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FAQs
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Why do German ID cards have labels in French even though French ID cards don’t have labels in German?
it's a government decision. there was no real European standard. Although France and Germany are part of Europe, each country reserves the right to choose the format of the identity card . (the card must include mandatory information. Note that only labels are concerned . Nationality field is written , nationalité / Staatsangehörigkeit and the value is Deutsh only not deutsch/allemand. ) the Germans had made this choice according to the number of people speaking french in the world and also because of cross-border workers crossing the French border every day. They do so for countries which have common borders with Germany. France had not done so on the assumption that the indentity card is normally used within the country and the passport used for travel outside the country . to be completely logical, it would have been necessary to write all the texts in the 28 languages, sorry soon 27. the format has changed a lot since the paper chart.moreover nearly 300 millions people still speak french and the french was a language spoken in the whole europe and used in international legal treaties. French is one of the official languages used by UN organization with English, Arabic, Chinese, Spanish and Russian. not german even if it’s the language of Von Goethe ! The European Union prepares a directive which will even oblige the Member States to make evolve their identity documents to biometric documents (with 2 fingerprints and photograph on the micro-processor). The security features of ID cards will align with those of passports. the written mentions will become useless for the crossing of borders even if present for daily life for example the stores which will not necessarily have adapted reader. the cards will contain two chips. The first chip, called "regalia chip", will contain the civil status data (name, first names, sex, date and place of birth), address, and biometric data (size, eye color, fingerprints, photo). the chip will respond to RFID technology, that is to say that it can be read by readers "without contact" . The second chip, called "chip everyday life", will be intended to identify itself on commercial and administrative services on the Internet through an electronic signature. It aims to allow easy identification and "secure manner" without having to multiply the login codes or passwords, avoiding any fraud . It will be optional. This chip can be read by commercially available devices connected to a computer. It will be activated by means of a PIN code.the text like name or nationality will diseapear and will be replaced by standardized numbers as on the future document showned below.
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Are lawyers really needed. Are regular people lazy or stupid that they can't read the text in a law book?
U.S. perspective here.I genuinely believe that most people with enough dedication, willpower, and training can succeed in law school and as lawyers.But reading a legal textbook, let alone understanding what it means, is quite difficult without that training.Let’s start with just a few key concepts that you’d need to know just to understand what’s happening in the courtroom.Case LawThe United States operates on a common law system. That means that one of the sources of law are prior cases, and the system follows the principle of stare decisis, or “like cases should be decided alike.”All right, you say. Let’s go read some cases!Do you know where to find cases? How to find relevant ones to the present case you’re dealing with?Here are a couple of volumes of the Northwest Reporter:That these are out of order in the picture bugs the hell out of me, but I digress.They are about, give or take, a couple of hundred pages each. When they signNow about a thousand volumes, they start over with a new series. The Northwest Reporter is just about to start its third series. It covers the area in yellow:The Pacific Reporter and Atlantic Reporters are well into their third series.Then there are the Federal Reporters, including the U.S. Reporter for the Supreme Court.The cases are reported essentially sequentially when they are published by various Courts of Appeals and state Courts of Last Resort (usually a Supreme Court, but it depends on the state nomenclature.)There are some various indexing systems that might help you out, if you know how to use them, such as the West Key System.Most of these are now electronically stored and searchable through legal databases. If your Google Fu is strong enough and you were willing to head to the state’s law library so as to avoid paying a large fee to access LexisNexis or Westlaw, you could probably manage it with relatively little training.Then you’ll have to tell the judge what case you found.She’ll be expecting a citation.Something like this: 567 U.S. 519, 533 (2012), or 768 N.W.2d 345, 357 (Minn. App. 2003).You know what all that stands for, right?You’ll also have to know how to read those cases, and what parts are relevant. You’ll need to understanding the holding of the case. You’ll need to understand the procedural posture of the case. You’ll need to understand where in the hierarchy of binding or persuasive legal precedent it fits.StatutesStatutes are another source of law. They are publicly available, usually electronically. Finding them and reading them is generally straightforward, right?Let’s just take a nice easy one, okay?Wis. Stat. 241.27, Contracts requiring warning. Every proposed contract for the benefit of any person, firm or corporation furnishing or supplying in any wise whatever, goods, wares or merchandise to hawkers or peddlers and which by its terms upon execution thereof would bind any person to answer for the debt, default or miscarriage of any such hawker or peddler, in lawfully or unlawfully disposing of such goods, wares or merchandise or the proceeds thereof, or which would bind any person to guarantee or answer for any debt or liability incurred by such hawker or peddler in acquiring any title to or interest in the goods, wares or merchandise to be disposed of by such hawker or peddler or in acquiring any title to or interest in any equipment intended to be used in conducting the business of such hawker or peddler, shall have plainly printed upon it, in red ink, in type not smaller than 10 point boldface type, at the time of its execution and directly above the place for the signature of the person who would, by signing such contract, become obligated to so answer for the debt, default or miscarriage of any such peddler or hawker, the following statement: “Warning — this may obligate you to pay money". Every such contract not containing such statement shall be unlawful and in any action brought upon any such contract in any court of this state, such contract shall be construed in accordance with the laws of this state. The provisions of this section, however, shall not apply to any such contract where the same contains a provision expressly limiting the amount of the liability of each person obligated to answer for the debt, default or miscarriage of any such peddler or hawker.You know the fundamental principles of contract law enough to know when a contract is binding and how to make it so, I’m sure.RegulationsAdministrative law is another big area where you’ll need to understand the relevant regulations and how they relate to the statutes with authorize administrative agencies to make them. Since you already understand fundamental principles such as notice and comment periods, the relevant parts of the Administrative Procedures Acts of both the Federal and relevant