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rubs hands togetherBecause, in short, they hadn’t invented accountants yet.This, while it might seem unlikely, is a very good question. The obvious answer, which the other three answers have given more pithily than I can ever hope to be capable of doing, is that there is no evidence of those records. Our earliest examples of writing come from the Sumerians in Mesopotamia in roughly 3500 BC, as covered here.An early cuneiform tablet, from somewhere around 3000 BC.Before that, there’s no evidence of written language. Cuneiform, the Mesopotamian writing system, is the first script we can point to and say, “Yes, that’s definitely a written language.” There are a few potential (though extremely, absolutely, very not at all likely) contenders, e.g. the Vinča symbols, but, even if they did represent a language, those only date to maybe a couple millennia earlier. Again, there’s no records on the scale presented here.But there’s another question, a fun question, below that. Sure, it’s unlikely that there ever were lost written languages - but is it impossible that there were? Could - not was, but could - there have been a written language, invented 100 000 years ago, that was lost to time?It’s not immediately unthinkable. Some writing systems, like Brahmi in India and Phoenician in, well, Phoenicia were originally written on bark or leaves or papyrus, which decay quickly, so we have few records of early Brahmi or Phoenician writing. Maybe our hypothetical lost writing system was written on bark or leaves or animal hide or some other quickly-compostable material, hence why we’ve got no records of it. Come to think of it, the idea of a lost, ancient, etc. writing system isImpossible. I’ll stop the suspense there. It’s not possible. There could not have been a writing system from before 4000-5000 BC at most, and most likely none before Mesopotamian cuneiform in 3500 BC. Why this is the case is an excellent question; to answer it, I’m going to talk about wheels.The wheel is the archetypal simple invention. It’s a ubiquitous round thing that moves stuff: how hard could it be to come up with it? Any group of people who hasn’t come up with it must be stupid or backwards or uncivilized or some variant thereof, right? Except it’s a harder than that. There’s more to inventing the wheel than inventing, um, the wheel.Invent the wheel. Great. In fact, invent three more.Now what? You’ve got four wheels, sure - what are you going to do with them? A modern person would say transportation, but that isn’t obvious. Most early wheels were instead used for pottery, as pottery wheels.Stumble upon the idea of using them for transportation.Alright, sure. How do you plan to go about doing this? In order to invent the cart, you first have to have invented the box, and, again, that isn’t an obvious invention.Invent the box. You’ve got your cart now!Nail the wheels to the side of the cart and you’re - oh, hey, uh…It turns out that if you nail a wheel to the side of a cart, all the cart has now is a circular piece of wood with a hole in the middle nailed to it. In order for the wheels to turn, you have to connect them.Invent the axle. Invent another one, if you’d like.Connect the wheels to the axles.Nail them to the bottom of the cart and you - no, not again…It turns out that if you have stationary wheels, you can move your cart in exactly one direction, excepting some pushing and pulling. It’s finicky. You can either limit your cart to two wheels or else you have to come up with a way to make the front wheels turn.Either limit your cart to two wheels or come up with a way to make the front wheels turn.Congratulations! You’ve got a functioning cart! It’s complete with box, wheels, axle(s), and optional wheel-turny-bit! Now all you’ve got to do is…oh, well, now, um, you see…You’ve got to make the cart move. Without a way to make the cart move, it’s useless. You could pull it yourself (time-consuming and tiring), or buy a slave (expensive, and also time-consuming and tiring for the slave). Or you could get an animal to pull it. That sounds like a great idea: get a horse or ox, then…uh…about that horse…You need to have domesticated animals. If you’re in a civilization that happens to have animals that are a.) domesticated, b.) large, c.) willing to pull things, and d.) of a body structure that can support pulling heavy things over long distances, great! If your animal is missing any of those elements, though, you’re not going to be using your wheeled cart much. But let’s say you do have that horse.Just strap the horse to the cart andYou have to invent a way of attaching the horse to the cart. This, like everything else so far, is harder than it sounds. A bad harness can come undone or break, be horribly inefficient, and/or