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FAQs
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What are some of the most interesting courses at Stanford's GSB MBA program?
I would agree with the answers given by Pierre Len and Robert Lopez related to how this is largely based upon preference. To answer the question in more detail, it is helpful to provide a bit more context on the overall path of GSB classes and how students typically differentiate in the classes they choose.As Anneke Jong wrote in a blog post (http://annekejong.blogspot.com/2...), the first year is quite challenging for a number of reasons, and few students look back on it as academically inspiring. Most complain incessantly about it, sometimes with good reason and sometimes due to lack of perspective (I count myself in the latter group). It is the year where you take the classes that any MBA would be expected to take. As I reflect on it now, I wish that I had been less negative on it in the moment, as many of the classes were quite good and / or will serve me well, particularly finance, accounting, economics, and data and decisions (i.e., statistics). Though it is painful, the administration is wise in packing these into the first year. By the end, you are done with the "required" courses and the second year is wide open. As long as you complete a grand total of 105 course units, including 93 at the GSB and 93 graded (vs. pass/fail), you can graduate. By the end of the first year, most students have ~60 units completed, so in addition to a lighter course load, the classes are completely of your choosing. During the second year, students end up splitting down a number of tracks. As would be expected, some focus on finance / investment classes, others on general management / entrepreneurship classes, others on product design / marketing classes, and others on leadership / soft skills (NOTE: this is my rough categorization for the purposes of this answer, not an official categorization of the Stanford GSB). Still others venture "across the street" whether on a one-off basis or through joint degree programs, taking classes at the law school, medical school, E-IPER program (environment and resources), design school, education school, public policy / administration program (whether Stanford or Harvard Kennedy), etc. These are rough lines, and many students take classes across several of them. From what I have seen though, you can generally see each person allocating his / her time in 1-2 tracks more than the others. I personally focused on general management / entrepreneurship and leadership / soft skills, so I can only really speak to those. I will try to reference other highly rated classes as well.The "signature" classes: While there might be some differences of opinion on these, there are a couple of classes that are notable across generations of GSB students. This is with good reason too, these classes end up being described as life and / or career changing.Interpersonal Dynamics (OB 374) -- This is probably the most famous of them all. Commonly called "touchy feely," over 90-95% of the class takes this and many (including me) describe it as transformational. The premise of the course is that communication and connection between you and others is one of, if not the most important factors related to your personal and professional success. Furthermore, most of us aren't really all that good at it. We tend to speak and respond to others, especially during times of stress, in ways that are counterproductive and prone to hurting, rather than building relationships. There is a lecture portion of the course, but the real action takes place in T-group (i.e., training group), where a group of 12 students and 2 facilitators sit in a circle for 3-4 hours at a time. There is no agenda. The group just talks, going deep on topics relevant to each student. Disagreements and conflicts arise. Real-time feedback ensues. While it sounds unstructured, it is very often a tremendously powerful experience, changing how you communicate and connect with others.Managing Growing Enterprises (STRAMGT 355) -- Another extremely useful class, this might be better titled "Managing Difficult Situations." The most famous professor is Irv Grousbeck, but all the professors (including Joel Peterson, Jim Ellis, Kevin Taweel) are experienced practitioners who engage students in challenging role plays related to common management situations involving complex decisions and tough conversations. Each class typically revolves around a real-life case study, and the protagonists are present. After about an hour and a half of role playing the various situations, the protagonists address the class about how they handled each situation, what worked well, what didn't work well, etc.The rest of the "super round" classes: Each year, first year students go through a registration process where they can "super round" classes that are typically very high in demand. The above two classes are always on this list. The classes below are as well. Typically, each student will only get two of these (including the "signature" classes above)Leadership Perspectives (OB 363) -- A relatively new class, this has become incredibly popular in recent years. It is taught by Joel Peterson (former CEO of Trammel Crow, current Chairman of JetBlue, Managing Director of Peterson Partners, etc.) and Charles O'Reilly, a really excellent research professor focused on leadership. The format of the class includes one session per week where a prominent leader addresses the full class and a second session where small groups break out to discuss and reflect on what was learned from the leader. During my class, we heard from CEOs / board members, former athletes, a city mayor, a military general, and a nonprofit leader, among others. Each gave us 15-20 minutes of background on his / her life and path, then the next 1 hour+ was open for questioning, where we could ask just about anything (and questions / responses were guaranteed confidential within the class). It is fascinating to see the similarities and differences among leaders as they honestly discuss their personal and professional successes and failures over time.Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital (STRAMGT 354) -- While I didn't take this class, it is also extremely popular. It is taught by long-time venture capitalist Peter Wendell and Eric Schmidt. The guest list is phenomenal. This class was referenced in the recent New York Times article on Stanford (http://www.newyorker.com/reporti...).Investment Management and Entrepreneurial Finance (FINANCE 321) -- While I didn't take this class, it is extremely popular among students with interest / focus on the finance / investment space. It is taught by Jack McDonald, a long-time professor and investor guru. I'll leave further description to an alum / student who has actually taken the class.Other interesting (and popular) classes that I did takeLeadership Fellows (OB 330/331) -- Each year, ~66 second year students take part in the Arbuckle Leadership Fellows program. While one purpose of the program is to help facilitate the Leadership Labs class taken by every first year student, there is also a heavy "coaching" component to the experience. Through this, the students in the class are trained by professional executive coaches to be coaches themselves. The point is not that most of us will actually become executive coaches (though some might), but rather that coaching is a critical part of managing, and something that many managers are not actually that good at. During the class, each student has ~3 first year students that he / she coaches for two quarters both to practice what is learned in class but more importantly, to help the first year student improve in whatever areas of life the student so desires. Lives of Consequence (OB 383) -- A small seminar class, this is focused on giving students time to reflect on what sort of life each student wants to lead. The class includes some study of individuals who have been thought to have led a "consequential" life. More importantly, the class asks each student to complete several exercises focused on his / her own life, including writing his / her own obituary and eulogy (though unusual, writing my own and listening to what others wrote about themselves was an amazing experience). Few people find the time for such structured reflection, which is exactly what this class allows.Becoming a Leader (GSBGEN 571) -- Many students coming out of MBA programs will become managers within a few years, and becoming a manager means working not just for those to whom you report, but those who report to you. This is often a difficult transition. This half-quarter class uses the experience of recent GSB graduates (classes 2000 and later, more or less) as a tool to expose us to common challenges faced by first time and young managers. Some of the examples are highlighted in short videos, but there are also two panel sessions.The Paths to Power (OB 377) -- Taught by Jeff Pfeffer (http://jeffreypfeffer.com/), this class is about the power and, as he says in his book, why some people have it and others don't. It is often described as a controversial class, with rationale being that it just teaches tools that allow one to accumulate power. I did not find it to be particularly controversial, but rather thought that it just highlighted a set of very basic but important considerations -- whether others know about the good work you're doing, what your network looks like and how central you are as a node within it, how you say what you say, how much social and professional capital you have, how unique you are in your organization, etc. -- that can lead to gaining and sustaining power within an organization. Throughout the course, case studies are used, and at least once a week, case protagonists and / or professionals related to the topic at hand guest teach.Formation of New Ventures (STRAMGT 353) -- This is a survey course that uses case studies to introduce challenges and considerations across the new venture lifecycle, from idea and team formulation through IPO or M&A (at which point the venture is presumably no longer new). Each class, the protagonists of the case being taught are present to comment on the discussion and what they actually did, why, how it turned out, etc. There are several sections of this class. I took a section with Andy Rachleff (Benchmark, Wealthfront) and Mark Leslie (Veritas) that was focused entirely on information technology companies. Other sections are taught by Jim Ellis (Asurion), Jeff Chambers (TA Associates), John Mortgridge (Cisco), Charles Holloway, and George Foster (Stanford).Building and Managing Professional Sales Organizations (STRAMGT 351) -- Where Formation of New Ventures is a survey course on many topics related to starting a company, this class focuses on precisely what the name implies. You're either building product or you're selling it. I knew shockingly little about the latter step before this class, and found it to be among the most practical during my whole time at the GSB. Similar to above, this class is taught with case studies, and the protagonists join each class to share their experience and learning. Additionally, there are projects and simulations used to apply the class materials. Mark Leslie, an amazing sales CEO for decades in Silicon Valley conceived of the class with James Lattin on the academic side. They are now joined in different sections by Peter Levine (A16Z), Kirk Bowman (Accel), and Mark Stevens (long time Sequoia).Conflict Management and Negotiation (OB 381) -- This is about exactly what the title suggests. Conflict and negotiation can be uncomfortable or even painful, so the course is more than 50% focused on simulations between classmates where you practice effective tools and then reflect on the outcomes. And it does get more natural with practice...Sports Business Management (GSBGEN 360), Sports Business Financing (GSBGEN 561), and Sports Marketing (GSBGEN 562) -- The GSB has a number of courses and course sequences that focus on particular topics of interest for students. I have some interest in sports and took two of the three courses above with George Foster. You do have to be interested in sports for these classes, but if you are, it is a real treat. Aside from the annual Billy Beane visit, Professor Foster manages to get the biggest names in Bay Area, and sometimes national sports, into the room discussing just about every topic related to business and sports. As you will see below, there are many other courses delving into different verticals, such as philanthropy, real estate, and entertainment.Other interesting (and popular) classes that I did not takeAligning Start-Ups with their Market (STRAMGT 359) with, Andy Rachleff, which delves deep into another topic introduced in Formation of New Ventures, product-market fitCreating a Start-Up (STRAMGT 356/366) with Haim Mendelson, whereby teams of students (often across graduate programs) create a company plan and sometimes, take the product to market during and after a two quarter course togetherBiodesign Innovation (OIT 384/385) -- some similarities in process to above, but where product is focused on healthcare technologiesEntrepreneurial Design for Extreme Affordability (OIT 333/334) -- some similarities in process to above, but where product is focused on technologies that benefit people and communities in developing countries (through Stanford SEED program)Corporate Financial Modeling (FINANCE 350) with Peter DeMarzo, who wrote our book on itMergers and Acquisitions (ACCT 332), guest taught by Safra Catz (President of Oracle)Understanding the Recent Financial Crisis (GSBGEN 340), Fiscal Policy (GSBGEN 363), and Contemporary Economic Policy (MGTECON 381) with User-13808067191255951908, former Economic Policy Advisor to President George W. Bush and Director of the US National Economic CouncilDesigning Happiness (MKTG 355) and Social Brands (MKTG 353) with Jennifer Aaker, author of The Dragonfly EffectReal Estate Investment (GSBGEN 306)Leadership in the Entertainment Industry (OB 388)Strategic Philanthropy (GSBGEN 381)
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How do I get a single status certificate from India?