State governments, I’ll just ride right onto where you can find those: the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations, and their state-level equivalents.You know where to pick those up, right?All right, I’ll help you out. Here’s the Federal Register, the proposed list of new and modified Federal regulations currently open for review by the public: Home - Wednesday, October 10thPeruse at your leisure. Just don’t miss the comment window.Other textsBrowse through the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Or the Federal Rules of Evidence. Or Prosser on Torts, or Corpus Juris Secundum, or the Minnesota Practice Series for that matter. See how much makes sense to you.Now put it into practice.I’ll give you two easy hypotheticals. These are softball questions for your bar exam. I’m even limiting it to a single aspect of the law. (There are seven on the Multistate Bar Exam and more than a dozen on the Multistate Essay Exam. Trust me, I’m going easy on you.)A person is suing you in Federal court under a Federal statute and you want to file something because you hired a contractor for the job that promised to pay you back if you were sued. From the above links and our earlier discussion, do you need to file a permissive or required counterclaim, a motion for joinder, or an indemnification action, under what rule you need to file it, at what point in the procedural timeline you need to do so, and what are the requirements for the motion?You want to sue someone who lives in a different state under a state law claim. What requirements do you need to get into federal court and avoid dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction, subject matter jurisdiction, or venue?All of these, and more, are required understanding for an attorney.There is a reason I went through three years of graduate school and hold a professional doctorate degree.I will be happy to let you peruse my library of legal textbooks, but without some coursework, the vast likelihood is that you will encounter signNow difficulty, just as I encountered signNow difficulty understanding them when I started law school.It has nothing to do with laziness or intelligence, and everything to do with law being a highly technical and specialized field of professional study. It simply has a great deal of jargon and nuanced, complex concepts that work together.Thanks for the A2A.
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What are the main areas that one should learn during CA articleship?
I did my articleship from Khimji Kunverji and Co., one of the top firms in Mumbai; and it was an awesome experience. Let me shed some light on my learnings -Learn to say NO - Random seniors come and give you random work. Learn to say No. Learn to say you are busy. You are not a dustbin.Learn to say YES - You need to have a good rapport with your immediate seniors and your boss. I have filled my boss’s daughter’s BFM admission form because she needed some help. Sometimes, you have to keep your ego aside and look at the larger picture.Whether audit or tax is the one for you - You tend to spend 3 years in articleship, doing either audit or tax. It is good enough time to gauge whether you want to do this for your entire life or not. For me the answer was NO, and I switched to Finance. No point wasting time once you qualify.Domain Knowledge - In your first job interviews after becoming a CA, a lot of stress will be on what you did during these 3 years. You should be upto date with that. Get your basics right.Out time is a myth – As per my firm HR Manual, the official work time was roughly 10-30 to 6–30. Strangely, you used to be penalized for coming late, but no credit for going late. It’s the norm. Get used to it.Make Mistakes - Ask stupid questions. Make mistakes. Experiment. Because you have the license to. You are a fresher. As a CA, people expect more.Do not neglect your Social Life - Its important. Your boss will not come at 12 to your place with a cake in his hand, wishing you a happy birthday.I remember getting into a train during my 1st year articleship. I somehow started chatting with a guy standing near me. He was a CA. I told him I just cleared IPCC and started with articleship. He started laughing and said “Welcome to Hell”.With all the office and study pressure, you might feel life sucks during articleship, but it will be a great experience. You will create memories of a lifetime. Cherish it :)
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What is your opinion on Saurabh Bhardwaj's EVM demo?
EVM is an Embedded device without any network connectivity.In General, any embedded device can be hacked predominantly in 3 ways.During System Boot upDuring firmware upgradeThrough network (if the device is connected to network or any ports are open to hack the device)1. Embedded devices will boot from Onboard/Onchip flash memories. After power up, the ROM boot loader or BIOS firmware will look for a secondary boot strap loader and copies it to system memory which in turn copies the application binary to the system memory. The current embedded devices implement what is known as Secure boot which authenticates the boot loader and also the firmware binary before loading to system memory. If by chance the device is hacked and a bad copy of firmware is stored in flash, then the secure boot fails and hence the device cannot come up. Most of the Present day embedded devices implement a Secure boot mechanism and hence they cannot be hacked during boot up.2. Embedded devices can be hacked during firmware upgrade (Locally or Remotely) by writing malicious firmware binary which corrupts the system. The present day embedded systems implement Secure firmware upgrade mechanism which authenticates the new firmware before writing to flash.3. Embedded devices can be hacked through network ports by injecting malicious packets. The present day systems implement SSL for network communication with external world and also block all the ports. The EVM’s don’t have any network connectivity and hence not possible to hack the device.So what are the possibilities of hacking EVM.The hacker can design his own custom firmware which can function as per his needs and can put the firmware in EVM. This option is ruled out in case of EVM assuming it has secure firmware upgrade implemented and also qualified/authorised people are allowed the firmware upgrade.The firmware loaded into the EVM may have some Secret logic which can be activated by pressing few key combinations! I am not sure if the firmware put into the EVM has any such secret logic and anyone is aware of that!EVM can have some default configuration (Say this configuration may contain some fixed votes for each party) which can be activated by some key press (Generally any embedded device can have a button for re setting to default configuration)So the point here is that, unless the EVM firmware has some secret logic which should be known to someone to activate, it is hard to break or manipulate the device. Else one needs to physically access the device memory using some JTAG port (Which will be blocked in production EVMS generally) and change the data/code in the memory to tamper the device!I am assuming that EVM should have implemented all the security features of the Embedded system as it used for high security application.So why AAP is doing this?Divert public attention from the Core issue of Bribery charges against Mr KejriwalThey want to feed a wrong information in the minds of public that EVM is not safe by repeatedly saying that and many educated people believed that this guy used actual EVM and is able to manipulate it so easily where as the fact of the matter is something different.Already EC has invited hackers to try and hack EVM. Let’s see if anyone can do it!