harm the animal it’s attached to.Invent a good harness.And with that, you dedicated wheel-inventor, you have a box on wheels that can turn which is itself full of stuff and also attached well to your pack animal of choice. Your cart is ready. There are no more problems with your cart.Set off on your journey and…well, this might be the biggest problem of them all.You need a flat, cleared surface. Your cart can’t go through the bush or the rain forest. Basically, if you’re not on a perfectly flat, clear plain, you need roads. If you haven’t got roads, you can’t drive your cart very far.Invent roads.There you are. Finally. The wheel will be improved from then on, with things like spokes and rubber and motors, but that’s all you need for a primitive wagon sort of vehicle. (Edit: This is not entirely true; see Alan Dillman’s comment here.)If you’re an observant person, you may have noticed that there are an awful lot of steps to inventing a proper wheeled vehicle. To us, we with the wheels, the wheel appears obvious. But it’s only obvious because we’ve had it for so long. Without box, axle, pack animal, or roads, the wheel has no purpose, no necessity to produce it, and thus no invention, or at least no large-scale implementation.Wheel usage, then, is independent of technological advancement. The Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas, who were advanced and civilized by any standard, never made much use of the wheel: their terrain was often mountainous, and their pack animal, the llama, of the wrong build for cart-pulling. The only place wheels were ever used was in children’s toys.There are a lot of steps, conditions, and so on needed to make the wheel useful. Without these conditions, you don’t get wheels.To take it back on topic: it’s a similar case with writing systems.Writing is, like the wheel, ubiquitous. It’s easier for your average literate urban person to imagine a world without farming than one without writing. You write symbols for the sounds you say: how hard could it be to come up with that? Any group of people who hasn’t come up with it must be stupid or backwards or uncivilized or some variant thereof, right?Except, once again, it’s harder than that. Writing has been invented four times: in Mesopotamia; in Egypt; in China; and in Mesoamerica. Every other writing system comes from one of those four. (Our own alphabet is from Egyptian, as covered here.) Each of those four times, writing has developed in the same way, which is as follows:In the beginning, civilization is created. (ahem: This has made a lot of people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.)Now you have cities, and people in the cities, and people making and buying and selling food and livestock and slaves and things, and governments taxing people, and a great big stew of transactions that need to be taken care of. There’s a need for administration, for keeping track of records.So, people - and this is the great unsung invention of humanity, ultimately responsible for all of history, art, culture, literature, mathematics, and tradition in the civilized world from five thousand years ago through to today - invent accountants.Then they invent bureaucrats. Administrators. Record-keepers. The people who sit at desks and write things down.And it’s that “write things down” bit that revolutionizes the world. In order to keep track of purchases, taxes, trades, who sold cows to who in exchange for what amount of barley, things that no human can hold in their mind, they come up with a system: draw pictures to represent different things. Write, say, “[BOB][2][COW][to][JAMES][for][300][unit][BARLEY]”, using pictures for “cow” and “barley” and dots and lines for “2” and “300”.But how do you write “Bob” or “James” or “to” or “for”? You can’t draw a picture of a preposition! What you can do, however, is draw a picture of a thing that sounds like “to” or “for”. We still do a version of this: “2” sounds like “to”, so you can write “Bob sold 2 cows 2 James 4 300 units of barley”. Substitute the rest of the words for pictures, numbers, or pictures that sound like another word for the thing they represent, and you have a way to keep track of anything.As the civilization would eventually realize, you can do more than accounting with this system. Add some more pictures for the rest of written language and you can write anything you’d like. You can write letters. You can write stories. You can write down the poems that have been floating around orally for centuries. The pictures steadily become more stylized until they no longer look like pictures but rather like abstract symbols.Writing has been invented. By accountants. (In fact, the first name we have record of isn’t the name of a king, or of a legendary hero, or of a poet: it’s of an