ok i wanted to apply for single status certificate and every one was wierd with their answers so here is the detail about how i got mine.STEP 1 - you have to get a notary document from any notary shop nearby and add these points,a) you are a citizen of india with passport number and your parents name and your residence addressb)mention that you are single and free to marry either in india or outside the borders and you can mention your date of birth that is necessary too.step 2 - go to the SDM office of your area and get the SDM stamp on the document, dont get tehsildar or executive magistrate or assistant of sdm sign on it because it wont be used or approved by the MEA(ministry of external affairs). it will take your day or 2 because these sdm mostly never at there office and the assistant or employees of government wanna give you a run around so they will just push you away. NOBODY IN THE GOVT OFFICE EVEN KNOW ABOUT THIS SO BE READY TO DEAL WITH UNEDUCATED AND UNETHICAL PEOPLE OF ERA WHO WILL WASTE YOUR TIME JUST FOR A STAMP. if they ask you how could i believe you that you are single then you need to show them a decleration from your parents that you are free to marry ( it is not necessary according to the law.step 3 - Google apostile services nearby and go to the company who does apostile and give them the sdm stamped notary document. this is the easiest one you will get it in a day. as MEA dont take docs personally so you have to go through a company. they cost around 75 rs to get everything done. dont get in the trap of people who say its for 4k or 7k rs coz it just cost 100rs not more than that. when i was outside india i signNowed out to these companies they said almost 7k-24k to get everything done. as well you can write a letter of authorisation to authorise your brother or family member to do everything for you if you are outside india.
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Is dysautonomia common and what causes it?
DYSAUTONOMIAS FIBROMYALGIA - THE “SUPER SYNDROME"Copyright December 2015 by Laurence E. Badgley, M.D.Dysautonomias provide explanation for many medical disorders with such labels as “IBS”, “Migraines”, “Endometriosis”, “CRPS”, “IC”, and other disorders that are simply labels for collections of symptoms that commonly associate within constellations of disorders. The causes of these disorders are unknown.“Dys-“: means amiss, abnormal, or faulty.“auto“: refers to the autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) branches of the nervous system, and which are separate from the voluntary nervous system that we utilize for purposeful motor functions. The autonomic nervous system automatically drives organ functions that are relatively isolated from conscious mental activity, such as breathing, heart beating, digestion, defecation, bladder contractility/evacuation and etc. “-nomias“: refers to a group of similar clinical medical phenomena.Various dysautonomic disorders have certain common characteristics:A. Tissue functions and dysfunctions are transparent to all known imaging studies because the tissues involved, including the autonomic nerves, are soft tissues. This inability to be imaged is one reason that dysautonomias are so difficult to diagnose, and why it is necessary to base the diagnosis of dysautonomias on clinical signs and symptoms, and detailed examinations that require a probing mind combined with sensitive touch. B. Blood studies fail to reveal patterns of abnormalities correlate with expressions of the various dysautonomias.C. Mechanisms of injury that cause dysautonomias are easily overlooked because they are often remote to the overt clinical signs and symptoms, or else have been repetitive stress injuries too subtle to be be obviously related to onset of the dysautonomia. Discovery of the causal chain is a time consuming history taking effort, and one not easily adapted to common business requirements and constrains of “modern” medical practices.D. Diagnostic skills required to determine dysautonomic disorders require a degree of sensitive touch not studied nor appreciated by most physician practitioners of “modern” medicine. Sensitive touch skills require examination of soft tissues as they function and dysfunction in real time. This methodology, which the author has trademarked and termed "Biomechanical Functional Diagnosis”, is not taught in medical schools in the United States, or anywhere else as far as the author is aware. PHYSIOLOGIC UNDERPINNINGS OF DYSAUTONOMIASThe unifying dynamic for dysautonomias is function/dysfunction of autonomic nerves that enervate soft tissues. Dysfunctions of these nerves, and the aberrant electrical messages they initiate, result from neural impingements incurred in regions where these nerves are impinged by bone prominences, such as the verge of vertebral foramina and within regional neural plexi, such as the brachial and pre-sacral plexi, where neural tracts are impinged by bone compression. In the case of the brachial plexus, the cost-clavicular bone elements are commonly offenders. In the case of the pre-sacral plexus, a common offender is an injured hyperextending and subluxing sacroiliac joint. Another anatomic/physiologic underpinning, and which is more common in the female line, is Hypermobility Syndrome. About 15 % of females seem to have greater degrees of ligament flexibility, which imparts looser joints which have hyperextension of range of motion greater than normal. Individuals with this trait have potentiation for greater degrees of permanent ligament damage secondary to mechanical injuries, with resultant excessive range of motion and hyperextension post-injury. Persons with Joint Hypermobility Syndrome are particularly subject to development of dysautonomias. Many Fibromyalgia sufferers experience a variety of dysautonomias because of underlying Hypermobility Syndrome. The characteristics of various dysautonomias are most interesting:MIGRAINEIn recent years, the American College of Neurologists has redefined the definition of Migraine. Migraine is now defined as "any severe headache". This state of affairs indicates that the cause of Migraine is unknown, and associated symptoms vary from person to person. My clinical research has found these types of headaches commonly preceded by chronic Muscle Tension Headaches from Crossed Muscle Syndromes in the neck. Anterior sloped shoulders, a swan neck, and large breasts are so common in migraineurs that I consider them to be major and potential cause of Migraine; via induction of chronic muscle spasm in muscles that support the head and neck: Superior trapezium, Rhomboids, and Levator scapulae. Many Migraine sufferers have asymmetric shoulders; with one lower. One of the Superior trapezium muscles is commonly hypertrophic and spastic. The etiology of this crossed muscle syndrome is an underlying chronically tilted head, which can be observed in the exam room as well as in photos of sufferers. Asymmetric shoulders concomitant with this pain syndrome often follow upon a functional thoraco-lumbar scoliosis, which follows upon an ipsilateral sacroiliac joint subluxation of the counter-nutation type causing pelvic girdle instability. My interpretation of Migraine signs and symptoms is that spastic/painful neck muscles invoke autonomic feedback loops to brain cerebral arterial smooth muscles resulting in arterial constriction/dilatation cycles and expression of the Migraine phenomenon. The autonomic nervous system is involved in this display of autonomic dysregulation, so that Migraine is a true dysautonomia. Migraine is commonly found in persons who suffer with Fibromyalgia.FACIAL PARESTHESIASUnilateral facial paresthesias are commonly attendant with Temporal Mandibular Disorder (TMD), which is a dysfunction of the Temomporomandibular Joint (TMJ). This bio-mechanical disorder is characterized by facial pain that is often unilateral and has associated symptoms of clicking with jaw movement and teeth clenching during the sleep process. My clinical research has identified chronic spasm of one of the Masseter muscles as etiologic for disorder of the TMJ. Over time this muscle spasm causes the associated TMJ to close asymmetrically; thereby causing the mandible condyle to repeatedly and asymmetrically approach the TMJ fossa and cartilage rim of this shallow joint, and with injurious impact that induces deterioration of the joint rim and chronic subluxation of TMJ during jaw function. This chronic Masseter muscle spasm can often be detected on the side of the face that is uppermost in a head that is chronically tilted into one direction. The cause of a chronically tilted head is discussed above in the section “Migraine”. Small nerve fibers that serve the arteriolar and capillary systems of the soft tissues of the face transit through the Masseter muscles, and spastic muscle tissues impinge the autonomic components of these nerves, which are the same nerves involved in the autonomic phenomenon of blushing. TMD is highly associated with Fibromyalgia. UPPER EXTREMITY PARESTHESIASThoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is usually unilateral and is a functional disorder wherein the brachial plexus of nerves in the upper and medial aspect of the shoulder, proximate to junction of shoulder and base of the neck, is impinged within the cost-clavicular dimension or space between the underside of the clavicle (collar bone) and top of the underlying first rib. In life this space is about 1 cm. Due to a variety of bio-mechanical injuries, both acute and repetitive, this space can diminish during normal range of motion of the shoulder, thereby impinging the contained neurovascular bundle (nerves, arteries and veins) that transits this space. Among the nerves are both voluntary motor nerves and autonomic nerves. Usually these impingements, which are transient, do no cause permanent damage to the voluntary nerves and do not result in paresis (weakness) of muscles of the arm. However, pain generation can cause the person to splint and disuse the arm, and thereby introduce elements of mild loss of muscle tone and strength as a result of disuse. Impingements of the brachial plexus commonly arouse ulnar paresthesias in regions of the lateral hand and fifth finger. These impingements probably involve pressure on the voluntary motor nerves as well as autonomic nerves within the brachial plexus. In advanced cases, full-blown dysautonomic symptoms can be observed with vasomotor changes of temperature and color of the extremity, and which symptoms are often mistaken as Raynaud’s Syndrome. The author has evaluated the extremities of over 100 TOS patients and was able to demonstrate, using sensitive infrared detectors, instant changes in heat emanation from fingers of these patients when certain shoulder motions caused brachial plexus impingement. Pain associated with brachial plexus impingement has an aching quality located in the shoulder, and the old-time name for this syndrome, before the cause was discovered, was “Arm-Hand Syndrome”. The morphology of sloped shoulders, which is often seen in Irish people and other descendants of the Viking race seems to potentiate, but not assure, development of TOS because sloped shoulders tend to lend a congenital narrowing of the cost-clavicular space. TOS is common in people with Fibromyalgia; in the extremity associated with the lower shoulder within an asymmetrical arrangement of the two shoulder girdles. The cause of one shoulder lower than the other is often an underlying functional scoliosis attendant with a loose and subluxing sacroiliac joint. It has been a curious observation, made by the author, that expression of TOS follows by many months and sometimes years, after an acute pelvic girdle injury and permanent injury to the ipsilateral sacroiliac joint, which arouses chronic low back pain called “lumbago". This delayed expression, which imparts many of the upper body pain dysautonomia manifestations of Fibromyalgia, is possibly one of the reasons that the diagnosis of Fibromyalgia is often overlooked and/or delayed. Chronic soft tissue injuries, the hallmark of Fibromyalgia, can evolve subtly and over time as result of mechanical forces on these tissues in a