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What kind of skill set should a CA student develop before starting Articleship?
This hunger for more knowledge is good for a CA Student. It is a very good idea to know what others have learnt and re-assess oneself on the basis of same, so that you become equally competent. This is a good way of improving oneself.Part A - About the core Knowledge:(a) What your firm operates in - you can't do much beyond that.Core Knowledge = Practical Knowledge about areas your firm is operating in.See the firm you have chosen or you got into, basically will provide you with the knowledge of some of the fields in which Chartered Accountants works. You cannot gain knowledge about all fields in which Chartered Accountants work, since the scope is very wide and whether it is a Big Four or a sole proprietor Chartered Accountant, nobody can give you work experience in all fields. So basically these core areas where you get to work - you have to be satisfied with the same. All you can do is - learn from experiences of your friends who are in to different core areas. This is a rigid area, and not much can be done in this.(b) Try to get an assignment in all kinds of activities that your firms do -You can't go out of the box in which your firm operates, but atleast you can learn everything that is in your box. Many articles run away from certain things - saying it is a low category assignment or not so fascinating. It is because they all hear it from their friends about the big industry they worked in and blah blah things. But go and ask those friends, if they know, what is the procedure to obtain a PAN card and a duplicate PAN card? What is the procedure to obtain Shop Act? or atleast if they know what is Shop act?My Insights -In our office they didn't used to allow articles to do that, the administrative people like Bcom people used to do that. But I insisted on the same, to allow me to do them once. The task was easy, but it was something very basic that I learnt. Later when you start your practice or job, these are somethings that give you edge over others. If you become an entrepreneur, you can handle those things yourself. So it is beneficial always.(c) Try to get assignments in all kinds of industries that firm works in -Basically most Chartered Accountants work in some fixed industries since when you do good to one client, similar clients get attracted, so automatically, you will see that most clients are of similar category. As an article you should try to do audit of all kinds of organizations -Based on organization type like Sole proprietor, Private limited companies, Partnership firms, trusts, public limited companies etc.Based on different business forms like Retailers, Wholesalers, Chain stores, Manufacturers, Service providers, Traders, Consultants, Support Services, Maintenance services, Export oriented, etc.Based on different industries like IT, E-commerce, FMCG, Finance, Automobiles, Telecom, etc.Based on Tax benefits or special act companies like religious trusts enjoying benefits u/s 11 or 12, regulated companies like insurance, banking, etc. or may be companies in Special Economic Zones, etc.A Piece of Advice -You won't find all of the above in any one firm. Such firms giving such wide opportunities don't exist. But thing is - you need to explore every corner of your own firm, whatever it is.(d) Try to gain overall knowledge of all types of works -Don't think about specialization in Articleship, it is not that much useful, because if later in life that sector goes down, your career will get a full-stop. As a Chartered Accountant you must first learn all the basics of all types of work, when you become aware about basics, i.e. after articleship, then you should try to develop core competence when you find jobs or do practice.My Insights -If you don't get an assignment of different type - go to your principal and say that "Sir, I want to learn about that kind of work, if next time there is any work related to that xyz client, please give me a chance." I did it in my articleship, and I got those opportunities, Sir was happier indeed, that an article was ready to take up some sort of responsibility. I am pretty sure, 80% of Chartered Accountants would do the same. If you say politely, the teacher inside them will awake, and they will allow you to fly!Part B - Other things that you should learn during articleship - More important than above said things!(a) Office Ethics -You should learn about the office culture, how people dress, talk, meet and greet colleagues, seniors and clients. It is very important to observe how people form groups, how they make their juniors to work and seniors to help/guide. It is very important to notice, how others are keeping good relations with administrative staff i.e. HR, Clerks, etc. - something that is very helpful at times of problems. There are many more things - basically you have to learn how people operate in office and especially how your boss stays in office - since someday you too will be a boss.A Piece of advice -Learn good things only. Although I assume most Chartered Accountants are well cultured and natured, but exceptions may exist. But remember, may be your boss was good or bad, you have to become a good boss in future.At many times you feel that your boss did wrong, and he/she should have allowed you to do xyz thing. Remember such incidents or make a note of it. When you become a boss, you do them correctly. If you are able to do, you are a good boss, else you will realize had a wrong idea about your boss.(b) Printing, Scanning, Documenting, Letter typing, Organizing Office, Using appropriate Stationery -Your reaction - "Oh God! Really?"Consider this situation - you are in a corporate office, a high ranked employee. You tell the clerk to scan a document, but your clerk is new. He is not acquainted with the printer. What would you do, if you yourself don't know how to use a printer or scanner? In early days of your job or in many companies, you don't have clerks who do it for you, you have a printer next to you and you have to do it yourself. In case you don't know these, what a shame! A Chartered Accountant, but does know how to use a printer or how to unpin a staple! God! Dummies on earth.My Insights -One of the expert HR was sharing his experiences with interviewing Chartered Accountant, at a conference that I was listening to. He said, we tried an experiment successfully. We told every candidate entering into the interview room to arrange certain documents and properly organize them into a file. Now on the basis of how file was organized, they discovered candidates who had done dummy articleship or articleship of low grade, because those candidates never knew how to arrange a file, since they never did it in their lifetime.So basically the best thing about a good leader, boss, a senior or an entrepreneur is that he/she knows the work of all persons junior to him/her very well. That's why they can handle them well.So basically learn the following things and many more which I can't list out -How to properly document an Audit file?How to properly keep a permanent client record - both electronic & physicalHow printers, scanners, servers of your office, internet network, LAN systems, routers, biometrics, connections etc. work in your office.How to use correct stationery correctly? Like properly unpinning documents, or may be how to create sets for clients, income tax officers, registrars etc.How to draft covering letters, envelopes, request letters, etc.