accountant named Kushim, signing his name on a receipt to file away.)The so-called Kushim tablet, dating to the 3400s BC. It reads: “29 086 units of barley were received over the course of 37 months. Signed, Kushim.”Writing is only practical in a situation where a large amount of information, too large for any one person or even group of people to remember and too boring and specific for any of them to need or want to, has to be recorded for a long period of time. In a tribal hunter-gatherer society, you really only need to remember:edible and poisonous plants and animals: This is something you need to remember, so it’s a.) unlikely anyone would forget it, b.) something practical that needs to be immediately retrieved, and c.) visual in any case. It doesn’t benefit from writing, so writing does not need to be invented to keep track of what you can or can’t eat.histories/stories/traditions: These could benefit from being written down, which is why, when writing was invented, they were some of the earliest things to be written down. In a tribal society, they were passed down orally instead. This didn’t require a superhuman memory, and so worked well enough that writing wasn’t necessary.In an early agricultural societies, writing wasn’t needed, either, for much the same reason; nor in proper towns, because trade was not yet so complicated that it required accountants. It’s like the wheel: it’s useless if you’re missing any of the right parts, the right context, the right environment. Necessity is the mother of invention; inversely, lack of necessity is the, er, contraceptive of invention.The earliest that writing could have arisen is the earliest that complex cities with administration existed, with the oldest surviving records dating from a few centuries later, with the older ones having been lost or destroyed.When is that? It’s about 4000–5000 BC, if you’re stretching the estimate, in Mesopotamia and Egypt, whose governments evolved roughly parallel. From there, they developed accountants, then writing. And when are the earliest records of writing? From just a little after that period. Writing would have been invented in 4000–5000 BC, which is the earliest it could have been invented.The only way writing could have been invented in 100 000–25 000 BC is if there were complex cities with administration back then. It’s easy for writing materials to decay; it’s a lot harder for an entire civilization (and, necessarily, agriculture itself, which is only thought to have been invented 10 000 years ago) to go unnoticed.To answer your question, it isn’t possible that any writing systems existed before 4000-5000 BC at the earliest, because writing (and thus the entirety of literature, and so forth) was invented by accountants. In order to have writing, you need accountants; to have accountants, you need cities; to have cities, you need civilization; to have civilization, you need agriculture.Thanks for asking!

Rank : 58Attempt No : 1stBoard: Professor H.C. GuptaDate: 9 June 2015Time: 4:30 pmAcademic Background: B.Tech, Electrical IIT Delhi (2013)Job Experience: RBI & Samsung (both intern), Estee Advisors (current)Hobbies: Learning language, chess, teaching.-------------- (Chairperson) ---------CP: So are you working ?Me: Yes sir. CP : Where and what are you doing?Me: Sir, I am working as a technical analyst at Estee Advisors Private Limited, GurgaonCP: What's your role.Me: Sir, I write softwares for High Frequency Trading platform.CP: In which stock exchanges does your company trade?Me: NSE, BSE, MCX, CME, SGCX, DGCXCP: Recently the govt has launched a scheme related to gold. Do you know about it?Me: Yes sir. It is called Gold Monetisation Scheme .... details followed.CP: I think it's a completely useless scheme. People are emotionally attached to their jewellery and therefore they would never put their jewellery in bank. Me: Sir we can offer higher interest rate and moreover all our gold is not in the form of jewellery.CP: (not convinced by my answer). It's the bureaucrat like you that give such nonsense suggestions. Tell me some measures to improve the scheme.Me: (.. gave some measures).CP: (again not convinced). The steps suggested by you have been tried earlier in many different forms. If they did not work in past then how will it work in future?Me: Sir, it's better to have hope than be pessimistic.CP: Do you think having hope will run the country ? CP suggested to other members to ask questions.