tilted body, wherein soft tissues are repetitively stressed by Gravitational Forces and caused to become painfully spastic. The author has postulated that it is conjunction of premonitory pelvic girdle injury and subsequent and delayed shoulder girdle bio-mechanical dysfunctions that explain the true cause of Fibromyalgia. People with dysfunctions of concurrent pelvic and shoulder girdles sleep horribly when on the sleep surface and as pain is aroused by ground forces of the sleep surface; causing non-refreshing sleep, daytime fatigue, fibro-fog, and concomitant depression.CHRONIC REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROMES (CRPS)Chronic, burning, and even searing pain can arise in chronically injured tissues. A common cause of CRPS, and one most appreciated by doctors is the type of CRPS that follows upon surgical procedures. The cause of this type of pain is speculated to be soft tissue scar formation causing autonomic neural impingements. CRPS manifests as regional pain not correlate with neural dermatomes, and speculations define elements of neural plasticity within the central nervous system. Another explanation is local neural stimulation of apathic nerves, which are nerves that are attached to the surfaces of other nerves and dedicated to sensing injury to the nerves they are paired with. The human body remains, in great part, a mystery as to the way it operates.However, CRPS can express in body parts absent premonitory surgery. Body parts that have been mechanically injured can develop all the characteristics of CRPS. The etiology of CRPS is not understood by modern medicine, but there is no reason to exclude the types of soft tissue injuries and neural impingements being discussed herein as direct intercessors within the chain of causality. Dysautonomias caused by chronic and repetitive soft tissue impingements and neural impingements caused by subluxing joints are perfect candidates for evolution of regional expressions of CRPS, which are not uncommon in Fibromyalgia. PANIC ATTACKSSudden onset of feelings of doom, fear, tachycardia, sweating, and chest pain are common within many persons with Fibromyalgia. Perhaps many doctors consider these symptoms to be “acute anxiety attacks” with underlying psychological and behavioral issues. Their speculations are wrong. It has been known, for many decades within the medical arena, that there is a high association of these symptoms and a congenital heart tissue variation called “Mitral Valve Prolapse” (MPV). MPV is more common in women, and my own clinical studies have found both MPV and Panic Attacks in women with Hypermobility Syndrome, which is an inherited condition of loose signNow tissue and cartilage. In MPV the mitral valves between the two left chambers of the heart, which are made of cartilaginous signNow tissue, are floppy and allow a back flow of blood such that a full pressure head of blood is not delivered to the aorta. Hypotension can ensue, and it is the duty of the heart to speed up to keep the outflow strong. Thus the autonomic barrage of neural signals to heart muscle tissues and pacemakers. The dysautonomia is likely set off by blood vessel baroreceptors that sense a drop in peripheral blood pressure. Who wouldn’t have fear and anxiety in these circumstances? Anyone who doubts the high degree of association between Fibromyalgia and Hypermobility Syndrome needs to study a 2010 book written by Dr. Rodney Grahame entitled “Hypermobility, Chronic Pain, and Fibromyalgia”. Dr. Grahame is a former President of the British Rheumatology Association. By now, the reader must appreciate is that loose ligaments and cartilaginous tissues are a theme that pervades the Fibromyalgia story. Fortunately, MPV is easily detected by a painless test called the “Echocardiogram''. POSTURAL ORTHOSTATIC TACHYCARDIA SYNDROME (POTS)Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome is an affliction characterized by lightheadedness, racing heart and fainting when upright. The symptoms mimic those of MPV, but a floppy heart valve is not the reason. Rather there seems to be a laxity in tone of the muscle, smooth muscle, surrounding the thousands of miles of arteries and arterioles in the body. Tone of these muscles normally changes from moment to moment and especially when a person goes from reclined to sitting and standing. While the body goes from reclined to upright the force of gravity kicks in and servomechanisms instantly refresh tone of vascular muscles so that blood does not pool in the lowest portions of the vascular bed, thereby depriving the brain. This is the job of the autonomic nervous system. Amongst my chronic pain patients have been burly males who were hurt on the job. They were men of muscle who lifted and pulled at things for a living. In their whole lives they had never even come close to fainting. Yet, after receiving a serious work injury that led to Chronic Pain of a body part, they began to have vasomotor syncope types of fainting episodes. After cardiac and other potential causes were ruled out, the only explanation became POTS. It is speculated that changes in position aroused excruciating pain that reflexively, via neural message feedback to the brain, tripped autonomic system dysfunctions and tardiness in meeting arterial vasoconstriction targets, i.e., a true dysautonomia. POTS is a syndrome and symptom profile seen in certain Fibromyalgia sufferers. Both MPV and POTS exemplify the wisdom of the human body. The single organ that has the greatest need for instant oxygenated blood is the brain. Biological feedback loops that result in forcing the body into a reclined state help to keep blood flowing to the brain because Gravity is relatively negated in the reclining body. Just as with water, it is easier to pump blood horizontally than vertically. GASTROPARESISSluggish function of the stomach is not uncommon in those with Fibromyalgia. Comments like “I have no appetite…I am always bloated…my stomach always feels full…my stomach always aches” are some of the symptoms described by patients with Gastroparesis. In my experience, most doctors upon hearing these complaints reflexively prescribe medications like Nexium and Prilosec, which are misguided and ineffective therapies; possibly even counterproductive. As with all autonomic functions, the stomach and upper intestines respond to neural signals originating within the brainstem, the medulla oblongata; which is also the site of recognition of neural feedback from the various organs. While in medical school in the late 1960’s, I performed a clinical study, later published in the Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, and which illustrates sensitivity of the autonomic feedback loop involving the gastric organ. I persuaded (money was involved) a group of medical students to let me put a tube down their nose and into their stomachs where it remained for two hours or so. During this time, I drew off samples of their gastric juices and measured the pH. During one part of the time I had the subjects do mental arithmetic, and as they did so their output of stomach acid dramatically and signNowly decreased. At the time, the name given to this phenomenon of autonomic nerve feedback was “autogenic” function. This study taught me not only about sensitivity of internal organs to autonomic feedback, but also that neural control of internal organs is a delicate and sensitive physiologic matter and in some part controlled by mental activity. The concept that impingements of autonomic nerves at a locus between brain and end organ can alter function of the end organ is irrefutable. In the case of Gastrophoresis, autonomic nerves take off from thoracic and lumbar spinal cord regions. Functional scoliosis, which is discovered in many Fibromyalgia sufferers, is an obvious candidate for bio-mechanical impingement of these nerves. Indeed, upper and mid-back pain are signature symptoms of Fibromyalgia. Among the Fibromyalgia patients I have evaluated, several of the symptoms associated with Gastroparesis have also occurred in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). This is not surprising because IBS is a dysautonomias; albeit one caused by autonomic nerves that enervate the lower intestinal regions. IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)IBS is a most fascinating Syndrome, and one commonly associated with Fibromyalgia. Current fashionable speculations impute such etiologies as “leaky gut…parasites…allergies…candida…and celiac disease”. Excepting for celiac disease, the others are unproven theories with precious little clinical evidence. Yet these theories have a simplicity of concept and explanation that plays to the masses and helps sufferers to open their pocketbooks for all kinds of nutrients, pro-botics, books, appliances and such. It is well known that the placebo effect is 40-50%, so that anyone with a good guarantee return policy can mount a successful business crusade. One needs only look at the daily bot cycles of the same sales messages couched as therapies for supposedly “proven” (read testimonials) causal mechanisms. These messages show up daily and sometimes several times a day, with minor variations, on social media and Twitter. Clearly the modern day versions of “snake oil” commercialism. IBS comes in three basic varieties, and which bespeak of a spectrum of expression of intestinal dysfunction in IBS. Some sufferers have a predominantly diarrhea pattern (IBS-d), others a constipation pattern (IBS-c), and others a mix of the two. Modern medicine does not know what causes IBS, and there are no blood test, imaging studies nor biopsy evaluations that provide clues to the etiology of IBS. My insight into the physiologic nature of IBS began when I noted that many Fibromyalgia patients who also had Hypermobility Syndrome and hyperextension disorder of their pelvics also had IBS. At the same time, I took an interest in a number of young males who were appearing in my clinic complaining of chronic low back pain. After I persuaded myself that they were, for the most part, not drug seeking but truly suffering, I delved into their histories and bio-mechanical evaluations via a methodology I had invented and called Biomecnanical Functional Diagnosis. What I found was a common dedicated pursuit of extreme sports, especially skateboarding and snow boarding. Several of them had attained championship status with awards and endorsements that come to those who are winners. I learned form one of my patients that when a group of skateboarders go out on a run, it is common for one to always have to “take a crap”. So I asked this question of many of these extreme sportsters, and I discovered a true IBS diarrhea pattern in many of them and beyond a pattern of coincidence. My physical examinations discovered a loose and subluxing sacroiliac joint (SIJ) in all of the ones with IBS. About two years ago, I presented my paper about the relationship of IBS and SIJ disorder at the Eight Interdisciplinary Congress on Low Back and Pelvic Pain, in Dubai, and wherein I described 20 young male extreme sport devotees with unilateral SIJ disorder and IBS. I pondered why these young males were expressing a symptom pattern, IBS, that heretofore my professors described and my own clinical experiences of the 60’s and 70’s determined to be predominantly found in females and, as my medical school professors of the 60’s informed me, was a "form of neurosis". Autonomic neves, the parasympathetics, exit the ventral sacral foramen and conjoin within the pre-sacral plexus, which lies directly over the ventral sulcus of the SIJ. There these nerves gather into neural tracts that transit directly to the intestine, pelvic female organs and bladder. An hyperextendable SIJ would tend to tug and prod the pre-sacral plexus, thereby causing impingement of the parasympathetic nerves where they are tethered at the ventral sacral foramina. Such impingements could be expected to stimulate the parasympathetics and incite intestinal smooth muscles to contradict and spasm, leading to colonic and rectal evacuation of feces. Excessive impingement would be expected to arouse excessive evacuations, i.e., IBS-d. Excessive sympathetic