(c) Drafting Email Communications & Email Ethics -The most important part indeed of articleship. The fact is we never get opportunity to learn this anywhere else. This is a good ground to learn. Initially you can see how your boss writes email, how your senior does it. Then you can innovate it yourself. The thing is in business world, everything today goes on Email. Emails don't have a tone, they don't have smileys (means they are not used). Writing a good email, is an art. It is very important to learn how to write such kinds of emails.Emails asking client to provide information, with accurate requirement list.Polite Emails for making client realize the wrong they have done.Emails providing consultancy services. See email consultancy is a big time opportunity and costless service, in future a good means of earning.Writing intra-office emails.Whom to keep in CC, Never to use BCC, how should be the subject line, how should be the signature etc.When email shouldn't be used & telephonic conversations should be preferred, sending reminders, how to use meeting feature, etc.(d) Oral Communications - F2F or telephonic or over internetThis is again a great area to learn. It very necessary to learn how to interact with clients. The interaction can be face to face, or telephonic or over internet services like skype, etc. It very important to learn to learn how to deal with such situations. A conversation over telephone, has to be polite and discussing documents over telephone is also an art. Similarly communication over Skype is also an interesting thing to learn, one should know how to have business conversations over Skype and how to share documents, discuss & present over it.(e) Formatting documents - Something that stupids call stupidity!I have seen documents and emails from fellow Chartered Accountants, so pathetically formatted, that I sometimes wish to hit them with a stone, maybe their sense would come back then. But basically the idea is Chartered Accountants are professionals, and therefore, a professional behaviour is expected from them. The behaviour is expected highest in the documents and reports. Thus, it is very important to learn:Appropriate font sizes, font stylesHow to add tables in emails, how to structure an email, maximum size of emails, minimum size of emailsWhen to use and when not to use - bold, italics, underlines, shades, coloursHow to structure paragraphs, appropriate line spacingHow to convert documents into different formatsHow much margins to keep, how to make document print readyHow to make document secureHow to make documents self-explanatory by adding commentsHow to use various functions like footnotes, document review, freeze panes, grouping - sub-grouping, page numbers, author details etcCover page for report, report size, number of maximum pages, drafting executive summary, adding disclaimers, etc.Conclusion:The Part A makes you an intelligent Chartered Accountant.The Part B makes you an intelligent Human Being.And let me tell you, Part B is more important, because even if you don't become a CA, an intelligent human being can definitely live a good career!Ignoring the part B is very common amongst CA, and that's why MBAs getting an edge over CAs is also very common.Many people say 'Articleship is nothing but labour work', well it is because you think it that way, and that's why you are doing it that way. If you try, you will realize articleship period is life changing!"You will have hundreds of opportunities to learn the bigger things once you become CA, but not these small things. Once you become CA, people don't expect you to know everything, they understand it is quite impossible, but they definitely do expect that you know these basic things rightly."
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What are your thoughts on Draft National Encryption Policy (INDIA)? Why are the experts worried?
Here are some of the quick facts about National Encryption Policy, presented in a timeline format. This may help you to judge if we should be worried or not.What is the national encryption policy?As stated in the proposed draft, the policy demands all the citizens to store plain-texts of encrypted information for 90 days from the date of implementation.In order to meet the demands of law and concerned department, users should be able to produce the plain-text whenever required.The responsibility of regulating algorithms and key sizes for encryption will rest with Indian government only.Encryption: meaning and historyEncryption refers to modification of the electronic data into a form that can be read by the person who knows translation of codes. Julius Caeser used this technique to shuffle letters, during the Roman Empire.Need for encryption - PurposeAs the policy states, it aims at providing the privacy of information to the citizens and the protection of business related data.Another reason behind this policy is to establish coherence, credibility and stability among various information networks and systems.However, the fact that few other parts of the policy contradict its sole primary purpose, can't be overlooked.Government to soon regulate encryption standards (22nd Sep 2015)Soon after the National Encryption Policy is put into effect, removing whatsapp and google hangout messages will be counted as illegitimate.The online businesses will be asked to keep the confidential information of users, like passwords by saving as plain text.The policy has been framed by a body working under the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY).Encryption policy: A cause of concern (Drawbacks)The range of services Indian citizens can access gets narrow as they can only use those services, whose vendors have registered in India.Deleting messages from applications like Whatsapp becomes illegal.Storage of all the data is practically not as easy as ABC.One of the major reasons for resentment of this scheme is that it violates the privacy of netizens.Scheme for execution of policy (Regulation)Soon, the formation of an administrative group to monitor the implementation of the policy, will be seen.The agency will specialize in agreement of the service providers and the government to ensure proper registration as well as evaluation of the encrypted products.The policy instructs that export of encrypted products would be carried only after the approval of the designated group.Legal dimension in information technologyIndian law system readily allows such measures to be implemented.Information technology act has been formulated, that paves way for establishment of such policies. For encryption, sec 84A and for decryption, sec 69 have been added.Moreover statements listed in IT act don't restrict themselves to this zone of coding or decoding only. They meticulously define specialised technical-terms like hashing algorithms, digital signatures etc.Draft open to suggestionsThe draft of the policy has been published on the internet in order to seek suggestions and viewpoints of individuals.The email id akrishnan@deity.gov.in is open to receive comments and suggestions by netizens till October 16.Pranesh Prakash calls the scheme as a "bad idea conceived by people who do not understand encryption."Raman Singh, the policy director, Access says this policy corrodes security.Encryption controversy: Social media and whatsapp exempted (22nd Sep 2015)As the draft of the proposed encryption policy was made public, there was a huge outrage among the netizens.The government has immediately clarified that whatsapp and other social media sites, banking services and e-commerce platforms will be exempted.These businesses are however expected to store all communication in encrypted and plain-text form; they are expected to share the security-key with government when asked.Disclaimer: The above information has been extracted from Government to regulate encryption standards.I am one of the founders of NewsBytes (NewsBytes - Daily News Digest! - Android Apps on Google Play) and thought this information could be useful to people here.