------------------------------------------ (Member - 1)  ------------------M1: So Bhavesh, tell me what's a blue water navy?Me: I told him the definition etc.M1: What is India doing in this regard ?Me: Told him about our PMs visit, navy rescue efforts, joint exercise, upgradation etc.M1: He asked me about some warfare ships imported from Russia.Me: Sorry sir, I don't recall the nameM1: Your hobby is language learning. What languages do you know?Me: Sir, I like learning scripts and I can read and write in all major Indian languages.M1: Can you write your name in Tamil .Me: I wrote my name in Tamil.M1: So your name is Bhavesh and not Bhaavesh.Me: Yes sir !Lady Member (from Bengal): Write your name in BengaliMe: I wrote my name in Bengali Lady Member: Great, this guy can be posted to any corner of the country.M1: Why are you learning these languages.Me: Told him about my project to digitise all Indian texts from ancient to medieval era in a searchable format.---------------------------------- (M2 : Lady Member)  --------------------M2: So you have worked in RBI?Me: Yes ma'am.M2: Do you think RBI role is as important today as it was 20 years.Me: Gave some standard text book answers.M2: Why 21st century is called Asian Century.Me: A standard reply follows ...M2: Give some reasons why Bollywood will supercede Hollywood in 21st century.Me: Large diaspora, diversity, music, huge population etc ...M2: Which was the last book you studied?Me: Surely You're Joking Feynman - Richard FeynmanM2: What's it about?Me: Told her about the life of great physicist etc....---------------------------------- (Member - 3)  ------------------------------M3: Why our agricultural policy is flawed?Me: Gave a very long reply - compromising on long term gains vs short term benefits etc. .... M3: Did India liberalise too early?Me: Again a long answer followed. I gave ample data both in favour and in against ...----------------------------------------------- (Member - 4) ----------M4: Tell me something about John Nash. Which disease was he suffering from?Me: Narrated his life history in detail .............M4: Who gave the concept of Game Theory first?Me: Sorry sir, I don't recall the name.M4: How many Nobel prizes have been awarded in the field of game theory.Me: I told him 6 but 11 was the answer.M4: Why IITians don't join DRDO?Me: Gave a long reply ............. M4: I will have to talk to DRDO !!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chairperson: Thank you Bhavesh, your interview is over.My Assessment:I really had a fun time in the interview. Contrary to what others tell, the board members are extremely cordial and friendly. Prof H.C. Gupta is a genius. He did his PhD at the age of 20 / 22 years !!Although he seems intimidating at first but he actually tries to put you through stress test.Overall I was quite satisfied with my effort. Now waiting for marks; although UPSC is known for giving very less marks even if you think that your interview went fine.EDIT: I got 209 / 275 marks !

Journalist Carsten Stroud went on patrol with police officers from departments across Canada, from Vancouver BC to Halifax NS. I don’t remember if he came to Newfoundland, but probably not; nobody ever does :(He described the following incident in the book he wrote about it, “The Blue Wall”.One night, in a major city in Canada - probably Toronto, but Stroud concealed or even changed the locations of events to ensure the cops he rode with wouldn’t come in for disciplinary action because of something he wrote - he was with two seasoned officers in a back alley very late at night/early in the ...

Pressumably, the question asks about the 1857 Mutiny. Unknown fact on this so called first rebellion was that it was NOT the first rebellion at all. It was perhaps the first rebellion in the Ganga-Yamuna belt, but not the first rebellion in the area we now know as India.British rule over entire India started in 1845 after the capture of Sikh kingdom in Punjab and the defeat of the last free natives in the First Anglo-Sikh War.Between 1845 and 1857, the following revolts happened, which may be termed as First Wars of Independence:Sikhs rose in revolt in 1848–49, which was a direct revolt against the British Governor of Punjab by the Sikh forcesA Major Bhil revolt in 1846Even before 1845; there were many local rebellions in India; primary among them being farmer revolts which are bundled as minor uprisings[1][2] :Peasant Revolt[3]Indigo Revolt[4]Tribal Uprisings including Bhil Uprising from 1817[5] , right upto 1846[6]Polygar Wars - 1799 to 1805[7]Revolt by Puli Thevar[8]Revolt by Pazhassi Raja[9] in KeralaThe Paika Rebellion[10]The Vellore Mutiny[11]Thus, what most people dont realise is that there were many such uprisings throught the country before 1857.Question arises whether the 1857 revolt was a local revolt or was widespread: Like the other local revolts, 1857 Mutiny was also not widespread across India but was confined to North India, limited to UP (United Provinces of Agra and Oudh), Delhi and a very miniscule portion of Central Provinces (Jhansi). South, East and West India were not involved in the revolt. The