stimulation would be expected to arouse diminished intestinal smooth muscle contractility and constipation, i.e., IBS-c. Interplay of these two physiologic dynamics would explain the alternating pattern of IBS. To my mind, IBS is a true dysautonomia. In females, loose SIJ’s routinely occur as result of childbirth and bio-mechanical injuries incurred in motor vehicle accidents, lifting accidents, and slip and fall accidents; many of these accidents appearing to be of a mundane nature. Women with Hypermobility Syndrome are particularly susceptible to permanent SIJ injury and to pelvic girdle instability from these kinds of accidents. INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS (IC)Frequency of urination during both the daytime and at night (five or more times a night is not uncommon) is the hallmark symptom of this disorder. Doctors do not know what causes IC. The disorder is often seen in women who have had multiple childbirths and/or other trauma to their pelvic girdles. I have seen the same symptoms in women who have had signNow slip and fall accidents wherein they landed onto their buttocks. Examinations discovered SIJ hyper-mobility disorders and subluxation of their SIJ’s. Similar to IBS neural connections described above, the nerves of bladder evacuation and contractility of smooth muscles of the bladder wall arise from parasympathetic tracts originating in the pre-sacral plexus. My working hypothesis during times caring for these IC sufferers was that loose sacroiliac joints were the offending pathophysiological insults. Around the same time, and after a ten years search for a doctor who understood what I was talking about, I discovered a back and pelvis surgeon in Daly City California. Dr. Noel Goldthwaite spoke my language, knew about sacroiliac joint dysfunction, and knew how to surgically correct SIJ instability via SIJ fusion. Sacroiliac joint fusion, which is a rather benign operative procedure, involves a one inch surgical incision/buttock scar and an overnight hospital stay, and has resolved the IC problem in two of my patients. Of course they did not have the operation for correction of IC, but for inveterate low back and pelvic pain demonstrated to be caused by sacroiliac joint disorder. I reported this IC cure in a presentation to the Eight Interdisciplinary Congress on Low Back and Pelvic Pain in Dubai, about two years ago. The SIJ fusion procedures described above followed upon several years of fighting with bureaucratic administrators and utilization review doctors at the Workers’ Compensation Insurance companies that were responsible for their injuries. In that I am probably the only doctor in the world who has made the etiologic connection between SIJ disorder and IC, I doubt whether I would ever be able to persuade most other types of insurance companies to authorize this operation, and I have abandoned the corrupt Workers’ Compensation Insurance agencies. So a defined study of the etiology of IC will, for now, remain stalled within the current arenas of speculated and elusive "microbial, autoimmunity, psychogenic, and genetic” etiologies. ENDOMETRIOSISThere is no need to describe the nature of this disease because in a companion blog posted on this same site, I have described my understanding of this disease process and the reader is directed to my essay “Theory of Cause of Endometriosis“ for and in-depth discussion. I consider dysautonomias to be attendant with this disorder because the symptoms of Endometriosis are closely aligned with those of IBS. I can theorize how Endometriosis might evolve from constant autonomic dysregulation, but here speculation reigns high. My purpose in this present post is to stay close to what I have proven to myself, and not to wildly speculate. ENDOCRINE DISORDERSI have gathered no clinical data to support endocrine dysfunctions resultant from dysautonomias, but speculation about such phenomena is suggested by anatomical relationships of autonomic and endocrine tissues. FIBROMYALGIAFibromyalgia is the premiere Chronic Pain Disorder and includes an host of symptoms and symptom constellations. Many dysautonomias are among the signature symptoms and symptom profiles of Fibromyalgia. The appropriate classification of Fibromyalgia is a "Super Syndrome”, a constellations of Syndromes. Once orthodox medicine accepts the dynamic etiologies and the pathologic model of Fibromyalgia described by this author, then the true cause of Fibromyalgia will have been acknowledged. Rational and efficacious therapies follow naturally upon knowledge of true causations of disorders and diseases. In a companion post on this site entitled “Is Fibromyalgia Caused by Brain Dysfunction?”, the author has discussed the true cause of Fibromyalgia, and that discussion should be studied to round out an in-depth understanding of the pathophysiology of Fibromyalgia. CONCLUSIONDysautonomias are common signature symptoms of Fibromyalgia. The reason is that Fibromyalgia is a functional disorder caused primarily by bio-mechanical dysfunctions. Repetitive stress injury caused by the invisible Gravitational Force Field is integral to exacerbation of Fibromyalgia as it unfolds over time. The remote natures of the mechanisms of primary injuries causal of Fibromyalgia have rendered etiologic knowledge confusing and beset with misunderstandings. With knowledge of the true cause it is possible to organize a rational healing program. The nature of this healing program will be the topic of my next posting. Laurence E. Badgley, M.D. Also Posts at Google at Laurence Badgley G+@badgleylaurence at TwitterBlog “Pain Syndromes” at Page on quora.comTelemedicine at Healthtap.com https://www.healthtap.com/message-subscription/11762547?v=1
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What are the qualifications to become the President of India?
Qualification and Term of Office:Conditions of President’s Office: According to Article 59:(i) The President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament, of a House of the Legislature of any State, and if a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of Legislature of any State and elected as President, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date of which he enters upon his office as President, (ii) the President shall not hold any other office of profit.Term of Office:The President is elected for a term of five years from the date on which he enters his office and is eligible for re-election (Articles 56-57). But his term office years maybe cut short if he (i) resigns (by writing addressed to the Vice-President), or (ii) is removed on charges of violation of the Constitution by the process of impeachment as laid down in the Constitution.Election of President:Election Qualifications:In order to be qualified for election as President, a person must (i) be a citizen of India; (ii) have completed the age of thirty-five years; (iii) be qualified for election as member of the Lok Sabha and (iv) must not hold any office of profit under the government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Government (Article 58).But a sitting President or Vice-President of the Union or the Governor of any State of a Minister either for the Union or for any State is not disqualified for election as President (Article 58).Besides, the above mentioned qualifications the ordinance, promulgated on June 5, 1997 stipulates that there must be 50 proposals and 50 secondary for the presidential candidate. It has also increased security deposit from 2,500 to 15,000.Procedure of Election:The procedure of Presidential election is contained in Articles 54 and 55. While Article 54 provides for the creation of an electoral College consisting of all the elected MLAs and MPs, Article 55 provides for the formula of uniformity in the scale of representation of different States, as far as practicably, by incorporating the method of proportional representation with single transferable vote system. Total number of votes of an electedMLA= Population of the State/ Total number of elected MPsTotal number of votes of an MP= Total number of votes as assigned to all elected MLAs/Total number of elected MLAsThis method of election was intended to make the Presidential election broad based to achieve political balance between the centre and the states. Consequently the President represents not only the Union but also the states. This is in keeping with the federal character of the Indian Polity.Quota System:No person can be declared elected as the President unless, he secures more than half of the total votes casted. Since the election of the President is by proportional representation by means by single transferable vote, the next step is to ascertain the quota.To determine the quota, the total number of votes polled is divided by the total number of members to be returned plus one and by adding one to the quotient. The formula is:Number of votes polled + 1/ Number of members to be elected + 1Oath or Affirmation by the President:Article 60 says that every person acting as President or discharging the function of the President shall, before entering upon his office, make and subscribe in the presence of the chief Justice of India or, in his absence, the senior most Judge of the Chief.Justice of India or, in affirmation in the following form, that is to say to preserve protect and defined the constitution and the law to devote himself to the services as well being of the people of India and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of India.”Emoluments and Allowances:Article 59(3) says that the President shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of his official residence and shall be also entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be determined by Parliament by law. His emoluments at present is fixed 1.5 lakh per month.On the expiration of his term or resignation, the President is entitled to an annual pension of Rs 3, 00,000. The emoluments and allowances of the President shall not be diminished during his term of office. He is permitted to spend to total amount of Rs. 15, 26,000 a year on travel, entertainment, discretionary grants, staff, household expenses and his own allowances.How the President is elected?The election of the President is a complex exercise and is done by an Electoral College as per the provisions laid down in the Constitution.The members of an Electoral College consisting of:(i) Elected members of both Houses of Parliament.(ii) Elected members of Legislative Assemblies of States (including National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Union Territory of Pondicherry).Nominated members of either houses of Parliament or State Assemblies are not eligible to be included in the Electoral College.Total Electors:The total members in the Electoral College in 2007 are 4,896. The break-up is as follows:Rajya Sabha: 233Lok Sabha: 543State Assemblies: 4,120Total: 4,896The constitution stipulates uniformity, as far as practicable, in the scale of representation of the different states. For securing such uniformity among States as well as parity between the States as a whole and the Union, a formula is given for determination of the value of vote which each elected MP or MLA is entitled to cast.Formula:Value of Votes:Each MLA’s vote is calculated on the basis:Slate Population/1,000 x No. of State MLAs = Value of one MLAs voteIllustration:Total population of Andhra Pradesh (1971 Census) = 43,502,708Total no. of elective seats in the Assembly = 294Value of each MLA’s vote = 43,502,708/ 1, 000 x 294 =147.97 or 148Total value of votes for Andhra Pradesh = 148 x 294=43,512Population figures of the 1971 census are used to calculate the votes of the States.Each MP’s vote is calculated on the basis:Total vote value of all MLA’s/Total members of Parliament (Rajya Sabha + Lok Sabha) = Value of one. MPs voteValue of each MP’s vote = 5, 49,474/233+543 =708.09 or 708Total value of votes:M.P.’s = 5, 49,408MLA’s = 5, 49,474Total = 10, 98,882The Election is held under a system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote, conducted by a secret ballot.Vacancy in the Office of President:A vacancy in the office of the President may be caused in any of the following ways: (i) on the expiry of his term of five years; (ii) by his death: (iii) by his resignation; (iv) on his removal by impeachment; (v) otherwise, e.g. on the setting aside of his election as President.Impeachment:It is laid down in the Constitution that the charge of violation of the Constitution may be preferred by either of the two Houses of the Union Parliament before the other House, [Article 61 (1)] which would then take up the responsibility of getting the charge investigated.However, in order that a charge is preferred by a House it is necessary that:(i) a resolution containing the proposal preferring the charge of violation is moved after a 14-day notice in writing signed by not less than one-fourth of the total membership of the House levying the charge, [Article 61(2)(a)] and (ii) the resolution is passed by a majority of not less than two-third of the total membership of the same House Article 61(2)(b).The other house then investigates into the matter and, if a resolution is passed in that House by no less than two-thirds of its total membership substantiating the charge, the President is removed from his office.Why the President is elected indirectly?The President is indirectly elected because:(i) First, in view of the adoption of a cabinet system of government under which the President was to function as a constitutional head of the State, direct election by the entire electorate as in the case of the President of the U.S.A. was considered neither necessary nor advisable. Yet, it was thought desirable to have the President elected by as popular body as possible. Both these purposes have been realised under the present system.