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How do you build stamina for working long hours?
Before I answer this question, I want to start by pointing one thing out…You’re not supposed to work long hours!According to all of the best research, after 35 hours of work, your weekly productivity will begin to declineThis means that if you were working at a level 8–10 for the first 35 hours of the week, you’ll be working at a level 5 or below for hours 35+.While there are many people like Gary Vaynerchuk who seem to be able to bend reality to their will and work insane hours for extended periods of time, the simple fact of the matter is this:You only have so much mental energy to expend in a week.You cannot be operating at 100% for 60, 70, or 80 hours a week. It’s just not possible.And if you try… Then you are going to wear yourself out and lower the quality of the other hours that you work.It’s far better to work 35 or fewer hours per week where you are hyper focused and productive than it is to work 60 where you are burnt out and frustrated.But I digress…If you’re anything like I was 2–3 years ago, you’re going to read this and completely ignore it, and that’s fine. Most people have to experience things firsthand before they will really believe them.So with that disclaimer out of the way, here are a few tips and tricks for increasing your energy, focus, and productivity so that you can work long hours effectively.(Note: Some of this content is pulled from my Ultimate Guide to Limitless Productivity where I share the most scientifically validated ways to increase your productivity and get more done in less time)1. Sleep at Least 7.5 Hours Each NightIf you want to have the stamina to work long hours, then you need to make sure that your body and mind are fully rested and equipped to handle an arduous work load.According to Medical Daily, 40.6 million Americans, more than 30% of the workforce, are chronically sleep deprived.Now, at first glance, you might think, “C’mon Andrew, who gives a crap? You can sleep when you’re dead, these people just need to work more!”But when you consider that sleep deprivation has been linked to:DepressionDeliriumHallucinationsImpaired Cognition and an Increased Risk of Preventable AccidentsNot to mention, an increased risk of infections, cancer, and overall mortality.You begin to realize that sleep deprivation is a big deal.Like a really big deal.I know that most young people love the #hustle mentality and believe that there is something noble or productive in sleep deprivation.But nothing could be further from the truth.Unless you have the rare genetic mutation, DEC2, (present in less than 5% of the population) sleeping less than 6 hours a night is literally killing you.And the worst part?You aren’t even aware that it’s happening.Now, let’s consider the positive effects that studies have shown to be present when an individual gets sufficient sleep.Improved memoryLower systemic inflammationImproved immune functionElevated moodLearning and problem-solving abilities improvedI don’t know about you, but I personally believe that having a better memory, experiencing less illness, feeling happier, learning faster, and solving problems more rapidly all strongly correlate to being more productive.This isn’t just my opinion either. In fact, some of the world’s top performers report sleeping more than 8.5 hours a night.Podcast Guest, Neil Patel sleeps 9.25 hours a night while running three multi-million dollar businesses.Arianna Huffington, Co-founder of the Huffington Post and multimillionaire claims that sleeping 8 hours a night was partially responsible for her success.James Altucher, multi-millionaire investor, and hedge fund manager includes “Sleeping 8 Hours” as one of the keys to his financial successAt this point, it should be clear that getting more sleep is, indeed, one of the quickest ways to boost your productivity.But the question still remains, “How much sleep do I need, and how can I get better quality sleep?”According to the National Sleep Foundation, adults need 7-9 hours in order to prevent the effects of sleep deprivation from affecting your life and productivity. (slightly more if you’re an avid athlete)As for increasing the quality of your sleep, it’s actually pretty simple.Go to bed before 11 p.m.Wake up at the same time each daySleep in a completely dark and cold room (research shows that 65-67 F is ideal for sleep)Exercise dailyTurn off all electronics 60 minutes before bed.I know that this particular section was a little bit long-winded, but this point is so important that I couldn’t simply breeze through it.If you want to be more productive, you need to sleep. Period.Until you are getting 7.5-9 hours of sleep on a consistent basis, the other tactics included in this guide will simply fan the flames of burnout until, eventually, you collapse in a stressed out, sleep deprived panic attack.Take it from me (and thousands of scholarly studies), quit trying to join the sleepless elite and get your 7 hours. M’kay?2. Sweat for At Least 20 Minutes a DayStudy after study after study has illustrated the tremendous importance of daily exercise.From:Decreased depressionElevated mood, reduced stress, and less anxietyImproved blood flow to the brainThe production of new brain cellsImproves memoryImproved discipline, impulse control, and decision makingIn fact, there are SO many benefits to exercise, that the Harvard Business Review has stated that regular exercise should be a mandatory part of any job description.Luckily, studies have shown that you don’t have to exercise for hours every day to reap these benefits.In fact, just 150 minutes of weekly exercise (that’s 30 minutes every weekday) is more than sufficient to improve your productivity, mood, and general well being.If you are exercising exclusively for increased productivity, studies have shown that 2-3 moderately intense sessions of aerobic exercise each week will have the most dramatic impact on your ability to focus and concentrate.However, this does not mean that you should exclusively train your aerobic capacity.Further research has indicated that combining regular aerobic conditioning with an intelligent weightlifting regimen (I recommend this one) and regular yoga will have the greatest impact on your ability to be more productive and stay focused throughout the day.3. Eat Clean Burning Foods and Reduce Your Carb Load Early in the DayMost people underestimate the effect that your diet has on cognitive performance and general productivity.Think about it this way…Your brain is the center of all productivity.Although that tiny little supercomputer takes up only 2-3% of the total mass of your body, it burns more than 20% of the