British had in 1850s three armies in India - a) Bengal Army, b) Madras Army and c) Bombay Army. The revolt was limited to just a small part of the Bengal Army.In light of the above, it seems that the term ‘Mutiny’ for the localised 1857 uprising seems more appropriate for the so-called first war of independence. I tend to concur with historian R.C. Majumdar who has written that“the revolt was neither the first, nor was it national, nor was it a war of independence”Which was the first real war of independence? The first princely state of India to rebel against the British after complete capture of India, was Punjab and the war was fought from 18 April 1848 – 30 March 1849, which can be termed as the first real War for Independence. IT was fought in Punjab by the Sikh Army against the British Bengal Army (comprising Mangal Pandey’s 34th Bengal Infantry) of the British East India Company. This war is known officially as the Second Anglo Sikh War[1] . The Sikhs lost this war and the Sikh kingdom was annexed by the British, thus ending the first rebellion.Footnotes[1] THE 1857 REBELLION: A PRE-HISTORY[2] Kulveer Singh (कुलवीर सिंह)'s answer to Why is the Revolt of 1857 also known as the Sepoy Mutiny?[3] Peasant movement - Wikipedia[4] Indigo revolt - Wikipedia[5] Tribal revolts in India before Indian independence - Wikipedia[6] THE 1857 REBELLION: A PRE-HISTORY[7] Polygar Wars - Wikipedia[8] Puli Thevar : The Ultimate Rebel Warrior[9] Pazhassi Raja - Wikipedia[10] Paika Rebellion - Wikipedia[11] Vellore mutiny - Wikipedia

DAZZLING DIVINE DAMSELS AND FLASHING FISH SIGNSவிசும்பு வழங்கு மகளிர் உள்ளும் சிறந்தசெம்மீன் அனையள் நின் தொல் நகர்ச் செல்விAmong the celestial maidens, the chastity and virtueof your wife from the ancient cityagnate with Arundhathi, the red star – Padhitruppathu 31Father henry Heras, a Spanish priest, historian and archeologist was the first to promote the idea of the sign of Indus script as Meen which indicate both fish and star in most of the Dravidian languages. Later eminent experts like Asko parpola, Kamil Zvelebil, Yuri Knorozov and Iravatham Mahadevan endorsed this theory and rei...

Single sign-on (SSO) providers have been very successful over the last decade. The ability to manage and secure access to web applications has been top of mind for IT organizations since the mid-2000’s, and SSO providers have been able to help.The trouble is that SSO providers are not fully-fledged identity providers. Instead, they tend to layer their solutions on top of on-prem identity management platforms like Microsoft® Active Directory® (AD).This is far from the most elegant solution. Further, modern organizations seek to eliminate the majority of on-prem identity management infrastructure in favor of cloud alternatives.IT admins have started to look for a next generation SSO provider that connects to more than just web apps. The future of SSO authenticate user access to virtually any IT resources (systems, apps, networks, and file servers), with minimal infrastructure on-prem.Let me disclose the best sso solution provider in Australia list for small business, enterprises and mid-size businesses.1 https://www.loginradius.com/LoginRadius SSO solution allows your customers to access any of your web properties, mobile apps, and third-party systems with a single identity. Most large enterprises have dozens of touchpoints under multiple brands, so the need for SSO is even greater.2 https://www.firstfocus.com.auIdentity and Access Management (IAM) lets the right individuals access the right resources, at the right times, for the right reasons.3 https://au.insight.com/Make the move to cloud-based identity management.Identity Management is key when consuming cloud services. At Insight, we are specialists in deploying identity platforms that provide single-sign-on, multifactor authentication and user self-service password reset capabilities.Traditionally, identity information would be maintained inside a single Active Directory structure onsite within an on-premise infrastructure.4 https://www.vmware.com/au/produc...Simply and securely deliver and manage any app on any device with VMware Workspace ONE, an intelligence-driven digital workspace platform. Workspace ONE integrates access control, application management and multi-platform endpoint management and is available as a cloud service or for on-premises deployment.5 https://www.empowerid.com/en/EmpowerID is a Cloud Single Sign-On and Identity Federation platform that supports all of the standard identity protocols – SAML, WS-Trust, WS-Federation, and OAuth. The EmpowerID Federation server functions as an authentication hub. It allows users to sign-in once in any trusted source (Active Directory, Google, Facebook, Windows Live, etc.) to gain access to all participating applications.

