installs any dependency in the local mode. It means that the package gets installed in “node_modules” directory which is present in the same folder, where Node application is placed. Locally deployed packages are accessible via require(). Following is the syntax to install a Node project locally.C:\Nodejs_WorkSpace>npm install express Q-23. What Is Package.Json? Who Uses It?Answer.What Is ?It is a plain JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) text file which contains all metadata information about Node.js Project or application.This file should be present in the root directory of every Node.js Package or Module to describe its metadata in JSON format.The file is named as “package” because Node.js platform treats every feature as a separate component. Node.js calls these as Package or Module.Who Use It?NPM (Node Package Manager) uses file. It includes details of the Node.js application or package. This file contains a no. of different directives or elements. These directives guide NPM, about how to handle a module or package.Q-24. Does Node.Js Support Multi-Core Platforms? And Is It Capable Of Utilizing All The Cores?Answer.Yes, Node.js would run on a multi-core system without any issue. But it is by default a single-threaded application, so it can’t completely utilize the multi-core system.However, Node.js can facilitate deployment on multi-core systems where it does use the additional hardware. It packages with a Cluster module which is capable of starting multiple Node.js worker processes that will share the same port.Q-25. Which Is The First Argument Usually Passed To A Node.Js Callback Handler?Answer.Node.js core modules follow a standard signature for its callback handlers and usually the first argument is an optional error object. And if there is no error, then the argument defaults to null or undefined.Here is a sample signature for the Node.js callback handler.function callback(error, results) { // Check for errors before handling results. if ( error ) { // Handle error and return. } // No error, continue with callback handling. } Q-26. What Is Chaining Process In Node.Js?Answer.It’s an approach to connect the output of one stream to the input of another stream, thus creating a chain of multiple stream operations.Q-27. How To Create A Custom Directive In AngularJS?Answer.To create a custom directive, we have to first register it with the application object by calling the function. While invoking the method of , we need to give the name of the function implementing the logic for that directive.For example, in the below code, we have created a copyright directive which returns a copyright text.app.directive('myCopyRight', function () { return { template: '@CopyRight MyDomain.com ' }; }); Note – A custom directive should follow the camel case format as shown above.Q-28. What Is A Child_process Module In Node.Js?Answer.Node.js supports the creation of child processes to help in parallel processing along with the event-driven model.The Child processes always have three streams , child.stdout, and child.stderr. The stream of the parent process shares the streams of the child process.Node.js provides a module which supports following three methods to create a child process.exec – method runs a command in a shell/console and buffers the output.spawn – launches a new process with a given command.fork – is a special case of the spawn() method to create child processes.Q-29. What Are The Different Custom Directive Types In AngularJS?Answer.AngularJS supports a no. of different directives which also depend on the level we want to restrict them.So in all, there are four different kinds of custom directives.Element Directives (E)Attribute Directives (A)CSS Class Directives (C)Comment Directives (M)Q-30. What Is A Control Flow Function? What Are The Steps Does It Execute?Answer.It is a generic piece of code which runs in between several asynchronous function calls is known as control flow function.It executes the following steps.Control the order of execution.Collect data.Limit concurrency.Call the next step in the program.
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