calories that you consume!In and of itself, this should clearly illustrate the link between food and productivity.Studies from the Harvard Business Review have shown an inextricable link between the calories that you consume and the ability for your brain to focus and achieve long-lasting concentration.I won’t bore you with all of the science, but I will suffice it to say that what you eat matters… A lot.If you want to be as productive as possible, you will want to clean up your diet.Here are a few guidelines to get you started.Eliminate as many processed foods as possibleConsume slow burning foods such as raw vegetables and fibrous carbohydrates throughout the day to properly regulate glucose levels in the brainConsume your biggest and highest carb meal after your workout or at dinnerSkip breakfast and opt for coconut oil coffee or eat a very protein and fat rich breakfast (no carbs!)Although you can dive much much deeper into the world of productivity and focus through dieting, simply eliminating processed foods, increasing the number of vegetables you eat, and waiting until later in the day to consume carbs will dramatically improve your productivity almost overnight.If you are interested in learning more about how your dietary choices and productivity are related, check out this awesome infographic from Hubspot.4. Bring the JoyAlthough it might seem like common sense, happy and excited people are more productive.How much more productive?Well, according to a study compiled by Professor Andrew Oswald, Dr. Eugenio Proto and Dr. Daniel Sgroi from the Department of Economics at the University of Warwick, happy employees are 12% more productive than their unhappy peers!I don’t have time to dive into all of the amazing research that has been compiled in recent years that details what determines human happiness, (you should check out the Happiness Advantage by Shawn Achor if you’re interested in this), I want to share a quick tactic I picked up from Brendon Burchard.The tactic, called “Bring the Joy” is simple enough, but the results you will experience are profound.All I want you to do is to set 3 alarm on your phone titled Bring the Joy.Set them to go off at different times throughout the day and, when you see the notification pop up on your screen, I want you to ask yourself three questions.What level of joy and presence am I bringing to this present moment?What am I grateful for today?How can I bring more joy and excitement into my current interactions and activities?Like I said, simple right?I challenge you to try this tactic for the next 30 days and genuinely pause and become aware of your state every time your alarm goes off.You will be amazed at how much more productive and joyful your life will become.5. Meditate for at Least 10 Minutes a DayAlthough the scientific community needs to further evaluated the direct link between meditation and productivity, several studies like this one, conducted at a Fortune 100 company, show a very clear link between a regular meditation practice and increased productivity at work.The reason for this is simple.Meditation is proven to help: (source)Lower blood pressureAlleviate symptoms of insomniaReduce depression and anxietyReduce painReduce symptoms of IBSAid in smoking cessationOh, did I mention that it has also been shown to rebuild grey matter?As I’ve already discussed, happiness and productivity are inextricably linked and it should be pretty clear that any practice which decreases depression, anxiety, and sleeplessness will, by default, improve your productive output.I challenge you to take up a meditation practice for the next 30 days and record how you feel.Arnold Schwarzenegger, the infamous bodybuilder, real estate tycoon, and “Governator” of California stated that his one year of intense TM (Transcendental Meditation) practice has created results that6. Take Strategic Breaks Throughout the Day to Maintain Your Energy and EnthusiasmOne of the most surprising ways to increase your energy and boost productivity is actually to work less and take breaks more frequently.Study after study has shown that the human brain cannot focus (effectively) for more than 90 minutes.Eventually, your brain needs a break from any given task to consolidate and process information, renew our focus, and ensure that our tasks are ultimately congruent with our goals.Later in this article, I’ll discuss the Pomodoro method which helps cement these findings into your daily workflow.But for now, I simply want to encourage you to start taking a 45-60 minute break in the middle of every workday.During these breaks, I recommend that you:Practice meditationWalk outsideEat a light snackDo some calisthenicsReadTalk with friendsTest out different methods of recharging yourself and renewing your focus throughout the day and it will pay dividends in the long run.7. Eliminate Email as Much as PossibleNothing will drain your focus and stamina more than wasting nearly 30% of your work week responding to emails!In the United States alone, the average employee spends more than 28% of their time or 13 hours a week responding to emails.That’s more than 650 hours a year wasted on largely unproductive, reactive, and unnecessary correspondence!Over the average employee’s lifespan (45 working years) that equates to more than 29250 hours wasted on email.For those of you who are quick with a calculator, this means that the average employee will spend 3 years of their life responding to and clearing out emails!That’s a jaw-dropping amount of time to spend on such an insignNow and largely unimportant task as email.So what in the hell are we going to do about it?Although entire books have been written on the topic of reducing email overload and reclaiming your inbox (and your life) I will keep things simple.I recommend that you:Check email only twice a day (I do it at 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.)“Touch it once”. Either respond to, archive or delete an email. Never leave it in your inboxStop using email folders and simply search for emails when you need themKeep your emails to 5 sentences or less and inform people of this policy in your signature (shoutout to Chris Bailey for this one)Go on an email vacation and let co-workers know you won’t be responding to email until you are done with your biggest project (they will survive I promise)If you do nothing other than implementing these five tips your productivity will skyrocket.Imagine if you could reduce the amount of time you spend on email to only one hour a week.How much more could you accomplish with 12 extra hours in your work week?How much income could you create? How many promotions could you secure?The more you think about it, the more you will realize that email is the scourge of productivity and, although it is a necessary evil, it is an evil nonetheless.8. Embrace the Power of “No”The most powerful word in the entire English language is composed of only two letters.