I really get annoyed when people put these questions. The media today projects IITians as haughty, undeserving creatures, just sucking up government money and cashing in from the brand name. Though the last bit is true some of the times (:P), the rest of it is not. And hype is not created by them, its by the media, for selling itself - point to note. Though for me, other colleges are equally good, my answer concentrates on IITs.Why is there is so much fuss?Because IIT is one of the few positive things that everyone talks about and respects throughout the world. Because any news related to IIT makes headlines. Because IITians are some of the most sought after engineers in the world. Because many research papers published today by Google, Facebook, MIT, Stanford, etc has directly or indirectly an IITian associated with it. Because people think that IITians get IIT brand name for free, which they do not deserve. Because people forget that almost every IITian wasted his childhood studying (mind it - not mugging) so that they can crack the toughest exam in the world to get the IIT brand name that they deserve. Because people forget that IIT is just an engineering institute and not a NASA Lab. Because people think that IIT degree is a waste if an IITian goes to pursue MBA, Law, acting, etc, but still say that IITians are such a waste because none of them have turned out to be actors, singers, lawyers, etc.Before I move onto the next part of the question, let me ask a question - What have actors done for India?Popularized Bollywood? IITians have popularized IIT. Earned money? IITians have earned better. Supported social causes? IITians have done better. Became politicians? IITian has started a political party. Promoted vulgarity, smoking and drinking? IITians lose here. Created news by break-ups and million dollars divorces? IITians lose again.So, when would you say that "this person has done something for their country"? When they come in news frequently? Is this your judging yardstick? Well, then I agree - no IITian has signed up for a sexy photoshoot to grab the headlines of Delhi Times and HT CIty, which today's youth definitely reads religiously, to increase their general knowledge.So now, let me humbly take you to the world made by the IITians. Sorry, but I can only give you a very very small glimpse.EntrepreneursCreated millions of jobs. To name a few:Narayana Murthy - InfosysSachin Bansal and Binny Bansal - Shop Online for Books, Mobile Phones, Digital Cameras, Watches & More at Flipkart.comVinod Khosla - Sun Microsystems: agreed this is in the US, but would disagree if you say that this would be considered as "nothing done for India". It has definitely helped create Incredible India image!Researchers and ScientistsManindra Agarwal - Shikhar Agarwal's answer to What are the top notch domestic research outputs by IIT professors/students?Uncountably many professors and researchers in universities like MIT, Stanford, Harvard, Microsoft Research .........Social and Religious SectorAshok Jhunjhunwala - His group incubated DesiCrew SolutionsVinayak Lohani - Founder of Parivaar (www.parivaar.org)Madhu Pandit DasaArvind Kejriwal - ParivartanPublic SectorSatyendra Dubey - project director at the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). He was murdered in Gaya, Bihar after fighting corruption in the Golden Quadrilateral highway construction project.Raju Narayana Swamy - Indian Administrative Service officer. At present he is Commissioner, Civil Supplies Department, Government of Kerala.Lakshmi Narayana -  CBI Joint Director (JD) and IPS civil servantAre there any IITians who are presently working for the government of India and helping our country? If so, who are they? What is their contribution to society?PoliticiansArvind Kejriwal: Founding member of Aam Aadmi PartyMost of the others are covered in Are there any IITians who are presently working for the government of India and helping our country? If so, who are they? What is their contribution to society?BollywoodSounds strange? Can a movie be successful without special effects' softwares, specialized hardware and chips, high quality video cameras? There are IITians during pathbreaking research in companies like Sony, signNow, Intel, Nvidia, etc. making this possible. Almost everything that you use - from a simple pen to your million dollar Ferrari, from your simple PC to the mini ipad, from Google search to Facebook relationship status, from Reliance Oil Refineries to McKinsey, everywhere you would find IITians at every level of the companies. They have convinced foreign companies to setup bases in India helping her in GDP and otherwise. RandomDr. D. Udaya Kumar is the designer of Indian Rupee Symbol :)I request the readers to suggest more categories and names!!I hope you enjoyed the journey through this world created by IITians. I leave it you to decide whether this would come under "done something for their country". As a side note, when people say that MIT and Stanford have contributed so much to research and everything, I politely tell them that each of these, and other universities, have annual budgets of more than a billion dollars. They don't argue after this. Something you can use too. :P=== UPDATE ===A lot of comments mentioned about IITians bragging about IITs. This is a problem. I agree. But lets look at the reason: If a person buys an iPhone in India, he would brag about it. If you buy a Mercedes or a BMW, you would brag and would grab every  opportunity to show-off. Students brag abt their schools, people abt their money, power and so on. So this is a flaw with the Indian Society as whole. And has not spared IITians too. This mindset has to be changed.People also commented about why MIT, which is definitely better than IITs, has not much "bragging". This is again due to the US society. Unlike in India, in US, almost every person does what he is passionate about. And hence no one is "superior" than other, because everyone is doing what he loves and doesn't care what others are doing. And then media doesn't report - MITian has got $ x package, and all this - in India, hype is created by the media too..