(ii) Second, the significance of an electoral college composed of not only the members of both Houses of Parliament but also those of the State Assemblies needs emphasis. In an election where the Head of the Nation is chosen, if the members of Parliament alone participate, it is possible that a party that has clear majority in Parliament can easily see its candidates elected.But when the members of the State Assemblies also participate in the election, the picture is likely to undergo a substantial change. For, it is quite possible that the party which has won majority in Parliament may be a minority in many State Assemblies or even in most of them. Under such conditions, a party supported by a majority of members in Parliament will not by itself be able to elect its candidate to office.The effect of such an electoral college is to make the President a representative of States and the Union equally. This is, indeed, in complete harmony with the general scheme of the Indian Constitution which is neither purely federal nor purely unitary in character.Criticism of the Election Method:Critics have pointed out three defects in the Presidential Electoral College, namely, exclusion of State’s second chambers, a possibility of the dissolution of hostile legislature on the eve of election, and the possibility of a Presidential election by a lame-duck College.The issue of excluding the States’ second chambers was raised in the Constituent Assembly also, but the present formula seems to be justified on two counts: one, the constitution of the State Legislative Council’s are not uniform in this respect and, two, the future of second chambers in States is uncertain.The President is empowered by Article 356 to dissolve a unit in the Electoral College to his advantage, but it is expected that he should be able to defend his action in terms of the political situation obtaining in the State concerned. Otherwise, his action will discredit him and may even cost him his office. Although, on paper, the Presidential election is a complicated process, in practice it is a comparatively simple process.Powers of the President:Under Article 53 of the Constitution the executive Powers of the Union is vested in the President who is empowered to exercise it either directly or through officers subordinate to him. The list or powers which the Constitution confers upon the President may be broadly classified under the following categories.(i) Executive or Administrative Powers:The executive power of the Union of India is vested in President. He is the head of the Indian Republic. All executive functions are executed in the name of the President, authenticated in such manner as may be prescribed by rules to be made by the President (Article 77).The administrative power also includes the power to appoint and remove the high dignitaries of the State. Under the Constitution, the President shall have the power to appoint—(i) The Prime Minister of India, (ii) Other Ministers of the Union, (iii) The Attorney-General for India, (iv) The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, (v) The Judges of the Supreme Court, (vi) The Judges of the High Courts of the-States, (vii) The Governor of a State, (viii) A Commission to investigate interference with water supplies, (ix) The Finance Commission, (x) The Union Public Service Commission and Joint Commissions for a group of States, (xi) The Chief Election Commissioner and other members of the Election Commission, (xii) A Special Officer for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes, (xiii) A Commission to report on the administration of Scheduled Areas, (xiv) A Commission to investigate into the condition of backward classes, (xv) A Commission on Official Language, (xvi) Special Officer for linguistic minorities.The President shall also have the power to remove (i) his Ministers, individually; (ii) the Attorney- General for India; (iii) the Governor of a State; (iv) the Chairman or a member of the Public Service Commission of the Union or of a State, on the report of the Supreme Court; (v) a Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court or the Election Commissioner, on an address of Parliament.No Spoil System:It is to be noted that besides the power of appointing the above specified functionaries, the Indian Constitution does not vest in the President any absolute power as is to be found in the American Constitution. Thus, the Indian Constitution seeks to avoid the undesirable “Spoil System” of America.(ii) Legislative Powers:The President is an integral part of the Parliament. Under our Constitution the President is the executive head and also a part of the legislature.The President has the power to summon and prorogue the Parliament (i.e., Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha). He has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha only, as the Rajya Sabha, being a permanent House, cannot be dissolved. The Lok Sabha was dissolved in 1970 and on many other occasions before it had completed its five-year term.The President has the power to summon a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament in case of differences between the two. The President summoned a joint sitting of both Houses in 1951 and 1958 to pass an Anti-Dowry Bill and the Banking Services Bill respectively.The President has the right to address the opening session of a newly elected Parliament and the first session of each year and inform the Member of Parliament the causes as to why they have been summoned. Besides this right, the President has the right to address either House or their joint sittings at any time and can require the attendance of members.The President has the power to nominate certain members to Parliament. In the Rajya Sabha 12 members are to be nominated from persons having special knowledge or practical experience of literature, science, art and social service.The President also has the power to nominate not more than two members from the Anglo-Indian community to the Lok Sabha if in his opinion that community has not been adequately represented in the House.The President has the power to cause certain reports and statements to be laid before the Parliament. The statements or reports caused to be laid before Parliament are (a) the Annual Financial Statement and Supplementary Statement if any, (b) the Report of the Auditor General, (c) the recommendations of the Finance Commission, (d) the Report of Union Public Service Commission, (e) the Report of the Special Officer of the Scheduled Castes and Tribes, (f) the Report of the Commission on Backward Classes, and (g) the Report of the Special Officer of Linguistic Minorities.Previous sanction of the President is necessary for introducing certain Bills, for instance; (i) a Money Bill, (ii) a Bill which would involve expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, (iii) a Bill for the formation of new States or the alteration of boundaries of existing States, (iv) any Bill relating to a particular language, (v) any Bill affecting taxation of the States.No Bill passed by Parliament can become an Act without the President’s assent. When a Bill is passed by the Parliament there are three choices before the President to decide what he should do. He can give his assent in which case it becomes an Act, or he may declare that he withholds his assent to the Bill, or he may return the Bill provided it is not a Money Bill, for the reconsideration of Parliament.In the case of a Bill returned to the House for reconsideration, if the Bill is passed by both the House with or without amendments and sent to the President for his approval, the President is bound to give his assent.A Money Bill cannot be either withheld or returned for reconsideration of the Houses by the President. The President’s power to withhold his assent is known as the power of veto. Under our Constitution the President can withhold his assent to a Bill indefinitely because there is no time limit for assenting to a Bill.If, however, instead of refusing his assent outright, the President returns the Bill or any portion of it for reconsideration, a re-passage of the Bill by an ordinary majority would compel the President to give his assent. The effect of a return by the Indian President is thus merely ‘suspensive’.Another point to be noted is that the Constitution does not prescribe any time-limit within which the President is to declare his assent or refusal, or to return the Bill. By reason of this absence of a time-limit, it seems that the Indian President would be able to exercise something like a ‘pocket veto’ by simply keeping the Bill on his desk for an indefinite time, particularly, if he finds that the Ministry is shaky and is likely to collapse shortly.The President has the power to return, disallow or withhold a Bill passed by the State Legislature but reserved by the Governor of the State for the consideration of the President. In case the Bill so reserved is returned for reconsideration and is passed again within six months, it is not necessary for the President to automatically give his assent.He can again withhold his assent. It is; therefore, open to a President to withhold a State Legislature Bill indefinitely without giving assent. With regard to Money Bill reserved by the Governor for the Presidential consideration it lies either to be withheld or assented to.The Parliament is not always in session. It may become necessary to have a law on some urgent matter of public importance. To meet such a situation, the President has the power to issue ordinances under the Art. 123. This is the most important legislative power of the President.If the President is satisfied with the circumstances that exist to issue ordinances, he can issue ordinances. The 38th Amendment of 1975 has made the satisfaction of the President as final which cannot be questioned in a court of law.The ordinances can be promulgated by the President when the Houses of Parliament are not in session. The effect of an ordinance is as good as an Act of Parliament and has the same force as the law of the land. However, every ordinance must be laid before both Houses of Parliament within six weeks from the re-assembling of Parliament.If there is a failure to bring the ordinance before Parliament for its approval or if it is disapproved, then the ordinance will be invalid. The ordinance could also be withdrawn by the President. An ordinance, however, can be in force as long as the Parliament does not meet.He can appoint temporary presiding officers in case of vacancy in the posts of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.