“No”The word “No” has started wars, ended wars, overthrown oppressive governments, and, as it pertains to our conversation, revolutionized personal productivity and fulfillment for people all over the world.Just think about it for a moment.How much pain, discomfort, and genuine wasted time have you experienced in your life because you said “Yes” when you should have said “No”?How many times have you spent an afternoon with people that you didn’t like, in a setting that made you uncomfortable, for a purpose you couldn’t ascertain simply because you didn’t have the courage to say “No”?If you are anything like me, the answer is probably “A lot”.I know from first-hand experience that implementing the power of “No” into your life can be very challenging.For years, I was a chronic people pleaser.I would go to parties I didn’t want to attend, stay late at work, go on dates with people I didn’t care for, and generally lived my life for the approval of others instead of my own personal satisfaction.Until one day, I had enough.I was burnt out, stressed out, wallowing in unfinished projects, unmet personal expectations, and general angst about my existence.So I decided to say “No” more often.I said no:When family members wanted to hang out during my workdaysWhen audience members asked to take me to lunch (I love you guys but I literally cannot meet with 30,000+ men 1-on-1)When friends wanted to go out and I didn’tWhen people made unfair requests of me and my timeWhen people asked for unwarranted favors because they were “My friend”I said “No” to the bad and even the good so that I could say “Yes” to the great.And if you want to be as productive as possible and create a truly prolific life, then you must learn to do the same.9. Use the Pomodoro TechniqueRemember how we talked about the importance of taking breaks way back in Path #1 (yeah, I know this is a long ass article)?Well, it turns out that taking breaks every 50-90 minutes can be just as effective at increasing your productivity and focus throughout the day as the 45-minute renewal exercise we already discussed.The reason for this lies in something called the Ultradian Rhythm.Effectively our brain waves are cyclical and go through peaks and troughs roughly every 90 minutes.In the same way that your brain cycles through different wavelengths during a 90-minute sleep cycle, so too does your brain cycle through wavelengths in a “basic rest-activity cycle”.If you are interested in learning more about the science, you can check out this article from Tony Schwartz.Knowing that cognitive output is cyclical, meaning that you physically cannot sustain high levels of concentration without intermittent periods of rest, changes the entire approach to productivity and focus.This is where the Pomodoro technique comes in handy.Instead of fighting against your Ultradian Rhythm, the Pomodoro technique works with it.Here’s what you do.Instead of simply sitting down at your desk to work, you are going to pick one of your most important tasks of the day (which I will talk about in the next point) and focus on it for a definite length of time between 25 and 90 minutes.Then, you are going to set a timer, eliminate all distractions, and get to work on that project with single-focus until the timer goes off.When the timer buzzes, you are going to take a break anywhere from 5-22 minutes (depending on the length of your work session) before sitting back down to begin the process all over again.All you need to complete the Pomodoro Technique is:A physical or online timerSomething to work onYour brainIt really is that simple.I’ve tested this tactic out for myself and have noticed that I am consistently more productive, more efficient, and more happy with my output when I use the Pomodoro technique on a regular basis.10. Create Locational Anchors to Build Productive StatesAn underground tactic that I’ve found to be immensely effective in recent months is the use of locational anchors.This concept was first introduced to me when I listened to an excellent podcast with Jairek Robbins.Jairek discussed the concept of locational anchors by explaining that the brain works through the power of association and that, the more associations we can build for a specific task, the easier it will be to accomplish it.This is why doctors tell you to only use your bed for sleep and sex.You want to make sure that when it’s time to unwind or *ahem* perform, that your body and brain associate your bed with those activities.This is also why it’s so much easier to have an awesome workout at your local gym than it is with an Iron Gym in your living room.However, Jairek took things a step further and recommended that you actually develop locational anchors for ALL major tasks that you must complete throughout the day.For example:Check email at the kitchen tableTake conference calls at your local cafeWrite at your desk while looking out the windowDesign sales funnels at your desk with your back to the windowComplete all administrative work at a specific nook in your houseThe list goes on and on.Unfortunately, I couldn’t find any direct research to back up this particular hack, however, after experiencing its effectiveness first hand, I couldn’t leave it off this list.Give it a go for 90 days and I promise you will get more done than you ever believed possible.Final Thoughts: Take it Easy on Yourself!Before I leave you to take on the big bad world of getting sh*t done and becoming a productivity machine, I wanted to leave you with one final tip.Take it easy on yourself.The most unproductive thing you can do is to berate and belittle yourself because you haven’t been as successful or productive as you want.Yes, it’s important that you are honest with yourself and your clients and don’t sugarcoat the reality of your current capacity.However, you must remember that you were never taught this in school. You weren’t born with the knowledge of how to be massively productive.You’ve simply been operating on whatever systems you picked up from the people around you and, hopefully, you now have better systems to test and implement.Productivity and focus are both acquired skillsets.You aren’t born productive and it’s not something that is determined by your genetics. It’s a matter of principles and systems, testing, failing, and figuring out what works for you.So take it easy on yourself as you strive to get more done.The journey will take time, but it will be worth it.Good luck!Closeout this article and go get some shit done!