Among the many hats I have worn over the years, I used to work in Land Department of a Canadian oil company, and have a college certificate in land and contract administration, so I know a lot about this topic.Canadians have never been allowed to steal land from the natives because it was always illegal under British law and is now unconstitutional under the Canadian constitution. Those Canadians who did illegally take land from the natives without signing a treaty with them are now in trouble because they have what is known as a “title defect” on the title to their property. They can’t prove in court that they own it. To resolve it, they might have to pay the natives for it at current market value, which is a lot higher than it was a century or more ago.This is the source of all the litigation over native land claims in Canada. If the white men didn’t sign a treaty with the natives 100 or more years ago, or violated the terms of the treaty, they don’t really own the land now. They will have to settle up eventually, and the native people now have lawyers to handle the settlement.The basis for native land claims in Canada is the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which was made by King George III following Britain's conquest of French territory in North America. It forbade all settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, which was delineated as an Indian Reserve, without signing a treaty with the native people. This document is now part of the Canadian constitution so it can’t be overridden by a simple act of Parliament. See: Royal Proclamation of 1763 - WikipediaAreas outside of the Proclamation Line of 1763 were reserved for native people, and colonists could only settle on them if the natives signed a treaty with the British government allowing settlers to do so.The Royal Proclamation was one of the causes of the American Revolution of 1776 because the American colonists wanted to seize Indian land without paying for it. Eventually this was resolved in favor of the new American government, which proceeded to seize Indian land without paying them for it for the next couple of centuries.However, in the area not inside American territory, which you will note includes all of Canada, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 continued to apply up until the present day.After the American Revolution was resolved in favor of the United States in 1783, there was a huge influx into Canada of American refugees who had supported the British side. This included about 30,000 United Empire Loyalists, but also large numbers of native people who had fought alongside the British, especially the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy.To accommodate all these people, land surrender treaties were negotiated with the different Ojibway and Anishinaabe peoples on the lands along the St. Lawrence River and down around the Great Lakes. By preceding the arrival of settlers in the area, these land treaties allowed for the peaceful development of agricultural settlement. To compensate for their losses in the war with the Americans, parcels of lands were also set aside as reserves for the Six Nations.The British considered native warriors to be an important part of the colony's defence, and often located native reservations next to major towns like Montreal as a defensive measure. The British government also tried to secure fair deals on land treaties protecting First Nations lands, even those in American territories. They proved to be useful allies during the War of 1812 with the United States.As more colonists arrived, land treaties were signed with the native people to allow land for their farms. In all, some 35 land surrenders treaties covered all the lands of Upper Canada (Southern Ontario today). There were some problems with these treaties, but new treaties were signed to resolve them. See: A History of Treaty-Making in Canada Some settlers broke the terms of those treaties, which means the native people can sue today for compensation. They have lawyers now.Eventually, the Canadian West opened up for settlement, and to satisfy the demand for land, the Numbered Treaties were signed with the native people, which covered most of the land in Western Canada. See: Numbered Treaties - WikipediaThe native people at the time of the Numbered Treaties were in somewhat of a poor bargaining position since their numbers had been decimated by disease and the buffalo had nearly become extinct due to overhunting. However, they signed the best treaties they could at the time and traded most of their land for money, food, medicine, horses, blankets, guns, ammunition and other consideration. They also got firm title to large reservations on the best land, and retained hunting and fishing rights on lands they had surrendered for settlement. They also got exemption from taxes on their reservations.This had some important advantages for the natives. Native people can hunt and fish on white men’s land, but white men can’t trespass on native land. Native people got mineral rights on their reservations, but the government usually owns the mineral rights on white men’s land. Some native tribes in oil-rich Alberta have made billions of dollars in oil and gas royalties on their reservations. This can be even more important if your income is not taxable.The native people view the Numbered Treaties as sacred. They referred to Queen Victoria, who signed most of the treaties, as "the Great White Mother”. They meet with the federal government regularly to celebrate milestone anniversaries, exchange