(iii) Financial Powers:Some of the important financial powers are: (i) Introduction of money Bill in Lok Sabha with his prior recommendation, (ii) Keeping control over Contingency Fund of India, (iii) Causing presentation of budget in the Parliament, (iv) Making appointment of Finance Commission, (v) Allowing determination of the shares of States in proceeds of income tax and of the amounts of grants-in-aid in lieu of jute export duty.(iv) Judicial Powers:The President appoints the Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court and State High Courts. He can grant pardon, reprieve, respite or remission of punishment or commute the sentence of any person punished under the Union Law. The President enjoys legal immunity and is not accountable to any Court of Law to anything done in the exercise of the official duties.(v) The Military Power:The Supreme command of the Defence Forces is vested in the President of India, but the Constitution expressly lays down that the exercise of this power shall be regulated by law. This means that though the President may have the power to take action as to declaration of war or peace or the employment of defence forces, it is competent for Parliament to regulate or control the exercise of such powers.(vi) The Diplomatic Power:Like the head of other States, the President of India represents India in international affair and has the power to appoint Indian representatives to other countries and receives diplomatic representatives of other States.(vii) Emergency Powers:The President has been given wide powers to meet emergencies. These extraordinary powers of the President are of three kinds, (i) The President is given the power to make a proclamation of Emergency on the ground of threat to the security of India or any part thereof, by war, external aggression or armed rebellion, (ii) The President is empowered to make a proclamation that the Government of a State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. (Arts. 356, 365). (iii) The President is empowered to declare that a situation has arisen whereby “the financial stability or credit of India or of any part thereof is threatened” (Article 360).(viii) Miscellaneous Powers:(i) Reference of any matter of public importance involving a question of law to the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court, (ii) Making of rules for the composition of working of the Union Public Service Commission, (iii) Making appointment of Official Language Commission and recommending steps for the progressive use of Hindi for official purposes, (iv) Making special regulations for the administration of the State of Jammu and Kashmir.Veto Powers:(a) Veto over Union Legislation:A Bill will not be an Act of the Indian Parliament unless and until it receives the assent of the President.When a Bill is presented to the President, after its passage in both Houses of Parliament, the President shall be entitled to take any of the following three steps:(i) He may declare his assent to the Bill; or(ii) He may declare that he withholds his assent to the Bill; or(iii) He may, in the case of Bills other than Money Bills, return the Bill for reconsideration of the Houses, with or without a message suggesting amendments. A Money Bill cannot be returned for reconsideration.In case of (iii), if the Bill is passed again by both House of Parliament with or without amendment and again presented to the President, it would be obligatory upon him to declare to his assent to it [Article 111].From the standpoint of effect on the legislation, executive vetos have been classified as absolute, qualified, suspensive and pocket-vetos.(b) Absolute Veto:The English Crown possesses the prerogative of absolute veto, and if it refuses assent to any Bill, it cannot become law, notwithstanding any vote of Parliament. But this veto power of the Crown has become obsolete since 1700, owing to the development of the Cabinet system, under which all public legislation is initiated and conducted in the Legislature by the Cabinet. Judged by practice and usage, thus, there is at present no executive power of veto in England.(c) Qualified Veto:A veto is ‘qualified’ when it can be overridden by an extraordinary majority of the Legislature and the Bill can be enacted as Law with such majority vote, overriding the executive veto. The veto of the American President is of this class. When a Bill is presented to the President, he may, if he does not assent to it, return the Bill within 10 days, with a Statement of his objections, to that branch of Congress in which it originated.Each House of Congress then reconsiders the Bill and if it is adopted again in each House, by a two-thirds vote of the members present,—the Bill becomes a law, notwithstanding the absence of the President’s signature. The qualified veto is then overridden. But if it fails to obtain that two-thirds majority, the veto stands and the Bill fails to become law.(d) Suspensive Veto:A veto is suspensive when the executive veto can be overridden by the Legislature by an ordinary majority. To this type belongs the veto power of the French President. If, upon a reconsideration, Parliament passes the Bill again by a simple majority, the President has no option but to promulgate it.(e) Pocket Veto:There is a fourth type of veto called the ‘pocket veto’ which is possessed by the American President. When a Bill is presented to him, he may neither sign the Bill nor return the Bill for reconsideration within 10 days. He may simply let the Bill lie on his desk until the ten-day limit has expired.But, if in the meantime, Congress has adjourned (i.e., before expiry of the period of ten-days from presentation of the Bill to the President), the Bill fails to become a law. This method is known as the ‘pocket veto’, for, by simply withholding a Bill presented to the President during the last few days of the session of Congress the President can prevent the Bill to become law.Disallowance of State Legislation:Besides the power to veto Union legislation, the President of India shall also have the power of disallowance or return for reconsideration of a Bill of the State Legislature, which may have been reserved for his consideration by the Governor of the State [Article 201].Reservation of a State Bill for the assent of the President is a discretionary power of the Governor of a State. In the case of any it presented to the Governor for his assent after it has been passed by both Houses of the Legislature of the State, the Governor may, instead of giving his assent or withholding his assent, reserve the Bill for the consideration of the President. In one case reservation is compulsory, viz., where the law in question would derogate from the powers of the High Court under the Constitution [Article 200, 2nd Proviso].In case of Money Bill so reserved, the president may either declare his assent or withhold his assent. But in case of a Bill, other than a Money Bill, the President may, instead of declaring his assent or refusing it, direct the Governor to return the Bill to the Legislature for reconsideration.In this latter case, the Legislature must reconsider the Bill within six months and if it is passed again, the Bill shall be presented to the President again. But it shall not be obligatory upon the President to give his assent in this case too [Article 201].It is clear that a Bill which is reserved for the consideration of the President shall have no legal effect until the President declares his assent to it. But no time limit is imposed by the Constitution upon the President either to declare his assent or that he withholds his assent. As a result, it would be open to the President to keep a Bill of the State Legislature pending at his hands for an indefinite period of time, without expressing his mind.Ordinance-making Power:The ambit of this Ordinance making power of the President is coextensive with the legislative powers of Parliament; i.e. it may relate to any subject in respect of which Parliament has the right to legislate and is subject to the same Constitutional limitations as legislation by Parliament.This power is to be exercised by the President on the advice of his Council of Ministers. The Ordinance must be laid before Parliament when it reassembles, and shall automatically cease to have effect at the expiration of 6 weeks from the date of re-assembly unless disapproved earlier by Parliament.The Ordinance-making power will be available to the President only when either of the two Houses of Parliament has been prorogued or is otherwise not in session, so that it is not possible to have a law enacted by Parliament.Thus, an ordinance promulgated under Article 123 is a law having the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament. It cannot be treated as an executive action or an administrative decision.The ordinance-making power is exercised by the President on his own ‘satisfaction’. The court cannot inquire into the reasons for the subjective satisfaction of the President or into the sufficiency of those reasons. The validity of an ordinance cannot be tested on grounds similar to those on which an executive or judicial action is tested.A Comparative Study:Any legislative power of the executive is unimaginable especially where legislature in independent from the Executive. In the U.S. Constitution, owing to the doctrine of Separation of Powers, the President is denied the power of promulgating ordinances.The British king has long lost the power of issuing decrees—ever since the Case of Proclamation, 1610.In case of France, instead of the President, the Council of Ministers can enact ordinances. These ordinances come into force upon their publication in the official gazette.The Misuse:The ‘immediate action’ has no necessary connection with an ’emergency’ as is referred to in Article 352. The promulgation of an Ordinance is not dependent upon the existence of an armed rebellion or external aggression.The only test is whether the circumstances which call for the legislation are so serious and imminent that the delay involved in the ordinary course of legislation cannot be tolerated. Therefore, Article 123 (1) clearly laid down that the President is the sole judge of the “circumstances which render it necessary for him to promulgate Ordinances.”But, since the ordinance-making power is to be exercised by the President on the ‘aid and advice’ of the Council of Ministers (Article 74), the power is often misused. It is misused in the sense that, instead of meeting the emergency situations, the ordinances are being issued—(i) By the governments of the day which do not carry majority;(ii) By the governments which are not sure of the Bill getting Parliament’s support, if brought in; and(iii) To escape certain embarrassments in the Parliament.In 1986, the Congress Government under Rajiv Gandhi promulgated the Inquiry Commissions (Amendment) Ordinance to avoid tabling the Thakkar Commission Report before the Parliament. The avoidance was mainly due to the fear of embarrassment that might have ensued due to debate on the report.In 1997, the United Front Government, under I.K. Gujral, even after losing its majority in the Parliament, promulgated an ordinance on Prasar Bharti.Though the Ordinance-making powers of the President and the Governors are corollary, the misuse is worst in the case of states. The State Assemblies are deliberately prorogued in order to keep a controversial ordinance alive.Checks and Balances:The ordinance-making power has virtually allowed the Executive to encroach upon the legislative sphere. The effectiveness of the Government will be optimum if, as Jafferson remarked, “the Powers of Government be so divided and balanced among several bodies of magistracy, that none-could transcend their legal Iii its, without being effectively checked and restrained by the others.” Thus, the two organs—the Judiciary and the legislature—must be fine tuned to check the misuse of the ordinance-making power by the Executive.
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What are the biggest problems that you see with the Democrats and the DNC?