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Why haven't we sent a robotic rock/soil sample return mission to Mars yet?
Money. Commitment. Confidence. Lack of those three.It is currently the highest priority planetary science objective, but it is expensive and risky. There have been plans since the 60's for a Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission, as it's called, but nothing has launched. It got close by 1999 with an MSR project underway with planned launches in 2003 and 2005, but that incarnation was cancelled after the MCO and MPL failures in 1999. Those failures demolished our confidence in taking on the complexity of MSR. We have since rebuilt our capability and confidence in operations at Mars with several successful missions, so at least that part should not be standing in the way of MSR. What's left is the money and commitment. It's a lot of money, and NASA would have to remain committed to the objective over a few administrations.We may be on our way to clearing those hurdles. The first leg of MSR is now a pretty serious project, having just completed its Preliminary Design Review. It is called Mars 2020 (launching in 2020, hence the name). Mars 2020 will send a large Curiosity-class rover to select and acquire rock cores and soil samples for later return. Two follow-on missions in, hopefully, the 2020's will launch those samples into Mars orbit and then bring those samples from Mars orbit to Earth. If all goes well, we could have selected samples from Mars on Earth by the end of the next decade.
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What are the best property management systems?
There is no one property management system that is ideal for every use case. It depends on who you are and what you are looking for in the system.For residential property managers:If you are a professional property manager and have full service clients, then I have found the best softwares are Yardi and Appfolio. Yardi is a bit more of a “legacy” system — robust but not as fresh as Appfolio, promoting a great UI/UX (user interface and user experience). If you are a property manager and do not use software, then IMO - you are failing at your business. Software will reduce your overhead costs and help mitigate risks of forgetting lease renewals, late fees, etc.. The cost and time related to the setup can be gruesome, but it is well worth it in the end. You’ll be able to take on more clients and provide them with a much better experience.For residential property owners:The majority of owners across the US (80%) self manage their properties. Most of them do not use software, because it is a relatively new concept for them. From a systems perspective, it will depend on what you are looking to accomplish with your real estate goals.Here is an article that all owners should read to understand what kind of management system they want (passive or involved) and what type of solutions cater to their needs.
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Frequently asked questions
How do i add an electronic signature to a word document?
When a client enters information (such as a password) into the online form on , the information is encrypted so the client cannot see it. An authorized representative for the client, called a "Doe Representative," must enter the information into the "Signature" field to complete the signature.
How to use electronic signature paint?
Here is how to use electronic signature paint:
1. Get started in this tutorial, and follow all steps.
2. Take your digital signature and print it on a piece of paper, paper that is not too thick. You can use a regular paper for that. We recommend paper with the same color as your skin, as it will ensure that your signature will be easy to see. If your signature does not fit on your paper, it will be very difficult to see on it.
3. Get a paint marker. You would be surprised how much this costs, and for good reasons. We've found cheap paint markers at local craft shops. If you can't make these yourself, then get a good brand like Tacky or Wet N' Wild. You can buy these at local craft stores, or you can buy them online. We buy ours at , where it costs just $ for a ounce bottle.
4. After you've purchased and used a paint marker, take that paint marker to a surface that is not too slick for ink to adhere to, and lightly paint your digital signature onto it. This will not be too messy, and it is a good idea to paint lightly, since the thicker the paint, the more ink that will be needed.
5. Place your signature on the paper that you want your digital signature on, such as a piece of newspaper.
6. Using the tip of the paint marker, apply very light pressure to the paper with a very light stroke. The lighter your stroke, the harder it will be to see. You want it to be very lightly brushed, without the brush leaving any ink on the paper.
7. Remove the paper from the paper hol...
How to annotate and sign pdf?
What should i do?
The pdf file is an XML file which is a data representation ( a string of words) of the file. When you open the PDF document, it is an object in the PDF. An annotator is something that takes the XML file and turns it into something that can be read/executed by humans, which is essentially what we are doing here. An annotater is written in Python and takes a file as input and outputs some data. This is done by calling some APIs like open or read .
Here is an example of a simple annotator.
from annotators import Annotator from pprint import pprint from urllib import urlopen annotator = Annotator() @ def read(pfile): with open(pfile, 'rb') as f: ptext = () if ptext == '
': return True return False
This simple annotator does the following for every read:
Reads the XML file and converts it into a Python dictionary where each key is an annotation and each value is the parsed XML.
Converts the Python dictionary into a text file. This file is used by our python script to read, execute the data, and turn it into a Python object.
The script uses the json module that is part of the standard library as it is the one library which supports XML documents.
The script will call the open and read functions to open and read the file respectively.
This should give you a good idea of how it all works. The Python script, which is located in /Users/mihai/Downloads/python_example/scripts/python_ , is called for convenience.
For all annotations, the annotator needs a l...
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