ceremonial and symbolic gifts, and discuss treaty issues. Treaty Days are celebrated in Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Manitoba.Most of Northern of Canada is covered by the Modern Treaties, which were signed after the native people had lawyers to assist them in negotiations..The main problems which arise are in British Columbia, where the provincial government refused to sign treaties with the native people for over 100 years, even though they were required to do so by British and Canadian law. This leaves the title for most of the land in BC unresolved, although many white people seem to think they own it. This is currently being negotiated with the native peoples in the British Columbia Treaty Process - WikipediaMap of native territories in BC. Most of them have not been ceded to the BC government except in the NE and some areas in the extreme SW. For areas that have been ceded, see previous maps.It is not going well for the white men. If they did not cede the areas to the BC or Canadian government, the native people still have hunting, fishing, and timber rights on them. Fishing and timber rights are particularly valuable since those are among the major industries in BC and government regulations governing them don’t apply to native people who have not signed treaties. They can log trees and fish indiscriminately in the waters off their historic territories regardless of government regulations and quotas, which is a severe annoyance to the white men in BC who are limited by government laws.I think at the end of the day the government of British Columbia will have to pay tens of billions of dollars to buy the land and gain the logging and fishing rights they thought they stole from the native people 100 years ago. The taxpayers will probably not be happy with this.So to summarize, Canadians did not steal land from the natives, they bought it, and if they didn’t pay for it back then, they are going to have to pay now, at current market values, which are much higher today than 100 years ago - especially in BC.

The U.S. does have some of the best private schools in the world. Phillips Academy produced lots of presidents and congressmans. I believe Massachusetts ranks high even among the developed world. I will say that our average k-12 public schools are horrible. I can only speak from experience of having attended k-12 public school.Schools really intrudes into family life. Even as early as elementary school, Mom and Dad drops off their kids at 8 and heads to work from 9 to 5. The kids will attend school from 8 to 1 and then after school programs from 1 to 6. By the time mom and dad picks up their kids and goes home, it is already 7. Dinner time is very rush. Realistically, they have 2 hours every night together as a family. This might be one reason why families are falling apart. Kids are alienated from their parents. Mom and Dad are overworked and alienated from each other.Related to point 1, family really does not really exist. Both Mom and Dad are working full time. When their kids are in high school, they only want to be with their friends. School goes from 7:30 to 3:30. Their daughter only wants to be with her friends. Their son unusually have football or baseball practice until 6:30. There are usually 2 to 3 hours of homework afterwards. Mom is stressed, dad is stressed, their daughter is stressed, and son is stressed. Home is basically just a place where they sleep.Public schools produce lots of malfunctioning children. A good portion of these kids attending these public schools comes from abusive households. They in turn abuse other kids at school. Kids are exposed to drugs and other inappropriate stuff as early as 2nd grade. Most of the filth I know were learned from other kids at school.Schools are literally unhealthy. The bathrooms are filthy. Lunches are disgusting. Police officers literally patrols the school. Kids literally gets arrested at school.Schools tries to “balance the field” by going with the lowest common denominator. I know 14 and 15 year olds who are ready for college level math. Their school won't allow them to opt out of math classes. They are forced to be in classes with people under their league.It is very ineffective. Subjects that can be learn in 6 weeks are stretched out for 9 months. Some classes are a joke that you can study the night before the exam and pass effortlessly. American schools definitely wastes 13 year of precious life.Schools are very outdated. Schools are still operating like factories and “educating” kids like assembly lines. Homework are about busy work such as copying definitions. Tests are usually about regurgitating information. Kids are given spelling test in elementary school and multiple choice test on American History or Biology in middle and high school. It is literally reading the chapter and filling in the blanks. This may explain why lots of high school graduates cannot read or think logically. I know adults who cannot do basic math.Very low standard for graduation. When I was going through school, I remember D’s are passing grades. Many of my peers graduated with a sub 2.0 GPA.My recommendation is to avoid these public schools as much as possible. It is best to just have your kids to their education online and learn stuff that are useful. I have seen 13 year olds who can code proficiently. They definitely did not learn to code from public schools.I know that immigrants want to come to this country to give their children a better chance to life. The truth is these schools will mess up your children.