This is going to be difficult for some Democrats to read, so I’m going to try to keep my commentary to a minimum and use quotes from Democrats wherever I can to make this less painful.A couple of decades of elitism-Van Jones: ‘Obnoxious elitism has found a home’ in Democratic Party“It feels nearly impossible to have a productive conversation with ‘the other side,’ ” Mr. Jones said, CNN reported. “We are still acting like one side is always right and one side is always wrong.”Biden rips Democrats' 'elitism,' faults party for failing to signNow working class“I believe that we were not letting an awful lot of people — high school-educated, mostly Caucasian, but also people of color — know that we understood their problems,” he reportedly said.”Democrats — the party of the professional class? - The Boston Globe“I never worried about West Virginia,’’ said Dukakis. “It is working-class America, but now we’ve just kind of basically said: Well, it’s a red state.’’“I’ve been in groups of workers, who used to be so closely aligned with the Democrats, where I’m more welcome than a Democrat would be,” said Senator Rob Portman, a Republican running for reelection in the swing state of Ohio. “The Democrats have become a little more elitist, less in touch with the life experiences of middle-class Americans, and more attuned to the college-educated, urban-dwelling segment.”Portman is hardly impartial. But is he wrong?Yolie Capin blasts Democratic Party as elitist in wake of Trump victory - SaintPetersBlog“I know people who voted for Trump. (Some of them) were Ph.D.’s, OK?” Capin says. “It’s mind boggling. Let them keep saying it’s the ‘yahoos and the hillbillies.’ Let them keep doing that,” she says of what she calls the elitism of the Democratic Party leadership. “That’s exactly what the people felt, (that) you feel that you’re more intelligent, more informed. But you don’t listen.”Corruption is only relevant when the other side does it-Yolie Capin blasts Democratic Party as elitist in wake of Trump victory - SaintPetersBlog“So then we fast forward to 2016 and the Democratic establishment rigs the convention and the thing is, they got caught and the sad, sad part is that everybody was OK with it!” Capin said, referring to the thousands of leaked WikiLeaks emails that showed DNC disdain toward Bernie Sanders and support for Clinton long before any votes were cast.Dear Democrats, Read This If You Do Not Understand Why Trump WonBy not listening to your fellow Americans, and accusing them of being “conspiracy theorists” and trusting the corporate media, you ignored reality. By only following other liberals on social media, and only reading liberal or corporate news, once again ignoring reality. When Hillary Clinton was caught rigging the primary against Bernie Sanders, and Democrats nominated her anyway they ignored reality……I took it upon myself to understand Trump, and his supporters. What I found was millions of great Americans who had been disenfranchised, normal people like you and I, who did not recover from the Great Recession. They’re pissed off about Obama Care, endless wars, trade deals that have killed jobs, higher taxes, a rigged economy–and, they are not wrong……Had Democrats taken the concerns of average American seriously, especially the concerns of Millennials, they would have quickly realized Hillary Clinton was not the right nominee for the Democratic party in 2016.Democrat Actually Admits A Crime Was Committed With Hillary Clinton’s E-Mail ScandalYesterday Comey testified before Congress again and dropped a bombshell. The FBI found classified material on Anthony Weiner’s lap top that were forwarded to him from his wife Huma Abedin, who is Hillary’s right-hand girl. To recap: Hillary mishandled classified information on her private e-mail server by sending it to Abedin, who mishandled it some more by sending it to her pervert husband. Anthony Weiner isn’t even allowed within 500 feet of school so he definitely doesn’t have top security clearance……Morning Joe’s Willie Geist asked Senator Blumenthal if he thought Abedin had committed a crime.“If there was classified information and it was improperly passed to a person unauthorized to receive it. Yes, it’s a crime. Without knowing what the intentions were and so forth, there is potentially a prosecutable crime,” said Blumenthal.UPDATE: President Obama’s Own Defense Deputy Admits Obama White House Spied on Candidate/President-Elect Trump…“More than a half-dozen current and former officials described various aspects of the effort to preserve and distribute the intelligence, and some said they were speaking to draw attention to the material and ensure proper investigation by Congress. All spoke on the condition of anonymity because they were discussing classified information, nearly all of which remains secret.” (link)Democrat Congressman Admits ‘Obama Wiretapped Everyone, Even Me’“I can vouch for the fact that extracurricular surveillance does occur, whether or not it is officially approved,” Kucinich said.Former president Obama was a serial wiretapper, using any excuse to listen in to his rivals private conversations. He developed such a taste for it that he even tapped the phones of his Democratic Party comrades.“I was wiretapped in 2011 after taking a phone call in my congressional office after taking a call from a foreign leader,” Kucinich continued. “The fact is that if a member of Congress can have a phone call intercepted, there is no one safe. It is plausible that a presidential candidate could have had his phone calls tapped.“Kucinich also slammed the Obama administration for being “out of control with this surveillance stuff.““The larger question is, what about the rights of Americans to privacy? We have five constitutional amendments that are meant to protect our privacy. Now we learn from WikiLeaks that things like an iPhone can be used to get people’s conversations, they use televisions…“Let’s demonize everyone else-The party who cried racistHillary Clinton's infamous "basket of deplorables" speech labeled half of Trump's supporters — more than 30 million Americans — as "irredeemable" racists.The Democrats' destructive politics of righteousnessMcGovern naively took for granted the traditional party loyalty of union leaders and the white working class. But these pillars of the New Deal collation recognized that McGovern's creation of a new "coalition of conscience" built around opposition to the war, identity politics and a redistribution of wealth excluded some of their own conscientiously held moral convictions. McGovern went on to lose every state but Massachusetts and the District of Columbia — and with them the party allegiance of blue-collar workers, union leaders and — what often amounted to the same voters — conservative Roman Catholics.Jimmy Carter was not a member of McGovern's coalition of conscience: He had his own powerful sense of moral righteousness, one he derived from his Southern Baptist heritage of personal rectitude rather than McGovern's secularized Methodist heritage of moral uplift and social reconstruction. There was much in that mix that was admirably righteous, especially the instinct to protect racial and sexual minorities from social oppression. The problem is that pursuing righteousness by expanding individual rights at the expense of communal values often creates greater social conflict. As sociologist Robert Bellah argued in 1991, "rights language itself offers no way to evaluate competing claims." One side wins, the other loses.Gloria Steinem and Madeleine Albright Rebuke Young Women Backing Bernie Sanders“We can tell our story of how we climbed the ladder, and a lot of you younger women think it’s done,” Ms. Albright said of the broader fight for women’s equality. “It’s not done. There’s a special place in hell for women who don’t help each other!”……“When you’re young, you’re thinking: ‘Where are the boys? The boys are with Bernie,’ ” Ms. Steinem said.Realizing that this was potentially offensive, Mr. Maher recoiled. “Oh. Now if I said that, ‘They’re for Bernie because that’s where the boys are,’ you’d swat me.”Jon Stewart: "Hypocrisy" For Left To Think Everybody Who Voted For Trump Is A RacistHacked Audio: Clinton Calls Bernie Fans Frustrated Basement-Dwellers“They’re children of the Great Recession,” Clinton said of Bernie fans. “And they are living in their parents’ basement. They feel they got their education, and the jobs that are available to them are not at all what they envisioned for themselves.”The leaked recording discloses Clinton’s comments at a Virginia fundraiser hosted by former U.S. ambassador Beatrice Welters in February, reports the Washington Free BeaconJeff Klein Calls Criticism Of New Breakaway Democrats 'Racist' & 'Obnoxious'“The reality is we have a group of rogue Democrats who are empowering Trump Republicans, and blocking me from becoming the first woman and first African-American woman Senate President or co-President,” Stewart-Cousins told the paper, while also calling the allegations of racism "dangerous and offensive."This isn't the first time that charges of racism have been levied in defense of the IDC. When Marisol Alcantara came under fire after she won a primary while pledging to conference with the IDC, consultant Lis Smith tweeted that her critics were "white progressives" trying to silence "new Americans." Alcantara herself suggested to the Village Voice that non-white politicians were more likely than their white colleagues to be "demonized" and accused of looking out for themselves when they "make decisions based on helping their constituents."In addition, Jose Peralta's spokesman Juan Soto said that chatter about a primary challenger for Peralta was racially charged. "In Queens, when it comes to Latinos, this is the type of sugar cane plantation style politics that the Queens political machine will resort to keep dissent quiet," he told Politico.Sheila Jackson Lee - Discover the NetworksDuring a 1997 visit to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, Jackson Lee, who was then serving on the House Science Committee and on the Subcommittee that oversees U.S. space policy, asked a guide whether the Mars Pathfinder would be able to show an image of “the flag the astronauts planted there before.” When it was subsequently pointed out that the flag to which she was referring was in fact the one that Neil Armstrong had planted on the Moon—not Mars—in 1969, Jackson Lee complained that she was being mocked by bigots. “You thought you could have fun with a black woman member of the Science Committee,” her then-chief-of-staff wroteangrily in a letter to the editor.In 2005 she expressed her objection to the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) practice of assigning “lily white” names to hurricanes—i.e., names normally associated with Caucasians. “All racial groups should be represented,” the congresswoman told The Hill Magazine, in hopes that the WMO in the future “would try to be inclusive of African American names.” She suggested such names as “Keisha, Jamal and Deshawn.”In 2011 Jackson Lee went to the House floor to complain about a Pepsi Max commercial that had aired during that year's Super Bowl telecast. In the ad, a black woman was shown throwing her soda can at her boyfriend or husband for glancing at an attractive white female jogger; when he ducked, the can struck the jogger, and the couple then scurried away. “It was not humorous,” the congresswoman shouted. “It was demeaning—an African-American woman throwing something at an African-American male and winding up hitting a Caucasian woman.”Absolute Power corrupts absolutely-Democrats ‘Shame’ Voters With MailersDemocratic Party postcards and letters sent to more than 800,000 New Yorkers this week gave them grades based on how often they had voted and told them their voting records in 2014 would be watched.Political observers, both partisan and not, said the mailers were akin to a pre-Halloween scare.Ed Klein - Democrats and the Abuse of Presidential PowerA tip of the hat to Jeff Kisseloff of The Nation, who reminds us that Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to order J. Edgar Hoover, the director of the FBI, to use the relatively new investigate tool of wiretapping against his political opponents.According to Today in Civil Liberties History, Harry S. Truman approved a memo from his attorney general that authorized FBI wiretapping of political dissidents……Before Barack Obama and his administration spied on Trump, they rifled through the emails and phone records of Fox reporter James Rosen, claimed executive privilege during the Fast and Furious scandal, and used the IRS to target conservative groups and deny them tax-exempt status.Democrats' shameful double standard on abuse of power…A similar dynamic is at work in New York City, where a new municipal ID program for undocumented immigrants was designed by City Council Democrats with a provision to delete ID holders' data in the event of a Republican presidential victory in 2016."In case a Tea Party Republican comes into [the White House] and says, 'We want all of the data from all of the municipal ID programs in the country,' we're going to take the data," explained City Councilman Carlos Menchaca (D-Brooklyn). "That allows us to prepare for any new leadership."……In a 2008 speech now frequently cited by his critics, President Obama seemed aware of the hazard in amassing power in one branch of government. "I take the Constitution very seriously," he said. "The biggest problems that we're facing right now have to do with George Bush trying to bring more and more power into the executive branch and not go through Congress at all. And that's what I intend to reverse when I'm president of the United States of America."Six years in, it's clear that there will be no such reversal.Democrats Defend an Indefensible Abuse of Executive Power“Democrats are defending the indefensible. The Constitution clearly delineates the powers of each branch of the federal government. Congress is given sole authority to make law, and the president is given the responsibility of enforcing it. There is no special clause in the Constitution that gives the president power to enact his agenda when Congress disagrees with him.”Drone strikes under Obama killed up to 117 civilians, intelligence report claims…Rights groups have criticized the Obama administration’s estimates of civilian casualties caused by counter-terror actions.Human rights organization Reprieve said in July that the U.S. government has misled the public on its drone programme and “shifted the goalposts on what counts as a civilian to such an extent that any estimate may be far removed from reality.”"In U.S. drone operations, reports suggest all 'military aged males' and potentially even women and children are considered 'enemies killed in action' unless they can 'posthumously' and 'conclusively' prove their innocence," it added.America dropped 26,171 bombs in 2016. What a bloody end to Obama's reign | Medea BenjaminWhile candidate Obama came to office pledging to end George W Bush’s wars, he leaves office having been at war longer than any president in US history. He is also the only president to serve two complete terms with the nation at war……President Obama has claimed that his overseas military adventures are legal under the 2001 and 2003 authorizations for the use of military force passed by Congress to go after al-Qaida. But today’s wars have little or nothing to do with those who attacked the United States on September 11, 2001.The twisted legal architecture the Obama administration has constructed to justify its interventions, especially extrajudicial drone killings with no geographic restrictions, will now be transferred into the erratic hands of Donald Trump.What does the administration have to show for eight years of fighting on so many fronts? Terrorism has spread, no wars have been “won” and the Middle East is consumed by more chaos and divisions than when candidate Barack Obama declared his opposition to the invasion of Iraq.While the switch from US troops on the ground to airstrikes and special forces has saved US lives, untold numbers of foreign lives have been snuffed out. We have no idea how many civilians have been killed in the massive bombings in Iraq and Syria, where the US military is often pursuing Isis in the middle of urban neighborhoods. We only sporadically hear about civilian killings in Afghanistan, such as the tragic bombing of the Doctors Without Borders hospital in Kunduz that left 42 dead and 37 wounded.Ask James Carville It’s still “the economy stupid.”Democrats turn to lies to avoid the economyBuried under fake Democratic outrages about Mr. Trump is news like this from the past few days:• “U.S. homeownership rate drops to lowest since 1965.” (Bloomberg).• “Another GDP stunner: Growth only 1.2% over the last 3 months.” (USA Today).• “Worst economic recovery since 1930s; salaries fall $17,000 short.” (Washington Examiner).• “Let’s face it — the U.S. economy is going nowhere fast.” (CBS).It is no surprise then, when this newspaper, The Washington Times, reports on a shocking new Harris poll finding that “82 percent of Americans believe that the people running the country don’t really care what happens to them. Another 78 percent say the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer while 70 percent believe that most people in power try to take advantage of people like them.”Perhaps they feel that way because it’s true.Don’t buy the lie that Obama’s leaving behind a healthy economyThe truth is that the Obama years have been among America’s worst for the economy. His eight years will go down in history as the Great Recession, even though for much, even most, of the span, we weren’t technically in a recession.It just felt that way. And no wonder. Obama’s is the only modern presidency that failed to show a single year of growth above 3 percent, a point Trump stressed during the campaign (and that was conceded even by the website Politifact).Plus, the Obama economy failed to prosper even though the Federal Reserve had its pedal to the metal. Its quantitative easing, $2 trillion balance-sheet expansion and zero-interest-rate policy all produced zilch.Except for pumping up Wall Street and producing what Trump calls a “false economy.” The recent declines in the unemployment rate are due less to the uptick in employed persons than to an increasing number of persons leaving the labor force.In a “true economy,” what people would boast about would be the number of employed persons rising faster than the size of an expanding workforce. In reality, the job participation rate is the lowest in decades, as millions are too discouraged to seek a job.And the recent record Dow Jones average? It’s pumped up by the Federal Reserve. It’s nowhere near a record if the Dow is calculated in the most traditional measure of value. The gold value of the Dow peaked way back in 1999.Most Americans Are Worried About Losing Their HousingLast week, a new poll showed just how far this anxiety signNowes in the U.S. According to a survey by the NHP Foundation, 75 percent of Americans are worried they could lose their homes, while 83 percent of respondents said that they were concerned about the rising costs of housing.Some 30 percent of the respondents described themselves as “very concerned” that they or a close friend or relative could lose their housing, meaning that nearly one-third of Americans feels that a lack of affordable housing could represent a personal crisis. Another 27 percent described themselves as “concerned”—meaning more than half of respondents consider housing instability to be a looming danger.Per the poll, about 40 percent of respondents say that they fear they could lose their homes due to job loss. This fear is not unfounded. Neil Gabler’s May cover story for The Atlantic cites Federal Reserve Board data that showed that almost half of U.S. households (47 percent) could not muster $400 in an emergency. A report by the Urban Institute shows that more than one-third of all American families (36 percent) have savings of less than $250. One-quarter of U.S. households have no savings at all.The Hill Poll: Majority of voters believe Obama has changed country for worseTwo-thirds of likely voters say President Obama has kept his 2008 campaign promise to change America — but it’s changed for the worse, according to a sizable majority.A new poll for The Hill found 56 percent of likely voters believe Obama’s first term has transformed the nation in a negative way, compared to 35 percent who believe the country has changed for the better under his leadership.The results signal broad voter unease with the direction the nation has taken under Obama’s leadership and present a major challenge for the incumbent Democrat as he seeks reelection this fall.Conducted for The Hill by Pulse Opinion Research, the poll comes in the wake of last month’s Supreme Court decision that upheld the primary elements of Obama’s signature healthcare legislation.It found 68 percent of likely voters — regardless of whether they approve or disapprove of Obama — believe the president has substantially transformed the country since his 2009 inauguration.How Obamacare Destroyed The Middle Class In One ChartAmerica’s middle class is hurting, and that’s why Trump is popular | Brookings InstitutionScapegoat diagnoses lend themselves to simplistic solutions: get rid of the scapegoats, or somehow tax or punish them other ways, and then somehow, some way, all will be better. Maybe there are enough voters who are so upset with the dysfunction in Washington, and anxious about the chaos around the world, that this is all they need to hear. They’ve had it (understandably) with traditional candidates who have State-of-the-Union-like laundry list plans for governing, either because they don’t like or understand what’s in those plans, or more likely, because they know that any campaign plan will be chewed up or stopped by a Congress that is deeply divided along partisan lines and likely to remain that way even after November, 2016.Is Obamacare Good For The Middle Class?Apparently not. For every person who has obtained insurance in the (Obamacare) exchanges, there are two other eligible people who have not enrolled. We now have a good idea why that is……For the previously uninsured, out of pocket costs for medical care go up -- even after the federal subsidies. On the plus side, they do consume more medical care once they are insured. And there is some value in the risk reduction insurance provides. But these advantages are not enough to offset the financial loss for almost everyone above 250% of the federal poverty level. Even the Obamacare mandate’s threatened penalties are not enough to make Obamacare insurance attractive to the vast majority of the uninsured middle class.That’s the conclusion of a new NBER Working Paper by Wharton School economists Mark Pauly, Adam Leive and Scott Harrington. The conclusion is consistent with the evidence on enrollment. About 83% of people obtaining insurance in the exchanges have incomes below 250% of poverty and above that level enrollment drops off sharply as income increases. (See the chart below.)…Our estimates indicate that the majority of the previously uninsured would be subject to substantial negative financial impacts by purchasing insurance on exchanges in response to the [Affordable Care Act]. Impacts on welfare are less stark, with potential gains at low income and high-risk levels. However, many of the non-poor formerly uninsured are estimated to be worse off because the subsidies are not large enough and coverage not generous enough to offset their new obligation to pay part of the premium along with required cost sharing. This loss contributes to the relatively low estimated takeup rates to date for exchange coverage for persons who do not qualify for large premium subsidies and cost sharing subsidies.So the people below aren’t happy with the Democratic option right now;DeplorablesBasement DwellersThe RidiculousEveryone that the Democrats said was racist or sexist.People still waiting for “hope and change”West VirginiaRepublicansMenPeople, who even after eight years, haven’t recovered from the recession.People that don’t like drone attacks on innocent civilians.The Middle ClassPeople that think that politicians aren’t above the law.People still looking for a job.People that lost their healthcare plan to Obamacare.People screwed by their own party in the party primary and then mocked at the National Convention.Of the die hard Democrats that the party still had left, the party forced a candidate on them that they were unmotivated to show up and vote for. They literally forced one of the few people out there that Trump could actually beat.Democrats still scratch their heads and wonder what went wrong.
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